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DemandLevel of ability and willingness to pay a particular price for a product, per period of time.Price Quantity demanded Price Quantity demanded
Determinants of the level of demand
Consumer income income demandPrice and availability of substitutes
number of substitutes v Price of a product
number of substitutes price of a product
Price of substitutes Quantity demanded
Contact lens EyeglassesPrice of substituted Quantity demanded
Price and availability of complementsPrice of a product Q. demanded of complements
Printers Ink cartridgesPrice of a product Q. demanded of complements
Marketing Marketing (advertising) demand
Fashions, habits and tastesIf fashion changes, demand of certain products
will change.Utility (level of satisfaction)
Speculation
Expectations and forecasts can also influence the level of demand.
People expect the prices to raise, so they start to buy a lot.
State of economyLevel of confidence in the economy is low, demand
Exceptions to the general law of demand
• Ostentatious consumption.- Expensive products to make customers fell good about themselves.
Nike trainers Vera wang wedding dresses Demand if price (Prestige and exclusivity is
important for customers)
• Conspicuous consumption.- (Very rich customers) for the purpose of upholding their social status.
Expensive cars (Bentley)Original paintings(Picasso)
• ExpectationsIt doesn't just matter what is currently going on - one's expectations for the future can also affect how much of a product one is willing and able to buy.
For example, if you hear that Apple will soon introduce a new iPod that has more memory and longer battery life, you (and other consumers) may decide to wait to buy an iPod until the new product comes out. When people decide to wait, they are decreasing the current demand for iPods because of what they expect to happen in the future.
Similarly, if you expect the price of gasoline to go up tomorrow, you may fill up your car with gas now. So your demand for gas today increased because of what you expect to happen tomorrow.
This is similar to what happened after Hurricane Katrina hit in the fall of 2005. Rumors started that gas stations would run out of gas. As a result, many consumers decided to fill up their cars (and gas cans), leading to long lines and a big increase in the demand for gas. This was all based on the expectation of what would happen.
• Giffen goods.Price Quantity demandedPrice Quantity demanded
A rise in the price of bread (inferior good) makes so large a drain on the resources of the poorer labouring families. They are forced to curtail their consumption of meat and the more expensive food: and, bread being still the cheapest food which they can get and will take, they consume more, and not less of it.
Supply• Willingness and ability of firms to provide
products ate given price levels per period of time
• The higher the market price of a product, the more willing and able producers are to supply products in the market.
• Firms can make more profits when prices are higher or new firms will be attracted to enter the market when prices are higher
Price Quantity suppliedPrice Quantity supplied
Determinants of the level of supply
• Price of raw materialPrice of raw material Quantity supplied Price of raw material Quantity supplied • Barriers of entry Barriers of entry # producers Q supplied
Barriers of entry # producers Q supplied• Technology• advances technology Q. supplied cost prod advances technology Q. supplied cost prod
• Taxes Taxes Production costs Quantity supplied
Taxes Production costs Quantity supplied• Subsidies• subsidies Production costs Quantity supplied subsidies Production costs Quantity supplied• Price of related goods
Some goods are in competitive supply
“The product with the higher relative profitability will be produced and supplied in larger volumes”
• ClimateFavourable weather conditions, supply
Unfavourable weather conditions, supply Floods
• Time: Agricultural products take time to harvest
Equilibrium price and quantity
• Demand equals supply• Quantity that purchasers want to get is the same
with the amount that suppliers want to sell.