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7/30/2019 Democracy Principles
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Principles ofDemocracy
Ms. Nestico
Unit 1
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What is Democracy?
Form of government
Rule by the people
Representative or Direct? People have the right to vote
Democrat or Republican - political
parties Freedom or right to choose
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Purposes of Government
1. Make Laws -- Legislative2. Enforce Laws -- Executive
3. Interpret & Change Laws - Judicial
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What is governments responsibility to its citizens?
1. Ensure National Security/ProtectUs
2. Maintain Order/Resolve Conflict
3.
Provide Services
Functions of Government
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Maintaining Order
How does the government maintain order?
Police Courts
FBI/CIA
Congress and making laws
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Providing Services
Welfare - cash assistance
Food Stamps
Healthcare
--Medicaid/Medicare
--Medical Assistance (MA)
Social Security
Education Transportation
Regulatory Agencies
--EPA, FDA, FCC
Employment
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Protecting Us
Military
Homeland Security
Jails/Detention Facilities Police and Fire Departments
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I. Origins of Government
Aristotle - ancientGreek philosopher384-322 BCE
Coined the term
polis or city-state--refers to ancientGreek government
-- serves as the
basis fordemocracy
Aristotle known asFather of
Democracy
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Characteristics of a state(Based on Aristotles definition)
The term state is interchangeable with:country or city-state
1. People - population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty - the ability to rule oneself
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II. Division of PoliticalAuthority - Aristotle
1. Distribution of Power
a. Unitary system
b. Confederate System
c. Federal System
2. Economic 3. Who Rules
a. Capitalist a. autocracyb. Socialist b. oligarchy
c. Communist c. democracy
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Distribution of PowerHow does power flow?
A. Unitary Systemone central government with full authority overall political subdivisions or states
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B. Confederate Systemstates are sovereign and individual but
are all working toward a common goal;central government has limited power
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C. Federal System
power is shared between a centralgovernment and its political subdivisions
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Capitalism
Free enterprise system Businesses/industries are privately owned
Potential for income is unlimited
People have to provide their own meansfor basic needs and services (ex.Healthcare, education, etc.)
Extremes in social class structure
Sometimes a high poverty rate Complete freedom and choice
Social Darwinism (Charles Darwin) -Survival of the Fittest - only the strong
survive
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Socialism
Government owns and operates somebasic means of production (ex. Powerplants, some hospitals, some farms, etc.)
There are still some privately owned
businesses but they can be heavily taxed People still have some choices regarding
careers, etc. but government providesbasic services (welfare, healthcare, etc.)
Robinhood Theory - take from the rich andgive to the poor
Attempts to balance out the social classsystem
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Communism Government owns virtually all means of
production (food, electricity, housing,higher education, hospitals, etc.)
The goal of pure communism is to be aclassless society - everyone is equal,there are no rich and no poor
Communist Manifesto(1848) - Karl Marx &Frederik Engels - viewed communism as autopian society where a collectivegovernment provides everything
Government provides most basicnecessities but most people are employedby the government
Major Criticisms: no freedom of choice, no
competition or drive to excel, breedinground for corru tion
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Who/How Many Rule?
A. Autocracy - one ruler
1. Dictatorship - single ruler with absolute power.--no elections
--may use force to maintain control
2. Monarchy - single ruler who gains leadershipthrough inheritance
--some have absolute power but not commontoday
-- Saudi Arabia - example
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3. Despotism -
rule by a single authority who holds all thepower and everyone else is considered hisslave
Implies tyrannical rule
4. Authoritarian Rule by a single authority who requires strict
obedience to the state
Maintains social control through oppressivemeasures (limits resources provided to the
people).
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5. Totalitarian
The state regulates virtually everyaspect of public and private behavior
Maintain power and control by extrememeasures
Examples:secret police
propaganda
control of mass media
restriction of free discussion
widespread use of terror
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What is the differencebetween authoritarianism and
totalitarianism?
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6. Absolutism - one person with
absolute power
from the time of the nature of lawand divine right of kings
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Divine Right Theory
Identified in the 1600s
Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan
(1651-1690) in which divine right isinitially discussed
Divine right = a kings or rulerspower comes directly from God
Focus on the ruler, not the people
Introduces the notion of a socialcontract
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Social Contract Theory
Identifies that people do have rights
Focus is on the people, not the ruler
Government should actually be an
agreement or contract between apeople and its government
Based on Natural Rights - the nature oflaw
Social Contract Theory is extended toacknowledge that people have naturalrights:
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Natural Rights:
(derived from the study of natural law throughThomas Hobbes and John Locke)
Life, Liberty & Property
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Social Contract Theory(cont.)
John Locke - TwoTreaties ofGovernment (1690)
Social contract theoryextended further toassume that peopleagree to obey thegovernment inexchange for the
government providingservices andprotection for thepeople.
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Key to the beginningof US Government:John Lockes Social
Contract Theory saysthat if the governmentdoes not hold up itsend of the agreement,people have the right
to break the contractand revolt
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B. Oligarchy - a few/smallgroup of rulers
1. Totalitarianism - small group thatrules the government that takesover virtually every aspect of
peoples lives.2. Junta - small military group seizes
power and begins their owngovernment
3. Aristocracy - rule by an elite upperclass (our founding fathers)
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4. Meritocracy - people with thehighest IQ and effort/ability to rule.
5. Plutocracy - rule by the wealthy6. Technocracy - run by the highly
educated who believe that majorbusiness should have the most sayin government
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7. Theocracy -rulers rule onbehalf of God
and religion
Vatican City
Israel
Iran
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C. Democracy -rule by the people
1. Republic - elected officials vote on policyissues/representatives of the peopleconduct the governments business
2. Direct Democracy - every man has a sayor vote on every issue
3. Representative Democracy -synonymous with republic
4. Social Democracy - capitalist democracybegins incorporating aspects ofsocialism into its government practices &economy - controlled capitalism
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Citizenship - 14thAmendment
A. US Citizenship Rights
1. Vote
2. Serve on a jury3. Hold public office
4. Public Services/Education
5. Own property/business6. Due Process/legal protection
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B. Obligations of US Citizen
1. Pay taxes
2. Obey the law
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C. Ways to Be a US Citizen
1. Jus soli - of the soil
--anyone born on US territory
(military bases, embassies, etc.)
2. Jus sanguinis -- of blood
--when both parents are US
citizens--if at least one parent has been a
citizen for a minimum of 10 yrs.
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3. Naturalization(requirements)
a. Ability to read, write and speak
English
b. Good moral characterc. Working knowledge of Civics/US
History
d. 5 years of permanent residency
(3 years if married to a US citizen)e. Favorable disposition toward the US
& the Constitution.
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Citizenship Status
1. Legal Alien
a. Permanent resident - lives herepermanently, has a green card andis working toward citizenshipb. Non-resident - here temporarily,usually for work or education
F-1 Visa = Student visaH-1 Visa = work visa
c. Illegal Alien - obvious