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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UB SEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020 PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... 1.2 Tujuan Praktikum ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... .......................................................

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Page 1: DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALmotorbakar.ub.ac.id/.../2020/02/buku-panduan-Copy.docx · Web viewAuthor Mas Sidik Created Date 09/01/2019 07:46:00 Title DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 1

BAB IPENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang

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1.2 Tujuan Praktikum

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Page 2: DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALmotorbakar.ub.ac.id/.../2020/02/buku-panduan-Copy.docx · Web viewAuthor Mas Sidik Created Date 09/01/2019 07:46:00 Title DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

2 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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BAB IITINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Pengertian Motor Bakar

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Page 3: DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALmotorbakar.ub.ac.id/.../2020/02/buku-panduan-Copy.docx · Web viewAuthor Mas Sidik Created Date 09/01/2019 07:46:00 Title DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 3

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2.2 Prinsip Kerja Motor Bakar Torak

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2.2.1 Prinsip Kerja Motor Bakar Torak Berdasarkan Langkah Kerja

2.2.1.1 Motor Bakar Torak 2 Langkah

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Page 4: DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALmotorbakar.ub.ac.id/.../2020/02/buku-panduan-Copy.docx · Web viewAuthor Mas Sidik Created Date 09/01/2019 07:46:00 Title DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

4 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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2.2.1.2 Motor Bakar Torak 4 Langkah

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2.2.2 Prinsip Kerja Motor Bakar Torak Berdasarkan Sistem Penyalaan

Page 5: DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALmotorbakar.ub.ac.id/.../2020/02/buku-panduan-Copy.docx · Web viewAuthor Mas Sidik Created Date 09/01/2019 07:46:00 Title DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 5

2.2.2.1 Motor Bakar Diesel (Compression Ignition Engine)

A. Pengertian

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B. Siklus Termodinamika

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Page 6: DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALmotorbakar.ub.ac.id/.../2020/02/buku-panduan-Copy.docx · Web viewAuthor Mas Sidik Created Date 09/01/2019 07:46:00 Title DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

6 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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C. Rasio Kompresi

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2.2.2.2 Motor Bakar Bensin (Spark Ignition Engine)

A. Pengertian

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Page 7: DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALmotorbakar.ub.ac.id/.../2020/02/buku-panduan-Copy.docx · Web viewAuthor Mas Sidik Created Date 09/01/2019 07:46:00 Title DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 7

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B. Siklus Termodinamika

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C. Rasio Kompresi

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Page 8: DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALmotorbakar.ub.ac.id/.../2020/02/buku-panduan-Copy.docx · Web viewAuthor Mas Sidik Created Date 09/01/2019 07:46:00 Title DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

8 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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2.3 Karakteristik Bahan Bakar

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2.3.1 Flash Point

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 9

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2.3.2 Fire Point

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2.3.3 Auto-Ignition Point

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

10 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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2.3.4 Viskositas

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2.3.5 Densitas

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 11

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2.3.6 Nilai Kalor

A. High Heating Value (HHV)

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B. Low Heating Value (LHV)

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

12 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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2.3.7 Octane Number

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2.3.8 Cetane Number

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 13

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2.4 Karakteristik Kinerja Motor Bakar

2.4.1 Indikator Kinerja Motor Bakar

A. Torsi

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

14 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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B. Daya Indikatif

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C. Daya Efektif

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 15

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D. Daya Mekanis

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E. Mean Effective Pressure

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

16 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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F. Specific Fuel Consumption

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G. Efisiensi

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 17

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H. Air-Fuel Ratio dan Fuel-Air Ratio

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2.4.2 Indikator Operasional Motor Bakar

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

18 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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A. Bukaan Katup (Throttle)

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B. Beban Mesin

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PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 19

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2.5 Hubungan Indikator Operasional terhadap Indikator Kinerja

2.5.1 Motor Bakar Diesel

2.5.1.1 Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap Torsi, Daya Efektif, dan SFC

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20 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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A. Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap Torsi

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B. Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap Daya Efektif

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LABORATORIUM MOTOR BAKAR FT - UBSEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2019/2020

PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX | 21

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C. Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap SFC

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2.5.1.2 Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap Daya Mekanis, Daya Indikatif,

dan MEP

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22 | PRAKTIKUM MOTOR BAKAR KELOMPOK XX

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A. Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap Daya Mekanis

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B. Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap Daya Indikatif

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C. Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap MEP

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2.5.2 Motor Bakar Bensin

2.5.2.1 Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap Torsi, Daya Efektif, dan SFC

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A. Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap Torsi

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B. Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap Daya Efektif

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C. Grafik Hubungan Putaran terhadap SFC

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2.6 Governor Kecepatan

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2.6.1 Karakteristik Governor

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2.6.2 Tipe Governor

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2.7 Orsat Apparatus

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2.8 Diagram Sankey

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2.9 Teknologi Motor Bakar Terbaru

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2.9.1 Definisi

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2.9.2 Tujuan

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2.9.3 Prinsip Kerja

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2.9.4 Kelebihan dan Kekurangan

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2.9.5 Aplikasi dan Cara Perawatan

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BAB IIIMETODE PENELITIAN

3.1 Waktu dan Tempat

Waktu :

Jam :

Tempat : Laboratorium Motor Bakar Teknik Mesin Universitas Brwaijaya

3.2 Pelaksanaan Praktikum

3.2.1 Instalasi Percobaaan Motor Diesel

Peralatan praktikum yang tersedia adalah instalasi percobaan (test rig)

lengkap, yang terdiri dari :

Instalasi Percobaan Motor Diesel

Unit Motor Diesel sebagai objek percobaan / penelitian.

Instrumen pengukur berbagai variabel yang diperlukan (barometer,

higrometer, aeorometer, orsat apparatus).

Peralatan bantu seperti instalasi air pendingin dan penyaluran gas buang.

Unit motor bakar yang digunakan adalah motor diesel dengan 4 silinder,

dengan spesifikasi sebagai berikut :

o Siklus : 4 langkah

o Jumlah silinder : 4

o Volume langkah torak total : 2164 cm3

o Diameter silinder : 83 mm

o Panjang langkah torak : 100 mm

o Perbandingan kompresi : 22 : 1

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o Bahan bakar : Dexlite

o Pendingin : Air

o Daya Poros : 47 BHP / 3200 rpm

o Merk : Nissan, Tokyo Co.Ltd.

o Model : DWE – 47 – 50 – HS – AV

o Negara pembuat : Jepang

Gambar 3.1 Skema Instalasi Motor DieselSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

3.2.2 Alat Ukur dan Fungsinya

Alat ukur serta fungsinya yang digunakan saat praktikum adalah sebagai

berikut :

a. Orsat apparatus

Digunakan untuk mengukur dan menganalisa gas buang (%).

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Gambar 3.2 Orsat apparatusSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

b. Barometer

Digunakan untuk mengukur tekanan atmosfer (mmHg).

Gambar 3.3 BarometerSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

c. Aerometer

Digunakan untuk mengukur massa jenis bahan bakar (kg/m3).

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Gambar 3.4 AerometerSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

d. Flash Point

Digunakan untuk mengetahui titik nyala api suatu bahan bakar (oC).

Gambar 3.5 Flash PointSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

e. Diesel Engine Test Bed

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Digunakan untuk mengetahui parameter-parameter yang menunjukkan

karakteristik motor bakar.

Gambar 3.6 Diesel Engine Test BedSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)f. Stopwatch

Digunakan untuk mengetahui waktu konsumsi bahan bakar (s)

Gambar 3.7 StopwatchSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

g. Hygrometer

Digunakan untuk mengukur kelembaban relatif udara (%).

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Gambar 3.8 HygrometerSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

h. Dynamometer

Digunakan untuk mengetahui gaya pembebanan pada poros (Kg).

Gambar 3.9 DynamometerSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

i. Flowmeter air pendinginan

Digunakan untuk mengukur debit aliran air pendinginan (liter/jam).

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Gambar 3.11 Flowmeter air pendinginanSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

j. Flowmeter Bahan Bakar

Digunakan untuk mengukur konsumsi bahan bakar (ml).

Gambar 3.12 Flowmeter bahan bakarSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

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k. Manometer

Digunakan untuk mengukur perbedaan tekanan dalam system (mmH2O).

Gambar 3.13 ManometerSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

l. Viscometer

Digunakan untuk mengukur viskositas fluida (η).

Gambar 3.14 ViscometerSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

m. Bomb calorimeter

Digunakan untuk mengetahui kalor bahan bakar (Kcal/Kg)

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Gambar 3.15 Bomb CalorimeterSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

n. STARGAS 898

Digunakan untuk menganalisis kandungan gas buang.

Gambar 3.16 STARGAS 898Sumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

3.3 Prosedur Pengambilan Data Praktikum

Setiap kelompok praktikum melaksanakan sendiri semua proses pengujian

dan pengambilan data yang diperlukan untuk memenuhi tujuan praktikum di atas.

Dalam melaksanakan proses pengujian tersebut, mahasiswa harus mengikuti

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semua aturan dan tata tertib yang berlaku di laboratorium dan mengikuti semua

petunjuk asisten laboratorium yang bertugas.

Metode percobaan dengan variasi putaran, parameter yang diukur adalah :

1. Gaya Pengereman

2. Perbedaan Tekanan Masuk dan Keluar Nozzle

3. Kelembapan Udara

4. Suhu Gas Buang

5. Suhu Air Masuk dan Air keluar

6. Debit Bahan Bakar

7. Kandungan Gas Buang

8. Tekanan Udara

3.3.1 Prosedur Pengujian Motor Bakar

1. Persiapan Sebelum Mesin Beroperasi

a. Menyalakan pompa pengisi untuk mengisi air dalam tangki sampai level air

mencapai tinggi aman dan menyalakan cooling tower

b. Membuka kran air pada pipa-pipa yang mengalirkan air ke mesin dan ke

dinamometer.

c. Mengatur debit air yang mengalir pada flowmeter pada debit tertentu dengan

mengatur bukaan kran pada flowmeter.

d. Menekan switch power untuk menghidupkan alat-alat ukur.

e. Menghidupkan alarm air pendinginan yang akan memberitahu jika terjadi

overheating dan level air kurang.

f. Menyalakan dinamo power control dan atur kondisi poros mesin dalam

keadaan tanpa beban.

2. Cara Menghidupkan Mesin

a. Mengatur bukaan throttle sesuai yang diinginkan

b. Setelah semua persiapan di atas dipenuhi, menyalakan kunci kontak pada

posisi memanaskan mesin terlebih dahulu sampai indikator glow signal

menyala.

c. Memutar posisi kunci ke posisi START sambil mengurangi pembebanan

pada poros.

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d. Setelah mesin menyala, biarkan mesin beroperasi beberapa saat untuk

menstabilkan kondisi mesin.

3. Cara Mengambil Data

a. Atur putaran mesin (rpm) dengan mengatur pembebanan pada dinamometer

sampai mendapatkan putaran yang diinginkan.

b. Tunggu kondisi mesin stabil kemudian lakukan pengambilan data yang

diperlukan.

3.3.2 Prosedur Penggunaan Orsat Apparatus

Gambar 3.17 Orsat ApparatusSumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

Cara penggunaan Orsat Apparatus :

1. Set ketiga tabung I, II, III pada ketinggian tertentu dengan membuka keran A,

B, C dan mengatur tinggi larutan pada tabung I, II, III dengan menaik –

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turunkan gelas B, kemudian tutup keran A, B, C setelah didapatkan tinggi

yang diinginkan. Posisi ini ditetapkan sebagai titik acuan.

2. Naikkan air yang ada pada tabung ukur C sampai ketinggian air mencapai 50

ml dengan cara membuka keran H dengan menaikkan gelas B. Setelah

didapatkan tinggi yang diinginkan, tutuplah kembali keran H.

3. Ambil gas buang dari saluran gas buang untuk diukur, salurkan melalui

selang yang dimasukkan ke dalam pipa H.

4. Buka keran H sehingga gas buang akan masuk dan mengakibatkan tinggi air

yang ada di tabung ukur C akan berkurang.

5. Setelah tinggi air pada tabung ukur turun sebanyak 50 ml (sampai perubahan

air mencapai angka 0) tutuplah keran H dan kita sudah memasukkan volume

gas buang sebanyak 50 ml.

6. Untuk mengukur kandungan CO2 buka keran A supaya gas buang bereaksi

dengan larutan yang ada pada tabung III dengan mengangkat dan

menurunkan gelas B sebanyak 5 – 7 kali.

7. Setelah 5 – 7 kali kembalikan posisi larutan III ke posisi acuan pada saat set

awal dan tutup keran C setelah didapatkan posisi yang diinginkan.

8. Baca kenaikan permukaan air yang ada pada tabung ukur C. Kenaikan

permukaan air merupakan volume CO2 yang ada pada 50 ml gas buang yang

kita ukur.

9. Untuk mengukur kandungan O2 dan CO ulangi langkah 6 dan langkah 7

untuk keran B dan keran A pada tabung II dan tabung I.

10. Baca kenaikan permukaan air pada tabung ukur C dengan acuan dari tinggi

permukaan air sebelumnya.

3.3.3 Prosedur Penggunaan STARGAS 898

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Gambar 3.18 STARGAS 898Sumber: Laboratorium Motor Bakar Jurusan Mesin Universitas Brawijaya (2019)

Cara Penggunaan STARGAS 898 :

1. Masukan gas probe pada pipa gas buang

2. Nyalakan STARGAS Gas Analyzer

3. Pilih fungsi MEASUREMENT pada halaman GAS ANALYSIS

4. Pilih fungsi STANDARD TEST pada halaman TEST SELECTION

5. Tekan MENU untuk menunjukkan FUNCTION BAR dalam halaman

measurement pada standard test

6. Print hasil analisis gas buang untuk percobaan pada putaran pertama.

7. Lepaskan gas probe dari pipa gas buang.

8. STARGAS Gas Analyzer berada pada kondisi Autozero

9. Ulangi dari langkah pertama untuk analisis gas pada percobaan kedua dan

selanjutnya.

3.3.4 Rumus Perhitungan

Adapun rumus – rumus yang digunakan dalam perhitungan hasil percobaan

adalah sebagai berikut :

1. Momen Torsi

T=F×l (kg.m) (3-1)

Dimana :

T : Torsi (kg.m)

F : besar gaya putar (kg)

L : panjang lengan dinamometer = 0,358 (m)

2. Daya Efektif

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Ne= T×n716 ,2 (PS) (3-2)

Dimana :

n : putaran (rpm)

Ne : daya efektif (PS)

T : momen torsi (kg.m)

3. Daya Efektif dalam kondisi standard JIS

Neo=k . Ne (PS) (3-3)

k=749Pa−Pw √273+θ

293 ;

Pw=ϕ . PsDimana :

Neo : daya efektif yang dikonfersi dalam JIS (PS)

k : faktor konversi

Ne : daya efektif (PS)

Pa : tekanan atmosfir pengukuran (mmHg)

Pw : tekanan uap parsial (mmHg)

θ : rata-rata temperatur ruangan saat pengujian (°C)

ϕ : kelembamam udara (%)

Ps : Tekanan udara standar pada temperatur θ (mmHg)

4. Mean Effective Pressure (MEP)

Pe = Neo×0 , 45×z

Vd×i×n ( kg/cm2 ) (3-4)

Dimana :

Pe : tekanan efektif

z : jumlah putaran poros engkol

n : putaran poros engkol (rpm)

i : langkah mesin

Vd : volume langkah (m3)

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5. Fuel Consumption

FC=Vt×ρ×3600

1000 (kg/jam) (3-5)

ρ dexlite = 0,836 gr/mL

Dimana :

FC : Konsumsi bahan bakar (kg/jam)

V : Volume bahan bakar (ml)

ρ : Massa jenis bahan bakar (gr/ml)

T : Waktu konsumsi bahan bakar (s)

6. Panas Hasil Pembakaran

Qb=FC x LHV (kcalJam

)

(3-6)

Dimana :

Qb : panas hasil pembakaran (kcal/jam)

FC : konsumsi bahan bakar (kg/jam)

LHV : Low Heating Value (kcal/kg)

7. Berat Jenis udara

γa=γo .× (Pa−ϕ . Ps )760

×273273+θ

+ϕ . γw

(3-7)

Dimana :

Pa : Tekanan atmosfer pengukuran (mmHg)

Ps : Tekanan udara standard pada temperatur tertentu (mmHg)

: Relative Humidity / Kelembapan Relatif (%)

o : Berat jenis udara kering pada 760 mmHg

: Temperatur bola kering(oC)

8. Koefisien Udara

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ε=P1−P2

P1

(3-8)

Dimana :P1−P : beda tekanan pada nozzle (mmH2O)P1 : tekanan atmosfer saat pengujian (mmHg)

ε : koefisien udara

9. Massa alir udara melalui nozzle

Gs=α . ε . π . d2

4 √2 .g . γ a (P1−P2 ) (kg/s) (3-9)

Dimana :

Gs : Massa alir udara melalui nozzle (kg/s)

α : Koefisien kemiringan nozzle = 0,822

ɛ : Koefisien udara

d : diameter nozzle = 0,048 m

g : Gaya gravitasi = 9,81m/s2

γa : Berat jenis udara (kg/m3)

P1 – P2 : Perbedaan tekanan pada nozzle

10. Massa Alir gas buang

Gg=Gs+ FC3600 (kg/s) (3-10)

Dimana :

Gg : massa alir gas buang (kg/s)

Gs : massa alir udara melalui nozzle (kg/s)

FC : konsumsi bahan bakar (kg/jam)

11. Panas yang terbawa gas buang

Qeg=¿ . Cpg . (Teg−Tud ) x 3600 (kcal/jam) (3-11)

Dimana :

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Cpg : panas jenis gas buang (kcal/kg.oC)

Teg : suhu gas buang (°C)

Tud : temperatur(°C)

Gg : massa alir gas buang (kg/s)

Qeg : panas yang terbawa gas buang (kcal/jam)

12. Efisiensi kerugian dalam exhaust manifold (ηg )

ηg=QegQb

x 100 %

(3-12)

Dimana :

ηg : efisiensi kerugian (%)

Qeg : panas yang terbawa gas buang (kcal/jam)

Qb : panas hasil pembakaran (kcal/jam)

13. Kerugian Panas Pendinginan (Qw)

Qw =ρ.Ww.Cpw (Two-Twi) (kcal/jam) (3-13)

Dimana :

ρ : Massa jenis air = 1 kg/liter

Ww : debit air pendinginan (liter/jam)

Cpw : panas jenis air = 1 kcal/kg.oC

Two : temperatur air keluar (oC)

Twi : temperatur air masuk (oC)

14. Efisiensi Kerugian Panas dalam cooling water(ηw )

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ηw=QwQb

x 100 %

(3-14)

Dimana :

ηw : efisiensi kerugian panas (%)

Qw : kerugian panas pendinginan (kcal/jam)

Qb : panas hasil pembakaran (kcal/jam)

15. Efisiensi Thermal Efektif (ηe )

ηe=NeQb

×632×100 %

(3-15)

Dimana :

ηe : efisiensi efektif (%)

Ne : daya efektif (PS)

Qb : panas hasil pembakaran (kcal/jam)

16. Efisiensi Mekanis (η f )

η f=100 %−(ηg+ηw+ηe )(3-16)

Dimana :

η f : efisiensi gesekan (%)

ηg : efisiensi kerugian gas buang (%)

ηw : efisiensi kerugian air pendinginan (%)

ηe : efisiensi efektif (%)

17. Ekuivalen daya terhadap konsumsi bahan bakar (Qf )

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Qf = LHV . FC632 (PS) (3-17)

Dimana :

LHV : Low Heating Value (kcal/kg)

FC : konsumsi bahan bakar (kg/jam)

18. Daya Mekanis

Nf =ηf xQf100 %

(3-18)

Dimana :

Nf : daya mekanis (PS)

η f : efisiensi gesekan (%)

Qf : kerugian karena gesekan (PS)

19. Daya IndikasiNi=Ne+Nm

(PS) (3-19)

Dimana :

Ni : daya indikasi (PS)

Ne : daya efektif (PS)

Nm : daya mekanis (PS)

20. Specific Fuel Consumption Effective

SFCe= FCNe

(3-20)

Dimana :

SFCe : Specific Fuel Consumption Effective

FC : konsumsi bahan bakar (kg/jam)

Ne : daya efektif (PS)

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21. Specific Fuel Consumption Indicated

SFCi= FCNi

(3-21)

Dimana :

SFCi : Specific Fuel Consumption Indicated

FC : konsumsi bahan bakar (kg/jam)

Ni : daya indikatif (PS)

22. Panas Hasil Pembakaran yang diubah menjadi Daya Efektif

Qe=632. Ne(3-22)

Dimana :

Qe : panas efektif (kcal/jam)

Ne : daya efektif (PS)

23. Panas yang hilang karena sebab lain

Qpp=Qb−Qeg−Qw−Qe (3-23)

Dimana :

Qpp : panas yang hilang karena sebab lain (kcal/jam)

Qb : panas hasil pembakaran (kcal/jam)

Qeg : panas yang terbawa gas buang (kcal/jam)

Qw : kerugian panas pendinginan (kcal/jam)

Qe : panas efektif (kcal/jam)

24. Efisiensi Thermal Indikasi

ηi=NiQb

×632×100 %

(3-24)

Dimana :

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ηi : efisiensi indikasi (%)

Ni : daya indikasi (PS)

Qb : panas hasil pembakaran (kcal/jam)

25. Efisiensi Mekanis

ηm=NeNi

x 100 %

(3-25)

Dimana :

ηm : efisiensi mekanis (%)

Ni : daya indikasif (PS)

Ne : daya efektif (PS)

26. Efisiensi Volumetrik

ηv=Gs . z . 60

γ a . n .Vd .ix 100 %

(3-26)

Dimana :

ηv : efisiensi volumetric (%)

z : jumlah poros engkol

Vd : volume engkol (m3)

I : langkah mesin

Gs : massa alir udara melalui nozzle (kg/s)

n : putaran poros (rpm)

γa : Berat jenis udara (kg/m3)

27. Perbandingan Udara dan Bahan Bakar

R= GsFC

x3600

(3-27)

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Dimana :

R : rasio udara bahan bakar

Gs : aliran udara melalui nozzle (kg/s)

FC : konsumsi bahan bakar (kg/jam)

28. Rasio Udara Bahan Bakar Teoritis

C12, 3 H22+17 ,85(O2+3 ,76 N2 )→12,3 CO2+11 ,1 H2 O+67 , 116 N2

(3-28)

Ro=( A / F )s

(α+ β4 )M O2+3 , 76(α+ β

4 )M N2

α M C+β M HDimana :

Ro : Rasio udara bahan bakar teoritis

M O2 : Massa relatif oksigen

M N 2 : Massa relatif nitrogen

M C : Massa relatif karbon

M H : Massa relatif hidrogen

29. Faktor Kelebihan Udara

λ= RRo

(3-29)

Dimana : λ : faktor kelebihan udara

R : rasio udara bahan bakar

Ro : rasio udara dalam bahan bakar teoritis

30. Faktor Koreksi Standard

A=Pst

P [ TT st ]

0,5

=

P st

P [ T+273T st+273 ]

0,5

(3-30)

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Dimana :

A : faktor koreksi

Pst : tekanan atmosfer = 760 mmHg

Tst : 25 ˚C

P : tekanan udara atsmosfer (mmHg)

T : temperatur ruangan (oC)

31. Daya Efektif Standard

( Ne ) st=A . Ne(3-31)

Dimana :

( Ne ) st : daya efektif standar (PS)

A : faktor koreksi

Ne : daya efektif (PS)

32. Torsi Efektif Standard

(T )st=A . T(3-32)

Dimana :

(T )st : torsi efektif standar (kg.m)

A : faktor koreksi

T : torsi (kg.m)

33. Pemakaian Bahan Bakar Efektif Standard

( SFCe )st=SFCe

A(3-33)

Dimana :

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SFCest : Pemakaian Bahan Bakar Efektif Standar

SFCe : Specific Fuel Consumption Effective

A : faktor koreksi

34. Analisa Gas Buang


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