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The effects of wastedisposal on groundwater
quality in Tasmania
The effects of wastedisposal on groundwater
quality in Tasmania
Tasmanian Geological
Survey Record 2002/17
NHT Funded Project
NLP 13188
Overview
Report
MINERAL RESOURCESTASMANIA
DEPARTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE,
ENERGY RESOURCES
of
and
Tasmania
NaturalHeritage
TrustHelp ing Communi t i e s
He lp ing Aus t ra l i a
While every care has been taken in the preparation of this report, no warranty is given as to the correctness ofthe information and no liability is accepted for any statement or opinion or for any error or omission. No readershould act or fail to act on the basis of any material contained herein. Readers should consult professionaladvisers. As a result the Crown in Right of the State of Tasmania and its employees, contractors and agentsexpressly disclaim all and any liability (including all liability from or attributable to any negligent or wrongfulact or omission) to any persons whatsoever in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by any suchperson in reliance whether in whole or in part upon any of the material in this report.
Executive Summary
In designing waste disposal sites the different types of waste to be accommodated must be considered, withdifferent designs being required for different waste streams. Historically, the risks of polluting groundwater, soil orair have rarely been considered when selecting sites and drawing up the engineering designs for Tasmanian wastedisposal activities (Gentizen, 1990a). Evidence of past sub-optimal practices was found during this study.
A project brief for this study is outlined in Appendix 1. An initial desktop study resulted in the identification of176 waste disposal sites around Tasmania. A list of information used to assess each site is outlined in Appendix 2(additional licensed and unlicensed sites may also exist). Of these sites, 126 were considered to be worth furtherinvestigation, with detailed investigations being made at ten of these sites. Detailed investigations were notundertaken at the majority of the sites identified by the initial study.
Ten site-specific reports, identifying hydrogeological settings and investigation results at the respective sites,were published. An additional site was investigated as a potential clay resource for compacted clay barriers and/orland restoration. Two supplementary reports outlined deeper groundwater systems in the vicinity of two initiallyinvestigated sites. All thirteen reports are listed in Appendix 3.
The storage and management infrastructure for waste appears to be the cause of groundwater pollution in thevicinity of two sewage lagoons (Bridport and Smithton) and five landfill sites (Scottsdale, Port Sorell, Port Latta,McRobies Gully and Chapel Street). Site specific issues affect the nature and extent of the contamination at each ofthese locations. Off-site discharges of polluted surface water were also identified at three of the landfill sites (PortSorell, Scottsdale and McRobies Gully). Within the selective hydrological systems investigated, several dissolvedmetals (lead, manganese, nickel and zinc) and non-metallic inorganic compounds (ammonia and nitrate) notablyexceeded the 95% protection level trigger values for toxicity in freshwater [Australian and New Zealand Guidelines forfresh and marine water quality (ANZECC AND ARMCANZ, 2000), Table 3.4.1]. An organophosphorus pesticide(Diazinon) significantly exceeded the guideline relevant 95% protection level trigger value in surface water at theScottsdale waste depot.
As some investigations have identified large volumes of saturated fill (e.g. McRobies Gully and Port Sorelllandfill sites), future research should include consideration of the shear parameters and density of geotechnicalwaste settings in historical landfills. Where a potential risk of slope failure in waste fill is identified, considerationshould be given to long-term stabilising elements such as additional capping, anchors or sealing layers anddrainage blankets. The provision of down-gradient buffer zones in council planning schemes should beinvestigated.
Recommendations to assist in the implementation of best practice environmental management at Tasmanianwaste disposal sites, and the management of associated ecological risks, are outlined in Section 4 of this report. Keyissues requiring attention include surface water controls and positioning fill material above the water table.Management options of existing plumes may vary significantly in approach and cost, from monitored naturalattenuation (MNA) to permeable treatment beds, and pump and treatment. Future engineering designed barriersystems (liners and capping) will require quality control measures at the planning stage, during installation, andon-going monitoring to verify the integrity of the infrastructure.
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 1
The effects of waste disposal ongroundwater quality in Tasmania
An overview of NHT funded projectNLP13188
A. R. Ezzy
DEPARTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE,
ENERGY RESOURCES
of
and
Tasmania
Mineral Resources Tasmania
Tasmanian Geological Survey
Record 2002/17
NaturalHeritage
TrustHelp in g Commu n i t i e s
He l p i ng Au s t r a l i a
Section 1: Project Findings
Introduction
Key characteristics of Australia’s groundwaterresources have been described by Young and Evans(1998):
� it is a hidden resource and therefore its processes aredifficult to precisely identify;
� under most Australian conditions it is slow moving,with typical rates of movement of 0.1 to 1 metre peryear;
� it is broad scale from local processes (metres tokilometres) to regional processes (tens ofkilometres);
� natural contamination is common (e.g. nickel levelsabove guideline limits in basalts) and hence, thedefinition of what level of contamination isunacceptable is frequently difficult to define;
� diffuse pollutants do cumulate when multiple pointsources exist in an area; and
� most pollution is irreversible and subsequentlyrequires a conservation approach to management ofthe resource.
Pollution of groundwater by liquid or solid wastesfrom existing or proposed waste activities isconsidered to be an issue of great concern (Zezhong,1993). Small amounts of landfill leachate can pollutelarge amounts of groundwater, rendering the resourceunusable for domestic and many other purposes (Leeand Jones-Lee, 1996). A plume of pollutant is oftenpresent down-gradient from landfill sites. This plumecan be recognised by elevated chemical components inthe groundwater, which have been derived from theprogressive breakdown and leaching of the waste.Allen (1998) states that a dilute and disperse strategy,although currently out of favour, is more likely toachieve sustainability. A ‘bio-reactor’ approach tolandfills (increasing the rate of organic breakdown inthe waste) still requires further research in Australia(Yuen, 2001).
Sewage effluent treatment ponds contain a hydraulichead and if unlined can allow diffuse contamination ofgroundwater in surrounding soil and bedrock.Organic concentrations and microbiologicalcharacterist ics of the eff luent can causephysico-chemical changes in soil, as a result of thenutrient and pathogen levels in the groundwater(Dawes and Goonetilleke, 2001).
The general risk assessment method forgroundwater contamination is the application of the‘hazard— pathway—target’ model. Risk analysis,evaluation, migration, ecotoxicity and bio-availabilityare all essential elements within the model (Correll,2001) . A risk assessment of groundwater
contamination by waste disposal activities shouldinclude consideration of:
� Pollution point source(s) — waste composition,saturation level, hydraulic retention time andrelated water ecotoxicity.
� Transport pathways from the pollution pointsource(s) — preferred flow paths throughunconsolidated sedimentary and consolidatedfractured aquifers, existing surface water andman-made drainage systems, gas discharges to theatmosphere, and collection infrastructure to wastewater treatment plants.
� Contamination enrichment systems (traps/receptors) — bio-availability of down-gradienttransport contamination pathways.
Investigations undertaken as part of this project haveidentified processes currently used in Tasmania for theecological risk assessment of waste disposal activities(fig. 1). A scoping, screening and definitive ecologicalrisk assessment provides risk estimates and otherpertinent information to the risk manager andstakeholders. Each assessment has its own logic,determined by the types of information available andthe decisions to be made (Suter, 2000).
Thom (2001a) has identified that the economics oflandfilling in metropolitan Australia do not recoverthe expenditure costs and regulators should considerincineration facilities.
Summary abstracts fromprevious reports
Ten waste disposal sites, at various locations aroundTasmania (fig. 2), were examined in detail and reportsprepared. These reports detail the history of each site,management practices, hydrology, geology,investigation methods (including drilling), surfaceand groundwater chemistry, conceptualhydrogeological models, principal conclusions andrecommendations for further work. The abstracts ofthese site-specific investigations are below.
Smithton (Blue Ribbon) abattoir
Poor weather conditions prevented access for thedrilling of an appropriate number of boreholes toassess groundwater quality in the area of the SmithtonBlue Ribbon abattoir disposal sites. Only limited datawere collected at the site and extensive work is stillrequired to assess surface and groundwater qualityand related environmental implications.
Chapel and Jackson Street wastedepots, Glenorchy
The Chapel and Jackson Street waste depots landfillfootprints are located on Permian sedimentary
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 2
Figure 1
Flow chart illustrating the existing processes for ecological risk assessment ofwaste disposal activities in Tasmania.
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 3
Evaluation ofmanagement options
implemented Return tostart
User payssystem Federal
funds
Funding sources
Budget based onrisk assessment
Pro-active approachPositive politicalpublic relations
Beware not to increaseecological risk
Sub consultants
PoliticalPressure
Federal Law
State Law
Humanresources
Regulator
Assessment and Permitconditions based on above
Consultant documentation
Consultant
Tender
Legal entity
Responsibility
Cheapest available technologynarrowly avoiding prosecution
(CATNAP)
Availablefunds
FloraFauna
Humanhealth
Bio-availability
Management of ecological risk
Existing site specificecological risk
Dig and dump
Host landfill environmentalperformance
Permeable reactivebarriers (PRB)
Monitored NaturalAttenuation (MNA)
HumanResources
Short termlowest cost
Containment infrastructure
Drainage controls
Claycapping
Pump andtreat
Leachateponds
Public relationsrisk
Scope ofinvestigations
Review ofdocumentation
Financial risk
Financial, political andecological risk remain
ongoing issues
Ignore
consolidated rocks and Jurassic dolerite, whichcontain heterogenous fractured bedrock aquifers.Groundwater at the toe of the Chapel Street landfillfootprint is elevated in chloride, ammonia, manganeseand total petroleum hydrocarbon fraction C10–C14.Migration rate will be related to the fracture widthswithin the aquifers. No evidence of majorgroundwater contamination was identified around theJackson Street landfill. Geophysical surveys haveidentified the extent of the Chapel Street waste depotand an area of partial clay capping. The saturationlevel of fill material within the Chapel Street landfillhas on-going risk management implications, relatingto stability and the local urban environment.
McRobies Gully waste depot, Hobart
The McRobies Gully waste depot is a landfill locatedin a valley close to the suburb of South Hobart. Datawere collected for the site, including the testing of 14groundwater bores within or adjacent to the landfill. Itwas found that water within the landfill containedsome contaminants at levels significantly greater thanbedrock water, but generally at the lower end of therange considered typical of operating landfills.Analysis of chemical signatures and water levelsindicated limited hydraulic connection between filland bedrock waters and generally only minor effectson groundwater quality.
A localised impact of high nitrate concentrations wasobserved in groundwater adjacent to the western gullyof the landfill. Surface water inflows to the fill appearcritical in the management of the site. Slope stability ofthe filled material and the associated level of risk wereidentified as issues requiring further investigation.
Port Latta waste depot
The Port Latta waste depot is a disposal site forgeneral and hazardous waste materials. The localgroundwater table slopes away from the site northtowards Bass Strait. The regolith profile and relatedengineering grades of the clay material effects rechargeto the fractured bedrock aquifer. Groundwater qualityin the area of the leachate ponds is degraded. On-goingmonitoring and changes in the engineering design (i.e.filling sequence, surface water controls and leachatepond infrastructure) are seen as high priorities at thesite.
Port Sorell waste depot
The Port Sorell waste depot was a disposal site forgeneral and industrial waste. The waste depot wasconverted to a waste transfer station in 1995. The localgroundwater table slopes towards the southeast. Thewaste fill has a hydraulic connection with the surfacewater drainage system. Clay-rich sediments appear tobe perching and/or storing water. Groundwater andsurface water quality are degraded around the site.Surface water management, capping of both landfills,
appropriate disposal of sediments contaminated byhydrocarbons, leachate management infrastructure,and protection of the public from contaminatedsurface and groundwater are all seen as high prioritiesat the site.
Scottsdale waste depot
The Scottsdale waste depot is an ‘open-gate’ disposalsite for general waste streams (including herbicide,pesticide and weedicide containers). The landfillfootprint is located on the Jetsonville aquifer, agroundwater resource of State significance. Somegroundwater and surface waters are degraded aroundthe site. Surface water management, capping of thelandfill, leachate management infrastructure, andprotection of the public from contaminated surfaceand groundwater are all seen as high priorities at thesite.
Bridport sewage lagoons
Groundwater was investigated in the area of theBridport sewage lagoons to determine if the lagoonswere affecting groundwater quality. The depth to thewater table and groundwater quality data indicate thatthere is a hydraulic connection between the lagoonsand the groundwater system. Groundwater qualitydown gradient is degraded compared to that upgradient of the lagoons. Further work is required toquantify the extent and nature of groundwaterdegradation.
Smithton sewage lagoons
Groundwater was investigated in the area of theSmithton sewage lagoons to determine if the lagoonswere affecting groundwater quality. Significantnitrogen-based groundwater contamination wasidentified in excess of guideline limits. Naturalattenuation processes appear to be occurring beneathadjacent farmland.
Stieglitz sewage lagoons
Groundwater was investigated in the area of theStieglitz sewage lagoons to determine if the lagoonswere affecting groundwater quality. The lagoons aresituated close to perched shallow water tables. Furtherinvestigations are required to refine thehydrogeological model of the site and preferredpathways of flow from groundwater moundingbeneath the lagoons.
Stanley sewage lagoons
Groundwater was investigated in the area of theStanley sewage lagoons to determine if the lagoonswere affecting groundwater quality. Nitrite and nitratewere detected at low concentrations in close proximityto the lagoons. The lagoons are located close to alandfill, which has the potential to affect groundwaterquality in the area of the lagoons.
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 4
Figure 2
Location of ten waste disposal sites examined in detail
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 5
MINERAL RESOURCES
TASMANIA
30
40
50 50
60
40
30
5 000020 mN
60
m
E00
0060
mE
0000
5040
504030
5 000020 mN
Hobart
Scottsdale
St Helens
Swansea
Launceston
Devonport
Queenstown
Zeehan
Burnie
Stanley
Smithton
Smithtonsewage lagoons
Stanleysewage lagoons
Stieglitzsewage lagoons
Port Lattawaste depot Port Sorell
waste depot
Scottsdalewaste depot
Glenorchywaste depots
McRobies Gullywaste depot
Smithton BlueRibbon abattoir
Bridportsewage lagoons
Future site-specific investigations will undoubtedlyrefine the understanding of issues identified in theabove reports. Each site investigation report should bereviewed with respect to the identified local issues(including the spatial distribution of the factual data).When reviewing reports relating to fracturedhard-rock aquifers readers should note thatgroundwater monitoring in fractured rock is oftendifficult and considered virtually impossible to carryout reliably. The main problem is that flow occursthrough uneven rock fractures, and evenclosely-spaced boreholes may not intercept thefracture(s) that are principally responsible for thetransport of leachate (Lee and Jones-Lee, 1996).Reports on sites with regolith/unconsolidatedoverburden (mainly clay-bound soils with relativelylow conductivity values) illustrate that with suitablebore location (including a control bore) essentialinformation can be provided on shallow unconfinedaquifers.
Hydrogeological settings
Two ideal engineering design outcomes for localgroundwater hydraulic conditions are illustrated inFigure 3. Actual hydrogeological settings for wastedisposal activities around Tasmania vary considerablyfrom site to site. Some problematic similarities existbetween sites, which result in the degradation of waterquality in the local area. These common themesinclude:
� Recharge of waste fill via groundwater above thebasal height of the landfill (fig. 4a);
� Direct recharge of waste fills by up-gradient surfacewater;
� Rainfall infiltration due to inadequate capping ofthe waste site, which results in accelerated refusedegradation and leachate generation;
� Discharge of leachate from saturated waste fill intodown-gradient surface waterways; and
� Discharge of leachate from waste fills intogroundwater, via migration through sub-surfacematerials (fig. 4b).
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 6
(a)
Cover Cover
Waste
Waste
Leachate level in landfill
Leachate level in landfill
Leachate collection system
Leachate collection system
Potentiometricsurface inaquifer
Potentiometricsurface inaquifer
Watertable
Watertable
Natural aquitard
Natural aquitard
Aquifer Aquifer
Upward flowfrom aquiferto landfill
Downward flowfrom landfill
(b)
Figure 3
Two conceptual hydrogeological settings for waste disposal activities.(a) Barrier design involving a leachate collection system, a natural clayey deposit and downward advective-diffuse
transport. (b) Barrier design involving a leachate collection system, a natural clayey deposit and upward advective anddownward diffusion (a hydraulic trap) (from Rowe et al., 1997).
Bedrock
Refuse
Groundwater flow
Water table
Figure 4a
Recharge of waste fill materials via groundwater abovethe basal height of the landfill (from Fetter, 1994).
Bedrock
Plume
Refuse
Water tableGroundwater flow
Figure 4b
Discharge of leachate from waste fills into groundwater,via migration through sub-surface materials
(from Fetter, 1994).
High rainfall areas appear to have very activehydrogeological systems during winter months.Although dilution levels may be significantly highduring these times, it also most likely that the wintermonths represent the period of highest mass loadingtransport of contaminants within the local system.Figure 5 illustrates two landfill barrier designs withrespect to aquifer hydraulics within the localhydrogeological setting.
Water quality degradation associatedwith waste disposal activities
The following statements are based on the findingsof the Tasmanian site-specific reports undertaken aspart of this project. The identified contaminants havesimilar chemical signatures to those stated ininternationally published literature for sites in theUnited States of America (Fetter, 1994), Italy, Germanyand Canada (Rowe et al., 1997), and Australia (Hill etal., 2000).
Sewage lagoons
Migration of degraded water from sewage lagoonshas produced elevated levels of nitrogen-basedcontaminants in shallow groundwater at the Smithton,Stanley and Bridport sewage lagoons. Ammoniaconcentrations in the area of the Smithton lagoonsranged between 800 and 250 000 �g/L, exceeding the95% protection level trigger values for toxicity infreshwater (900 �g/L) and marine water (910 �g/L)[Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for fresh andmarine water quality (ANZECC AND ARMCANZ, 2000),Table 3.4.1]. Bicarbonate and chloride levels have also
been identified as potentially elevated in groundwateraround Tasmanian sewage lagoons. Themicrobiological characteristics of groundwater in closeproximity to lagoons were not measured. Theseparameters can provide an indication of the level ofmicrobiological contamination (pathogens), andshould be measured wherever possible at sewagelagoons.
Landfills
Ammonia, nitrate, iron, manganese, chloride andtotal petroleum hydrocarbon fractions are all primaryindications of water quality degradation associatedwith discharges of water from saturated waste fill.Other primary target parameters may be used toidentify surface and groundwater pollution wherelarge quantities of specific waste streams have beendisposed of in particular landfills (e.g. hazardous andmedical waste). Other contaminants may includephosphate, orthophosphate, calcium, magnesium,sodium, sulphate, copper, lead, nickel, zinc,organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides.
The investigation reports compare the chemicalcompounds detected in the groundwater and surfacewaters to initial Tasmanian legislation limits andrecently published guideline values. These include theEnvironment Protection (Water Pollution) Regulations1974, emissions into inland water, Australian WaterQuality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water 1992, andthe Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh andMarine Water Quality, 2000. Values in the Australianand New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marinewater quality are dependent on the beneficial uses of
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 7
(a)
(b)
Aquifer
Aquifer
Hydrauliccontrollayer (HCL)
Geomembrane(secondary composite liner)Hydraulic controllayer (HCL) orSecondary leachatecollection system
Natural aquitard
Natural aquitard
Clay liner
Clay liner No. 1
Clay liner No. 2
Cover
Cover
Waste
Waste
Primary leachatecollection system
Primary leachatecollection system
(a)
(a)
or (b)
(b)
Figure 5
Two landfill barrier designs with respect toaquifer hydraulics within the local
hydrogeological setting;
(a) A compacted clayey primary liner used inconjunction with a leachate collection system
and hydraulic control layer to create anatural hydraulic trap.
(b) A compacted clayey primary liner used inconjunction with an engineered hydrauliccontrol layer. A composite secondary liner(geomembrane and clayey liner) is used to
maintain the hydraulic trap(from Rowe et al., 1997).
the water (e.g. drinking water and crop production)and potential toxicity levels for elevatedconcentrations of high risk compounds causingwater-based pollution.
The life cycle of a landfill (and related degradationphases of the organic waste over time) will control thephysical and chemical behaviour of the landfill(Cairney and Hobson, 1998). Swarbrick (2001)discusses in detail the five phases associated with thisprocess; these are:
(i) aerobic hydrolysis;
(ii) acidogenesis;
(iii) acetogenesis;
(iv) methanogenesis; and
(v) restoration.
Figure 6 shows the typical changes in landfill gascomposition with respect to these five phases of thelandfill life cycle. The decay process affects the rate ofwaste stabilisation, the potential for energy recovery,the quality of leachate and gases, and the destruction ofmany pathogens and some toxic organic compounds(Swarbrick, 2001).
Conservation of water resources in the area of wastedisposal activities should consider groundwater andsurface water as a single resource (Winter et al., 1998).In England and Wales groundwater protection policyhas been developed and confirmed in legislation tomanage ecological risks associated with wastedisposal activities (Marsland, 2000). The full extentand dimensions of water quality degradation may bedifficult to identify in complex multi-elementcontamination patterns (Beck and Harwood, 2000).
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 8
Aerobic Acid Acetate Methanogenesis Restoration
I II III IV V100
80
60
40
20
0
%C
om
positio
n
N2 N2CO2
CH4
O2O2H2
Figure 6
Typical changes in landfill gas composition with respect to the five phases of thelandfill life-cycle (from Swarbrick, 2001).
Section 2: Tasmanian waste disposal sites thatmay potentially degrade groundwater quality
Identified landfill and sewage lagoons (potentialpoint and diffuse sources of pollution) are shown onthe map Vulnerability of Tasmanian groundwaterresources to pollution from waste disposal and sewagetreatment activities. Groundwater prospectivity,quality and the location of all known existing waterbore sites are also shown on the map.
In this study groundwater contamination wasidentified at 60% of the sites investigated. If thispercentage is extrapolated to the 176 sites identified bythe initial desktop study, potentially up to 100 wastedisposal sites may have contaminated groundwater inTasmania.
As a general rule, contamination of groundwaternear waste disposal sites is a result of the absence ofappropriate infrastructure to address site-specifichydrogeological conditions. The selection ofremediation technologies for the highest risk sites willdepend on benchmark targets set by regulators.Deleterious effects to the ecosystem duringremediation should also be considered (Adam andBlount, 2000).
Remediation actions for waste disposal sites areoutlined in the Rehabilitation/remediation section ofthis report.
Section 3: Future management of Tasmanian waste disposalsites and groundwater conservation — the way forward
Scoping the Problem
In Antarctica (Babicka et al., 2000) and Brazil (Diniz,1998) geographic information system (GIS) databaseshave been developed and are used to monitorgroundwater and surface water at potential pollutionsites. A geo-environmental database should bedeveloped for Tasmanian waste disposal sites, withthe aim of identifying polluting sites within localhydrogeological conditions. The database mustcontain information on major regionalhydrogeological aquifers and provide the essentialscientific basis for the assessment of the magnitudeand quality of these groundwater resources.
More intensive investigations and research are stillrequired to gather data on the characteristics of localaquitards and aquifers and the extent of fluid flow andpollution within these systems. Marino et al. (1998)identified remote sensing within a GIS format as auseful tool in the management of areas exposed totemporal water pollution events.
A geo-environmental database would also aid in thehazard and risk ranking of the sites. Assessment ofhealth and environmental risks of associated soil,groundwater, surface water and vapourcontamination may be required at various sites (Bauer,2000).
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 9
Section 4: Project Recommendations
In the following recommendations, certaindocuments and statutory instruments are regarded asrepresenting minimum standards for the activitiesconcerned.
Australian Standards
� AS1726–1993; Geotechnical site investigations
� AS2368–1990; Test pumping of water wells
� AS/NZS5667–1998; Water quality – sampling
� Agriculture and Resource Management Council ofAustralia and New Zealand. Minimum constructionrequirements for water bores in Australia, 1997.
Statutory Instruments
� Environmental Management and Pollution Control Act1994
� Water Management Act 1999
Publications
� Environmental Protection Authority, VictoriaGroundwater Sampling Guidelines, 2000Siting, Design and Rehabilitation of Landfills, 2001
� ROWE, R. K.; QUIGLEY, R. M.; BOOKER, J. R. 1997.Clayey barrier systems for waste disposal facilities. E &FN Spon : London.
� HARRIS, J. A.; BIRCH, P.; PALMER, J. P. 1996. Landrestoration and reclamation: Principles and practice.Addison Wesley Longman : England.
Site investigations
Site selection
Key components for the siting of waste depots inTasmania were initially identified by Gentizen (1990b).Current available technologies now allow for a morecomprehensive assessment of waste disposal sites.
Initial consideration of the potential sites for a wastefacility should take into account geological,hydrogeological, geophysical, hydrological andgeomorphological information in a GIS format (Jewellet al., 1993), as well as community requirements(Whitehead, 2001; Proag and Kauppaymuthoo, 1998).
Sites should be selected based on good qualitypreliminary assessments carried out by suitablyqualified and experienced personnel. The assessmentsshould include:
� GIS desktop collation of all relevant data;
� geophysical information;
� preparation of topographic and geomorphologicalmaps of the site and surrounding area;
� development of a geological model, with fieldmapping carried out where necessary;
� assessment of the surface hydrogeological setting atthe site and in the surrounding area;
� assessment of the sub-surface hydrogeology;
� collation and interpretation of existing monitoringdata relevant to the above;
� preliminary field investigation of surface andsubsurface conditions and materials present at thesite and within its potential radius of influence; and
� risk assessment of the affects of the proposedactivities at the site on the surrounding environmentand resources.
This preliminary assessment should be carried out ata scale appropriate to the size of the site and itspresumed geological complexity (Dawes andGoonetilleke, 2001). Hatheway (1998) provides a SiteConceptual Geologic Model which includes:
� a design process for application of engineeringgeology to environmental mitigation projects;
� methods to meet the various design needs forenvironmental protection projects; and
� a design process for application of engineeringgeology to environmental compliance andrestoration (remediation) projects.
A conceptual model of the local geological andhydrogeological settings is required in order to fullyestablish the components, elements, actions and goalswithin a site conceptual geological model. Designneeds and engineering responses are importantoutcomes of the Hatheway (1998) model.
Assessment of materials at the site
Site-specific ground investigations are necessary totarget and identify the properties of materials presenton site and to assess the thickness of overburden in thesite area. Such investigations should involve somesubsurface investigation and be carried out by suitablyqualified and experienced personnel in accordancewith Australian Standard 1726–1993.
The minimum objectives of ground investigationsshould be to:
� confirm the thickness of overburden;
� obtain samples of overburden;
� determine relevant sub-surface hydrogeologicalparameters;
� carry out preliminary identification of aquifers andwater table(s); and
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 10
� assess the thickness of the unsaturated zone at thesite.
The engineering properties of materials encounteredshould be tested according to relevant AustralianStandards, guidelines and other technical standards.Examples of properties to be determined include:
� moisture content;
� permeability (lateral and vertical);
� permeability (recompacted);
� shrink–swell characteristics; and
� shear strength.
Determination of the chemistry of the materialsencountered should also be considered at this stage(e.g. Emerson tests).
In certain locations, an assessment of the likely slopestability of the site may be necessary and shouldincorporate data derived from the investigation work.The risk assessment process outlined in the LandslideRisk Management Concepts and Guidelines (AustralianGeomechanics Society, 2000) should be followed whenassessing slope stability issues.
Surface water
The influences of at least the following must beconsidered:
� the location of the nearest drainage line(s) to the sitearea;
� the water quality in the site area and nearby watercourses;
� any information from any existing monitoringprogram; and
� any information with respect to historical records offlood events.
A monitoring regime to provide background datafor subsequent consideration should be established ifone does not already exist.
Consideration should also be given to themonitoring of local rainfall on a long-term basis.
Hydrogeology
The results of geophysical profiling can be extremelyuseful for choosing locations of (Hinze, 1990; Ezzy,1999) and/or logging boreholes to investigategroundwater conditions and is recommended as aninitial investigation tool (Howard, 1990; Daniels andKeys, 1990).
Sampling and in situ testing of each borehole shouldbe carried out in accordance with relevant AustralianStandards and guidelines, with regard to theconceptual model of the hydrogeology of the sitedeveloped from the desktop study information.
Installations for long-term groundwater monitoringshould be constructed in this phase of work, to allowfor the collection of sufficient baseline data (if agreenfields site).
In situ testing to establish key hydrogeologicalparameters for any aquifers present should also becarried out at this stage. The objectives of the testingshould be the determination of hydraulic conductivity(K), transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient/specificyield (S) of each aquifer (Domenico and Schwartz,1998; Kruseman et al., 1990). Care should be taken toensure that the drilling techniques employed willenable identification and testing of multi-layeredaquifer systems (Australian Drilling Industry TrainingCouncil, 1996). Consideration should be given to theuse of multiport piezometer systems or nested bores incomplex hydro-stratigraphical conditions (Driscoll,1986; Ezzy, 2002a).
Development of hydrogeologicalmodel
Following completion of the subsurfaceinvestigation and testing, a hydrogeological model ofeach site should be constructed. If the Site ConceptualGeologic Model approach of Hatheway (1998) has beenfollowed, the design and development of a numericalmodel should have greater reliability. Numericalmodels represent best practice, as they can be usedpredictively, and they allow the user to giveconsideration to the dispersion and chemistry of waterand leachate. Such models require accurate calibrationfrom high quality monitoring data, and design byexperienced personnel. As such, a degree of cautionshould always be used in model interpretation. If bothadvective-dispersive and diffusive transport exists(i.e. a double porosity matrix), models should considerboth domains (Leo, 2001). This mechanism of fluidflow most likely occurs in many Tasmanian fracturedaquifers within sedimentary rocks.
Key factors necessary for the development ofrepresentative models may include:
� aquifer type;
� details of water table/potentiometric surface;
� determination of boundary conditions andidentification of hydraulic connections;
� direction and rate of groundwater flow; and
� recharge/discharge parameters and understandingof surface–subsurface water interaction.
Correct identification and interpretation is essentialto develop a representative model.
Valley sites are likely to be problematic, especiallywhere high permeability colluvium overlies bedrockor underlies the proposed filling area. The presence ofa valley compounds catchment and diversion factors,
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 11
as will complex fracture zones in consolidated rocks(Ezzy, 2002b).
Construction of a facility
By their nature, the construction of waste disposalfacilities is a progressive and repetitive process.Correct establishment of infrastructure should becarried out prior to further or additional construction.
General items to be considered include:
� the existing management of the site;
� catchment management of water resources;
� management of stormwater;
� liner design and construction;
� design and construction of leachate monitoringsystem;
� management of leachate;
� design and construction of groundwatermonitoring system; and
� construction of leachate holding ponds.
Existing site management
The methods of disposal and handling of wastesshould be examined in detail, and historical recordschecked. The waste streams present should also beexamined and tested if needed.
Catchment management
Infrastructure should be established to separate theactivities of the site from the natural water flowswithin the catchment. Primarily, this will involve theconstruction of infrastructure to deal with stormwaterand separate infrastructure to transport and manageleachate. Hydrology calculations should be made forthe up-gradient catchment and incorporated into thedesign of this infrastructure.
Stormwater management
The primary objective of appropriate managementof stormwater is to direct it away from the activitybeing carried out at the site. The nature of the measuresto be adopted will be site specific. This may involve theconstruction of lined cut-off drains around theperimeter of the site and, in certain situations,settlement ponds to remove solids and lower turbiditylevels.
Consideration should be given to piping sections ofthe stormwater drains to prevent slope instabilityproduced by infiltration.
Liner construction
The liner design and construction materials shouldreflect the types of waste involved at the facility. Linerdesigns will vary from site to site, but should be in
accordance with relevant standards and best practice(Siting, Design and Rehabilitation of Landfills, EPAVictoria, 2001) plus international research (Chiasson etal., 1998; Han, 1998; Leite et al., 1998). If a single claybarrier is proposed, the design should consider thelong-term effects of leachate on the liner (Jayasekeraand Mohajerani, 2001) and migration of pollutantsthrough the liner (Airey, 1993; Rowe et al., 1997).Erosion by rainfall prior to placement of the waste andlocalised subsidence of the substrata can cause linerdefects and produce leakage (Haselgrove and Earl,1993).
The suitability of lining and sub-base materials onand in the vicinity of the site should have beendetermined during the investigation phase. It ispossible that additional quantities of suitable materialsmay be encountered during preparation of the site.Any such deposit should be mapped and theproperties of the material determined during theconstruction phase.
Composite liner designs (Benson, 2001), includinggeo-synthetic clay liners (Phillips and Eberle, 2001),may be required for future Tasmanian waste disposalsites. A suitable construction quality assurance systemshould be used during construction of the designedliner system.
Leachate collection system
Design of the leachate collection system must becarried out according to the requirements of the site,using relevant Standards as a minimum. As notedabove, it may be necessary to consider the use ofmultiple-layer collection systems and leak detectionsystems (Benson, 2001).
The clogging of leachate collection systems isdependent on the flow rate, leachate chemistry and thenature of the drainage material (Rowe and VanGulck,2001). Maximum drainage potential into the pipingshould be provided by using a coarse gravel drainageblanket at the base of the fill. It is critical to ensure thatthe proposed collection system is suitable for allanticipated flows through the facility, and that it can becleaned and inspected as required (Rowe et al., 1997).
Management of leachate
Leachate derived from the activity should be treatedaccording to the stage of decay of the fill material andthe probable chemistry present. Due regard should begiven to the erection of protective safety barriers andsignage around leachate lagoons.
Leachate holding lagoons represent a significantecotoxicity risk and the design should be carried outwith care (Benson, 2001), their location to some extentbeing controlled by the overall design of the site andthe local thickness of the unsaturated zone. In selectingthe site for such lagoons care must be taken to ensurethat there will be no potential for connection betweenthe leachate and groundwater. The catchment size,
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 12
retention time and degree of recirculation requiredmust be considered when determining the number,size and location of lagoons.
Due to the significant ecotoxicity risk of leachatelagoons, regulators should require that liners bedesigned to withstand the nature of the fluid withinthem. Leakage detection systems should beincorporated into the liner design (Cairney andHobson, 1998).
Monitoring boreholes should be installed both upand down hydraulic gradient of the lagoon sites, andsufficiently early enough in the construction period toallow for the collection of representative baseline databefore the lagoons are used (Bagchi, 1994).
Landfill gas collection system
A suitable system must be designed and constructedfor the release of gas derived from decomposition ofthe fill material. This should be regularly maintainedduring the life of the facility and the gas either flaredoff or directed to other uses. On combustion methaneconverts into carbon dioxide, approximately twentytimes less potent than methane in terms of globalwarming potential (Linich, 2001).
Monitoring of groundwater,surface water and gas vapour
An integral part of all monitoring is to ensure thatbaseline site characteristics can be compared toconditions in the waste disposal area (Rosin andAvalle, 1993).
Jewell et al. (1993) outlined field techniques whichcan be used for investigation and monitoring of soil,groundwater and vapour at former industrial or wastedisposal sites . Leachate, surface water andgroundwater monitoring procedures should follow asimilar methodology to that given in Bagchi (1994).Cairney and Hobson (1998) provided a comprehensivedescription of monitoring equipment and observationnetworks required for monitoring landfill gasvapours. Isotope tracers can be used for quality controlin pollution monitoring systems for landfill sites(Pellegrini et al., 1998).
Statistical analysis of monitoring data should beundertaken to confirm the percentage value of theUpper Confidence Level (UCL). A standard of 95%UCLmean is considered appropriate for pollutionmonitoring (Hitchcock and Tuyl, 2001). The digitalstructural format for the storage of monitoring datashould consider spatial and/or temporalauto-correlation, natural heterogeneity, measurementerrors, small sample sizes and simultaneous existenceof different types of data (Abbaspour et al., 1998;Adams et al., 2001).
Rehabilitation/remediation
The rehabilitation of waste disposal sites forhigh-value development is increasingly required,especially close to urban areas where demand is high(O’Neill et al., 2000). The three stages of theremediation process include site assessment, strategydevelopment and implementation (Swane et al., 1993).Issues to consider during the process include landfillgas, leachate, pollution, geotechnical, groundwater,planning approval and community perception. Theenhanced remediation strategy undertaken at theHomebush Bay Olympic site (Laginestra and Hughes,2000) demonstrated the environmental and economicbenefits of such a process.
Site assessment
Identification of the nature andextent of contamination
Non-intrusive geophysical techniques provide veryuseful information for the assessment of wastedisposal sites. Measurements of small changes ingravity over a given area can be used to identifydensity variations within the fill, the horizontal andvertical extent of fill, and layering within the fill(Roberts et al., 1990a). By combining gravity andmagnetic methods, an interpretation may be made onthe extent of the landfill material and associated ironcontent (Hinze et al., 1990; Roberts et al., 1990b).Geophysical terrain conductivity mapping has beensuccessfully used in Brazil to locate water tables andclay stratum in the proximity of landfi l ls(Monier-Williams et al . , 1990). Time-domainelectromagnetic sounding is a proven tool inidentifying environmental groundwater problemsrelated to waste disposal sites (Hoekstra and Blohm,1990) . Various geophysical techniques forenvironmental investigations are outlined by Williamsand Links (2001), who identified ground conductivity(EM), magnetics and gravity as the most appropriatetechniques for identifying the extent of groundwatercontamination associated with landfills.
The results of chemical monitoring over the life of thefacility should be examined and any potentialcontaminants identified. Based on a review of allavailable data (geotechnical , historical andenvironmental), consideration should be given to thedrilling of further boreholes to check for the spread ofcontaminant plumes in areas identified as high-riskzones. The likely quantity and quality of contaminantsto manage should be estimated, with samplingaccording to Australian Standard 2368-1990 andAS/NZS 5667.11:1998. Calculation of thecontaminants should be based on Darcy’s law,calculation from mass outflow rates in thegroundwater below the site, or by a solution of thewater balance equation (Entenmann and Rappert,1998).
Inorganic and easily biodegradable organic mattercan build up significant concentrations and minerals in
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 13
fine-grained soils that can selectively plug soils underwaste disposal sites (Islam and Singhal, 2001). Thismay complicate the site assessment and leakagedetection should focus on piezometric head, inducedelectric potential and temperature differentials(Haselgrove and Earl, 1993). This will require drillingwaste fill at landfill sites.
Stability and subsidence of fill material
Practitioners undertaking slope stability analyses oflandfills should take into account that waste, coversoils and engineered infrastructure (e.g. clay liners andcapping) have completely different shear stress-strainproperties. Spreading at the base of waste deposits anddifferential settlement may detrimentally affect liners,drainage systems and capping (Brandl, 2001). Shearstrength parameters of waste fill appear to bedependent on deformation, and waste well into thefourth stage of degradation (methanogenesis) may besusceptible to secondary compression (Vilar et al.,1998).
Hausmann et al. (1993) have identified techniquesand infrastructure available to improve bearingcapacity, slope stability and volume stability. Thesetechniques include:
� mechanical compaction;
� drainage;
� dewatering;
� consolidation;
� stabilisation with admixtures;
� construction of impermeable barriers with clay andsynthetic liners;
� slurry walls;
� grouting; and
� deep mixing.
Strategy development andimplementation
Management options for groundwater pollution
The application and limitations of isolation, coveringand removal techniques should be considered when aremediation strategy is developed (Harris et al., 1996).Remediation can be either passive or active. Passiveremediation is also known as Monitored NaturalAttenuation (MNA) (fig. 7). MNA can attenuatecommon environmental contaminates and is acost-effective way of improving barrier performance(Richards and Bouazza, 2001). Soil composition andsurface properties (strongly influenced by the soilorigin) contribute significantly to the attenuationcapability of the soil (Yong et al., 1998). Depending onthe time it takes for leachate to reach the aquifer, MNA
may attenuate undesirable components of the leachateand reduce its impact (Depountis et al., 1998).
Active remediation involves additionalinfrastructure and high expenditure, with theapplication of numerical models normally used toverify results (Clement and Gautam, 2001). Solutionsto sub-surface gaseous contaminants should also beincluded in a remediation strategy (Cairney andHobson, 1998; Starke, 2001).
Grouting may be injected beneath the waste to repairleaks in liners (Osborne and Haselgrove, 1993) and/orprevent groundwater inflow (fig. 8). Slurry walls arelow-permeability barriers emplaced in the subsurface.They confine contaminants by removing the potentialfor flow through the source (fig. 9). Up-gradientpumping may also prevent interaction with the wastematerials (fig. 10). Up-gradient pumping may also becombined with the pump and treat approach (fig. 11).
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 14
Solid Waste
Clay soil
Water table
Compacted clay cap
Leachate in vadose zone
Attenuated leachate plume in groundwater
Figure 7
Natural attenuation of landfill leachate(from Fetter, 1994).
Groutedmaterial
Bedrock
Water table
Refuse
Figure 8
Application of grouting in the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 15
Figure 9
Application of slurry walls in the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).
Figure 10
Application of up-gradient pumping in the remediation oflandfills (from Fetter, 1994).
Bedrock
Refuse
Water table
To pump
Bedrock
Refuse
Slurrywall
Water table
Bedrock
Plume
Refuse
Water t abl e
Porous soil
RecycleNutrients
Oxygen
Injection well
Bedrock
Refuse
Groundwater todischarge
Groundwater todischarge
Plume Water table
Figure 11
Combining up-gradient pumping and pump and treat applications in the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).
Figure 12
Application of the injection–recovery system for the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).
This combined method of applications can also bevaried where the up-gradient bore becomes aninjection well for recycled polluted water pumpedfrom a down-gradient bore, i.e. injection–recoverysystem (fig. 12). The efficiency of permeable treatmentbeds (fig. 13) is highly dependent on the nature of thematerial used in the bed (Li and Li, 1998). Pump andtreat applications should focus on mass removal andbe aware of potential impacts causing hydraulicchanges within the local groundwater system(Domenico and Schwartz, 1998).
Wetlands for the treatment of leachate offer a costeffective and environmentally sound technique totreat and dispose of landfill leachate. Construction andoperation of a new wetland system requires aninterdisciplinary effort including geologists, engineersand wildlife scientists (Mathewson and Mathewson,1998).
It may not be possible to produce a conventionalclose-out solution for some facilities, in which caseconsideration should be given to removal of thematerial to an alternative facility, if remediation is notlikely to be possible or cost effective (Cairney andHobson, 1998).
Capping to prevent infiltration andconsequent pollution
The selection of a capping design should take intoaccount the nature of the fill material and the likelyfuture risk to resources and the environment.Composite barriers and water balance covers(mono-layers) perform admirably in the field (Benson,2001).
Compacted clay, high-density poly-ethane (HDPE),geosynthetic liners (GSL) (Kudrna et al., 1998) and fine
sand capillary barriers (Vangpaisal and Bouazza, 2001)may be utilised for the capping of waste. Thecombination of any of the above in a composite liner isconsidered appropriate for sites identified as having ahigh ecological risk (Rowe et al., 1997; Benson, 2001).
The design of mono-layer covers should consider thesoil material properties, sequencing and the use ofvegetative cover (Weeks, 1993) . Detailedrecommendations for the design aspects of mono-layercovers are given in Jones et al. (2001).
Revegetation
Certain plants (i.e. shallow root species) are moresuitable for preservation of the capping integrity thanothers and should be used as part of the rehabilitationscheme for any facility. Basic planting requirementsneed to be considered and include sun light forphotosynthesis, anchorage in the ground, plus theavailability of water, oxygen and nutrients (Cairney,1998). The aim of the revegetation should be theestablishment, management and maintenance ofself-sustaining vegetation (Harris et al., 1996).
Construction on reclaimed landfill sites
Construction on landfill is generally avoidedbecause of the difficulties with settlement, stability andenvironmental issues (Thom, 2001b). Particularattention must be given to settlement and bearingcapacity, landfill gas migration (Bouazza andKavazanjian, 2001), and corrosion protection forstructures built on landfills (Phillips et al., 1993).Modelling of the future degradation of the waste mayaid in the design of structures on waste fills (Chun andJang, 2001).
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 16
Bedrock
Permeable treatment bed
Plume
RefuseWater table
Groundwater flow
Figure 13
Application of permeable treatment beds in the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).
Section 5: Discussion and Principal Conclusions
Discussion
A geo-environmental database is required for Tasmanian waste disposal sites. The integrity of the database willrely strongly on the detail and scale of the input data. Funding is required to gather data from existing sources andnew data from the field, plus interpret the information within the database structure.
Further investigations are required at identified contaminated sites and strategies should be formulated for theremediation of these sites.
Emission-offset, tradeable emission-right and polluter-pays systems to control groundwater pollution wereidentified by Young and Evans (1998). The polluter-pays system identifies the surrogate indicator of pollution loadto be levied and reduces the levy with decreasing levels of pollution over time. Funds from a pollution levy could beused to investigate and manage contaminated sites.
Principal conclusions
This project has identified that some problems exist with respect to waste disposal and water qualitymanagement in Tasmania. Contaminants may effect the ecosystem and other receptors. Source zones may beproblematic. Further investigations are required to quantify the extent and nature of the problems on a statewidescale. Investigation and monitoring strategies are required to assess trends of contamination, related impacts andthe effectiveness of remediation measures.
Progressive solutions to minimise ecological risks should be implemented for high-risk sites. Compared to othertechniques, monitored natural attenuation may be the most appropriate method for managing low risk sites.
It is suggested that the Tasmanian Government use a conservation approach for the protection and managementof Tasmanian groundwater resources (Water Management Act 1999 and the State Policy on Water Quality Management1997).
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 17
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LEAMAN, D. E. 1972. Gravity survey of the Hobart district.Bulletin Geological Survey Tasmania 52.
LEE, G. F.; JONES-LEE, A. 1996. Evaluation of the potential for aproposed or existing landfill to pollute groundwaters. G. FredLee & Associates, El Macero, California.
LEITE, J. C.; ZUQUETTE, L. V.; PARAGUASSU, A. B. 1998.Evaluation of compacted mixture of tropical soils for theuse as liners: Potassium and copper ion percolation, in:MOORE, D.; HUNGR, O. (ed.). Engineering geology — Aglobal view from the Pacific Rim. Proceedings of the 8th
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LEO, C. J. 2001. Contaminant transport modelling infractured porous media – the double porosity approach,in: SMITH, D. W.; FITYUS, S. G.; ALLMAN, M. A. (ed.).Environmental Geotechnics 185–196. Austral ianGeomechanics Society : Newcastle.
LI, F. C.; LI, L. Y. 1998. Leaching multi-contaminant solutionsof Pb, Cu, and Cd, through clayey soils, in: MOORE, D.;HUNGR, O. (ed.). Engineering geology — A global view fromthe Pacific Rim. Proceedings of the 8th international congress ofthe IAEG, Vancouver, 21–25 September 1998. 2477–2483.Balkema : Rotterdam.
LINICH, M. 2001. The sustainable development of regionalwaste management centres in relation to the carbon cycle,in: SMITH, D. W.; FITYUS, S. G.; ALLMAN, M. A. (ed.).Environmental Geotechnics 417–422. Austral ianGeomechanics Society : Newcastle.
MARINO, A.; SIMEONI, C.; BELLAGAMBA, S.; MILLI, M. 1998.Remote sensing and GIS application to management ofareas exposed to water pollution events: The Pianura,Central Italy, in: MOORE, D.; HUNGR, O. (ed.). Engineeringgeology — A global view from the Pacific Rim. Proceedings ofthe 8th international congress of the IAEG, Vancouver, 21–25September 1998. 2621–2625. Balkema : Rotterdam.
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Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 20
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[8 November 2002]
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 21
APPENDIX 1
Project Brief
The following project brief is provided to give an understanding of the management of the scope, objectives andfinal outputs of the project.
Project Description Investigation of groundwater resource degradation associated with waste disposalpractices within Tasmania, Australia.
Purpose Examine the effects of waste disposal on groundwater quality within Tasmania andprovide information to stakeholders that will assist to protect groundwater resources inthe area of waste disposal activities. Using selective groundwater system parameters,identify sites where groundwater resources are most likely to be degraded.
Business Benefits � Reduced environmental health risk to the general public.
� Better understanding of potential pollution pathways.
� Greater consideration of geotechnical criteria in regard to existing ongoingmanagement and the location (plus construction) of future waste disposal sites.
� Assist State Government in the regulation of waste disposal activities.
Objectives � Inspection of all relative activities.
� Discussion of sites with key stakeholders.
� Completion of study site classification list.
� Undertake northwest, northeast and southeast drilling programs.
� Sample all boreholes for groundwater quality.
� Pump test selective boreholes.
� Compile all site-specific factual data into geotechnical reports.
� Summarise all project work into a final report.
Scope � Project is to be undertaken by a project officer, supervised by a project manager andoverseen by a Steering Committee.
� Locate all known past and present waste disposal sites in Tasmania.
� Interaction with local government and private industry managers of waste disposalsites.
� Project consists of fieldwork, laboratory analyses and the completion of reports.
� The project is to be completed over a 2½ year period.
Major Deliverables � Geotechnical reports relating to specific waste disposal sites.
� Final report including project recommendations to minimise environmental risksassociated with waste disposal activities.
� Move towards Best Practice Environmental Management of waste disposal sites inTasmania.
Risks � Access to past historical information on selective sites.
� Limited access to sites for drilling.
� Human health issues exist during the drilling of boreholes through waste fillmaterials.
� Damage to infrastructure related to underground services within the study sitesfootprints.
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 22
Project Governance
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 23
Steering committeeChairperson – Ms Carol Bacon (MRT); Project Manager – Mr Ric
Donaldson/Mr Adrian Waite (MRT); Project Officer – Mr Andrew Ezzy
(MRT); Committee members – Mr Floyd Browne/Ms Carinda Rue
(DPIWE); Ms Meredith Roodenrys (TFGA); Dr David Leaman (Leaman
Geophysics); Mr Evan Boardman (LGAT).
Project SponsorsNHT/MRT
Project ManagerMr Ric Donaldson/
Mr Adrian Waite (MRT)
MRT drillersMr Shane Heawood/
Mr Michael Jacobson (MRT)
Business ManagerMs Carol Bacon (MRT)
Project OfficerMr Andrew Ezzy (MRT)
Quality ConsultingDr David Leaman
Leaman Geophysics
Reference GroupProfessor David Bell (NewZealand) – Peer Reviewer
Consultants/3rd PartiesKMR Drilling Pty Ltd
T. O. Bresnehan Pty Ltd
AdministrationMr Matthew Fitzgerald (MRTCorporate Services – Finance);
Ms Bronwyn Bird/Ms JanetRichardson (MRT – Records)
APPENDIX 2
Initial desktop study sites
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 24
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wes
to
fT
amar
estu
ary
800
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Wes
tT
amar
Bea
uty
Po
int
(Ilf
rav
ille
)48
3400
5444
550
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
alls
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
and
Tri
assi
csa
nd
sto
ne
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
,Tri
assi
cb
edro
ckN
ext
toW
est
Arm
of
Tam
arE
stu
ary
,Tri
assi
caq
uif
erw
ith
po
ssib
leG
hy
ben
-Her
zber
gin
terf
ace
800
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Do
rset
Ben
Lo
mo
nd
5556
5054
0180
0N
ilIn
situ
lin
edla
go
on
sQ
uat
ern
ary
do
leri
teb
lock
fiel
dw
ith
clay
mat
rix
Do
leri
tesc
ree
ov
erd
ole
rite
bed
rock
Do
leri
teu
nco
nso
lid
ated
and
frac
ture
daq
uif
er,n
ext
to(i
nth
e)F
ord
Riv
er
1400
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Gla
mo
rgan
-S
pri
ng
Bay
Bic
hen
o60
5000
5364
700
Ex
pan
sio
nfo
rre
-use
sch
eme
Cla
yli
ner
,des
ign
un
kn
ow
nQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dan
dg
rav
elQ
uat
ern
ary
sed
imen
tso
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er65
0N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Cen
tral
Hig
hla
nd
sB
oth
wel
l49
9600
5306
700
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
all
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tan
dQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mT
erti
ary
bas
alt
flo
wo
ver
Tri
assi
cro
of
rock
so
ver
do
leri
teT
erti
ary
frac
ture
db
asal
taq
uif
eran
dQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
Cly
de
Riv
er
550
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
25
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Do
rset
Bri
dp
ort
5318
5054
6240
0N
ilN
ilC
oas
tal
pla
inQ
uat
ern
ary
sed
imen
tso
ver
lyin
gM
ath
inn
aB
eds
Qu
ater
nar
yse
dim
ents
ov
erb
edro
ckC
oas
tal
pla
inQ
uat
ern
ary
san
daq
uif
er76
0N
ilV
isu
alp
oll
uti
on
inn
earb
yte
stp
itP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Bri
gh
ton
Bri
gh
ton
5217
5052
7130
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dd
epo
sits
ov
erly
ing
bed
rock
.Bed
rock
eith
erJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
and
/o
rT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
s
Po
ssib
leJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
/T
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
sco
nta
ct
Nex
tto
Jord
anR
iver
.Q
uat
ern
ary
san
daq
uif
erw
ith
inte
ract
ion
wit
hth
eJo
rdan
Riv
er.
Po
ssib
led
eep
erfr
actu
red
do
leri
tean
d/
or
Tri
assi
caq
uif
ers
wit
ha
hy
dra
uli
cd
iffe
ren
tial
.
680
2N
itra
tean
dfa
ecal
coli
form
sP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Cla
ren
ceC
amb
rid
ge
5363
0052
5730
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
On
east
ern
rift
zon
eo
fM
eeh
anR
ang
eQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
Bar
illa
Riv
ule
t58
0N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
So
uth
ern
Mid
lan
ds
Cam
pan
ia53
5100
5276
900
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
all
Qu
ater
nar
yan
dT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
sQ
uat
ern
ary
and
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
ov
erb
edro
ck
Qu
ater
nar
yan
dT
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
sn
ext
toN
ativ
eH
ut
Riv
ule
t
680
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
No
rth
ern
Mid
lan
ds
Cam
pb
ell
To
wn
5400
0053
5750
0N
ilN
ilT
erti
ary
bas
alt
and
ov
erly
ing
wea
ther
ing
pro
du
cts
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tfl
ow
ov
erb
edro
ckT
erti
ary
bas
alt
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
Eli
zab
eth
Riv
er53
5N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Mea
nd
erV
alle
yC
arri
ck50
1300
5402
700
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
all
Qu
ater
nar
yri
ver
terr
anes
,g
rav
elan
dsa
nd
Qu
ater
nar
yri
ver
terr
anes
,g
rav
elan
dsa
nd
mo
stli
kel
yo
ver
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er75
0m
fro
mM
ean
der
Riv
er78
0N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
No
rth
ern
Mid
lan
ds
Cre
ssy
5059
0053
8550
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tsT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tso
ver
bed
rock
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
aqu
ifer
,la
go
on
loca
ted
on
dra
inag
eli
ne
(im
pli
essh
oes
trin
gh
yd
rau
lic
con
du
ctiv
ity
zon
e)
630
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Mea
nd
erV
alle
yD
elo
rain
e47
2000
5403
500
Nil
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
or
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
t
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
erw
ith
inte
rfac
ew
ith
Mea
nd
erR
iver
1050
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Hu
on
Val
ley
Do
ver
5016
0052
0430
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
bed
rock
(No
teb
edro
ckm
ayb
eJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
)
TB
DN
ext
toD
ov
erR
ivu
let
945
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Wes
tT
amar
Ex
eter
4967
0054
2740
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
clay
and
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
/T
rias
sic
con
tact
toth
ew
est
Fra
ctu
red
do
leri
teaq
uif
er.
800
mfr
om
Tam
arR
iver
675
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Bre
akO
’Day
Fin
gal
5801
0053
8950
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mQ
uat
ern
ary
ov
erb
edro
ckQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
So
uth
Esk
Riv
er92
0N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Mea
nd
erV
alle
yH
agle
y49
2000
5402
000
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
all
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tan
d/
or
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
Qu
ater
nar
y(T
erti
ary
bas
alt/
sed
imen
tary
?)aq
uif
ern
ext
toM
urf
etts
Cre
ek
955
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Cen
tral
Hig
hla
nd
sH
amil
ton
4857
5052
8780
0N
ilIn
situ
clay
fro
mQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mso
urc
edfr
om
do
leri
te
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erT
rias
sic
and
/o
rd
ole
rite
Tri
assi
c/d
ole
rite
con
tact
toth
en
ort
hQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
Cly
de
Riv
er.C
om
mer
cial
min
eral
wat
erb
ore
incl
ose
pro
xim
ity
.
550
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
So
uth
ern
Mid
lan
ds
Kem
pto
n51
5300
5291
700
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
all
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
sF
ault
edT
rias
sic
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yu
nco
nso
lid
ated
aqu
ifer
[ov
eru
pp
erT
rias
sic
frac
ture
daq
uif
er(?
)]
550
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Wes
tT
amar
Leg
ana
Ind
ust
rial
Par
k
5047
0054
2110
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lsQ
uat
ern
ary
mar
shd
epo
sits
ov
erT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
mar
shd
epo
sits
ov
erT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tso
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yan
dT
erti
ary
aqu
ifer
1k
mfr
om
Tam
arR
iver
850
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
So
uth
ern
Mid
lan
ds
Lil
yd
ale
5180
0054
3400
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lsQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Lo
wer
Per
mia
nse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erL
ow
erP
erm
ian
sed
imen
tary
rock
s
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
erin
catc
hm
ent
of
Th
ird
Riv
er72
5N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
No
rth
ern
Mid
lan
ds
Lo
ng
ford
5075
0053
9550
0N
il2
lag
oo
ns
wit
hH
DP
Eli
ner
san
dfi
ve
add
itio
nal
lag
oo
ns
wit
hce
men
tw
ave
wal
ls
Qu
ater
nar
yR
iver
Ter
ran
es(g
rav
el/
san
d)
and
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
Qu
ater
nar
yo
ver
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
Qu
ater
nar
yan
dT
erti
ary
aqu
ifer
s70
0N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Kin
gb
oro
ug
hM
arg
ate
5223
0052
3620
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lQ
uat
ern
ary
gra
vel
and
do
leri
teb
ou
lder
bed
so
ver
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
t
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erT
erti
ary
bas
alt
Qu
ater
nar
yan
dT
erti
ary
bas
alt
aqu
ifer
sw
ith
Gh
yb
en-H
erzb
erg
inte
rfac
en
ext
toN
ort
hW
est
Bay
680
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Der
wen
tV
alle
yM
tF
ield
4762
5052
7360
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lp
oss
ibly
ov
erly
ing
Per
mia
nse
dim
enta
ryro
cks/
Jura
ssic
do
leri
tefa
ult
edco
nta
ct
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
ern
ext
toT
yen
na
Riv
er12
30N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
26
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
So
uth
ern
Mid
lan
ds
Oat
lan
ds
5302
0053
1730
0N
ilC
oll
apsi
ng
cem
ent
wav
ew
all
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
and
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
sQ
uat
ern
ary
and
Tri
assi
caq
uif
ers.
Nex
tto
Du
lver
ton
Riv
ule
t
490
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Gla
mo
rgan
-S
pri
ng
Bay
Orf
ord
5724
5052
8605
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
san
dJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
and
Jura
ssic
do
leri
tefa
ult
ed(?
)co
nta
ct
Tri
assi
can
dd
ole
rite
aqu
ifer
s.N
ext
tod
rain
age
lin
ew
hic
hen
ters
Pro
sser
Bay
700
mto
the
no
rth
660
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Cen
tral
Hig
hla
nd
sO
use
4764
0052
9590
0N
ilN
HT
fun
ded
san
dfi
lter
tria
lp
lan
tQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
man
dT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
sQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
Qu
ater
nar
yan
dT
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
s.N
ext
toO
use
Riv
er56
0N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
No
rth
ern
Mid
lan
ds
Per
th51
3900
5395
200
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
alls
Qu
ater
nar
yri
ver
terr
anes
,g
rav
elan
dsa
nd
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ost
lik
ely
ov
erT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
sQ
uat
ern
ary
/T
rias
sic(
?)aq
uif
ern
ext
toS
ou
thE
skR
iver
700
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Lat
rob
eP
ort
So
rell
4605
0054
4600
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
l,cl
ayli
ned
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ials
and
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teQ
uat
ern
ary
ov
erJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Qu
ater
nar
yan
dJu
rass
icaq
uif
ers
wit
hp
oss
ible
Gh
yb
en-H
erzb
erg
inte
rfac
e
850
Nil
Nil
Nu
trie
nts
(dep
end
ing
on
inte
gri
tyo
fth
eli
ner
)
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Lau
nce
sto
nP
rosp
ect
Val
e50
8000
5408
500
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
alls
Lat
erit
eJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
and
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
Lat
erit
eJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
encl
ave
aro
un
dQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
m
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
ern
ext
toD
alry
mp
leC
reek
1k
mso
uth
wes
to
fth
eS
ou
thE
skR
iver
780
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Wes
tC
oas
tQ
uee
nst
ow
n37
8750
5337
800
Nil
Cem
ent
lin
ed,a
irp
um
ped
thro
ug
hla
go
on
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erS
ilu
rian
qu
artz
ite
Nex
tto
fau
ltu
nd
erQ
uee
nR
iver
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
ern
ext
toQ
uee
nR
iver
1700
Nil
Nil
Nil
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Ken
tish
Rai
lto
n45
2000
5422
500
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
alls
–fa
ilin
gQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Qu
ater
nar
ym
arsh
dep
osi
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
1230
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Hu
on
Val
ley
Ran
elag
h50
2700
5237
800
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
alls
Qu
ater
nar
yri
ver
terr
anes
Qu
ater
nar
yri
ver
terr
anes
ov
erb
edro
ckQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
Hu
on
Riv
er77
0N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Cla
ren
ceR
ich
mo
nd
5357
5052
6720
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks(
?)Q
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
½k
mfr
om
Co
alR
iver
620
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Bre
akO
’Day
Sca
man
der
6042
7554
1105
0N
ilIn
situ
lin
edla
go
on
sQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
Dev
on
ian
gra
no
dio
rite
Dev
on
ian
gra
no
dio
rite
intr
ud
edin
toM
ath
inn
ab
eds
Qu
ater
nar
yu
nco
nso
lid
ated
aqu
ifer
810
On
eb
ore
on
lyto
3.6
mN
ilN
utr
ien
ts(d
epen
din
go
nin
teg
rity
of
the
lin
er)
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Ken
tish
Sh
effi
eld
4445
0054
1710
0N
ilT
erti
ary
bas
alt
wav
ew
alls
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tT
erti
ary
bas
alt
flo
wT
erti
ary
bas
alt
aqu
ifer
1230
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Bre
akO
’Day
St
Hel
ens
6053
0054
2450
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
wit
hG
hy
ben
-Her
zber
gin
terf
ace
toG
eorg
esB
ay
790
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Bre
akO
’Day
St
Mar
ys
5982
5053
9580
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er,n
ext
toS
tM
ary
sR
ivu
let
960
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Cir
cula
rH
ead
Sm
ith
ton
(Pel
ican
Po
int)
3400
0054
7900
0N
ilS
yn
thet
icli
ner
on
lag
oo
nsi
des
on
lyQ
uat
ern
ary
win
db
low
nsa
nd
sQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
erw
ith
Gh
yb
en-H
erzb
erg
inte
rfac
eto
Du
ckB
ay
1090
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Cir
cula
rH
ead
Sta
nle
y35
5700
5486
750
Nil
Cem
ent
wav
ew
all
Qu
ater
nar
yb
each
dep
osi
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
ov
erT
erti
ary
bas
alt
(?)
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er,l
ago
on
s15
0m
fro
mb
each
toth
eea
st,
wit
hG
hy
ben
-Her
zber
gin
terf
ace
toB
ass
Str
ait
790
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Bre
akO
’Day
Sti
egli
tz60
9000
5423
500
Nil
Geo
-fab
ric
cov
ered
inta
ru
sed
asli
ner
for
on
ela
go
on
.
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
and
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
ov
erb
edro
ckQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
wit
hin
tera
ctio
nw
ith
Win
dm
ill
and
Ch
imn
eyP
ot
Lag
oo
ns
790
3N
itra
teP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Wes
tC
oas
tS
trah
an36
0400
5332
000
Nil
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
du
ne
dep
osi
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
san
do
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
ern
ext
toM
anu
ka
Riv
eran
dM
acq
uar
ieH
arb
ou
r
1700
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Gla
mo
rgan
-S
pri
ng
Bay
Sw
anse
a58
6900
5335
400
Pro
po
sed
was
tew
ater
reu
sep
roje
ct
Nil
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
ov
erJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Ter
tiar
yaq
uif
eran
dp
oss
ible
dee
per
frac
ture
dd
ole
rite
aqu
ifer
600
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Gla
mo
rgan
-S
pri
ng
Bay
Tri
abu
nn
a57
5700
5293
500
Nil
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
sJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
/T
rias
sic
sed
imen
tco
nta
ctto
the
no
rth
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
ern
ext
toS
pri
ng
Bay
620
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Wes
tC
oas
tT
ull
ah38
4700
5378
700
Nil
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
yg
rav
el—
flu
vio
gla
cial
dep
osi
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
gra
vel
ov
erC
amb
rian
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er,n
ext
toL
ake
Ro
seb
ery
1400
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
27
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Cen
tral
Co
ast
Tu
rner
sB
each
4361
5054
4250
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er.F
ort
hR
iver
500
mto
the
east
970
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Mea
nd
erV
alle
yW
estb
ury
4855
0054
0350
0N
ilC
emen
tw
ave
wal
lsQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tT
erti
ary
bas
alt
flo
wo
ver
dee
per
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teQ
uat
ern
ary
un
con
soli
dat
edan
dT
erti
ary
bas
alt
aqu
ifer
s,Q
uam
by
Bro
ok
20m
955
Nil
Nil
Pat
ho
gen
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sew
age
trea
tmen
tla
goon
s
Wes
tC
oas
tZ
eeh
an36
3100
5360
150
Nil
So
me
sid
eso
fla
go
on
sh
ave
ap
last
icli
ner
.L
eak
age
ob
serv
edin
the
area
aro
un
dth
ela
go
on
s.
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erS
ilu
rian
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er,n
ext
toL
ittl
eH
enty
Riv
er15
00N
ilN
ilP
ath
og
ens
and
nu
trie
nts
Aba
ttoi
rw
aste
disp
osal
Gle
no
rch
yC
ates
abat
toir
,C
oll
insv
ale
5123
0052
5550
0O
ver
100
000
ton
nes
of
off
alk
no
wn
tob
eb
uri
edin
on
ear
ea,o
ther
old
tren
chsi
tes
exis
t.B
loo
dw
ater
plo
ug
hed
into
pad
do
cks
Set
tlin
gp
on
ds
for
blo
od
wat
erP
erm
ian
sed
imen
tary
rock
san
dJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Em
pla
cem
ent
stru
ctu
res
rela
ted
toth
eC
oll
ins
Bo
nn
etre
gio
nal
do
leri
tefe
eder
syst
em,
wit
his
ost
atic
tect
on
ico
ver
pri
nti
ng
.
Het
ero
gen
ou
sco
mp
lex
frac
ture
daq
uif
erw
ith
coll
uv
ium
ov
erb
urd
enan
dre
spec
tiv
ere
go
lith
soil
pro
file
s.(S
elec
tiv
ere
sist
ivit
ysu
rvey
sre
qu
ired
pre
-dri
llin
gp
rog
ram
)
1200
On
eb
ore
Nit
rate
Nu
trie
nts
Aba
ttoi
rw
aste
disp
osal
Hu
on
Val
ley
Gri
gg
ssl
aug
hte
rh
ou
se,
Hu
on
vil
le
5060
0052
2700
0W
aste
irri
gat
ion
for
ov
erth
ree
yea
rsan
dat
leas
tth
ree
kn
ow
no
ldan
dac
tiv
eo
ffal
pit
area
s
Saf
ean
dal
l,la
go
on
syst
em,
irri
gat
ion
syst
em.
New
off
alp
its
are
incl
ay
Per
mia
nse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
–F
ern
Tre
eF
orm
atio
nN
W-S
Est
rik
ing
fau
ltan
do
ther
loca
lfa
ult
ing
Tw
on
ort
h-s
ou
thd
rain
age
lin
esea
stan
dw
est
of
the
irri
gat
ion
area
.F
ract
ure
daq
uif
er,w
ith
spri
ng
dis
char
ges
into
adja
cen
td
rain
age
lin
es
830
Nil
Nil
Nu
trie
nts
Aba
ttoi
rw
aste
disp
osal
Kin
gIs
lan
dK
ing
Isla
nd
abat
toir
2332
5055
8050
0D
irec
tli
qu
idw
aste
dis
po
sal
into
Po
rky
Cre
ekfo
rse
ver
ald
ecad
es.
So
me
pri
mar
yso
lid
str
aps.
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erb
edro
ckD
isch
arg
ein
toP
ork
yC
reek
,3.
5k
mea
sto
fco
astl
ine.
930
Nil
Nil
Nu
trie
nts
Aba
ttoi
rw
aste
disp
osal
Cir
cula
rH
ead
Blu
eR
ibb
on
Mea
ts,
Sm
ith
ton
3425
0054
7500
0A
bat
toir
was
teb
uri
edfo
ro
ver
fift
yy
ears
.E
stim
ated
vo
lum
eo
f50
000
0to
nn
eso
fm
ater
ial
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erly
ing
Cam
bri
anv
olc
anic
rock
sat
shal
low
dep
th
Un
con
form
ity
bet
wee
nQ
uat
ern
ary
and
Pre
cam
bri
anQ
uat
ern
ary
san
du
nco
nfi
ned
aqu
ifer
ov
erly
ing
frac
ture
db
edro
ckaq
uif
er.
Sp
rin
gs
ben
eath
lan
dfi
llfo
otp
rin
t.D
isp
osa
lsi
ten
ext
toC
ov
entr
yC
reek
,wh
ich
dis
char
ges
into
the
Du
ckR
iver
1k
md
ow
nst
ream
.Th
eD
uck
Riv
eren
ters
Du
ckB
ay5
km
toth
en
ort
h.
1200
Nil
Nil
Nu
trie
nts
and
met
als
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sB
reak
O’D
ayS
tieg
litz
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
6089
5054
2385
0C
lose
dap
pro
x.
1995
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
ym
arsh
dep
osi
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
ern
ext
toC
him
ney
sL
ago
on
790
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sB
reak
O’D
ayA
nso
ns
Bay
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
D
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sB
reak
O’D
ayS
tH
elen
sw
aste
dep
ot
6023
0054
2490
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
Qu
ater
nar
yan
dT
erti
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yu
nco
nfi
ned
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
Go
lden
Fle
ece
Riv
ule
t79
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sB
rig
hto
nB
oy
er–
Fle
tch
erC
hal
len
ge
5089
0052
6510
0P
ine
tree
sp
lan
ted
inas
hd
um
pT
BD
Tri
assi
can
dP
erm
ian
sed
imen
tary
rock
sT
erti
ary
fau
ltin
gF
ract
ure
dT
rias
sic
and
Per
mia
naq
uif
ers
nea
rR
iver
Der
wen
t56
07
TB
DT
BD
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sB
urn
ieM
oo
rev
ille
Ro
adw
aste
dep
ot
Bu
rnie
4057
5054
5135
0O
pen
edin
1984
Sto
rmw
ater
coll
ecti
on
syst
emb
enea
tha
clay
lin
er.C
lay
lin
erh
asn
ore
cord
of
per
mea
bil
ity
or
qu
alit
yco
ntr
ol,
lim
ited
leac
hat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
Het
ero
gen
ou
scl
ays
wit
hv
aria
ble
per
mea
bil
itie
so
ver
lyin
gT
erti
ary
frac
ture
db
asal
t
Bas
alt
frac
ture
den
sity
/o
rien
tati
on
mai
nly
con
tro
lled
by
syn
-gen
etic
ther
mal
join
tin
g
Lo
cal/
reg
ion
ald
isch
arg
ep
oin
to
fu
nco
nfi
ned
frac
ture
db
asal
tic
aqu
ifer
.Hig
hw
ater
tab
le
1200
Sev
eral
bo
res
inst
alle
d,
som
eM
RT
mo
nit
ori
ng
dat
a
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sB
urn
ieV
iew
Str
eet
was
ted
epo
tB
urn
ie
4064
0054
5360
0C
lose
d19
84.
Co
nta
ins
ala
rge
qu
anti
tyo
fv
eget
able
sd
isp
ose
do
faf
ter
fire
inB
urn
ied
ock
war
eho
use
s.
Sto
rmw
ater
pip
edth
rou
gh
ou
tla
nd
fill
inte
rnal
stru
ctu
re,p
ipes
of
qu
esti
on
able
inte
gri
ty
Het
ero
gen
ou
scl
ays
wit
hv
aria
ble
per
mea
bil
itie
so
ver
lyin
gT
erti
ary
frac
ture
db
asal
t
Bas
alt
frac
ture
den
sity
/o
rien
tati
on
mai
nly
con
tro
lled
by
syn
-gen
etic
ther
mal
join
tin
g
Lo
cal/
reg
ion
ald
isch
arg
ep
oin
to
fu
nco
nfi
ned
frac
ture
db
asal
tic
aqu
ifer
.Hig
hw
ater
tab
le
1200
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
28
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sB
urn
ieW
est
Mo
ore
vil
leR
oad
,B
ram
ble
sin
du
stri
alw
aste
lan
dfi
ll,
Bu
rnie
4015
0054
4920
0U
nli
ned
bas
alt
qu
arry
fill
edw
ith
was
test
ream
fro
mB
urn
iep
ulp
mil
l.D
PIW
Eh
isto
rica
lp
ho
tos
ind
icat
edv
ery
po
or
man
agem
ent
pra
ctic
es.
Sto
rmw
ater
/le
ach
ate
po
nd
s,li
mit
edca
pp
ing
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tfl
ow
on
Bu
rnie
Pre
cam
bri
anq
uar
tzit
ean
dsh
ale
Th
erm
alco
nta
ctb
etw
een
bas
alt
and
Pre
cam
bri
anu
nit
sT
hre
efr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
sw
ith
am
ain
no
rth
/so
uth
frac
ture
ori
enta
tio
n.L
each
ate
spri
ng
dis
char
ge
into
an
ort
hw
est
trib
uta
ryan
dm
ain
spri
ng
dis
char
ge
into
an
ort
her
ntr
ibu
tary
.B
oth
trib
uta
ries
join
and
dis
char
ge
into
the
Cam
Riv
erab
ov
ea
tow
nw
ater
off
tak
ep
oin
t
1200
24b
ore
sin
stal
led
by
CE
Efo
rB
ram
ble
s.T
BD
TB
D
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sB
urn
ieB
rick
po
rtR
oad
clo
sed
ind
ust
rial
was
tela
nd
fill
,B
urn
ie
4055
0054
5520
0C
lose
din
1980
’sN
ilT
erti
ary
bas
alt
flo
wo
nB
urn
ieP
reca
mb
rian
qu
artz
ite
and
shal
e
Th
erm
alco
nta
ctb
etw
een
bas
alt
and
Pre
cam
bri
anu
nit
sT
erti
ary
bas
alt
and
Pre
cam
bri
anaq
uif
ers
nex
tto
Co
oee
Cre
ek
1200
Nil
Nil
TB
D
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
entr
alC
oas
tP
eng
uin
was
ted
epo
t42
1350
5445
375
His
tori
cal
min
esi
teS
leev
edst
orm
wat
erp
ipe
wit
hn
ole
ach
ate
po
nd
Ord
ov
icia
nco
ng
lom
erat
ew
ith
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
and
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
Ter
tiar
yan
dQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
Ord
ov
icia
nb
edro
ck
Un
con
fin
edaq
uif
erco
nn
ecte
dto
fill
edd
rain
age
lin
e.10
10O
ne
-o
nly
for
wat
ersu
pp
ly,n
ot
des
ign
edfo
ren
vir
on
men
tal
mo
nit
ori
ng
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
entr
alC
oas
tP
rest
on
was
ted
epo
t42
4400
5431
500
Nil
Nil
Cam
bri
anm
ud
sto
ne
and
silt
sto
ne
TB
DC
amb
rian
frac
ture
daq
uif
er11
00N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
entr
alC
oas
tC
astr
acl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
TB
DT
BD
Nil
Nil
TB
DT
BD
TB
D16
20N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
entr
alC
oas
tS
ou
thR
ian
acl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
4142
0054
2955
0C
lose
din
1999
Lea
chat
ep
on
dC
amb
rian
sed
imen
tary
rock
sC
amb
rian
/O
rdo
vic
ian
con
tact
toth
eea
stC
amb
rian
frac
ture
daq
uif
er11
00N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
entr
alC
oas
tU
lver
sto
ne
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
4286
0054
4305
0C
lose
dap
pro
x19
95R
ehab
ilit
atio
np
lan
nea
rin
gco
mp
leti
on
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tsT
erti
ary
and
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erC
amb
rian
bed
rock
Cam
bri
anfr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
1010
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
entr
alH
igh
lan
ds
Bra
dy
sL
ake
HE
Ccl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
4560
4053
2980
Nil
Reh
abil
itat
ion
pla
nco
mp
lete
dJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Nil
Fra
ctu
red
do
leri
tic
aqu
ifer
TB
DN
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
entr
alH
igh
lan
ds
Mie
na
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t47
4400
5350
425
Nil
Nil
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teN
ilF
ract
ure
dd
ole
riti
caq
uif
erT
BD
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
entr
alH
igh
lan
ds
Bo
thw
ell
was
ted
epo
t50
3100
5307
100
Nil
Nil
Lo
wer
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
TB
DT
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
550
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
entr
alH
igh
lan
ds
Ham
ilto
nw
aste
dep
ot
4864
5052
8715
0O
ldq
uar
rysi
teP
rop
ose
dcl
ayli
ner
,lea
chat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
and
po
nd
s
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teo
ver
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
Do
leri
te/
Tri
assi
ch
orn
fels
sub
-ho
rizo
nta
lco
nta
ctD
ole
rite
and
Tri
assi
cfr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
s55
03
pro
po
sed
bo
res
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
ircu
lar
Hea
dP
ort
Lat
tare
gio
nal
haz
ard
ou
sw
aste
dep
ot
3625
9054
7563
0S
tart
edo
per
atio
nin
1994
Lea
chat
ecl
ayli
ner
,su
bli
ner
ben
eath
lan
dfi
llli
ner
(co
nta
m-
inat
ed),
leac
hat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
and
po
nd
s,st
orm
wat
erd
iver
sio
nsy
stem
and
sett
lin
gp
on
ds
Th
ick
clay
ov
erb
urd
eno
nP
reca
mb
rian
Co
wri
eS
ilts
ton
eN
ok
no
wn
fau
lts,
fold
edm
etas
edim
enta
ryro
cks
All
surf
ace
run
off
ente
rsS
tin
kin
gC
reek
that
dis
char
ges
into
Bas
sS
trai
to
nth
eea
ster
nsi
de
of
the
Po
rtL
atta
pel
leti
sin
gp
lan
t
920
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
ircu
lar
Hea
dR
ock
yC
ape
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
3726
2554
7412
5R
ehab
ilit
atio
nco
mp
lete
TB
DP
reca
mb
rian
Ro
cky
Cap
eG
rou
pS
ou
thw
est-
no
rth
east
fau
ltin
gF
ract
ure
daq
uif
erw
ith
un
con
soli
dat
edo
ver
bu
rden
(po
ten
tial
per
ched
wat
erta
ble
)
920
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
ircu
lar
Hea
dS
un
do
wn
clo
sed
was
te-
Par
ks
and
Wil
dli
fe
3059
0054
4495
0O
per
ated
for
ov
erfo
rty
yea
rs,c
lose
din
1995
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
dep
osi
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er.
Lea
chat
eca
nal
dis
char
gin
gin
toS
un
do
wn
Cre
ek
1090
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
ircu
lar
Hea
dM
arra
wah
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
3034
0054
6490
0C
lose
dap
pro
x.
1995
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
dep
osi
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er11
00N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
ircu
lar
Hea
dM
awb
ann
acl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
TB
DT
BD
Clo
sed
app
rox
.19
95N
ilC
amb
rian
sed
imen
tary
rock
s(C
ow
rie
Sil
tsto
ne)
TB
DF
ract
ure
dC
amb
rian
aqu
ifer
1110
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
ircu
lar
Hea
dT
og
ari
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t32
1500
5462
150
Clo
sed
app
rox
.19
95N
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dd
epo
sits
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erb
edro
ckQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
1180
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
29
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
ircu
lar
Hea
dS
mit
hto
nD
uck
Riv
erh
isto
rica
lw
aste
dep
ot
3415
0054
7690
0N
ilC
lay
cap
pin
gQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
ern
ext
toth
eD
uck
Riv
er10
90N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
ircu
lar
Hea
dS
mit
hto
ncl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot,
Mo
nta
gu
Rd
3393
0054
7865
0C
lose
dap
pro
x.
1995
Cap
pin
gQ
uat
ern
ary
win
db
low
nsa
nd
dep
osi
tsQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er10
90N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
ircu
lar
Hea
dS
tan
ley
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t35
2800
5480
950
Nil
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
yw
ind
blo
wn
san
dd
epo
sits
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erb
edro
ckQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
950
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
lare
nce
Lau
der
dal
ew
aste
dep
ot
5399
0052
4795
0G
rou
nd
wat
erco
nta
min
atio
nco
nfi
rmed
by
his
tori
cal
mo
nit
ori
ng
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
ov
erly
ing
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
Sev
eral
fau
lts/
con
tact
sid
enti
fied
by
reg
ion
alg
eop
hy
sics
stu
dy
(Lea
man
,19
72)
Tid
alw
etla
nd
645
Ap
pro
xim
atel
y28
Am
mo
nia
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sC
lare
nce
Wen
two
rth
Par
kw
aste
dep
ot
5320
0052
5225
0U
nco
ntr
oll
edsi
teN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
dep
osi
tsT
BD
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
aqu
ifer
,tid
alco
nn
ecti
on
645
Nil
Nil
TB
D
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
erw
ent
Val
ley
Pep
per
min
tH
ill
was
ted
epo
t,N
ewN
orf
olk
5038
0052
6260
0N
ilT
wo
leac
hat
ep
on
ds,
on
ew
ith
anu
nst
able
wal
l
Per
mia
nse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
(Fer
nT
ree
Fo
rmat
ion
)S
ever
alfa
ult
sb
enea
thla
nd
fill
foo
tpri
nt
Per
mia
nfr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
wit
hin
clo
sep
rox
imit
yto
the
Riv
erD
erw
ent
570
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
erw
ent
Val
ley
Str
ath
go
rdo
nH
EC
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
D
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
erw
ent
Val
ley
Nat
ion
alP
ark
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
4774
0052
7375
0C
lose
dap
pro
x.
1995
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erP
erm
ian
sed
imen
tary
rock
sT
BD
Per
mia
naq
uif
er12
40N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
evo
np
ort
Gu
nn
’su
nli
cen
sed
was
ted
epo
t,D
evo
np
ort
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
Nil
Iro
n,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
amm
on
ia.
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
evo
np
ort
Sp
rey
ton
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
4454
0054
3740
0C
lose
dap
pro
x.
1995
Reh
abil
itat
ion
pro
gra
min
pro
gre
ss
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erb
edro
ckQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
Mer
sey
Riv
er96
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
ors
etS
cott
sdal
ew
aste
dep
ot
5388
5054
4877
5O
per
ated
for
sev
eral
dec
ades
.T
ren
ches
of
her
bic
ide
and
pes
tici
de
con
tain
ers.
Nil
Th
ick
Ter
tiar
ysa
nd
yse
dim
ents
ov
erly
ing
Dev
on
ian
-C
arb
on
ifer
ou
sg
ran
od
iori
te
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
ov
erb
edro
ckH
igh
lyp
erm
eab
leT
erti
ary
san
ds
inla
nd
fill
foo
tpri
nt.
Fo
otp
rin
tlo
cate
din
the
rech
arg
ear
eao
fa
maj
or
Sta
tesi
gn
ific
ant
hig
hq
ual
ity
and
qu
anti
tyaq
uif
er
900
Tw
ob
ore
sat
med
ium
dep
than
dfi
ve
shal
low
bo
res
abo
ve
the
wat
erta
ble
Nit
rate
,met
als
and
org
ano
ph
osp
hat
ep
esti
cid
es
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
s,n
utr
ien
ts,
org
ano
ph
osp
hat
ean
do
rgan
och
lori
des
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
ors
etB
rid
po
rtw
aste
dep
ot
5323
0054
6000
0N
ilN
ilD
evo
nia
nM
ath
inn
aB
eds
TB
DF
ract
ure
daq
uif
er76
0O
ne
bo
reco
ver
edb
yfi
llN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
ors
etT
om
ahaw
kcl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
5649
5054
7450
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
aqu
ifer
790
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
ors
etP
ion
eer
was
ted
epo
t56
9700
5454
480
Nil
Nil
Gra
nit
ew
ith
qu
artz
do
min
ated
reg
oli
thT
BD
TB
DT
BD
Nil
Nil
Met
als
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
ors
etB
ran
xh
olm
was
ted
epo
t56
1150
5441
450
Nil
Nil
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tw
ith
reg
oli
thso
ils
TB
DF
ract
ure
daq
uif
erw
ith
un
con
soli
dat
edo
ver
bu
rden
(po
ten
tial
per
ched
wat
erta
ble
)
1035
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
ors
etM
uss
elro
eB
ayw
aste
dep
ot
5988
8054
7777
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
aqu
ifer
890
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
ors
etW
inn
alea
hw
aste
dep
ot
5692
0054
4927
5N
ilN
ilT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tsT
BD
Un
con
fin
edaq
uif
ercl
ose
tod
rain
age
lin
e10
30N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sD
ors
etG
lad
sto
ne
was
ted
epo
t58
4550
5465
700
Nil
Nil
Gra
nit
ew
ith
qu
artz
do
min
ated
reg
oli
thT
BD
Un
con
fin
edaq
uif
ercl
ose
tod
rain
age
lin
e10
50N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sF
lin
der
sL
ack
ran
a59
9900
5561
000
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
D
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sF
lin
der
sL
ady
Bar
ron
6061
0055
4850
0T
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sF
lin
der
sC
ape
Bar
ron
Isla
nd
5875
0055
3050
0T
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sF
lin
der
sK
illi
ecra
nk
ie57
1200
5589
800
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
D
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
30
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sF
lin
der
sW
hit
emar
k58
8000
5557
900
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
D
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
eorg
eT
ow
nB
eech
ford
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
4966
5054
5782
5C
lose
d19
99N
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
aqu
ifer
670
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
eorg
eT
ow
nL
efro
ycl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
TB
DT
BD
Clo
sed
1999
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
and
Mat
hin
na
Bed
sQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
Mat
hin
na
bed
sF
ract
ure
dse
dim
enta
ryaq
uif
er76
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
eorg
eT
ow
nB
elli
ng
ham
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
5142
5054
5915
0C
lose
d19
99N
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lan
dM
ath
inn
aB
eds
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erM
ath
inn
aB
eds
Fra
ctu
red
sed
imen
tary
aqu
ifer
870
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
eorg
eT
ow
nL
ulw
ort
hcl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
5066
0054
6085
0C
lose
d19
99N
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
aqu
ifer
760
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
eorg
eT
ow
nP
iper
sR
iver
was
ted
epo
t50
5500
5451
050
Nil
Nil
Ter
tiar
ym
ater
ial
and
Mat
hin
na
Bed
sQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
Mat
hin
na
Bed
sF
ract
ure
dse
dim
enta
ryaq
uif
er87
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
eorg
eT
ow
nM
tG
eorg
ew
aste
dep
ot,
Geo
rge
To
wn
4874
7054
4937
5L
arg
etr
ench
fill
ing
op
erat
ion
,d
isch
arg
esin
too
ldfi
llar
ea
Sto
rmw
ater
cut
off
per
imet
erd
rain
s.
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teo
ver
lain
by
clay
dep
osi
tsT
erti
ary
clay
san
din
situ
wea
ther
edd
ole
rite
Fra
ctu
red
do
leri
teaq
uif
erw
ith
hig
hh
yd
rau
lic
hea
dd
uri
ng
sto
rmev
ents
fro
mca
tch
men
to
nM
ou
nt
Geo
rge.
845
Ap
pro
xim
atel
yfo
ur
bo
res
of
un
kn
ow
nu
sefu
lnes
s
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
eorg
eT
ow
nC
om
alco
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t,B
ell
Bay
4902
0054
4662
5T
BD
TB
DQ
uat
ern
ary
and
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
ov
erT
erti
ary
bas
alt
and
Jura
ssic
do
leri
te
Fau
lted
bed
rock
Un
con
soli
dat
edaq
uif
ero
ver
lyin
gfr
actu
red
bed
rock
aqu
ifer
(s)
845
TB
DT
BD
Met
als
and
hy
dro
carb
on
s
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
eorg
eT
ow
nC
om
alco
his
tori
cal
was
ted
epo
t,B
ell
Bay
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
Qu
ater
nar
yan
dT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tso
ver
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tan
dJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Fau
lted
bed
rock
Un
con
soli
dat
edaq
uif
ero
ver
lyin
gfr
actu
red
bed
rock
aqu
ifer
(s).
845
TB
DT
BD
Met
als
and
hy
dro
carb
on
s
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
lam
org
an-
Sp
rin
gB
ayO
rfo
rdw
aste
dep
ot
5728
0052
8997
5C
urr
ent
exte
nsi
on
of
old
site
.L
each
ate
con
tam
inat
ion
of
sto
rmw
ater
per
imet
erd
rain
fro
mo
ldfi
llin
gar
eas
Old
Sit
e–
nil
:E
xte
nsi
on
–cl
ayli
ner
,lea
chat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
,st
orm
wat
erd
iver
sio
n
Th
inso
ilp
rofi
leo
ver
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
Po
ssib
lelo
cal
scal
efa
ult
ing
Su
rfac
ew
ater
sd
isch
arg
ein
toS
hea
sC
reek
toth
ew
est
,ap
pro
xim
atel
y10
0m
etre
sb
efo
reS
hea
sC
reek
ente
rsP
ross
erB
ay.S
hea
sC
reek
dis
char
ge
area
nex
tto
sum
mer
cam
pin
gar
ea.
610
1b
ore
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
lam
org
an-
Sp
rin
gB
ayB
ich
eno
was
ted
epo
t60
6500
5361
500
Pas
tm
inin
gac
tiv
ity
Ex
ten
sio
nap
pro
ved
by
DP
EM
P/
EM
PC
Ap
roce
ssin
1999
Gra
nit
ew
ith
reg
oli
thT
BD
TB
D65
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
lam
org
an-
Sp
rin
gB
ayT
riab
un
na
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
5743
0052
9240
0T
BD
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
yb
ayd
epo
sits
TB
DF
ille
dti
dal
wet
lan
d62
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
lam
org
an-
Sp
rin
gB
ayC
ole
sB
aycl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
6052
5053
3720
0C
lose
d19
98N
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
san
do
ver
bed
rock
TB
DU
nco
nfi
ned
san
daq
uif
er60
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
lam
org
an-
Sp
rin
gB
ayS
wan
sea
was
ted
epo
t58
6500
5335
150
Nil
Nil
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teT
BD
Jura
ssic
do
leri
tefr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
600
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
len
orc
hy
Ch
apel
Str
eet
was
ted
epo
t52
0100
5256
000
No
was
test
ream
inte
rcep
tio
n.
Sto
rmw
ater
cut
off
per
imet
erd
rain
,so
me
un
kn
ow
nd
epth
of
cap
pin
g
Jura
ssic
do
leri
ted
epo
sits
and
rela
ted
coll
uv
ium
dep
osi
tsD
ole
rite
emp
lace
men
tfe
atu
rean
din
tern
alp
ost
-Ju
rass
icfa
ult
sJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
frac
ture
daq
uif
erd
isch
arg
ing
into
lan
dfi
llre
fuse
.Hu
mp
hre
yR
ivu
let
toth
eso
uth
20m
etre
sfr
om
lan
dfi
llto
e
610
2sh
allo
ww
ells
Nit
rate
,iro
nM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
len
orc
hy
Jack
son
Str
eet
was
ted
epo
ts52
0200
5256
400
Ex
ten
sio
no
fth
eC
hap
elS
tree
tsi
tefr
om
the
wes
t.S
urf
ace
seep
ages
of
leac
hat
eo
nla
nd
fill
cov
erm
ater
ial
Gle
no
rch
yE
MP
rev
iew
req
uir
ed,
sto
rmw
ater
pip
esb
enea
thla
nd
fill
Per
mia
nse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
(Bu
nd
ella
Fo
rmat
ion
)an
dJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Co
nta
ctb
etw
een
the
east
ern
sed
imen
tsan
dw
este
rnd
ole
rite
run
sN
-Sth
rou
gh
cen
tral
par
to
fsi
te
Fra
ctu
red
rock
do
leri
tean
dP
erm
ian
sed
imen
tary
rock
saq
uif
ersy
stem
sw
ith
asso
ciat
edco
nta
ctzo
ne
(hy
dra
uli
cb
ou
nd
ary
con
dit
ion
)
610
Sh
allo
ww
ells
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sG
len
orc
hy
Cre
ekR
oad
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
5237
5052
5505
0C
lose
dfo
rse
ver
ald
ecad
esN
ilJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
wit
hre
go
lith
Do
leri
teem
pla
ced
into
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
Jura
ssic
do
leri
tefr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
New
To
wn
Riv
ule
t
610
Nil
Nil
Met
als
and
hy
dro
carb
on
s
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sH
ob
art
New
To
wn
Bay
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
5257
0052
5580
0P
ote
nti
alin
du
stri
alw
aste
stre
ams
Nil
Ter
tiar
yan
dQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mp
lus
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tS
edim
ent
ov
erb
edro
ckU
nco
nfi
ned
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
New
To
wn
Bay
610
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
31
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sH
ob
art
McR
ob
ies
Gu
lly
was
ted
epo
t
5234
7552
5125
0O
pen
edin
1974
Qu
esti
on
able
inte
gri
tyo
fst
orm
wat
erp
ipes
thro
ug
hla
nd
fill
.C
emen
tli
ned
leac
hat
ep
on
ds.
Def
ault
eng
inee
red
leac
hat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
via
con
tam
inat
edst
orm
wat
erco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
.L
imit
edst
orm
wat
erd
iver
sio
nsy
stem
.
Per
mia
n(M
alb
ina
Fo
rmat
ion
)an
dT
rias
sic
(met
amo
rph
ose
dK
no
cklo
fty
Fo
rmat
ion
)se
dim
enta
ryro
cks,
plu
sJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
wit
hre
late
dsu
per
fici
alsu
rfac
ed
epo
sits
Cas
cad
esF
ault
shea
rin
gzo
ne
—re
late
dto
maj
or
bas
emen
tst
ruct
ura
lfe
atu
rek
no
wn
tob
ere
late
dto
eart
hq
uak
eac
tiv
ity
inth
ela
st20
0y
ears
Fra
ctu
red
rock
aqu
ifer
sw
ith
do
leri
teo
nea
ster
nsi
de
of
Cas
cad
esF
ault
,Per
mia
nse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
on
the
wes
tern
sid
ean
dT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
sto
the
sou
th
610
Th
ree
med
ium
dep
thb
ore
s,so
me
his
tori
cal
mo
nit
ori
ng
dat
a
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sH
uo
nV
alle
yS
ou
thb
rid
ge
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
5029
5052
3307
5N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teS
edim
ent
ov
erb
edro
ckU
nco
nfi
ned
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
Hu
on
Riv
er77
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sH
uo
nV
alle
yS
ou
thp
ort
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
4972
2551
9257
5N
ilN
ilP
erm
ian
rock
wit
hre
go
lith
TB
Dfr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
985
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sH
uo
nV
alle
yD
ov
ercl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
4997
5052
0252
5N
ilL
each
ate
po
nd
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
sQ
uat
ern
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
Tri
assi
cb
edro
ckU
nco
nfi
ned
aqu
ifer
945
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sH
uo
nV
alle
yC
yg
net
was
ted
epo
t50
7600
5221
725
1999
EM
Pst
ates
that
‘lea
chat
eh
asca
use
dd
eath
inth
een
vir
on
men
t’.
Org
ano
ph
osp
hat
ep
esti
cid
esh
ave
bee
nd
etec
ted
inth
eC
ou
nci
lm
on
ito
rin
gre
gim
e.
Lea
kin
gle
ach
ate
po
nd
on
top
riv
ate
lan
d
Per
mia
nse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
—W
oo
dy
Isla
nd
Sil
tsto
ne
Tec
ton
icfr
actu
rin
gS
ever
alsm
all
catc
hm
ents
wh
ich
all
dis
char
ge
into
atr
ibu
tary
of
Ag
nes
Riv
ule
t.A
gn
esR
ivu
let
dis
char
ges
into
the
Po
rtC
yg
net
(Wil
dli
feS
anct
uar
y)
1.5
km
toth
eso
uth
wes
t
865
Nil
Nu
trie
nts
and
org
ano
ph
osp
hat
eM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns,
nu
trie
nts
,o
rgan
op
ho
sph
ate
and
org
ano
chlo
rid
es
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sH
uo
nV
alle
yG
eev
esto
nw
aste
dep
ot
4949
2552
1662
519
99E
MP
reco
mm
end
sth
ein
stal
lati
on
of
atle
ast
fiv
em
on
ito
rin
gb
ore
s.L
each
ate
dis
char
ges
on
toad
join
ing
pro
per
tyh
ave
bee
nid
enti
fied
by
DP
IWE
asa
po
ssib
leca
use
of
catt
led
eath
so
nth
isp
rop
erty
1999
—d
eco
mm
issi
on
ing
of
old
leac
hat
ep
on
dan
dco
nst
ruct
ion
of
larg
erle
ach
ate
po
nd
;co
nst
ruct
ion
of
leac
hat
ecl
ayli
ner
of
add
itio
nal
cell
;st
orm
wat
erp
erim
eter
cut-
off
dra
inim
pro
vem
ents
.
Tri
assi
csa
nd
sto
ne
TB
DT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
frac
ture
daq
uif
erw
ith
un
con
fin
edp
erch
edaq
uif
erin
reg
oli
th.
870
Nil
Met
als
and
nu
trie
nts
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
s,n
utr
ien
ts,
org
ano
ph
osp
hat
ean
do
rgan
och
lori
des
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
enti
shS
hef
fiel
dcl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
4434
8054
1845
0N
ilN
ilT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tsT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tso
ver
bed
rock
Un
con
fin
edaq
uif
er12
30N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
enti
shL
ake
Bar
rin
gto
nu
nli
cen
sed
was
ted
epo
t,P
ark
san
dW
ild
life
4352
5054
1815
0T
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
1180
TB
DT
BD
TB
D
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
ing
bo
rou
gh
Bar
rett
aw
aste
dep
ot,
Mar
gat
e
5214
0052
3410
0O
per
ated
for
sev
eral
dec
ades
,co
nti
nu
edd
isch
arg
eo
fle
ach
ate
into
No
rth
Wes
tB
ayfo
ro
ver
ten
yea
rs
Insi
tucl
ay,
leac
hat
ep
on
d,
lim
ited
leac
hat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
,st
orm
wat
erd
iver
sio
ng
ran
dca
nal
Tri
assi
can
dP
erm
ian
sed
imen
tary
rock
sN
ort
h–s
ou
thte
cto
nic
bas
emen
tfa
ult
bet
wee
nth
eP
erm
ian
(wes
t)an
dT
rias
sic
(eas
t);
det
aile
dst
ruct
ura
lsu
rvey
req
uir
edto
iden
tify
add
itio
nal
rela
ted
seco
nd
ary
stru
ctu
ral
feat
ure
s
Per
mia
naq
uif
er;c
on
tact
zon
e;T
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
;No
rth
Wes
tB
ayG
hy
ben
-Her
zber
gp
ote
nti
alre
do
xb
uff
er.
680
5b
ore
sM
etal
san
dn
utr
ien
tsM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
ing
bo
rou
gh
No
rth
Bru
ny
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
5301
0052
2340
0N
ilN
ilJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
frac
ture
daq
uif
er68
0O
ne
bo
reT
BD
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
ing
bo
rou
gh
Ad
ven
ture
Bay
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
5260
0052
0300
0C
lose
d19
98N
ilP
erm
ian
sed
imen
tary
rock
sT
BD
Per
mia
nfr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
760
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
ing
bo
rou
gh
Alo
nn
ahw
aste
dep
ot
5200
5052
0462
5N
ilN
ilJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
frac
ture
daq
uif
er76
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
32
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
ing
bo
rou
gh
Bru
ny
Isla
nd
nec
kh
isto
rica
lw
aste
dep
ot
5277
0052
0610
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dS
edim
ent
ov
erb
edro
ckQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
760
Nil
Nil
Met
als
and
hy
dro
carb
on
s
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
ing
Isla
nd
Cu
rrie
acti
ve
was
ted
epo
t23
0400
5576
125
Nil
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
Sed
imen
to
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er93
02
bo
res
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
ing
Isla
nd
Old
Cu
rrie
site
2305
0055
7530
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dS
edim
ent
ov
erb
edro
ckQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
930
Nil
Nil
Met
als
and
hy
dro
carb
on
s
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sK
ing
Isla
nd
Ver
yo
ldC
urr
iew
aste
dep
ot
2304
0055
7465
0N
ilS
torm
wat
erin
filt
rati
on
tren
chin
clo
sep
rox
imit
yto
the
lan
dfi
llfo
otp
rin
t
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
Sed
imen
to
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
er93
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sL
atro
be
Po
rtS
ore
llcl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
4605
0054
4350
0O
ver
8000
0to
nn
eso
fw
aste
fro
mp
ulp
/p
aper
pla
nt
and
exte
nsi
ve
amo
un
tso
fli
qu
idw
aste
fro
mv
ario
us
sou
rces
Nil
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
dep
osi
tsw
ith
som
ecl
ayst
rata
len
so
ver
lyin
gJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Do
leri
tefr
actu
resy
stem
un
kn
ow
n,o
ver
bu
rden
mat
eria
lis
con
soli
dat
edim
ply
ing
op
enfr
actu
res
Un
con
soli
dat
edaq
uif
ero
ver
lyin
gfr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
.C
reek
ente
rssi
tefr
om
the
no
rth
wes
t.D
isch
arg
efr
om
site
pas
ses
resi
den
tial
area
toth
eea
st.
Ex
ten
siv
eg
rou
nd
wat
erco
nta
min
atio
np
lum
eex
pec
ted
toth
en
ort
hea
stan
dea
st
850
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
s,n
utr
ien
tsan
din
du
stri
alch
emic
als
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sL
atro
be
Du
lver
ton
reg
ion
alw
aste
dep
ot
4485
0054
2775
0O
pen
edin
1994
asn
ort
her
nre
gio
nal
site
for
fou
rC
ou
nci
ls
Sto
rmw
ater
per
imet
erd
rain
san
dse
ttli
ng
po
nd
s,le
ach
ate
coll
ecti
on
syst
eman
dH
DP
Eli
ned
leac
hat
ep
on
ds,
com
pac
ted
clay
lin
er
Sil
tsto
ne,
lim
esto
ne
and
rela
ted
surf
ace
dep
osi
tsfr
om
catc
hm
ents
toth
eso
uth
(in
clu
din
gd
ole
rite
talu
s),
ov
erla
inb
yu
pto
fiv
em
etre
so
fcl
ay
Co
nta
ctb
etw
een
lim
esto
ne
and
silt
sto
ne/
san
dst
on
eb
enea
thsi
te
Fra
ctu
red
aqu
ifer
bel
iev
edto
exis
tb
enea
thth
esi
teat
som
eu
nk
no
wn
(mo
stli
kel
ym
od
erat
e)d
epth
1200
Ex
ten
siv
eb
ore
net
wo
rkin
stal
led
and
mo
nit
ore
d
Nil
TB
D
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sL
aun
cest
on
Rem
ou
nt
Ro
adw
aste
dep
ot,
Lau
nce
sto
n
5128
0054
1725
0O
per
ated
for
ov
erte
ny
ears
Un
com
pac
ted
insi
tucl
ays,
leac
hat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
and
po
nd
,w
hic
ho
ver
flo
ws
tou
nd
eren
gin
eere
dse
wer
lin
e,p
erim
eter
sto
rmw
ater
cut
off
dra
ins
(oft
enu
sed
for
dis
po
sal
of
leac
hat
ed
ue
tola
cko
fca
pac
ity
of
sew
erli
ne)
Mai
nly
Jura
ssic
do
leri
tew
ith
rep
ort
so
fse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
inb
ase
of
val
ley
flo
or
Mag
net
icsu
rvey
san
dfi
eld
map
pin
gre
qu
ired
toid
enti
fyth
eth
ree-
dim
ensi
on
alst
ruct
ura
lse
ttin
go
fth
ed
ole
rite
and
any
add
itio
nal
lith
olo
gie
s
Fra
ctu
red
do
leri
teaq
uif
erw
ith
var
iou
sd
egre
eso
fw
eath
erin
g.
Po
ssib
leco
nta
ctan
dse
dim
enta
ryaq
uif
er.
Res
isti
vit
ysu
rvey
sre
qu
ired
pre
dri
llin
gp
rog
ram
700
Ap
pro
xim
atel
ysi
x,
log
su
nk
no
wn
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sL
aun
cest
on
Lil
yd
ale
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
5161
2554
3420
0N
ilN
ilL
ow
erP
erm
ian
sed
imen
tary
rock
sT
BD
Fra
ctu
red
Per
mia
naq
uif
er72
5N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sM
ean
der
Val
ley
Del
ora
ine
was
ted
epo
tT
BD
TB
DN
ilO
ver
flo
win
gle
ach
ate
po
nd
on
top
riv
ate
lan
d
TB
DT
BD
TB
D10
501
bo
reN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sM
ean
der
Val
ley
Wes
tbu
ryw
aste
dep
ot
4857
7553
9600
0N
ilL
each
ate
po
nd
Jura
ssic
do
leri
teJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Jura
ssic
do
leri
tefr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
920
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sN
ort
her
nM
idla
nd
sL
on
gfo
rdcl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
5092
5053
9502
5C
lose
d19
99C
lay
cap
pin
gT
erti
ary
sed
imen
tsT
erti
ary
mat
eria
lo
ver
bed
rock
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
enta
ryaq
uif
er70
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sS
ore
llC
arlt
on
was
ted
epo
t55
3050
5253
750
Ref
use
bu
ried
intr
ench
esb
elo
wth
ew
ater
tab
le
New
leac
hat
ean
dst
orm
wat
erp
on
ds
and
leac
hat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
Tri
assi
csa
nd
sto
ne
TB
DT
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
530
Ap
pro
xim
atel
yth
ree
bo
res
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sS
ore
llD
un
alle
ycl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
TB
DT
BD
Clo
sed
1996
Nil
Tri
assi
cro
ckw
ith
reg
oli
thso
ils
TB
DT
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
530
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sS
ou
ther
nM
idla
nd
sO
atla
nd
sw
aste
dep
ot
5329
9053
1309
0O
per
ated
for
ov
erte
ny
ears
No
leac
hat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
,u
nli
ned
leac
hat
ep
on
ds
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks,
wit
hv
ario
us
deg
rees
of
wea
ther
ing
No
maj
or
stru
ctu
res
kn
ow
nto
exis
tin
the
loca
lar
ea,e
xp
ect
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tfe
atu
re(u
nk
no
wn
iffl
ow
or
plu
g)
app
rox
imat
ely
500
met
res
toth
en
ort
h
Tri
assi
caq
uif
er49
0N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
33
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sS
ou
ther
nM
idla
nd
sC
amp
ania
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t,B
row
nM
ou
nta
in
5375
0052
8000
0C
lose
d19
99N
ilT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
s,w
ith
var
iou
sd
egre
eso
fw
eath
erin
g
TB
DT
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
630
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sS
ou
ther
nM
idla
nd
sR
oss
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
tT
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
s,w
ith
var
iou
sd
egre
eso
fw
eath
erin
g
TB
DT
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
TB
DT
BD
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sT
asm
anP
ort
Art
hu
rcl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
TB
DT
BD
TB
DT
BD
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks,
wit
hv
ario
us
deg
rees
of
wea
ther
ing
TB
DT
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
TB
DT
BD
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sT
asm
anN
ub
een
aw
aste
dep
ot
5613
0052
2775
0N
ilO
ver
flo
win
gsi
lted
up
leac
hat
ep
on
d.
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks,
wit
hv
ario
us
deg
rees
of
wea
ther
ing
TB
DT
rias
sic
aqu
ifer
890
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
arat
ah-
Wy
ny
ard
Wy
ny
ard
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
3920
0054
6210
0C
lose
din
1995
.C
emet
ery
nex
tto
lan
dfi
llh
ash
igh
wat
erta
ble
.S
cho
ol
nex
tto
site
Sto
rmw
ater
pip
esp
ast
thro
ug
hla
nd
fill
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
mo
stli
kel
yo
ver
lyin
gP
erm
ian
sed
imen
tary
rock
s
Un
con
form
ity
bet
wee
nb
asem
ent
and
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
Lan
dfi
llre
sts
on
the
riv
erg
rav
els
(flo
od
pla
in)
of
the
Ing
lis
Riv
er,1
.8k
mb
efo
reth
eIn
gli
sR
iver
dis
char
ges
into
Bas
sS
trai
t.U
nco
nfi
ned
un
con
soli
dat
edaq
uif
erw
ith
inte
ract
ion
wit
hth
eIn
gli
sR
iver
,ov
erly
ing
frac
ture
daq
uif
er-
also
in(h
yd
rau
lic
syst
em)
of
Ing
lis
Riv
erh
yd
rosp
her
e
1020
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
arat
ah-
Wy
ny
ard
War
atah
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
TB
DT
BD
Clo
sed
1998
Cla
yco
ver
TB
DT
BD
TB
D21
80N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Co
ast
Zee
han
reg
ion
alw
aste
dep
ot
3628
5053
5902
5O
ldta
ilin
gs
du
mp
site
Lea
chat
eco
llec
tio
nsy
stem
inn
ewar
eas,
no
qu
alit
yco
ntr
ols
on
leac
hat
eli
ner
con
stru
ctio
n,
sto
rmw
ater
div
ersi
on
Wes
tern
Dev
on
ian
Flo
ren
ceQ
uar
tzit
efa
ult
edag
ain
stea
ster
nS
ilu
rian
Cro
tty
Qu
artz
ite,
ver
yli
ttle
clay
Sev
eral
fau
lts
ben
eath
the
lan
dfi
llfo
otp
rin
t,m
ain
N-S
fau
ltco
nta
ctb
etw
een
the
Flo
ren
cean
dC
rott
yq
uar
tzit
es
Fra
ctu
red
aqu
ifer
(s)
inte
ract
ion
wit
hsu
rfac
etr
ibu
tary
toth
eL
ittl
eH
enty
Riv
er.H
igh
wat
erta
ble
wit
hra
pid
flu
ctu
atio
ns
du
rin
gra
inev
ents
.Su
rfac
esp
rin
gd
isch
arg
es
1500
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Co
ast
Tri
alH
arb
ou
r(u
nli
cen
sed
)w
aste
dep
ot
3491
7553
5670
0N
ilN
ilP
reca
mb
rian
sed
imen
tary
rock
sT
BD
Fra
ctu
red
aqu
ifer
2480
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Co
ast
Gra
nv
ille
Har
bo
ur
(un
lice
nse
d)
was
ted
epo
t
3373
5053
6930
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
san
dQ
uat
ern
ary
san
do
ver
bed
rock
Qu
ater
nar
ysa
nd
aqu
ifer
2360
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Co
ast
Tu
llah
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
tT
BD
TB
DC
lose
d19
98T
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
D21
80T
BD
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Co
ast
Ro
seb
ery
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
3734
7553
7250
0C
lose
d19
98T
BD
TB
DT
BD
TB
D19
60N
ilN
ilM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Co
ast
Str
ahan
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
3597
0053
3220
0C
lose
d19
98In
situ
cov
erm
ater
ial
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
Qu
ater
nar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erb
edro
ckQ
uat
ern
ary
aqu
ifer
2140
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Co
ast
Qu
een
sto
wn
old
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
3778
2553
3480
0N
ilN
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mo
ver
Cam
bri
anm
ud
sto
ne
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ium
ov
erC
amb
rian
mu
dst
on
eT
BD
2140
Nil
Nil
Met
als
and
hy
dro
carb
on
s
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Co
ast
Qu
een
sto
wn
clo
sed
was
ted
epo
t
3783
0053
8750
0C
lose
d19
98N
ilQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
viu
mT
BD
Qu
ater
nar
yaq
uif
ern
ext
toQ
uee
nR
iver
2140
Nil
Nil
Met
als,
hy
dro
carb
on
san
dn
utr
ien
ts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Tam
arB
eaco
nsf
ield
was
ted
epo
t48
4900
5439
900
Nil
Riv
erw
ork
sle
ach
ate
trea
tmen
ttr
ial
Ter
tiar
yse
dim
ents
Ter
tiar
ym
ater
ial
ov
erb
edro
ckT
erti
ary
aqu
ifer
nex
tto
Bra
nd
yC
reek
800
On
eb
ore
TB
DM
etal
s,h
yd
roca
rbo
ns
and
nu
trie
nts
Sol
idw
aste
disp
osal
site
sW
est
Tam
arE
xet
ercl
ose
dw
aste
dep
ot
4952
0054
2720
0C
ou
nci
lsu
edb
yp
riv
ate
lan
do
wn
erd
ue
tost
ock
loss
es
Cap
pin
gT
rias
sic
sed
imen
tary
rock
s,w
ith
var
iou
sd
egre
eso
fw
eath
erin
g
Tri
assi
cse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
intr
ud
edb
yJu
rass
icd
ole
rite
Tri
assi
caq
uif
ern
ext
toS
ton
yB
roo
k86
5N
ilN
ilN
utr
ien
ts,
hy
dro
carb
on
s,m
etal
s,o
rgan
op
ho
sph
ates
and
org
ano
chlo
rid
es
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
34
Cate
go
ryo
fact
ivit
yC
ou
nci
l/M
un
icip
ali
tyS
ite
loca
tio
nA
MG
East
ing
AM
GN
ort
hin
gH
isto
rica
lis
sues
En
gin
eeri
ng
desi
gn
ed
infr
ast
ruct
ure
for
BP
EM
Lit
ho
log
ies
Str
uct
ura
lg
eo
log
ical
sett
ing
Hy
dro
geo
log
ical
sett
ing
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
lan
nu
al
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kn
ow
nn
um
ber
of
curr
en
tly
inst
all
ed
bo
res
(No
vem
ber
1999)
Kn
ow
ng
rou
nd
wate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Po
ten
tial
gro
un
dw
ate
ran
d/o
ro
ffsi
tesu
rface
wate
rp
oll
uta
nts
Dai
rypr
oces
sin
gan
def
flu
ent
irri
gati
on
Bu
rnie
Lac
tos
pro
per
ty50
8000
5450
000
Use
dex
ten
siv
ely
inth
ep
ast
asth
eo
nly
area
for
the
dis
po
sal
of
mil
kb
y-p
rod
uct
s(w
hey
)an
dw
ash
-d
ow
nw
ater
,p
rese
ntl
yo
nly
use
dfo
rw
ash
do
wn
wat
er
Irri
gat
ion
syst
emfr
om
ho
ldin
gta
nk
s
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tan
dre
late
dso
ils
ov
erly
ing
Bu
rnie
shal
eT
erti
ary
bas
alt
flo
wo
ver
Pre
cam
bri
anq
uar
tzit
ean
dsh
ale
Ris
ing
spri
ng
sin
sev
eral
loca
tio
ns
on
pro
per
ty.
Cas
cad
esC
reek
dis
char
ges
into
Em
uR
iver
1200
Fiv
eb
ore
sin
stal
led
inla
nd
slip
area
plu
sth
ree
bo
res
inst
alle
db
elo
wB
etta
mil
kir
rig
atio
nar
ea
TB
DN
utr
ien
ts
Dai
rypr
oces
sin
gan
def
flu
ent
irri
gati
on
Bu
rnie
Lac
tos
–p
riv
ate
pro
per
tyn
etw
ork
5060
0054
4800
0N
ilC
on
tro
lled
app
lica
tio
nra
tes
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tan
dre
late
dso
ils
ov
erly
ing
Bu
rnie
shal
eT
erti
ary
bas
alt
flo
wo
ver
Pre
cam
bri
anq
uar
tzit
ean
dsh
ale
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tfr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
1200
TB
DT
BD
TB
D
Dai
rypr
oces
sin
gan
def
flu
ent
irri
gati
on
Cir
cula
rH
ead
Way
ne
Ten
nan
tp
rop
erty
,T
og
ari
3225
0054
6835
0Ir
rig
atio
nsc
hem
est
arte
din
1992
.S
om
eh
isto
rica
lw
ork
do
ne
by
Dav
idC
rush
er(D
PIW
E)
&L
oy
dM
atth
ews
(MR
T)
Tw
ou
nli
ned
po
nd
sQ
uat
ern
ary
allu
via
lan
dco
llu
viu
md
epo
sits
ov
erly
ing
Cam
bri
and
olo
mit
e
Un
con
form
ity
bet
wee
nQ
uat
ern
ary
ov
erb
urd
enan
db
edro
ck
Un
con
fin
edu
nco
nso
lid
ated
aqu
ifer
ov
erly
ing
kar
st-f
ract
ure
d?
do
lom
ite
aqu
ifer
.In
the
Mo
nta
gu
Riv
erca
tch
men
t(M
on
tag
uR
iver
1k
mto
the
wes
t).H
um
pan
dh
oll
ow
eng
inee
red
dra
inag
e
1200
Tw
o18
.3m
etre
bo
res,
plu
sth
ree
old
shal
low
pie
zom
eter
s
Nit
rate
Nu
trie
nts
Dai
rypr
oces
sin
gan
def
flu
ent
irri
gati
on
Cir
cula
rH
ead
Jam
esF
inla
yso
np
rop
erty
,T
og
ari
3223
0054
6420
0S
om
eh
isto
rica
lw
ork
do
ne
by
Dav
idC
rush
er(D
PIW
E)
&L
oy
dM
atth
ews
(MR
T)
Irri
gat
ion
sch
eme
Qu
ater
nar
yal
luv
ial
and
coll
uv
ium
dep
osi
tso
ver
lyin
gC
amb
rian
sed
imen
tary
rock
s
Un
con
form
ity
bet
wee
nQ
uat
ern
ary
ov
erb
urd
enan
db
edro
ck
Un
con
fin
edu
nco
nso
lid
ated
aqu
ifer
ov
erly
ing
kar
st-f
ract
ure
d?
do
lom
ite
aqu
ifer
.In
the
Mo
nta
gu
Riv
erca
tch
men
t(M
on
tag
uR
iver
1.5
km
toth
ew
est)
.Hu
mp
and
ho
llo
wen
gin
eere
dd
rain
age
1200
Tw
o18
.3m
etre
bo
res,
plu
sth
ree
old
shal
low
pie
zom
eter
s
Nit
rate
Nu
trie
nts
Dai
rypr
oces
sin
gan
def
flu
ent
irri
gati
on
Cir
cula
rH
ead
Har
cus
Dai
ry,
Van
Die
men
’sL
and
Co
.,W
oo
lno
rth
3184
0054
8270
0N
ilU
nli
ned
2.25
meg
alit
reh
old
ing
pri
mar
yan
dse
con
dar
yp
on
ds,
irri
gat
ion
sch
eme
Qu
ater
nar
yw
ind
blo
wn
san
dQ
uat
ern
ary
san
do
ver
bed
rock
Un
con
fin
edu
nco
nso
lid
ated
aqu
ifer
of
un
kn
ow
nd
epth
.C
lose
std
rain
age
lin
eis
Ho
rsep
iss
Cre
ek,1
km
toth
ew
est.
1200
On
eb
ore
use
das
dai
rysu
pp
lyN
ilN
utr
ien
tsan
dm
icro
bio
log
ical
char
acte
rist
ics
Dai
rypr
oces
sin
gan
def
flu
ent
irri
gati
on
War
atah
-W
yn
yar
dU
MT
Bu
rnie
,T
rev
or
Du
nia
ms
pro
per
ty
3785
0054
6600
0U
sed
for
wh
eyan
dw
ash
wat
erir
rig
atio
nfo
rfo
ur
yea
rs
So
ilm
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
,HD
PE
lin
edh
old
ing
dam
,fil
tere
dir
rig
atio
np
ipe
syst
em
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tan
dre
late
dso
ils
ov
erly
ing
Bu
rnie
shal
esT
her
mal
con
tact
bet
wee
nth
eT
erti
ary
bas
alt
and
the
Ro
cky
Cap
eG
rou
p
Un
con
fin
edfr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
,tr
ibu
tari
eso
fS
iste
rsC
reek
flo
win
toL
ake
Lle
wel
lyn
2.25
km
toth
en
ort
h
1200
Tes
tio
met
ers
(?)
TB
DN
utr
ien
tsan
dm
icro
bio
log
ical
char
acte
rist
ics
Dai
rypr
oces
sin
gan
def
flu
ent
irri
gati
on
War
atah
-W
yn
yar
dU
MT
Bu
rnie
-N
evil
leA
tkin
son
pro
per
ty
3860
0054
6250
0U
sed
for
wh
eyan
dw
ash
wat
erir
rig
atio
nfo
r4
yea
rs
So
ilm
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
,HD
PE
lin
edh
old
ing
dam
,fil
tere
dg
rav
ity
feed
irri
gat
ion
pip
esy
stem
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tan
dre
late
dso
ils
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tin
tera
ctio
nw
ith
un
con
soli
dat
edm
ater
ials
Un
con
fin
edfr
actu
red
aqu
ifer
,tr
ibu
tari
esen
ter
the
Ing
lis
Riv
er1.
5k
mto
the
east
1200
Tes
tio
met
ers
(?)
TB
DN
utr
ien
tsan
dm
icro
bio
log
ical
char
acte
rist
ics
Dai
rypr
oces
sin
gan
def
flu
ent
irri
gati
on
Bu
rnie
Bet
taM
ilk
Bu
rnie
4083
0054
5060
0S
mal
lar
eau
sed
for
irri
gat
ion
for
ov
erte
ny
ears
Nil
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tan
dre
late
dso
ils
Ter
tiar
yb
asal
tfl
ow
ov
erP
reca
mb
rian
qu
artz
ite
and
shal
e
Slo
pin
gco
un
try
wit
htw
oin
terc
on
nec
ted
smal
lca
tch
men
ts
1200
Nil
Nil
Nu
trie
nts
,m
icro
bio
log
ical
char
acte
rist
ics
ph
osp
hat
e,ca
ust
icso
da.
Eff
luen
tir
riga
tion
from
fru
itpr
oces
sin
g
Hu
on
Val
ley
Cle
men
tsan
dM
arsh
all,
Cy
gn
et
5060
0052
2050
0H
igh
BO
DH
old
ing
dam
san
dir
rig
atio
nsy
stem
Per
mia
nse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
-B
un
del
laF
orm
atio
nan
dQ
uat
ern
ary
sed
imen
ts,w
ith
asm
all
Cre
tace
ou
ssy
enit
ep
lug
?
No
maj
or
fau
lts
kn
ow
nfo
ro
ne
kil
om
etre
,fie
ldm
app
ing
imp
lies
hig
hfr
actu
red
ensi
ty
Fra
ctu
red
aqu
ifer
wit
hsp
rin
gd
isch
arg
es,a
nd
rela
ted
un
con
soli
dat
edo
ver
bu
rden
mat
eria
l.F
inal
dis
char
ge
ente
rsP
ort
Cy
gn
etb
ayto
the
east
865
Nil
Nil
Cau
stic
sod
a
TB
D=
tob
ed
eter
min
ed
Tas
man
ian
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rvey
Rec
ord
2002
/17
35
APPENDIX 3
Site specific reports published as part of this project
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theBridport sewage lagoons. Record Tasmanian GeologicalSurvey 2002/01.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at thePort Sorell waste depot. Record Tasmanian Geological Survey2002/03.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theScottsdale waste depot. Record Tasmanian Geological Survey2002/04.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theSmithton sewage lagoons. Record Tasmanian GeologicalSurvey 2002/05.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theBlue Ribbon abattoir, Smithton. Record TasmanianGeological Survey 2002/06.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at thePort Latta waste depot. Record Tasmanian Geological Survey2002/07.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theStanley sewage lagoons. Record Tasmanian GeologicalSurvey 2002/08.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theStieglitz sewage lagoons. Record Tasmanian GeologicalSurvey 2002/09.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theChapel Street and Jackson Street waste depots, Glenorchy.Record Tasmanian Geological Survey 2002/11.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Drilling investigations to identifygroundwater flow directions in the area north of theTolosa Street Reservoir, Glenorchy. Record TasmanianGeological Survey 2002/12.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Geotechnical investigations at the DorsetCouncil clay quarry, Jensens Road, North Scottsdale.Record Tasmanian Geological Survey 2002/13.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Drilling and related geotechnicalinvestigations of the Jetsonville aquifer at the Scottsdalewaste depot. Record Tasmanian Geological Survey 2002/14.
EZZY, A. R. 2002. Hydrogeological investigations at theMcRobies Gully waste depot, South Hobart. RecordTasmanian Geological Survey 2002/16.
Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 36