FM 3-34.215 ( FM251)

DEMOLITION OPERATIONS AND TRAININGDEMOLITION OPERATIONS AND TRAININGDEMOLITION OPERATIONS AND TRAININGDEMOLITION OPERATIONS AND TRAINING

NOTE PER UN CORRETTO UTILIZZO DEL MANUALE: Il presente manuale serve ad indirizzare gli operatori dei Team AFO al giusto utilizzo del materiale preparato utilizzando il manuale FM 3-34-214 per il compimento delle azioni richieste dal proprio Comando Operazioni.

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYHEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYHEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYHEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY IL PRESENTE MANUALE E’ REALIZZATO ED UTILIZZATO PER EVENTI SIMULATIVI LUDICO-SPORTIVI. LE REPLICHE DEG LI ARMAMENTI REALIZZATI SONO INNOCUI ED APPORTANO SU DI ESSI LA SCRITTA FAC-SIMILE.

NOTE PER UN CORRETTO UTILIZZO DEL MANUALE

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SECTION I – DEMOLITION EFFECTS

Generally in the operations of sabotage enemy installations or weapons, it identified the critical point where to place the explosive charge. An optimal sabotage is not the complete destruction of the structure or armament, but in making it useless.

OVERVIEW

Fors abotage operations are usually used explosives with different heat capacities, for different purposes, the most commonly used: • Sheet explosive. • M112 (composition C4) block. • 1-pound TNT block.

This devices can blowing mines in place, destroying timber trestle bridges, destroying captured equipment and supplies, cratering, and gaining access to a building during training for urban operations. All of these missions can be executed safely with little or no damage to facility infrastructures.

SECTION II – CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERAL USE

This section will be illustrated and explained the use of certain types of explosives in the destruction of certain targets.

SHEET EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION EFFECTS

Sheet explosives are materials formed by combining an explosive with a "rubberizer"— a flexible binding agent. The resulting compound is cast into a flat sheet which is typically pliable and deformable over a wide range of temperature. Typical products are generally shock-insensitive secondary explosives, requiring a blasting cap or other detonator.

Detonation velocities are frequently very high, which can improve the detonation synchronicity across the area of a tertiary charge with a low detonation velocity. This property makes them suitable for use in detonation trains which require precise timing and homogeneous delivery of force across a complex surface (but see also shaped charge for an orthogonal technique).

PRIMARY USES

This charge is primarily used for the following charges: • Ribbon. • Saddle. • Diamond. • Steel-cutting.

M112 (COMPOSITION C4) BLOCK DEMOLITION EFFECTS

The M112 (composition C4) block is a common variety of the plastic explosive known as Composition C. C4 is composed of explosives, plastic binder, plasticizer and usually a marker or odorizing taggant chemical such as 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMDNB) to help detect the explosive and identify its source. The explosive in C4 is RDX (cyclonite or cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine), which makes up around 91% of C4 by mass. The plasticizer is diethylhexyl (5.3%)or dioctylsebacate and the binder is usually polyisobutylene (2.1%). Another plasticizer used is dioctyladipate (DOA). A small amount of SAE 10 non-detergent motor oil (1.6%) is also added.C4 is manufactured by combining the noted ingredients with binder dissolved in a solvent. The solvent is then evaporated and the mixture dried and filtered. The final material is an off-white solid with a texture similar to modelling clay.

PRIMARY USES

The M112 charge is used primarily for steel-cutting charges, forced entry of buildings, breaching, cutting timber, demolishing small structures, neutralizing mines, destroy enemy equipment, weapons and installations. For the sabotage of weapons such as artillery or missile ramps simply the application of a single charge of plastic explosive on the ramp, thanks to the power of cutting metal at high temperature smakes the facilities unusable. TheC4 is commonly used for the sabotage of electronic equipment, the decompression force resulted in the first seconds of the detonationare capable of destroying al most all the equipment in a medium sized room of the 50 mq.

SPECIFICATIONS The M112 block specifications are as follows: • Weight: 1 1/4 pounds. • Dimensions: 1 by 2 by 10 inches.

ADVANTAGE A major advantage of C4 is that it can easily be molded into any desired shape. C4 can be pressed into gaps, cracks, holes and voids in buildings, bridges, equipment or machinery. Similarly, it can easily be inserted into empty shaped charge cases of the type used by military engineers. C4 is very stable and insensitive to most physical shocks. C4 cannot be detonated by a gunshot or by dropping it onto a hard surface. It does not explode when set on fire or exposed to microwave radiation. Detonation can only be initiated by a combination of extreme heat and a shockwave, such as when a detonator inserted into it is fired.A singlecharge canbreak into nearlyall types ofequipment.

TABLE OF POWER DESTRUCTION DEVICE (M112 BLOCK DEMOLITION EFFECT)

EQUIPMENT OR AMMO NUMBER OF CHARGE (Dimension 1x2x10 inch)

EFFECT

CONCRETE WALL

2 SABOTAGE

RADIO EQUIPMENT 1 DESTROY

AMMUNITION DEPOT 1 DESTROY

DOORS OR SMALL WINDOWS

1 DESTROY

BMP1 2 SABOTAGE

BRDM2 1 SABOTAGE

ELETTRONIC EQUIPMENT 1 DESTROY

AA-ZPU 1 DESTROY

BM21 GRAD 1 SABOTAGE

ARTILLERY 1 SABOTAGE

AA-MISSILES 1 DESTROY

BALLISTIC MISSILES 1 DESTROY

TANK 3 SABOTAGE

RADAR ANTENNA 1 DESTROY

2S1/2S3 3 DESTROY

MEDIUM SIZED ROOM OF THE 50 mq. 1 DESTROY ALL

EQIPMENT

FUEL DEPOT 1 DESTROY

(M112 BLOCK ARRANGEMENT OF THE CHARGE )

1-POUND, TRINITROTOLUENE- BLOCK DEMOLITION EFFECTS The TNT-block is made of 1 pound of chalk powder and sand mixture placed into a card board box that has the same measurements as an actual TNT box. The device can be made with or without an internal detonating cord booster charge.TNT is one of the most commonly used explosives for demolition operation. It is valued partly because of its insensitivity to shock and friction, which reduces the risk of accidental detonation, compared to other more sensitive high explosives such as nitroglycerin. TNT melts at 80 °C (176 °F), far below the temperature at which it will spontaneously detonate, allowing it to be poured as well as safely combined with other explosives. TNT neither absorbs nor dissolves in water, which allows it to be used effectively in wet environments. Additionally, it is stable compared to other high explosives.

TNT is reported to contain 2.8 mega joules per kilogram explosive energy. The actual heat of combustion is 14.5 megajoules per kilogram, which requires that some of the carbon in TNT react with atmospheric oxygen, which does not occur in the initial event. The explosive energy utilized by NIST is 4184 J/g (4.184 MJ/kg). The energy density of TNT is used as a reference-point for many other types of explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in kilotons (~4.184 terajoules) or megatons (~4.184 petajoules) of TNT equivalent.

For comparison, gunpowder contains 3 megajoules per kilogram, dynamite contains 7.5 megajoules per kilogram, and gasoline contains 47.2 megajoules per kilogram (though gasoline requires an oxidant, so an optimized gasoline and O2 mixture contains 10.4 megajoules per kilogram).

PRIMARY USES This charge is used primarily for the following:

• Neutralizing mines. • Reducing fortifications. • Urban operations. • Breaching. • Cutting timber. • Bridge demolition.

ADVANTAGE

The TNT offers several advantages over standard powders used in demolition, due to its high combustion temperature can cut the metal bar sin the structures of concrete, making it easier to sabotage of structures such as bridges or fortifications.

TABLE OF POWER DESTRUCTION DEVICE (TRINITROTOLUENE-BLOCK DEMOLITION )

EQUIPMENT OR AMMO NUMBER OF CHARGE (Dimension 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 7 inch) EFFECT

Concrete wall 1 DEMOLISHED

Steel Bridge 1 SABOTAGE

Fortificaion bunker 3 DEMOLISHED

Concrete bridge 2 SABOTAGE

Radio Tower 1 SABOTAGE