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DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA
• EXPLOSION OF DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA DURING THIS TIME, 1815-1840
• DEFINES EARLY AMERICA• ANDREW JACKSON WAS A GAME-CHANGING
PRESIDENT• ONLY PRESIDENT EVER TO HAVE AN “AGE”
NAMED AFTER HIM:
“AGE OF JACKSON”
1-EXPANSION OF DEMOCRACY
• ELIMINATION OF PROPERTY QUALIFICATION FOR VOTING
• --NEW STATES ENTERING UNION HAD NO PROP. QUALIFICATION
• --BY 1860 ONLY RI HAD ANY• PRESSURE TO EXPAND DEMOCRACY:• --PROPERTY DID NOT GUARANTEE “VIRTUE”• --CULT OF INDIVIDUALISM REQUIRED THE RIGHT
TO VOTE
ELEMENTS OF DEMOCRACY
• DEMOCRACY WAS NOW INTEGRAL TO AMERICAN CULTURE
• MASS PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS• DEMOCRACY REPRESENTED:• --INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVE, EQUALITY, CIVIC
INVOLVEMENT• --DEMOCRACY AS FUNDAMENTAL TO
AMERICAN FREEDOM
DEMOCRATIC IDEAL AS RADICAL
• GENERALLY BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE COULD NOT RULE THEMSELVES
• --FIRST ANARCHY, FOLLOWED BY DICTATORSHIP
• DEMOCRACY AS A RADICAL EXPERIMENT• --REMEMBER FEDERALISTS VS JEFFERSONIAN-
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
LIMITS TO POLITICAL NATION
• WHITE MEN• --NATIVE BORN AND IMMIGRANT• BLACKS AND WOMEN EXCLUDED• --REASON IS NO LONGER ECONOMIC• --EXCLUSION NOW BASED ON “INHERENT” INFERIORITY• RACIAL DEMOCRACY• --WHITE INCLUSION• --BLACK EXCLUSION• ---ONLY NEW ENGLAND ALLOWED BLACK MEN TO VOTE• ---NO STATE OFFERED COMPLETE SUFFRAGE/EQUALITY
2-EXPANSION OF NATIONALISM
• WAR OF 1812 GENERATED NATIONALIST SENTIMENT
• BUT ALSO HIGHLIGHTED:• -WEAKNESS OF TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE IN NEW NATION• -US MANUFACTURING UNDER COMPETITION
AFTER WAR—KEEP FOREIGN CHEAP GOODS OUT
BLUEPRINT FOR A NEW “AMERICAN SYSTEM”
• FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO EXPAND UPON STATES’ INITIATIVES (CONNECT AND COORDINATE EVERYTHING)
• --BUILD ROADS, CANALS, BRIDGES• IMPOSE TARIFFS ON IMPORTED MANUFACTURED
PRODUCTS• NATIONAL BANK RECREATED• --STANDARDIZE CURRENCY, REGULATE INTEREST RATES• --RAISE $$ FOR INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS (STATES
CAN’T BUILD A TRANS-CONTINENTAL RR)
NATIONALIST REPUBLICANS
• LEADING ARCHITECTS OF NEW PARTY/OLD FEDERALIST PARTY REBORN W/ A NEW NAME:
• --HENRY CLAY OF KY• --JOHN C. CALHOUN OF SC• --BOTH SUPPORTED WAR OF 1812/WAR HAWKS• REPUBLICANS WHO RECOGNIZE THE VALUE OF
HAMILTONIAN/FEDERALIST POLICIES• OUTCOME:• --MADISON VETOED INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS• --ENACTS TARIFF• --CHARTERS SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
THE NEW CENTRAL BANK
• ISSUES PAPER MONEY• COLLECTS TAXES• PAYS GOVERNMENT DEBTS• REGULATES PAPER MONEY ISSUED BY LOCAL
BANKS• --BASED ON HOW MUCH GOLD/COIN EACH
BANK HAD ON HAND
PANIC OF 1819
• WESTERN LAND SPECULATION LED TO PANIC OF 1819• --BANKS MADE LOANS NOT BASED ON SPECIE
(gold/silver) AT HAND• --PRICE DROP IN 1819 LED TO DEMAND FOR
IMMEDIATE REPAYMENT• --FARMERS UNABLE TO UNLOAD WORTHLESS LAND• BANKRUPTCY AND SUSPICION OF BANKS
THEREAFTER• --BENEFITTING ONLY THE LENDERS BECAUSE OF
EXHORBITANT RATES
MISSOURI CONTROVERSY
• RE-EMERGENCE OF SLAVERY AND REGIONAL DIVISION
• 1819 MISSOURI PETITIONED FOR ADMISSION• --NORTHERN CONGRESSMEN WANTED NO
SLAVERY IN LOUISIANA TERRITORY• --SOUTHERNERS OBJECTED • DID NOT WANT A POLITICAL IMBALANCE IN
THE COUNTRY
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
MISSOURI CONTROVERSY
• MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820• ---MISSOURI ENTERED AS A SLAVE STATE• --MAINE CAME IN AS A FREE STATE• --MAINTAINING NORTH/SOUTH BALANCE• --SLAVERY PROHIBITED NORTH OF MISSOURI’S
SOUTHERN BORDER
RISE OF SECTIONALISM
• NATIONALISM MATCHED BY A RISE IN SECTIONALISM (N/S DIVIDE)
• --RE-EMERGENCE OF 2 PARTIES• MONROE DOCTRINE:• --LIMITING EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN LATIN
AMERICA
RISE OF SECTIONALISM
• ELECTION OF 1824• JOHN QUINCY ADAMS ELECTED (NATIONALIST
REPUBLICAN)• --ONLY WON W/ NORTHERN SUPPORT• --EXPANSIVE VIEW OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT• --INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, PROTECTIVE
TARIFF• TRADITIONAL “REPUBLICANS” REGROUP AS
DEMOCRATIC PARTY
DEMOCRATIC PARTY
• LED BY ANDREW JACKSON• THEMES:• -INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY• -STATE’S RIGHTS• -LIMITED GOVERNMENT• -UNITE OLD JEFFERSONIAN COALITION• --SOUTHERN PLANTERS, SMALL FARMERS,
AND NORTHERN WORKERS
ELECTION OF 1828
• JOHN QUINCY ADAMS VS. ANDREW JACKSON• -THE ELITE VS. THE WARRIOR• JACKSON VICTORY• --SOUTH, WEST, PA• --LIKE JEFFERSON• NEW AMERICAN POLITICS• --HIGH TURNOUT• --UNIVERSAL MALE WHITE VOTING• --NATIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES• --PARTISAN POLITICS TO MOTIVATE VOTERS
AGE OF JACKSON
• USHERED IN A NEW MODE OF POLITICS• --POLITICS AS PUBLIC, MASS SPECTACLE• --POLITICIANS AS POPULAR HEROES• --PARTY MACHINE PROVIDED PATRONAGE• --NATIONAL CONVENTIONS ARE BORN AT THIS
TIME• --PARTY NEWSPAPERS/COMPLETELY BIASED
DEMOCRATIC PARTY
• AVERSION TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY• --PRODUCING VS. NON-PRODUCING CLASSES• AVERSION TO FEDERAL FUNDING OF SPECIAL INTERESTS• --PREFERRED OPEN ACCESS TO SELF-REGULATING MARKET• --FREE TRADE• LIMITS ON FEDERAL POWER• --PREFFERED STATES’ RIGHTS• --KEEP GOV’T OUT OF ISSUES OF MORALITY (DRINKING)• SUPPORT: FARMERS, WORKERS, CATHOLICS,
IMMIGRANTS, SOUTH AND WEST
NATIONALIST-REPUBLICAN PARTY BECOMES THE “WHIG” PARTY
• OPPONENTS OF JACKSON (NATIONALIST REPUBLICANS), NOW WHIG PARTY
• V. COMFORTABLE W. HIERARCHY OF SOCIAL CLASSES• FEDERAL PROMOTION OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS-RRS,
CANALS, ROADS• --PROTECTIVE TARIFFS ON AMERICAN MANUFACTURING• --FEDERAL PROMOTION OF MORALITY/DRINKING• --LAWS FOR TEMPERANCE, SABBATH, PUBLIC EDUCATION• SUPPORT: BUSINESSMEN, MARKET (COMMERCIAL
FARMERS/WANTED PROTEC. AGAINST CHEAPER FOREIGN GOODS), PROTESTANTS, NORTHEAST
NULLIFICATION CRISIS
• JACKSON FORCED TO INCREASE FEDERAL POWER• SOUTHERNERS ANXIOUS ABOUT• --MISSOURI COMPROMISE (LIMIT TO SLAVERY)• --1828 TARIFF AGAINST GOODS MADE OF WOOL AND IRON• --BOTH AFFECTED SOUTH• 1832 SC NULLIFICATION OF NEW TARIFF ON IMPORTED
GOODS• --JACKSON PASSES FORCE BILL• --ALLOWS USE OF ARMY AND NAVY TO COLLECT CUSTOMSSC BACKS DOWN, TARIFF REDUCED
INDIAN REMOVAL
• JACKSON ENFORCED NATIONAL POWERS VS INDIANS • 1820S SOUTHERN STATES EXPELLED INDIANS• --NEEDED LAND FOR COTTON• 1830 INDIAN REMOVAL ACT• --60,000 INDIANS REMOVED FROM NC, GA, FL, AL,
MS• 1838-1839, TRAIL OF TEARS• --18K CHEROKEE REMOVED FROM GA, AL, TN, NC• --25% DIED
Indian Removals
AJ’S WAR AGAINST THE BANKS
• EXPANSION OF BANKING HAD HELPED FINANCE THE NATION’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, BUT
• JACKSON DISTRUSTED BANKERS AS “NON-PRODUCERS” WHO PROFITED FROM THE LABOR OF WORKING PEOPLE
• AJ BELIEVED THAT HARD CURRENCY “GOLD AND SILVER” WAS THE ONLY “HONEST” CURRENCY
AJ’S WAR AGAINST BANKER BIDDLE
• THE B.U.S. UNDER BANK PRES. NICH. BIDDLE • WIELDED GREAT POWER• SNOBBISH, ARISTOCRATIC, UNYIELDING
PHILADELPHIAN. AJ LOATHED SUCH MEN.• BANKER BIDDLE HAD GOTTEN CONGRESSIONAL
APPROVAL TO EXTEND B.U.S’S CHARTER FOR ANOTHER 20 YEARS
• AJ RAILED “THE BANK IS TRYING TO DESTROY ME, BUT I WILL KILL IT!” CALLED IT A “MONSTER BANK.”
AJ BUSTS BANKER BIDDLE’S BANK
• USING LANGUAGE THAT RESONATED WITH THE COMMON PEOPLE, AJ USED PRESIDENTIAL VETO POWER AND VETOED A BILL TO EXTEND THE BANK’S CHARTER FOR 20 YRS
• “IT IS TO BE REGRETTED THAT THE RICH AND POWERFUL TOO OFTEN BEND THE ACTS OF GOVERNMENT FOR THEIR [OWN] SELFISH PURPOSES.”
• FIRST PRESIDENT TO USE VETO POWER AS A MAJOR WEAPON AND TO APPEAL DIRECTLY TO THE PEOPLE FOR POLITICAL SUPPORT
NO MORE B.U.S. NOW WHAT?
• WHAT WOULD TAKE THE PLACE OF THE B.U.S?• VACUUM WHERE THE B.U.S ONCE WAS• AJ AUTHORIZED THE REMOVAL OF ALL FEDERAL
FUNDS FROM THE VAULTS OF THE B.U.S• AJ FIRED AND REPLACED TREASURY SECRETARIES
UNTIL HE GOT ONE WHO DID WHAT HE WANTED• PUT THE $$$ IN LOCAL/STATE BANKS. PERSONAL
AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS AT PLAY/”FRIENDS IN HIGH PLACES.” “PET BANKS”
“PET BANKS” GO WILD W/ LACK OF REGULATION
• W/OUT FEDERAL GOV’T DEPOSITS, B.U.S COULD NOT REGULATE ACTIONS OF STATE BANKS
• STATE BANKS ISSUED MORE AND MORE AND MORE AND MORE PAPER $$$$
• TOO MUCH $$$$ IN CIRCULATION• PRICES RISE DRAMATICALLY, REAL WAGES
DECLINE, INFLATION HAPPENS• LOT AND LOTS AND LOTS OF PEOPLE IN DEEP
FINANCIAL TROUBLE
PANIC OF 1837
• ECONOMIC COLLAPSE• COTTON EXPORTS DECLINING (RECESSION IN
GB DROPPED DEMAND FOR AMERICAN COTTON)
• BUSINESSES FAILED• FARMERS LOST LAND• URBAN WORKERS LOST JOBS• DEPRESSION LASTED UNTIL 1843
MARTIN VAN BUREN
• ELECTED IN 1836-• HARD MONEY ADVOCATE, ANTI-BANK WING OF
DEMOCRATIC PARTY• WANTED TO REMOVE FEDERAL FUNDS FROM “PET
BANKS” AND KEEP THEM IN THE TREASURY DEPT. AND HE EVENTUALLY DID
• 1840-CONG. APPROVED “INDEPENDENT TREASURY”• COMPLETELY SEPARATED NAT’L GOV’T FROM
BANKING
GOLD RUSH IN CA SAVES THE ECONOMY
• DISCOVERY OF GOLD PUTS $$$$ BACK INTO THE ECONOMY, INCLUDING STATE BANKS AS PEOPLE MAKE DEPOSITS
ELECTION OF 1840
• WHIGS NOMINATED WM. HENRY HARRISON• HERO OF THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE• VANQUISHER OF HATED INDIANS AND DASTARDLY
BRITISH• MILITARY WARRIOR, WAR HERO• PROMOTED AS A “LOG CABIN” AND “CIDER
DRINKING” CANDIDATE• CHAMPION OF THE “COMMON MAN”• ANDREW JACKSON REDUX
ELECTION OF 1840
• RUNNING MATE JOHN TYLER• STATES’ RIGHTS DEMOCRAT FROM VIRGINIA• VOTER TURNOUT AT 80%• WHH AND JT (WHIGS) WON BY A WIDE
MARGIN/”SWEEPING VICTORY”• “WE HAVE TAUGHT THEM HOW TO CONQUER
US!” WAILED THE DEMOCRATIC PRESS• WHIGS TURN TABLES ON JACKSON’S
DEMOCRATIC PARTY POLITICAL MACHINE
VERBOSITY LEADS TO EARLY DEATH
• W. H. HARRISON, FAMOUS FOR LONGEST INAUGURAL SPEECH, SHORTEST PRESIDENTIAL TERM. DETERMINATION TO PROVE HE WAS NOT TOO OLD FOR THE JOB, KILLS HIM.
• WHIG MAJORITY NOW TRIES TO ENACT “THE AMERICAN SYSTEM.”
• PRES. JOHN TYLER (WHIG) VETOES MEASURES TO ENACT THE “AMERICAN SYSTEM, ALSO A NEW NATIONAL BANK AND A HIGHER TARIFF
WHIG PARTY FURIOUS
• WHAT IS TYLER DOING? (RETURNED TO HIS DEMOCRATIC ROOTS)
• MOST OF HIS CABINET RESIGNS• WHIG PARTY REPUDIATES J.T• WHIG PAPERS REFER TO J.T AS “HIS ACCIDENCY”
AND “THE EXECUTIVE ASS.”• FOUR YEARS DEVOID OF ANY ACCOMPLISHMENT• COULD NOT GOVERN W/OUT PARTY BEHIND HIM