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Demand Forecasting in A Supply Chain

Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

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Page 1: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Demand Forecasting in A Supply Chain

Page 2: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Role of Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Forecasting• Forecasts of future demand are

essential for making supply chain decision.

Push/Pull• All push process are performed in

anticipation of customer demand• All pull process are performed in

response customer demand

Examples

• Production: scheduling, inventory, aggregate planning

• Marketing: sales force allocation, promotions, new production introduction

• Finance: plant/equipment investment, budgetary planning

• Personnel: workforce planning, hiring, layoffs

Page 3: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Characteristic of Forecast

Forecasts are always wrong. Should include expected value and measure of error.

Long-term forecasts are less accurate than short-term forecasts (forecast horizon is important)

Aggregate forecasts are more accurate than disaggregate forecasts

Page 4: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Forecasting Methods• primarily subjective; rely on judgment

and opinionQualitative

• use historical demand only• Static • Adaptive

Time Series

• use the relationship between demand and some other factor to develop forecast

Causal

• Imitate consumer choices that give rise to demand

• Can combine time series and causal methods

Simulation

Page 5: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Basic Approach to Demand Forecasting1 • Understand the objective of

forecasting

2• Integrate demand planning and

forecasting throughout the supply chain

3 • Understand and identify customer segment

4 • Identify the major factor that influence the demand forecast

5 • Determine the appropriate forecasting technique

6 • Establish performance and error measures for the forecast

Page 6: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Risk Management in Forecasting

The risk associated with forecast error must be considered when planning for the future.

Errors in forecasting can cause significant misallocation of resources in inventory, facilities, transportation, sourcing, pricing, and information management.

Two strategies used to mitigate forecast risk are:

Increasing the responsiveness of supply chain

Utilizing opportunities for pooling of demand

Page 7: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Risk Management in Forecasting

Increasing the responsiveness of supply chainUtilizing

• By increasing responsiveness allows the firm to reduce forecast error and thus decrease the associated risk

Utilizing opportunities for pooling of demand

• Pooling attempts to smooth out lumpy demand by bringing together multiple source of demand

Page 8: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Forecasting in Practice

Collaborate in building forecasts

The value of data depends on where you are in the supply chain

Be sure to distinguish between demand and sales

Page 9: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Assigment 1

Based on chapter 7: Demand Forecasting in a supply chain (Supply Chain Management, by Sunil Chopra & Peter Meindl), please answer the discussion questions.Group 1: Question No 1, 2, & 9 Group 2: Question No 3, 4, & 9 Group 3: Question No 5, 6 & 10Group 4: Question No 7, 8 & 10

Page 10: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Assigment 2

Based on chapter 7: Demand Forecasting in a supply chain (Supply Chain Management, by Sunil Chopra & Peter Meindl), please solve the case study: Specialty Packaging Corporation, Part A (page 225 – 226).

Page 11: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Determine the Appropriate Forecast Technique

• Company should first understand the dimension that are relevant to the forecast.

• Dimensions:– Geographic area– Product groups– Customers group

Page 12: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Establish Performance & Error for the Forecast

• Companies should establish clear performance to evaluate the accuracy and timeliness of the forecast.

• Example:

Consider a mail-order company that uses a forecast to place order with its suppliers. Suppliers take two months to send in the orders. The mail-order company must ensure that the forecast is created at least two months before the start of the sales season. At the end of sales season, company must compare actual demand to forecasted demand to estimate the accuracy of the forecast.

Page 13: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Time-Series Forecast Methods (1)

• The goal of any forecasting method is to predict the system component of demand and estimate the random component.

• The systematic component of demand data consist:– Level– Trend– Seasonal factor

Page 14: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Time-Series Forecast Methods (2)

• Systematic component = level X trend X seasonal factorMultiplicative

•Systematic component = level + trend + seasonal factorAdditive•Systematic component = (level + trend) X seasonal factorMixed

The equation for calculating the systematic component

Page 15: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Time-Series Forecast Methods (3)

Static method

• Assumes that the estimates of level, trend, and seasonality within the systematic component do not vary as new demand is observed.

Adaptive forecasting

• Assumes that the estimates of level, trend, and seasonality are updated after demand observation.

Page 16: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Time-Series Forecast Methods (4)

Forecasting Method ApplicabilityMoving Average No trend or seasonalitySimple Exponential Smoothing

No trend or seasonality

Holt’s Model Trend but no seasonalityWinter’s Model Trend and seasonality

Page 17: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

THE BULLWHIP EFFECT ANDTHE NEED FOR COORDINATION IN SUPPLY CHAINS

Page 18: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

The Bullwhip Effect (1)

• Koordinasi pada rantai pasok akan meningkat bila disetiap tahap pada rantai pasok melakukan tindakan yang mengakibatkan meningkatnya keuntungan pada rantai pasok secara menyeluruh (total supply chain).

• Kurangnya koordinasi terjadi karena setiap tahap memiliki perbedaan tujuan yang bertentangan atau pergerakan informasi diantara tiap tahap terhambat atau terjadi distorsi (menyimpang).

Page 19: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

The Bullwhip Effect (2)

Page 20: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

The Bullwhip Effect (3)

• Pertentangan tujuan antar tahap pada rantai pasok terjadi karena pada setiap tahap memiliki pemilik yang berbeda. Setiap tahap berusaha untuk memaksimumkan keuntungan untuk sendiri, tindakan yang diambil terkadang dapat memperkecil keuntungan rantai pasok secara menyeluruh.

Page 21: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

The Bullwhip Effect (4) Contoh:

Ford Motor Company memiliki ribuan pemasok, mulai dari Goodyear sampai Motorola, dan setiap pemasok tersebut memiliki banyak pemasok. Penyimpangan Informasi terjadi mengikuti pergerakannya dalam rantai pasok, hal tersebut terjadi karena informasi yang lengkap tidak disebarkan ke setiap tahap. Penyimpangan dapat terjadi secara berlebihan dikarenakan produk memiliki banyak variasi. Semakin banyak variasi produk akan mempersulit untuk melakukan koordinasi pertukaran informasi diantara ribuan pemasok.

Page 22: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

The Bullwhip Effect (4) • Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, tantangan yang dihadapi

oleh rantai pasok saat ini adalah mencapai koordinasi yang baik di setiap tahap rantai pasok.

• Salah satu hasil yang diakibatkan oleh kurangnya koordinasi pada rantai pasok adalah Bullwhip Effect yaitu, fluktuasi permintaan yang meningkat seiring bergeraknya informasi dalam rantai pasok mulai dari pengecer (retailer) ke grosir (wholesaler) ke pabrik (manufacturer) dan ke pemasok (supplier).

• Bullwhip effect merupakan fenomena pembelokkan informasi permintaan pada rantai pasok, karena setiap tahap pada rantai pasok memiliki perkiraan (peramalan) permintaan yang berbeda.

Page 23: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Penyebab terjadinya Bullwhip effect (1)

• Penyebabnya dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu hal-hal yang disebabkan oleh perilaku (behavioral) dan operasional (operational).

• Penyebab Perilaku:

1. Penyalahgunaan kebijakan persediaan.

2. Salah persepsi terhadap umpan balik (feedback) dan waktu tunggu (delay time).

3. Melakukan pemesanan mendadak dikarenakan ada permintaan yang tidak terpenuhi (terjadi kepanikan akibat permintaan tidak terpenuhi).

4. Tingkat risiko pesaing, ditentukan oleh logika mereka masing-masing.

Page 24: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Penyebab terjadinya Bullwhip effect (2)

• Penyebab Operasional: 1. Proses permintaan – Error permintaan (forecast error) – Penyesuaian paramenter pengendalian

persediaan dengan observasi permintaan 2. Keragaman lead time

Page 25: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Penyebab terjadinya Bullwhip effect (3)

3. Lot size/singkronisasi permintaan – Penggabungan permintaan – Motif transaksi – Quantity discount

4. Promosi produk 5. Antisipasi kekurangan

– Aturan alokasi dari pemasok – Shortage gaming (aturan bila terjadi kekurangan) – Lean and JIT style management of inventories and a

chase production strategy

Page 26: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Pengaruh Kurangnya Koordinasi terhadap Kinerja

Kurangnya koordinasi pada rantai pasok dapat meningkatkan: • Biaya manufaktur. • Biaya persediaan. • Penambahan lead time. • Biaya transportasi. • Biaya tenaga kerja untuk shipping dan receiving. • Gangguan pada tingkat ketersediaan produk. • Pengaruh buruk terhadap hubungan pada rantai pasok.

Page 27: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Countermeasure (1)

• Secara teori Bullwhip Effect tidak akan terjadi bila setiap pesanan dibuat tepat sesuai permintaan.

• Para ahli mengakui bahwa Bullwhip Effect merupakan masalah pengaturan peramalan dalam rantai pasok.

• Oleh karena itu penting sekali untuk mengetahui permintaan konsumen secara nyata, salah satu cara untuk mencapainya adalah menetapkan suatu cara pengendalian permintaan

Page 28: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Countermeasure (2)

• Rantai pasok yang dipengaruhi oleh permintaan aktual dari konsumen. Pada manufaktur konsep ini disebut Kanban.

• Metode-metode yang dapat mengurangi ketidakpastian, variabilitas dan lead time, antara lain adalah:

1. Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI).

2. Pengadaan barang berdasarkan Just In Time (JIT).

3. Strategi kemitraan.

4. Penyebaran informasi.

Page 29: Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain

Countermeasure (3)

5. Kelancaran aliran produk.

– Koordinasi dengan retailer penyebaran pengiriman.

– Mengurangi minimum batch sizes.

– Memperkecil ukuran paket dan menambah frekuensi pengiriman.

6. Mengurangi kebiasaan negatif.

– Kebijakan harga murah.

– Membatasi pengembalian dan pembatalan pesanan.

– Pengalokasian pemesanan berdasarkan hasil pejualan masa lalu untuk memenuhi permintaan saat sekarang.