DELIBERATIVERESEARCH ISSN 0976-1136 · deliberativeresearch international quarterly bilingual indexed double blind & peer reviewed refereed research journal advisory board prof. a.k

DELIBERATIVE RESEARCH

INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY BILINGUAL INDEXED DOUBLE BLIND

& PEER REVIEWED REFEREED RESEARCH JOURNAL

ADVISORY BOARD

PROF. A.K. PANDEY (BHU, VARANASI)

PROF. VIVEK KUMAR (JNU, NEW DELHI)

DR. G.K. AGARWAL (EX. V.C. AGRA UNIVERSITY, AGRA)PROF. JAGMOHAN SINGH VERMA (LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW)

PROF. J.P. PACHAURI (GARHWAL UNIVERSITY, GARHWAL)

PROF. D. SUNDRAM (MADRAS UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI)

PROF. RAJEEV GUPTA (RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY, RAJ.)PROF. M.H. MAKWANA (GUJRAT UNIVERSITY, GUJRAT)

DR. RENU NANDA (JAMMU UNIVERSITY, JAMMU)

DR. ANUPAN JAIN (AHILYA BAI UNIVERSITY, INDORE)

DR. ANIL SAXENA (K.P. COLLEGE, MATHURA)

DR. B.P.S. THANEUA (DAYALBAGH UNIVERSITY, AGRA)

EDITORIAL BOARD

DR. K.D. GAUR (EX. DIRECTOR, ICSSR, NEW DELHI )DR. VIPIN MEHROTRA (DR. B.R.A. UNIVERSITY, AGRA)

EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD

DR. POORAN MAL YADAV MOHAN LAL SUKHATIA, UNIVERSITY,

UDAIPUR (RAJ.)DR. MAHENDRA KUMAR A. JADHAV (M.S.)

DR. NITI JAIN IGNTU, AMAR KANTAK (M.P.)

DR. R.N. WARHADE (M.S.)

DR. LAKHAN SINGH ISS, AGRA.

DR. MRIDULA SINGH D.S. COLLEGE, ALIGARH

DR. CHAVI LAL DEI, AGRA.

CHERNYSH MIKHAIL F. RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE RUSSIA

PROF. TOM DWYER INSTITUTO DE FILOSOIFIAE CIENCIAS

HUMANS, BRAZIL

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

DR. AMIT JAIN

AMIT INTERNATIONAL IMPACT FACTOR JOURNAL (REGD.) MSME(AMIT EDUCATIONAL & SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIETY, FIROZABAD (U.P.) INDIA.)

COORDINATION COMMITTEE :-

DR. P.K. SINGH (HEAD) , DR. NITI JAIN, DR . KAMNA DHAWAN, DR. AMARNATH S INGH, DR. SAROJ KUMAR , DR. SHIV VEER

YADAV, DR. M.M. KHAN , DR. HIRDYESH KUMAR, DR. MANOJ YADAV, SUNITA AWASTHI, DR. A.K. SHARMA, DR. ALOK

SHARMA, DR. KAUS LENDRA DIXIT, SM T. REENU JAIN

DELIBERATIVE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTI SUBJECT, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND

HUMANITIES AIMS AT PROVIDIN G A HEALTHY FORUM FOR SCHOLARLY AND

LITERARY DISPLAY ON SOCIO-POLITICAL AND OTHER PA RADIGMS OF SOCIAL

RELEVENCE AS REFLECTED IN CONTEMPOR AR Y INDIAN SOCIETY.

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UGC Journal Details

Name of the Journal : DELIBERATIVE RESEARCH

ISSN Number : 09761136

e-ISSN Number :

Source : UNIV

Subject : Accounting; Organizational Behavior and HumanResource Management

Publisher : Amit International Impact Factor Journals

Country of Publication : Indonesia

Broad Subject Category : Arts & Humanities

Prof. Dr. Sanjeev BhardwajPrincipal Mata Bhagwati Devi Girls Govt.

Degree College, Anwal Khera, Agra.

THANKS

WE THE MEMBER OF EDITORIAL BOARD OF OUR JOURNAL

‘DELIBERATIVE RESEARCH’ EXTEND OUR HEARTIEST THANKS OF GRATITUDE TO

PROF. DR. SANJEEV BHARDWAJ FOR HIS HELP ABLE GUIDANCE THAT HE HAS SO

BENEVOLENTLY IN EXTENDED AND CIRCULATION OF THE JOURNAL ALL OVER

INDIA AND ESPECIALLY IN UTTAR PRADESH. WITHOUT HELP OF SUCH A

CELEBRITY AND TOWERING PERSONA. IT COULD NEVER HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE.

HE HAS ALWAYS BEEN SO KIND AND CONSIDERATE TO US THAT WHENEVER WE

NEEDED HIS HELP ADVICE AND GUIDANCE. HE NEVER DISAPPOINTED US. WE.

ARE QUITE FORTUNATE AND HIGHLY PRIVILEGED THAT WE CONTINUE TO ENJOY

HIS BENEVOLENCE, BLESSING AND INSPIRATIONAL, COMPANY. WE HOPE THAT IN

FUTURE TOO, HE WILL KEEP ON SHOWERING THIS COMPASSION AND

MAGNANIMITY ON US AND SHOW US THE RIGHT WAY THROUGH THIN AND THICK

OF LIFE. WE WISH PROF. DR. SANJEEV BHARDWAJ A LONG, HAPPY, PROSPEROUS

AND SUCCESSFUL LIFE.

DELIBERATIVE RESEARCH(A Quarterly Bilingual International Journal)

INDEXS.No. Research Papers Pages

1. Acquisition Of Knowledge In Concerned Subjects In Smart Classes 1-5

Dr. Yogendra Babu

2. fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds fodkl ds ik;nku 6-10

fou; eksgu

3. Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL= % jl fl)kUr 11-13

Dr. Poonam

4. Parental Motivation At Secondary Level Students 14-17

Dr. Bhed Pal Gangwar, Dr. Savita

5. iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk dh thou esa lkFkZdrk 18-21

Chhaya Gangwar, Chhavi Gangwar

6. f’kYih tkfr;ksa esa oS;fDrd xfr’khyrk % ,d foospu 22-24

vfer dqekj flag

7. Domestic Violece : A Sociological Analysis 25-26

Ajai Kumar Verma

8. ;qok laLd`fr% ,d lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k 27-30

Lefr JhokLro

9. lkEçnkf;drk ,oa fczfV'k 'kklu 31-35

iz'kkUr flag

10. fujkyk vkSj eqfDrcks/k% ,d n`f"V& ,d lksp 36-38

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11. tutkrh; fodkl ,oa vkUnksyu 39-48

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12. Hkwe.Myhdj.k ,oa f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dk nfyrksa o fL=;ksa ij izHkko 49-54

Mk0 vi.kkZ tks'kh

13. xzkeh.k tula[;k ds 'kS{kf.kd fodkl gsrq ;kstuk izk:Ik % tuin vyhx<+ ds lanHkZ esa 55-65

Mk0 /kesZUnz flag

14. Enhancing Employability: A Indispensable Way To Socio-Economic Reform 66-73

Mr. Chandrakant Nagesh Sonar

15. India’s Fight Against Black Money: An Overview of Measures 74-83Suryakant S. Pagare

16. izkFkfed Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr rFkk fiNM+k oxZ dh ckfydkvksa dh v/;;u 84-86

vknrksa dk ,d v/;;uMkW0 vfuy dqekj

17. MkW0 y{ehukjk;.k yky ds ikSjkf.kd ,dkafd;ksa dk oLrq&fo/kku 87-93

jkt dqekj ik.Ms;

18. Tourism Development And Its Impact On Development 94-99Ritu Mali

19. Qzkal dk vkradokfn;ksa ij cM+k geyk 100-100

MkW0 vfer tSu

[[1]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

Acquisition Of Knowledge In Concerned

Subjects In Smart Classes

Dr. Yogendra Babu

H.O.D., H.L.M. Girls College, Jindal Nagar, Hapur

email : [email protected]

Introduction :

The study will also enlighten the potential value of Smart classes in acquisition of

knowledge in concerned subjects. Smart class brings a new dimension of using technology in

the classroom. Using content real time assessment and teaching ideas from Educomp allows

teachers and students to meet their educational goals. Smart class is comprehensive solution

designed to assist not only the teachers in meeting their day by day classroom challenges but

also enhance students’ academic performance with simple, practical and meaningful use of

technology. These classes provides teachers with instant access to relevant instructored

multimedia content and instruction materials mapped exactly to the specific curriculum

guidelines to be use in class. It also enables the teachers to instantly assesses and evaluate the

learning outcomes achieved by their students with innovative use of such technology. Present

study investigate the use of Smart Classes in teaching learning process, it has two fold

purpose, first how smart classes can be facilitate the teaching process and secondly how it can

be useful to facilitate the learning process.

Objective of the study :

The objective of the study of the above topic is to provide the more of teaching in

Smart classes. We think that Smart classes are like a dream of teachers, student and as well as

the Institution where every class is having its own Hi-Tech multimedia computer with

cordless keyboard and cordless mouse enabled with blue-tooth technology which can be

operated from every corner of particular classroom.

Hypothesis of the study :-

- The vast repository of curriculum based digital content developed and aggregated by

educomp is made available to teachers for use in smart class rooms. The digital

content is present in a teacher-led format and is mapped to the curriculum.

- A unique assessment tool (Smart Assessment System) is provided in the class room

for teachers to make instant formative assessment in every session. Students answer

the test with a powerful hand-held remote device.

- Classrooms are equipped with interactive digi board system with PC connected to a

dedicated smart class knowledge centre inside the school campus.

- A trained programme administrator is displayed by Educomp to ensure real time

techniques and technical training support for Teachers.

- The Teachers’ computers in all smart class rooms are connected to a dedicated server

installed in the knowledge centre through a campus-wide network. A powerful smart

class application engine allows teachers to view the map relevant digital content for

their classrooms’ sessions as per their time tables and syllabus.

- Teachers use the digital resources such as animations, video clips and simulated

models as part of their 35-40 minute classroom period to teach the specific topics in

smart classrooms, enabling a multi sensory learning experience for students.

Institute provides a smart curriculum in each class for all the subject. Syllabus have been

developed in 3-D animated live modules which are totally users friendly and

INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL DELIBERATIVE RESEARCH/Volume-36/Issue-36/Oct.-Dec., 2017

[[2]]

- ‘student oriented’. Students’ enjoy the teaching through 42” Big Plasma Monitor as it

is interesting to understand the complicated fundamentals of different core subjects.

Need to Smart Classes :

As per worldwide survey it has been proved that ‘Teachers Oriented’ traditional mode

of education is not utilizing 100% child’s brain, hence the outcome is not up to the mark. In

fact child can grasp maximum subject content by visualizing the Audio-Video content of

syllabus as such they use to enjoy movies in cinema hall. Smart classes are based on same

concept. Students are very easily observe and comprehend the complicated content and

material of their related subjects by observing the 3-D animated live events regarding the

subject concerned. Due to technological advancement in every sphere of life. It is notable the

use of such technology to strengthen teaching-learning process smart classes seems to be

essential in the field of education.

Smart Board Interactive White Boards : As a Learning Tool used in Smart Classes:

First the software (and hardware) must be engaged, and then the board must be

oriented. Once this is accomplished teacher is ready to being once the computer screen has

been projected onto the SMART Board Interactive White board, the user can control all

windows, applications with the touch of finger, the user’s finger becomes in effect, the

mouse. The user needs only to press the boards surface to open and close files, explore

websites on the Internet, or operant software. As with regular white board, the user can take

notes on the Smart Board Interactive White board. But unlike notes that are taken on a

regular white board. These notes can then be printed or saved like any other document. A

Smart Board interactive White Board is an electronic white-board which can be used for

different purposes. It is connected to a computer and to a projector with displays he image

seen on the computer screen.

Teaching Process in three main way

It supports learning process in the ways like :

· It supports Student Motivation and Ennulation : Students like to work in smart

board interactive white board. Students love to usea board can be operated simply by

touch. They may even ask to be quizzed, simply for the fun of writing on the board. It

brings true excitement to the classroom and helps to give the students a positive

attitude.

· It supports oral skills and enable students to speak without having worry about the

mouse. Pictures and texts are shower, without delay with the simple touch of finger.

· It supports the cognitive processes of learner. A presentation supported by the smart

board interactive white board requires that the student prepare project with the tools

he can use to support it. In an electronic context, this means the use of links. By

creating links to present a paper, the student must organize his thoughts and the

content. The organization required by such process may encourage him to make a

learning habit out of his discipline as Chapelie and Jasmiesue (1996) suggested, “It

seems that type of metacognitive strategies. Oxford (1990) defines e.g. organizing,

setting goals and objectives.

· It supports interaction and conversation in the class room;

· It helps with the presentation of new cultural and linguistic element; and

· It promotes the organizational skills of the teacher.

Problems Related to Smart Classes :

The first issue that the teacher need to know is that, in order to use the smart board interactive

white board properly, it is crucial that it be properly oriented. This must be done very

carefully and nothing may be moved in order to get an optimal reaction from the smart board

interactive white board. No one should touch the projector or the

· cart which holds the project. If a portable board is being used, care must be taken that

the wheels are properly locked. If the orientation is not done properly or if it is

disturbed, class time will be wasted.

· Another problematic area with the use of the smart board interactive white board is

related to the Smart Board Interactive White Board pens. The pen tray is

electronically connected to the system so that it can be recognize when a pen has been

taken. This is how smart board interactive white board knows that you want to “write”

and this is how it knows which color you want to use. However, if you forget to put

pen back in its place, the board will think that you want to write with it. Anything that

you do on the board will be written there. You will be unable to navigate unless all

pens and the eraser are covering their electronic fields.

· Another issue which is nonetheless relevant in an educational setting is the quality of

writing. It is essential when interacting with young students. It is important that they

be able to see a very clear spelling of the new words.

Teachers for Smart Classes :

Throughout the session in regular intervals the teachers are being trained and updated.

To fulfill the requisite of these classes the school provides the training by the world class

agency to all the teachers, to make them updated with the end-to-end technology related to

the smart classes.

Smart Assessment System :

Teacher has to make instant assessment in every session. Students have to answer the

test with a powerful hand-held remote device. This helps the teachers to evaluate and to

revise the portion covered. These classes have a very hi-tech smart assessment system, which

enable every child a highly sensitive remote system to answer the question of taught syllabus

which can be assessed by the teachers within 30 seconds with the help of a unique assessment

tool provided for said purpose.

As a Resource Centre :

They understood basic fundamental of complicated topics through 3-D animated live

modules very easily Having a view on learning outcomes as a result of such teaching learning

process, it is clearly observed that by using smart classes even slow learner have improved a

lot students have shown very encouraging results especially in core subjects like Maths,

Science, English etc.

Aspects of Smart Classes :

The child understanding is at a sensory perceptual level, thus the child understands

things which he/she hear, look and feel in the best way. The benefits of using smart classes

are; the classes can be used now as a language lab, audio/video lab, E-classes, internet

equipped classes etc. Every classes can be used as E-Library which has vast content of

thousands of books and encyclopedia. It can also be used for the mass communication.

(Public Address System) Huge emphasis is laid on technology intensive teaching. Audio-

visual aids like charts, models, video films, cassettes, film strips, overhead, projector and data

projector are used regularly.

Conclusion :

The internet, and the access it provides to authentic documents, is the biggest revolution in

teaching and learning process. A Smart Board interactive white board brings this interactive

features into the classroom without involving the cost of having one online computer for

every student in the class room. Now we can conclude that smart classes. As a computer

aided classroom teaching being practiced in leading school of India and abroad. The learning

becomes easier and permanent because of audio-visual media. The practical demonstration of

all the chapters through animation becomes effective to the students. Clarity and grasping of

concept becomes easier cope for interactive methods of teaching is more


[[3]]

Students psychological fear towards monotoneous subject like Maths & Science can

be eliminated. Students are exposed to world class teaching method. Our impression is that

the smart classes is a very innovative and powerful support for acquisition of concepts. First

of all it provides a bridge that allows using the features of computers without breaking

communication – it even supports it. Secondly, it may enhance new kinds of learning

processes for example when working on the practical side. The smart board interactive white

board used in smart classes offers a very interesting option for bringing the internet into every

class.

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[[5]]

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^^lkef;d Kku dk O;olk; gh i=dkfjrk gSA blesa rF;ksa dh izkfIr] mudkewY;kadu vkSj leqfpr izLrqfrdj.k gksrk gSA^^ --------lh0th0 ewyj

^î=dkfjrk i=&if=dkvksa ds fy, lekpkj] ys[k vkfn ,df=r rFkk lEikfnrdjus] izdk'ku&vkns'k vkfn nsus dk dk;Z gSA^^ ------MkW0 lq'khyk tks'kh

vkt ds le; esa i=dkfjrk fdl izdkj vxzlj gks jgh gS bldk iw.kZ ifjp; bl'kks/k esa fn;k gSA fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk fodkl izFke Lora=rk laxzke rd mEehn ls degqvk FkkA fQj Hkh fgUnh i=dkfjrk vius fodkl dh dgkuh dk :Ik ys pqdh Fkh] ,slsle; esa HkkjrsUnq ;qx dk lw=ikr gqvk] bl ;qx dh i=&if=dkvksa us Lons'k&isze vkSjjk"Vªh;rk dk vf/kd ls vf/kd izpkj&izlkj fd;k vkSj tuer rS;kj djk;k tks okLroesa gj izdkj ls vlk/kkj.k vkSj LrqR; gSA f}osnh ;qx esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk vkSj vf/kdizpfyr gksrh pyh xbZA Nk;koknh ;qx esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk LoPN vkSj lq?kM+ gksus dslkFk lkFk egRoiw.kZ vkSj tufiz; gksrh tk jgh Fkh] bl ;qx dh i=&if=dkvksa esa jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu ds lkFk&lkFk lekt ds uotkxj.k dk lUns'k igqWpkuk] vU/kfo'okl]lM+h&xyh ijEijkvksa] tkfr ,oa /keZxr ladh.kZrkvksa rFkk ukjh ds izfr lkeUroknhutfj;s ij izgkj djuk vkfn dk;Z fgUnh i=dkfjrk us vius gkFk esa fy,A vktknh dsmijkUr i=dkfjrk lkfgR; esa cgqr vf/kd Jhof) gqbZA vktknh ds mijkUr ns'k usdjoV yh vkSj i=dkfjrk Hkh ,d LFkkfir O;olk; cuh] blh ls iawathifr;ksa us bldksO;oLkk; :Ik esa viuk;k] i=dkj deZ ,d bTtrnkj vkSj lqfo/kkiwoZd thus dk is'kk cux;kA

lekt esa O;kIr cgqr lh leL;kvksa vkSj dqjhfr;ksa dks fgUnh i=dkfjrk usigpkuk vkSj mUgsa nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k] fgUnh i=dkfjrk us le; le; ij vusdi=&if=dkvksa ds ek/;e ls lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa] vuqfpr jhfr fjoktksa ,oa lkekftdleL;kvksa dk vUr djus dk dne mBk;k mlus bl y{; dks gkfly Hkh fd;k bly{; dks gkfly djus esa i=dkfjrk ds lkeus u tkus fdruh lkekftd leL;k,W vkbZftuesa cky&fookg fgUnw lekt dh Hk;adj nqnZ'kk dk izeq[k dkj.k FkhA cky&fookg,slh izFkk Fkh tks lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ esa O;kIr Fkh] bl izFkk dks jksdus ds fy, vusd iz;klfd, x,A fgUnh i=&if=dkvksa us vius Lora= ys[kksa ds ek/;e ls cky&fookg dhgkfu;ksa ls lekt dks voxr djk;k vkSj lHkk laLFkkvksa ds lq/kkjkRed iz;Ruksa dksizdkf'kr dj yksxksa esa tkx:drk iSnk dh ,d cky fookg izFkk can djus ij tksjfn;kA cky fookg ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik fo/kokvksa dh la[;k esa fujUrj of) gks jgh Fkh]mUgsa thou ds gj lq[k ls oafpr j[kk tkrk FkkA cky fo/kokvksa dh fLFkfr cgqr n;uh;Fkh lekt esa muds lkFk nqO;Zogkj fd;k tkrk FkkA fgUnh i=&if=dkvksa us lkekftdlaxBuksa vkSj ftEesnkj ukxfjdksa ds lkFk feydj vius lEikndh; ,oa ys[kksa ds ek/;els fo/kok fookg ds leFkZu esa egku ;ksxnku fn;kA lekt i=&if=dkvksa dsizpkj&izlkj ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik fo/kok fookg vkjEHk gks x;sA

fgUnh i=dkfjrk us inkZ izFkk dks lekIr djus ds fy, iz;kl fd;k ;g izFkkHkkjrh; lekt esa izpfyr ugha Fkh eqlyekuksa ds Hkkjr vkxeu ij bl izFkk dh 'kq:vkrgqbZA i=dkfjrk us bl izFkk dks lekIr djus ds fy;s dkQh lkFkZd iz;kl fd;sANqvkNwr gekjs lekt dk Hk;adj jksx gSA vNwr izkjaHk ls gh mPp tkfr;ksa }kjk misf{kr


[[7]]

jgk gSA lekt esa QSyrh tk jgh bl leL;k us Hkkjr esa viuh tM+s bruh etcwr djj[kh Fkh tks fd lekt ds fy, fgrdj ugha FkhA fgUnh i=dkfjrk gh ,d ,slk ek/;eFkh ftlus vLi';rk dks lekt ls nwj djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA

i=dkfjrk us bu lHkh leL;kvkas dk lek/kku <Ww<k D;kasfd tc rd lekt esa ;sdqjhfr;kW O;kIr jgsaxh rc rd lkekftd fodkl ugha gks ik;sxk i=dkfjrk us buleL;kvksa dks lekIr djus dk gj laHko iz;kl fd;k vkSj bl fn'kk esa i;kZIr tkxfrmRiUu dhA

i=dkfjrk dh lekt ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa D;k Hkwfedk gSA i=dkfjrk dh lkekftdHkwfedk ds lEcU/k esa egkRek xkW/kh us dgk ^^fdlh Hkh lekpkj i= dk igyk dke gSyksxksa ds Hkkoksa dks le>dj izdV djuk] nwljk dke gS yksxksa esa ftu Hkkoukvksa dhvko';drk gks mUgsa tkxr djuk] rhljk dke gS yksxksa esa dbZ nks"k gks rks fuHkZ; gksdjbls lcds lkeus j[kukA^^ bl dFku ds vuqlkj i=dkfjrk lekt dh ok.kh rFkkizfrfcac nksuksa gSaA lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZ esa tSls jktuhfr] iz'kklu] laLdfr vkSj f'k{kkvkfn fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa i=dkfjrk dh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk jgrh gSA

lkaLdfrd lEcU/kksa dks lqn<+ cukus esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk us lkaLdfrd dk;ZØeksadk izpkj&izlkj fd;kA fgUnh i=dkfjrk us ns'kHkj esa gks jgs lkaLdfrd dk;ZØeksa dkslekt ds lkeus mtkxj djrh gS vkSj gesa vkt ?kj cSBs gh fofHkUu lkaLdfrd dk;ZØens[kus o i<+us dks feyrs gSaA i=dkfjrk us fo'oLrj ij Hkkjrh; laLdfr dks f'kYidyk] lkfgR;] uR;] laxhr vkfn ds mRd"kZ ds fy, izeq[k ek/;e cudj gekjhlkaLdfrd vfHk:fp;ksa dks Hkh fodflr fd;kA

oS'ohdj.k dsoy vkfFkZd ladYiuk lEcU/kh izfØ;k ek= ugha gS cfYd ;g ,dfoLrr Lo:i /kkj.k djrh gqbZ izfØ;k gSA ;g Xykscy iwWth] Xykscy cktkj vkSjvk/kqfudhdj.k dk ncko lekt ds izR;sd {ks= esa fn[kkbZ iM+us yxk gS vkSj fgUnhi=dkfjrk Hkh blls brj ugha gS] cfYd mls Hkh cktkj esa cus jgus ds fy;s dgha udgha bl izfØ;k dk lgkjk ysuk iM+ jgk gS ftldk fgUnh i=dkfjrk vkSj lekt ijizHkko lkQ n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

oS'ohdj.k dh uhfr;ksa] miHkksDrkoknh laLdfr vkSj foRrh; iwWth us i=dkfjrk dksgj rjg ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA i=dkfjrk dh vk/kkjHkwr fo'ks"krkvksa ij pksV dh gSAi=dkfjrk dks ,d m|ksx esa rCnhy dj fn;k gSA vkt i=dkfjrk ds le{k dbZ u;sloky [kM+s gSaA ,d vksj i=dkfjrk dk la?k"kZ'khy bfrgkl gS vkSj bl nkSj dh uSfrdrkgS vkSj nwljh vksj vkt dk cM+h iwWth dk ncko] cM+h iwWth dk ncko Hkh bruk fdi=dkfjrk us vkt bls gh vkf[kjh lR; eku fy;k gS vkSj equkQs dh varghu nkSM+ pyiM+h gSA

lekpkj i=ksa esa lkt&lTtk dk ogh egRo gS tks dfork esa vyadkjksa dk rFkkukjh ds 'kjhj ij vkHkw"k.kksa dk gksrk gSA

lekpkj i= esa 'kh"kZd fu/kkZj.k Hkh dyk gSA bl dyk esa ikjaxr gq, fcuk dksbZHkh lEiknd lQy ugha gks ldrkA 'kh"kZd v[kckj ds dkye ds vuqlkj laf{kIr iSuk]ljy fo"k; oLrq dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyk gksuk pkfg,A lekpkj i= esa 'kh"kZd dkogh egRo gS tks fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds O;fDrRo ds okg~; vkd"kZ.k esa gksrk gS] 'kh"kZd ,slkgksuk pkfg,] tks pqEcd dh rjg ikBd dh nf"V dks viuh vksj cka/k ldsA mPpizkS|ksfxdh ds iz;ksx us lekpkj i=ksa ds :i&Lo:Ik dks fuf'Pkr rkSj ij cny fn;k gS


[[8]]

v[kckj T;knk jaxhu gks x;s gSaA lekpkj ds fooj.k dh enn ds fy, fp=ksa dk iz;ksxc<+ x;k gSA vkWQlsV e'khuksa vkSj fMftVy rLohjksa us lekpkj i= dh NikbZ dks dkQhlqxe cuk fn;k gSSA

lk{kkRdkj fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk vfr mRre Loa; leqUur va'k gS lk{kkRdkj djukvkSj mlesa ls dke dh ckrs fudky ysuk ,d ckr gS ijUrq mUgha dks vPNh izdkj lsfy[kdj ikBdksa dks ,d lqikB~; Kkuo)Zd fooj.k nsuk nwljh ckr gS fy[kuk Hkh ,ddyk gS ftldk lgh <ax ls v/;;u ,oa vH;kl djuk gh pkfg,A

lekpkj i=&if=dkvksa dk mn~ns'; viuh ckrksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa rdigaqpkuk gksrk gS] blfy, bldh Hkk"kk Li"V] l'kDr] izR;{k] ljy&lqcks/k 'kkSyh] ekud:Ik okyh O;kogkfjd vkSj fparuiw.kZ gksA eqnz.k dyk Hkh lkt&lTtk dk gh ,d vaxgSA eqnz.k dyk ds eq[; fcanq dEikst] izwQ la'kks/ku] ist esdvi rFkk NikbZ gSA vr%fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa eqnz.k dyk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSAfu"d"kZ&

orZeku le; esa oS'ohdj.k ,d izfØ;k gSA oS'ohdj.k dks lery nqfu;k dk ukefn;k x;k gS ftlls ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa vkokxeu] laidZ] O;kikj vkfn ljy gksx;k gSA oS'ohdj.k lekt] foKku] jktuhfr] lapkj ek/;e] i=dkfjrk vkfn lHkh dksu;s :Ik esa izLrqr djus okyh izfØ;k gSA ;g oSf'od iwWth] cktkj] lwpuk izkS|ksfxdhvkSj vkS|ksfxdj.k dk ncko gj {ks= ij fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA blfy, fgUnh i=dkfjrk dksHkh cktkj esa cus jgus ds fy, Hkwe.Myhdj.k dk lgkjk ysuk iM+ jgk gS] ftldsQyLo:Ik vkt fgUnh i=dkfjrk ij ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa rjg ds izHkkoiM+ jgs gSaA i=dkfjrk jktuhfr dks vR;kf/kd :Ik ls izHkkfor djus dh {kerk j[krh gSAHkkjr dk Lora=rk laxzke bldk thoar mnkgj.k gS] fgUnh i=dkfjrk jktuSfrd {ks=]jktuhfrKksa rFkk turk ds chp laokn LFkkfir djrh gSA ljdkj turk ds fgr esa dk;Zdj jgh gS vFkok ugha i=dkfjrk bl ij Hkh nf"V j[krh gSA Loa; tu lk/kkj.k dksmuds jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa rFkk nkf;Roksa dk cks/k djokus ds fy, iz;kljr jgrh gSAlekt esa yksd O;oLFkk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, iz'kklfud ra= dh vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZHkwfedk jgrh gSA iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks turk dh Hkkouk ls voxr djkus ds lkFklkFk i=dkfjrk turk dsk Hkh iz'kklu ds fu;eksa rFkk mldh ;kstukvksa ls voxrdjkrh gS ogha turk dks Hkh iz'kklu }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;ksZ dh tkudkjh miyC/kdjkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk&

· Hkwe.Myh; le; vkSj ehfM+;k&lq/khj ipkSjh

· Hkkjr ds lekpkj&i=ksa dh iath;d fjiksVZ] 1997] i0 253A

· MCY;wMCY;wMCY;w MkWV vej mtkyk MkWV dkWeA

· MCY;wMCY;wMCY;w tkxj.k MkWV dkWeA

· oSfnd] osn izrki] ¼1997½ fgUnh i=dkfjrk fofo/k vk;ke] Hkkx &1] fgUnh cqd lSUVj] is012A

· MCY;wMCY;wMCY;w MkWV VkbEl vkWQ bafM;k MkWV dkWeA

· fodkl i=dkfjrk&jk/ks';ke 'kekZ

· Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkSj i=dkfjrk&oa'kh/kjyky


[[9]]

· fgUnh Hkk"kk ds lkekf;d i=ksa dk bfrgkl&jk/kkd".knkl

· tutkxj.k vkSj fgUnh i=dkfjrk&vkn'kZ 'kekZ

· ubZ i=dkfjrk vkSj lekpkj ys[kd&lfork pM~Mk

· fgUnh i=dkfjrk fofo/k vk;ke&oSfnd

· Lora=rk vkUnksyu vkSj fgUnh i=dkfjrk&vtqZu frokjh

· Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkSj ehfM+;k&dqeqn 'kekZ

· lekpkj i= izcU/ku&xqykc dksBkjh


[[10]]

Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL= % jl fl)kUrDr. Poonam

Department of Hindi

Ch. Bansi Lal Govt. College, Loharu, Bhiwani

izLrqr 'kks/ki=] dkO;'kkL= ds izlax esa ^jl^ ls vfHkizsr gS&dkO;kuUnA fofHkUuvkS"kf/k;ksa ls fupM+s gq, jl ¼nzo½ ds vkLokn ds vuq:Ik dkO; ds vkuUn dks Hkh jldgk tkus yxk] vkSj lkFk gh vkRek }kjk czá izkfIr ds vkuUn dks HkhA bl izdkj ;g'kCn HkkSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed nksuksa vFkksZa esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA

izkphu Hkkjrh; nf"V ls ukVd esa jl dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA jl lapkj ds fcukdksbZ Hkh iz;kstu fl) ugha gksrkA vr% ukVddkj dk izeq[k y{; jlfu"ifr gksrk gSAjl ,d izdkj dk fo'ks"k vkuUn gSA tks dkO; ds iBu] Jo.k vFkok ukVd ds vfHku;ns[kus ls lkekftd dks izkIr gksrk gSA foHkko] vuqHkko vkSj O;fHkpkjh Hkkoksa ds la;ksx lsjl dh fu"ifRr gksrh gSA ;g jl dsoy 'kkL=h; oLrq gh ugha] oju~ O;kogkfjdvuqHkoxE; oLrq gSA ftl izdkj vusd O;atuksa] vkS"kf/k;ksa vkSj nzO;ksa ls ;qDr gksus ijHkksyh Hkkstu esa ,d fo'ks"k Lokn dk vuqHko djrs gSa] mlh izdkj jfld tu] vusd Hkkoksads vfHku; ls ;qDr LFkk;h Hkkoksa dk vkLoknu djrs gSaA

Hkkstu dk iw.kZ vkuUn ikus ds fy, Hkw[k vkSj Loknfoosd vko';d gS] mlh izdkjjlkuqHkwfr dh iw.kZrk ds fy, lgzn;rk] laosnu'khy] laLdkjksa vkSj foosd dh vko';drkjgrh gSA

laLdr dkO;'kkL= ds bfrgkl esa jl vkfn ls vUr rd fdlh u fdlh :Ik esafu:fir gksrk jgk gSA jl&fo"k;d vusd iz'u mHkjs gSaA Jaxkj jl dks jljkt D;ksaekuk tk,\ jkSnz vkSj ohj jl esa D;k vUrj gS\ HkfDr dks jl ekus ;k Hkko\ dkSu&dkSuls jl ijLij ^fe=^ vFkok ^'k=q gSaA bl ij fopkj foe'kZ gqvk rFkk 'k=qrk ds fuokj.kij vusd jl nks"kksa dh Hkh ppkZ dh xbZA

foHkko] vuqHkko] O;fHkpkjhHkko ds la;ksx ls jl dh fu"ifRr ¼vfHkO;fDr½ gksrh gSAHkjr us Li"V fd;k gS fd LFkk;h Hkko bu rhuksa rRoksa ds la;ksx }kjk jl :Ik dks izkIrdjrs gSaA

lgzn;ksa dk LFkk;h Hkko tc dkO; ukVd esa of.kZr foHkko] vuqHkko vkSj lapkjhHkko dk la;ksx izkIr dj ysrk gS ;g jl :Ik esa fu"iUu ¼ifj.kr] vfHkO;Dr½ gks tkrkgSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa foHkkokfn rhuksa ds la;ksx dks vkiUUk LFkk;h Hkko dk vij uke jl gSAjl ds vaxksa dk Lo:i bl izdkj gS&LFkk;hHkko%&

lgzn; ds vUr% dj.k esa tks euksfodkj okluk :Ik ls lnk fon~;eku jgrs gSaftUgsa vU; dksbZ Hkh vfo:) vFkok fo:) Hkko nok ugha ldrkA jl :Ik esa ftudhifj.kfr gks ldrh gS os LFkk;h gSaA vU; Hkko {k.k LFkk;h gS] tks 33 lapkjh ekus x, gSaA

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ISSN : 0976-1136

mudh fLFkfr vf/kd nsj rd ugha jgrh] ijUrq LFkk;h Hkko dh fLFkfr dkQh nsj rdLFkk;h jgrh gSAfoHkko%&

fo'ks"k :Ik ls tks Hkkoksa dks izdV djrs gSa os foHkko gSaA ;s dkj.k :Ik gksrs gSaALFkk;h Hkko ds izdV gksus dk tks eq[; dkj.k gksrk gS] mls vkyEcu foHkko dgrs gSaAbudk vkyEcu xzg.k djds gh jl dh fLFkfr gksrh gSA izdV gq, LFkk;h Hkko dks vkSjvf/kd izcq)] mnhIr vkSj mRrsftr djus okys dkj.kksa dks mn~nhiu foHkko dgrs gSaAmnkgj.k ds fy, gkL; LFkk;h fdlh ds fodr :Ik] os'k&Hkw"kk dks ns[kdj izdV gksrk gSAvr% ,sls :Ik vkSj os'k&Hkw"kkokyk O;fDr vkyEcu gqvkA muds mijkUr mldsfØ;kdyki] opu vkfn ls og vkSj Hkh vf/kd mn~nhIr gksrk gS] bUgsa mn~nhiu foHkkodgsaxsA ftlds vUrxZr LFkk;h Hkko ;k vU; Hkkoksa dk izkdV; gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ftldsHkhrj mudh fLFkfr ekuh tkrh gS mls vk{k; dgrs gSaA

foHkko dk rkRi;Z gS & dkj.kfoHkko lkekftd ds gzn; esa fon~;eku jR;kfn Hkkoksa ds mn~nhid dkj.kksa dks foHkkodgrs gSaA Hkjreqfu ds vuqlkj] ôk.kh vkSj vaxksa ds vkfJr vusd vFkksZ dk vuqHko djkusokys foHkko gSaAvuqHkko%&

ftl izdkj ykSfdd thou esa dkj.k ds i'pkr~ dk;Z mRiUu gksrk gSA mlh izdkjukV~; ,oa dkO; esa foHkko ds i'pkr~ vuqHkko mRiUu gksrs gSaA vr% foHkkoksa ds i'pkr~mRiUu gksus okys Hkko vuqHkko gq,A foHkko vkfn lkekftd gzn; esa fon~;eku LFkk;h Hkkods mn~nhid dkj.k gS rks vuqHkko lkekftd ds gzn; LFkk;h Hkko mRiUu gksus ds i'pkr~vaxkfn ps"Vk,a :Ik dk;ZA dk;Z:Ik tks mudh yksdkRed ?kVuk,W gS] os gh dkO;kfn esafn[kkbZ tkus ij ^vuqHkko;fUr rkLrku~ Hkkoku~ vFkkZr~ mu Hkkoksa dk vuqHko djkrh gS] blO;qRifRRk ls vuqHkko gS yksd esa vkpj.kdrkZ ds vkpj.k ds lkFk tks Hkko O;Dr gksrs gSa]muls mudh fLFkfr fHkUUk gksrh gS D;ksafd ;s ;gkW vFkZ dk vuqHkkou djkrs gSaAvuqHkko ds pkj :i ekus x, gSa& vkafxd] okfpd] vkgk;Z vkSj lkfRodAvkafxd ls vfHkizk; gS 'kjhj lEcU/kh ps"Vk,aAO;kikj dks okfpd vuqHkko dgrs gSaAos'kHkw"kk] vyadj.k] lkt&lTtk vkfn dk uke vkgk;Z vuqHkko gSAlRo ds ;ksx ls mRiUu dkf;d ps"Vk,a lkfRod vuqHkko dgykrh gSaAlapkjh Hkko%&

budks O;fHkpkjh Hkko Hkh dgrs gSaA lkekU;r% ;s Hkko fdlh ,d jl fo'ks"k ugksdj fofHkUu jlksa esa leku vkSj LoPNan :Ik ls fopj.k djrs gSaA vkpk;Z fo'oukFk dsvuqlkj] ^ôs Hkko O;fHkpkjh Hkko gSa] tks fo'ks"k mRd"Vrk ;k vuqdwyrk ls jR;kfnLFkk;hHkkoksa dks jlkLokn esa ifjir djrs gSa rFkk ftUgssa LFkk;h Hkkoksa ds leqnz esa cqycqyksadh Hkkafr mrjrs vkSj Mwcrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA^^


[[12]]

vfLFkj euksfodkj ^lapkjhHkko^ dgykrs gSaA ;s fodkj vkJ; vkSj vkyEcu ds eu esamUeXu ,oa fueZXu gksrs jgrs gSaA

lapkjh dk vFkZ gS lkFk&lkFk pyuk] lapj.k'khy gksukA lapkjhHkko LFkk;h Hkkoksads lgdkjh dkj.k gSa] mUgsa jlkoLFkk rd ys pyrs gSaA ij Loa; chp esa vkfoHkwZr rFkkfrjksHkwr gksrs jgrs gSaA

lapkjh Hkko euksfodkj gS] ;s 'kjhj ds /keZ ugha gS ;|fi euksfodkjksa dh dksbZla[;k fuf'pr ugha dh tk ldrh rFkkfi lqfo/kk ds fy, lapkjh Hkkoksa dh la[;k 33fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gS & fuosZn] Xykfu] 'kadk] vlw;k] en] Je] vkyL;] nhurk] fpUrk]eksg] Lefr] /kfr] czhMk] pkiY;] g"kZ] vkosx] tM+rk] xoZ] fo"kkn] vkSRlqD;] funzk] viLekj]LoIu] fooks/k] voe"kZ] vofgRFkk] mxzrk] efr] O;kf/k] Hkj.k] =kl vkSj foRrdZA

izR;sd LFkk;h Hkko dk jl fu;r gS] Ikj izR;sd lapkjh Hkko dk LFkk;h Hkko fu;rugha gSA ,d lapkjh Hkko dbZ LFkk;h Hkkoksa ds lkFk vfHkeq[k gksdj mudk lgk;d cudjpyrk gSA vr% og O;fHkpkjh Hkko Hkh dgykrk gSA

jl v[k.M gSA bldk ,d vU; vfHkizk; ;g Hkh fy;k tkrk gS fd jl Lor% iw.kZgS] ;g u rks vf/kd gks ldrk gS vkSj u deA bls dksfV;ksa esa foHkDr ugha dj ldrsvFkkZr~ izR;sd lgzn; dks jl dk vkLoknu leku :Ik ls izkIr gksrk gSA ftl izdkj lw;Zdks fn[kkus ds fy, vU; fdlh lk/ku dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] mlh izdkj jl HkhLoa; izdkf'kr gksrk gS] bls izdkf'kr djus ds fy, fdlh vU; lk/ku dh vko';drkugha gksrhA

jl }kjk lgzn; mruk vkLokn izkIr djrk gS ftruk dksbZ lk/kd ;ksxh czáizkfIr ds }kjkA jl czá Lokn u dgdj mldk ^lgksnj^ dgk x;kA ykSfdd Hkkoukvksals euq"; dks lq[k Hkh feyrk gS vkSj nq[k HkhA fdUrq b/kj jl dk vkuan ;|fi gksrk rksykSfdd gS] ij og dsoy lq[kkRed gksrk gSA fdUrq ;g lq[k lkekU; dksfV dk u gksdjmRd"V dksfV dk gksrk gSA vr% bls yksdksRrj vkuan dgrs gSaA

fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd jl yksdkuqHko ls fof'k"V gSA jl ,d ykSfdd vkuan ¼vkLokn½gSA jl dk vkuan vU; izdkj ds ykSfdd vkuan dh mis{kk mRd"V dksfV dk gSA vr%jl dk iz;ksx vEy] lkfgR; dk jl] HkfDr ;k eks{k vkfn ds fy, gksrk gSAlanHkZ%&

1- dkO;'kkL=] MkW0 HkxhjFk feJ] i0la0 111] 1122- Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=] lqcks/k foospu] MkW0 lR;sno pkS/kjh] i0la0 84] 85] 993- dkO;'kkL= ds fl)kUr] MkW0 txr flag fo"V] i0la0 72] 734- Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=] ;ksxsUnz izrki flag] i0la0 258


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Parental Motivation At Secondary Level

Students*Dr. Bhed Pal Gangwar, **Dr. Savita

*Assistant Professor, Institute of Professional Studies, Ghaziabad

**Assistant Professor.

Introduction

Parents can provide optional facilitative environment conducive to the overall development

of the child. Parents can prove it by helping and guiding the child and coaxing him not to feel

disheartened to a particular point of time. They can motivate and encourage their children to

do their best and aspire high so that they can do best in all classroom situations. They can

encourage their children to aspire high towards their educational goals both from educational

and guidance point of view. Although, parental support and motivation is essential for the

child at all stages. But it becomes increasingly significant at secondary level due to more

pressure and strains of studies, peer groups. Competitions etc.

Objectives Of The Story

The objective of the study of this paper is to present the parents work for students at

secondary level.

Hypotheses Of The Study

1- As per parental Encouragement Manual’s criterion of identification, mean scores of

school children also indicate that they fall in the average parental encouragement

group. It shows that boys and girls were neither more or less encourages by

their parents.

2- As per Achievement Motivation Test Manual’s criterion of identification, mean

scores of boys and girls also revealed that both the groups fall in the average

Achievement Motivation group. It indicates that boys and girls were neither

highly motivated nor low motivated.

Parental Encouragement Of The Boys And Girls

Table 4.1: Values of relevant statistical measures for Parental Encouragement scores of

students.

MEASURES VALUES

N 150

Mean 62.43

S.D. 6.79

This shows that mean of the parental encouragement scores of boys and girls was found to be

62.43 It indicates that they have average parental encouragement. Standard Deviation scores

show small amount of individual differences in reference to parental encouragement.

Table 4.1.1: Values of statistical measures for parental encouragement scores of boys and

girls.

S.No. Groups N Means S.D. ‘t’

1. Boys 80 61.93 6.45

2. Girls 70 63 7.56

0.35

N.S.

P < 0.05

The above data highlights that the mean scores for parental encouragement of boys

and girls were 61.93 and 63 respectively. The Standard Deviation came out to be 6.45 and

7.56 respectively. It indicates that parental encouragement levels of boys and girls are more

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ISSN : 0976-1136

or less equal. The standard deviation further revealed slight individual differences in their

scores.

The ‘t’ value was found to be 0.35 which was not significant at any level. It means

that there exists no significant difference between parental Encouragement Scores of boys

and girls. Thus, the hypothesis H1 that there exists no significant difference between parental

encouragement of boys and girls is accepted.

Achievement Motivation Of Boys And Girls

table 4.2: Values of relevant statistical measures for Achievement Motivation scores of

students.

Measures Values

N 150

Mean 28.86

S.D. 3.54

This shows that mean of the Achievement Motivation scores of boys and girls was found to

be 28.86. It indicates that they have average Achievement Motivation. Standard Deviation

scores show small amount of individual differences in reference to Achievement Motivation.

Table 4.2.1: Values of statistical measures for parental encouragement scores of boys and

girls.

S.No. Groups N Means S.D. ‘t’

1. Boys 80 28.76 3.65

2. Girls 70 28.98 3.43

0.70

N.S.

The above data highlights that the mean scores for Achievement Motivation of boys

and girls were 28.76 and 28.98 respectively. This Standard Deviation came out to be 3.65 and

3.43 respectively. It indicates that Achievement Motivation levels of boys and girls are

more or less equal. The standard deviation further revealed slight individual differences in

their scores.

The ‘t’ value was found to be 0.70 which was not significant at any level. It means

that there exists no significant difference between Achievement Motivation Scores of boys

and girls.

It is clear from the table that there exists significant positive correlation between Parental

Encouragement and Achievement Motivation of secondary level students. The value of

correlation between Parental Encouragement and Achievement Motivation of secondary level

students were found out to be 0.22. It may be stated that as Parental Encouragement increase,

Achievement Motivation of secondary level students increase. Thus, the hypothesis that there

exists no significant effect of Parental Encouragement on Achievement motivation of

secondary level students is rejected at both .05 and .01 level.

Table 4.3.2: Data regarding correlation between Parental Encouragement and Achievement

Motivation for hypothesis H3Bg

Groups N Value of ‘r’

Boys 80 0.31*

*Tested at .05 and .01 level

It is clear from the table that there exist significant positive correlation between Parental

Encouragement and Achievement Motivation of boys. The value of correlation between

Parental Encouragement and Achievement Motivation of secondary level students were


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found out to be 0.31. It could be inferred that with an increased level of Parental

Encouragement, boys show an increased level of Achievement Motivation. Thus, the

hypothesis that there exists no significant effect of Parental Encouragement on Achievement

Motivation of boys is rejected at both .05 and .01 level.


Motivation for hypothesis H3C


Girls 70 0.13*


It is clear from the table that there exists insignificant positive correlation between Parental

Encouragement and Achievement Motivation of girls. The value of correlation between

Parental Encouragement and Achievement Motivation of girls were found out to be 0.13.

Thus, the hypothesis that there exists no significant effect of Parental Encouragement on

Achievement Motivation of boys in accepted at both .05 and .01 level


Motivation for hypothesis H3D


CBSE Board

Students

75 0.03*


It is clear from the table that there exists insignificant positive correlation between Parental

encouragement and Achievement Motivation of CBSE Board students. The value of

correlation between Parental Encouragement and Achievement Motivation of CBSE Board

students were found out to be 0.03. Thus, the hypothesis that there exists no significant effect

of Parental Encouragement on Achievement Motivation of CBSE Board students is accepted

at both .05 and .01 level.


Motivation for hypothesis H3E


UP Board Students 75 0.25*


It is clear from the Table 4.3.5 that there exists significant positive correlation between

Parental Encouragement and Achievement Motivation of UP Board students. The value of

correlation between Parental Encouragement and Achievement Motivation of UP Board

students were found out to be 0.25. Thus, the hypothesis that there exists no significant effect

of Parental Encouragement on Achievement Motivation of CBSE Board students is rejected

at .05 and is accepted at .01 level.

Findings

1. No significant difference was found between the Parental Encouragement of boys and

girls.

2. No significant difference was found between the Achievement Motivation of boys

and girls.

3. There was a significant effect of parental encouragement on achievement motivation

of boys.


of boys.


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1. No significant effect of parental encouragement on achievement motivation of girls

was found.

2. No significant effect of parental encouragement on achievement motivation of CBSE

Board students was found.


of UP Board students.

Conclusion

Parents are the chief architects in shaping the personality of the child. Parents are the

primary socialization agent and exert enormous influence in shaping the personality of their

children. Such influence works overtly/covertly, directly/indirectly, consciously/

unconsciously and in manifest/subtle way, certain behaviors are practiced by the parents to

train the children, others are perceived by the children as a characteristic mode of behaviors

directed towards them by their parents. Whatever may be the influence, the end product is a

developing and emerging individual called child with certain personality dispositions

struggling to make a place of his own in this world. His mode of adjustment, excellence and

cooperation will largely depend upon the way he looked at the support and acceptance he

received from his parents.

References· 101 Ethical Dilemmas. London, Routleledge. Marvin W. (1985). Moral Education: Theory and

Application. London, edited by Fritz Oser, Lawrence Associate Mel T. (2000).

· Teach Yourself Ethics. London, Hodder Euston Road. Nasser, I. (2006).

· Moral Education, first edition. Amman, Dar Wael (Arabic resource). Niblet, W. (1963). Moral

Education in a Changing Society. London, edited by Faber limited, Scots.

· Abdo, M. (1999). Moral Philosophy. Second edition, Cairo, Egypt for publication (Arabic source).

· Aljaber, M. (1994). The Fundamentals in Ethics ,first edition.

· Damascus, Dar Almarefa (Arabic resource). Bebeau, M. (1999).

· Beyond the Promise: A Perspective on Research in Moral Education.

· Sage journals. Ben Musqaweih, A. (1961). Tahtheeb Alakhlaq.

· Beirut, Lebanon press, (Arabic resource). Cohen, R. (2003).

· The Good, the Bad and the Difference: How to Tell the Right from the Wrong in Everyday Situation,

Newyork, West. Dave R., & Chris G. (2000).

· Introducing Ethics. Australia, Richard Appignaness. Dennis L. Thompson. (1993).

· Moral Values and Higher Education. USA, Brigham Young University. Hutcheon, P. (1999).

· Building Character and Culture. United States of America, Praeger publishers Westport.

· Ibrahim, Z. (1992). The Moral Dilemma. Egypt, Dar Alshorooq (Arabic Resource). J O'Toole. (1996).

Leading change: The argument for values-based leadership.

· UK, Ballantine Books. John W. (1972). Practical Methods of Moral Education. London, Heinemam

educational books. John, P. (2002).


[[17]]

iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk dh thou esa lkFkZdrkChhaya Gangwar

Assistant Professor, Pushp Institute of Sciences & Higher Studies, Pilibhit

Chhavi Gangwar

Research Scholar, Department of Clothing & Textiles

Faculty of family & community sciences

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara

ifjp;&fd'kksjkoLFkk ls igys dh og voLFkk tc ckyd@ckfydk 9 ls 13 o"kZ ds vk;q Lrj

ds gksrs gSa] iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk dgykrh gSA bl voLFkk esa eu&efLr"d] 'kjhj] bfUnz;kvf/kdka'kr% ifjokj ls T;knk yxkok j[krh gSa vkSj ;g laLdkj xzg.k djus dk lcls mi;qDrle; gksrk gSA bl vk;q esa oSpkfjd vknku&iznku djus dh {kerk dk fodkl rsth ls gksrkgSA blds vfrfjDr igpku dh {kerk Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA ;g Lrj I;kj ikuk vkSj I;kj djukfl[kkrk gSA bl mez esa vDlj ckyd@ckfydk dh yEckbZ esa of) gksrh gSA fodkl ds ekeysesa ckfydk,sa] ckydksa ls ,d o"kZ ds vUrj ls vkxs jgrh gSaA f'kdkxks fo'ofo|ky; dh [kkstesa ;g ckr Li"V gks pqdh gSAv/;;u dk mn~ns';&

izLrqr v/;;u dk mn~ns'; mu rF;ksa dks Li"V djuk gS ftuds vuqlkj ekuo thouesa iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk ,d egRoiw.kZ vk;q Lrj gS] tks euq"; ds iw.kZ fodkl esa viuk egRoiw.kZLFkku j[kuk gSA'kks/k ifjdYiuk,sa&

izLrqr v/;;u ds fy, fuEufyf[kr 'kks/k ifjdYiukvksa dks cuk;k x;k gS tks blizdkj gSa&1- iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk dh voLFkk esa ckydksa dks o;Ldksa ds lkFk ?kfu"Brk de djds viuh

vk;q lewg ds ckydksa ds lkFk ?kfu"Brk dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg, tSls Nk=ksa dks viuslaxh lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk okrkZyki] oL= vkfn iguus pkfg, vkSj vius vk;q oxZ dslkfFk;ksa ds lkFk lkeatL; LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A

2- e/;eoxhZ; ckydksa ds lkFk lkfFk;ksa ds lewg fuekZ.k rFkk muds dk;ksZ esa Hkkxhnkjh dsvoljksa esa :dkoV iSnk dh tkrh gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd e/;eoxhZ;ekrk&firk ckydksa ds euksjatu lEcU/kh mRrjnkf;Ro vf/kd ek=k eas Lohdkj dj ysrsgSaA

3- iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ckyd esa mu oLrqvksa gsrq izrhdksa ds mi;ksx dh ;ksX;rk dkfodkl gksrk gS] ftUgsa ckyd us dHkh vuqHko ugha fd;k gSA ;g ijeokn ,oa lkis{koknesa fHkUurk gSA

4- iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa fd'kksj vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djus yxrk gS rFkk lquusokyksa dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djus yxrk gSA

5- bl voLFkk esa fØ;k ,oa xfr ij Hkh /;ku dsUnz jgrk gSA blds vfrfjDr bl vk;q esackyd esa psruk lEcU/kh izR;;ksa dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA

6- 13 lky ds gksrs&gksrs ckyd&ckfydk,sa 'kkjhfjd cnykoksa dks eglwl dj lpsr gksusyxrs gSa vkSj ,d&nwljs ls vf/kd [kqysiu ls ckr Hkh ugha djrs gSaA bl mez dsckyd&ckfydkvksa esa fyaxh; :fp dk Hkh vHkko gksrk gSA vr% mUgsa ,d [kqykokrkoj.k miyC/k djk;k tk;s] tgk¡ f'k{kk] [ksy rFkk euksjatu miyC/k gks] rks mudkfodkl vkSj 'kh?kzrk ls gksxk vkSj os vklkuh ls fd'kksjkoLFkk dh rjQ c<+sxsaA

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ISSN : 0976-1136

'kks/k dk;Z&iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ckyd vius vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g le>us yxrk gS fd o;Ld

Hkh xyfr;kW dj ldrs gSaA blls iwoZ og o;Ldksa dks lnSo lgh le>rk gSA ckyd dktSls&tSls ;g Hkze VwVrk gS o;Ldksa ds lkFk LFkkfir fd;s x;s rknkRe; dh rhozrk /khjs&/khjsde gks tkrh gS vkSj mldk vius le o;Ldksa ds lkFk lkeatL; c<+rk tkrk gSA bl fLFkfresa ckyd vius leku vU; ckydksa ds fopkj rFkk nf"Vdks.k dks egRo nsus yxrk gS vkSjo;Ldksa ds lkFk nwfj;kW c<+ tkrh gSaA bl voLFkk esa ;fn ckyd dk fodkl mfpr izdkj lsgks rks og Loa; p;u dh ekWx djus yxrk gSA cqf)eku ekrk&firk rFkk f'k{kd ckyd dhbPNk dks le>dj mls pquko ds volj iznku djrs gSa rFkk mlesa mldh lgk;rk djrs gSaA

'kS'ko voLFkk esa ckyd nwljksa ls I;kj ikuk lh[krk gS rFkk mlh izdkj ckY;koLFkk Hkhog nwljksa dks I;kj nsuk Hkh lh[k tkrk gSA Lusg nsus esa og o;Ldksa ds lkFk&lkFk tkuojksa esaHkh vUrj ugha djrk gS rFkk vius leo;Ldksa dks Hkh i;kZIr Lusg nsrk gSA bl voLFkk esackyd Lusg ds ysu&nsu esa lUrqyu LFkkfir djuk lh[k tkrk gSAckydksa dh ?kfu"Brk tSls&tSls o;Ldksa ds lkFk de gksrh tkrh gS mls lqj{kk izkIr djus gsrqnwljk lk/ku ryk'k djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tks ckyd ds LoLFk fodkl gsrq vR;Urvko';d gSA blds QyLo:Ik ckyd lewg esa jguk izkjEHk dj nsrk gSA bl voLFkk esa fd'kksjdbZ ekspksZ ij o;Ldksa ds fo:) ekspkZ [kksyus ds ;ksX; gks tkrs gSaA bl voLFkk esa 'kkjhfjdifjorZu vis{kkdr de gksrk gSA ckydksa esa fyaxh; :fp;kW cgqr de gksrh gSaA vr% bl {ks=dk dksbZ fodklkRed dk;Z ugha gksrk gSA

bl voLFkk esa o;Ldksa ds lkFk lkeatL; esa deh vkuk rFkk viuh vk;q&oxZ ds lkFklkeatL; esa of) gksukA blds QyLo:Ik vUrZfoosd fuekZ.k dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu vkrk gSAbl vk;q ds lkfFk;ksa dk izlkj fu;eksa dk lalkj gksrk gSA tks laxh&lkFkh fu;e rksM+rs gSa mUgsadBksj n.M fn;k tkrk gS vkSj tSls&tSls ckyd fu;e lh[krk tkrk gS mlesa uSfrdrk dkmn; gksrk gS vkSj og vPNs&cqjs] lgh&xyr rFkk U;k;&vU;k; lEcU/kh fu;eksa dk ikyudjuk lh[k ysrk gSA

bl voLFkk esa ckyd tSls&tSls oLrqvksa dks lEHkkyuk lh[k tkrk gSA og ;g Hkhle>us yxrk gS fd dqN oLrqvksa dks mls D;ksa ugha Li'kZ djuk pkfg,A og vius vkl&iklds okrkoj.k dks le>dj rFkk okrkoj.k ds lEcU/k esa okLrfod iz;ksx djds mls le>us dkiz;kl djrk gSA og vius iz;ksxksa ds }kjk le;] LFkku rFkk Hkkj dk izR;{khdj.k djus dh;ksX;rk,W izkIr dj ysrk gSA

iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ,d vkSlr ckfydk] vkSlr ckyd ls iwjs ,d o"kZ fodkl ds {ks=esa vkxs gks tkrh gSA ckyd rFkk ckfydk,W nksuksa gh bl voLFkk esa ,d&nwljs ds lkFk mruhvktknh rFkk [kqysiu ls ckr ugha djrs gSa ftruh bl vk;q ls iwoZ djrs FksA yM+ds&yM+dksa dslkFk rFkk yM+fd;kW lk/kkj.kr;k yM+fd;ksa ds lkFk gh [ksyrh gSaA bl voLFkk esa yM+ds viusnksLrksa ds lkFk vius Lusg dk izn'kZu eqDdk ekjdj rFkk yM+fd;kW dej esa gkFk Mkydjdjrh gSaA ftu ckydkas dk O;ogkj lewg ds izfrekuksa ij [kjk ugha mrjrk gS lewg mUgsafuf"k) dj nsrk gSA tks ckyd vius lewg ds lkFk fodklkRed dk;ksZa dks lQyrkiwoZd iwjkugha dj ikrs gSa rFkk o;Ldksa ds lkFk lkeatL; cuk;s j[krs gSa le&vk;q lewg mUgsa vekU;dj nsrk gS rFkk mudk etkd mM+krk gSA

iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl gksus yxrk gSA ckyd lalkj dslkFk viuk lEcU/k LFkkfir djus yxrk gSA ckyd okLrfod dkj.k lEcU/kksa dks le>usyxrk gSA ckyd HkkSfrd lalkj ds izfr mikxe esa oLrqfu"B [kkst dks vf/kd egRo nsuklh[krk gSA ckyd vius mRlqdrk 'kkfUr ds fy, cM+ksa ds mRrj ij gh fuHkZj ugha jgrk gScfYd vius fujh{k.k rFkk Ikz;ksxksa ij vf/kd fo'okl djuk lh[krk gSA


[[19]]

iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu cgqr de gksrk gSA bl voLFkk rd gkFkksa rFkk vWxqfy;ksadh ekWlisf'k;kW i;kZIr fodflr gks pqdh gksrh gSaA vr% ckyd gLr dkS'kyksas dks lh[kus ds;ksX; gks tkrk gSA tSls& fy[kuk] flykbZ] ydM+h dk dk;Z vkfnA bl voLFkk esa ckyd i<us;ksX; gks tkrk gS D;ksafd mldh vkW[kksa dh ekWlisf'k;kW Hkh fodflr gks pqdh gksrh gSaAiwoZ&fd'kksjkoLFkk eas rkfdZd ;ksX;rk dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A bl voLFkk esa yM+fd;ksa dhrqyuk esa 'kkjhfjd :Ik ls yM+ds vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrs gSa ijUrq ,d de mez ds yM+ds dhvis{kk vf/kd vk;q dh yM+dh vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gks ldrh gSA bl voLFkk esa fd'kksjlgh&xyr eas rFkk O;fDrxr ,oa vO;fDrxr esa vUrj djuk Hkh tkuus yxrk gSA bl voLFkkesa ckyd dks viuh izkjfEHkd vkRe dsUnzh;rk dks nwj djuk t:jh gksrk gSA ;g lc mlhfLFkfr esa gks ldrk gS tc ckyd nwljs ckydksa dks Bhd izdkj ls le>s rFkk mudhleL;kvksa esa :fp fn[kyk;sA bl voLFkk esa ckyd fyf[kr izrhdksa dk iz;ksx djuk Hkhlh[krk gS mldh cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa okD; lajpuk Hkh ifj"dr gksrh gSA iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk esackydksa }kjk iwNs x;s iz'uksa esa okLrfod dkj.k lEcU/k gksrs gSaA ckyd ds okrkZyki eas dsoyoLrq ds voyksdu ;ksX; ifjorZu dk fujh{k.k djuk gh ugha gksrk gS cfYd ckyd ;gle>uk Hkh lh[k tkrs gSa fd tks dqN Hkh og izR;{k :Ik ls ns[k ldrs gSaAlq>ko&1- bl voLFkk esa ckyd@ckfydk dk vkil esa okrkZ dk nk;jk c<+ tkrk gS] tgk¡ os

QS'ku ds izHkko esa vkdj fQtwy [kphZ dj ldrs gSaA mUgsa blds ckjs esa Li"V :i lscrkuk pkfg,] rkfd os ferO;;h cu ldsaA

2- fu;eksa rksM+us ij bl vk;q oxZ dks bl izdkj dk n.M fn;k tk;s fd fu;eksa ds izfrmudh vkLFkk c<+s vkSj os ges'kk bldk ikyu djsaaA

3- iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ekrk&firk ,oa f'k{kdksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg,] D;ksafd blvoLFkk esa cPpksa ds ikl iwNus ds fy, iz'uksa dk Hk.Mkj gksrk gS vkSj ,sls esa vfHkHkkodgh mudh ftKklkvksa dks Bhd <ax ls le>dj mRrj ns ldrs gSaA

4- bl voLFkk esa ckyd&ckfydk lekt ds lEidZ esa T;knk vkrs gSaA mUgsa Ldwy ds ckndksfpax Hkh tkuk iM+rk gS] ,sls esa os HkhM+ esa lqjf{kr pyus ds fy, ;krk;kr ds fu;eksadk ikyu djsa] mUgsa ;g Hkh le>kuk vko';d gSA

5- cktkj esa feyus okys [kkus] QkLV QwM+ ls cPpksa dks cpus dh f'k{kk nsuh pkfg,] D;ksafd,slk [kkuk mUgsa chekj dj ldrk gSA

fu"d"kZ&iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk dh mez ckyd&ckfydkvksa nksuks esa muds fodkl dh mez gSA tgk¡

fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk lalkj dk Kku Hkh feyrk gSA budh nksLrh Hkh Ldwy vkSj dksfpax esac<+rh tkrh gS vkSj buds lewg cu tkrs gSaA lewg ds fo:) tkus okyksa dks lewg ls fudkyfn;k tkrk gSA bl mez esa vfHkHkkodksa dh Hkwfedk dsoy mUgsa Ldwy ;k dksfpax esa HkstdjlekIr ugha gks tkrh gS cfYd vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gS] D;ksafd vc mUgsa cPpksa ds lVhd lokyksadk lVhd tcko Hkh nsuk gksrk gS] ftl ij cPpksa dk Hkfo"; fuHkZj djsxkA blhfy, vfHkHkkodviuk dke Bhd rjg ls djsa] vU;Fkk bl mez esa ftruk O;fDrRo fuekZ.k gksrk gS] dHkh&dHkhBhd bldk foijhr Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gS vkSj blds fy, vfHkHkkod iw.kZ :i ls ftEesnkjgksrs gSaA vr% iwoZ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa cPpksa ij vktknh vkSj fu;a=.k nksuksa vko';d gSa cl bunksuksa ds chp esa leUo; LFkkfir gksuk pkfg,AReference :-

· Targeting of Transfers in Developing Countries: Review of Lessons and Experience: Regional and

Sectoral Studies.

· Washington, DC: World Bank. Deaton, A. 1997.


[[20]]

· The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy.

Baltimore, MD: Published for the World Bank [by] Johns Hopkins University Press. Deaton, A., and

M. Grosh. 2000.

· “Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data—or Tears: An Application to Educational

Enrollments in States of India.”

· Bartholomew, D., F. Steele, I. Moustkaki, and J. Galbraith. 2002.

· The Analysis and Interpretation of Multivariate Data for Social Scientists.

· London, England: Chapman and Hall. Bollen, K. A., J. L. Glanville, and G. Stecklov. 2001.

“Socioeconomic Status and Class in Studies of Fertility and Health in Developing Countries.”

· Annual Review of Sociology 27: 153–85. Case, A., C. Paxson, and J. Ableidinger. 2004. “Orphans in

Africa: Parental Death, Poverty, and School Enrollment.”

· Demography 41(3): 483–508. Cirto, C., and R. Michael. 1995.

· “Consumption.” In Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries: Lessons

from 15 Years of the Living Standards Measurement Study, ed. M. Grosh and P. Glewwe. Washington,

DC: World Bank. Deaton, A., and J. Muellbauer. 1986. “On Measuring Child Costs: With Applications

to Poor Countries.”

· Demography 38(1): 115–133. Grosh, M., and J. Baker. 1995.

· “Proxy Means Tests for Targeting Social Programs: Simulations and Speculation.” LSMS Working

Paper No. 118. World Bank, Washington DC.

· Houweling, T. A., A. E. Kunst, and J. P. Mackenbach. 2003. “Measuring Health Inequality among

Children in Developing Countries: Does the Choice of the Indicator of Economic Status Matter?” Int J

Equity Health 2(1): 8.

· Journal of Political Economy 4: 720–44. Deaton, A., and C. H. Paxson. 1998. “Economies of Scale,

Household Size, and the Demand For Food.” Journal of Political Economy 106: 897–930. Deaton, A.,

and S. Zaidi. 2002. “Guidelines for Constructing Consumption Aggregates.”

· LSMS Working Paper No. 135. World Bank, Washington, DC. Filmer, D., and L. Pritchett. 1999. “The

Effect of Household Wealth on Educational Attainment: Evidence from 35 Countries.”

· Population and Development Review 25(1): 85–120. Filmer, D., and L. Pritchett. 2001.

· Measuring Poverty: A New Approach. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Coady, D., M.

Grosh, and J. Hoddinott. 2004.


[[21]]

^f’kYih tkfr;ksa esa oS;fDrd xfr’khyrk % ,d foospu^

vfer dqekj flag“kks/k Nk=] lekt “kkL= foHkkx nh0n0m0

xksj[kiqj fo”ofo|ky;]xksj[kiqj

oS;fDrd xfr”khyrk dk rF; O;kolkf;d xfr”khyrk] jktuSfrd xfr”khyrk]“kS{kf.kd xfr”khyrk vkSj HkkSxksfyd xfr”khyrk tSls vusd :iksa esa O;Dr gqvkA oS;fDrdxfr”khyrk dk okLrfod volj fczfV”k dkyhu Hkkjr ls gh izkjEHk gqvkA vaxzstksa usftl vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks Hkkjr esa izkjEHk fd;k mlds izHkko lsO;fDr;ksa dh ijEijkxr O;olk;ksa dks NksM+dj vk/kqfud O;olk;ksa dks viukus rFkk uohuf”k{kk dks izkIr djus vkSj vius thou i)fr esa ifjorZu ykus dk volj izkIr gqvkAmlesa ns[kk x;k fd tkfr O;oLFkk tks O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k FkkAml O;olk; ds vUrxZr tkfr;ksa us viuk tkfrxr O;olk; NksM+dj u;s O;olk; dsvksj mUeq[k gq, vkSj mlds fy, os vius HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr esa Hkh ifjorZu fd,A ;gxfr”khyrk tgkW oS;fDrxr O;olk; ls lEcfU/kr gS ogh blesas oS;fDrxr HkkSxksfydxfr”khyrk Hkh fn[kk;h nsrk gSA

;|fi tkfr&O;oLFkk esa fLFkjrk vFkok tM+rk ds rRo dks v/;srkvksa us vf/kdjs[kkafdr fd;k gS] rFkkfi vkUrfjd xfr”khyrk lnSo ls gh bldh fo”ks’krk jgh gSAtkfr;ksa esa ikjLifjd izfrLi)kZ dk gksuk mudh vkUrfjd xfr”khyrk dk dkj.k jgk gSAtkfr&O;oLFkk dh vkUrfjd lajpuk esa mPprj LFkku izkIr djus ds fy, gksM+ jgh gSAtkfr&O;oLFkk ds bfrgkl esa cgqr ckj fuEurj izkfLFkfr dh tkfr;ksa us vius iz;Ru ds}kjk mPprj izfLFkfr dks izkIr fd;k gSA

tkfr&O;oLFkk esa fdlh tkfr ds izfLFkfr ifjorZu dh ifj?kVuk dks tkrh;xfr”khyrk dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA tkrh; xfr”khyrk lkewfgd xfr”khyrk dhifj?kVuk gS] D;ksafd O;fDr;ksa }kjk viuh tkfr dks cnyuk lEHko ugha jgk gSA vr%tkrh; xfr”khyrk oS;fDrd ifj?kVuk u gksdj lkewfgd ifj?kVuk gSA vius ijEijkxrO;olk; dks cny nsuk] vf”kf{kr ls f”kf{kr cuuk] f”kf{kr ls mPp f”kf{kr cuuk] viusiSrd fuokl LFkku dks NksM+dj u;s LFkku ij tkuk rFkk jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkxysdj viuh rkdr vkSj igpku dks cnyuk vkfn mlds :iksa esa oS;fDrd xfr”khyrkdh ifj?kVuk lkeus vk;h gSA

fl)kUr% oS;fDrd xfr”khyrk dk volj lHkh tkfr;ksa dks leku :i ls izkIrgqvk] ijUrq fuEu tkfr;ksa fo”ks’k :i ls fiNM+h ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dks ikjEifjdcU/kuksa vkSj vU; dbZ dkj.kksa ls ;g volj vf/kd miyC/k ugha FkkA

Hkkjr dh ikjEifjd tkfr&O;oLFkk esa tkfrxr O;olk; ds ek/;e ls viuhvkthfodk pykus okyh vusd tkfr;kW jgh gSA bUgsa eq[; :i ls nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDrfd;k tk ldrk gS &1& os tkfr;kW tks lsok }kjk tkfr&O;oLFkk ls tqM+h FkhA tSls& ukbZ] dgkj] /kksch

vkfnA2& os tkfr;kW tks oLrq mRiknu ds }kjk lsok iznku dj tkfr O;oLFkk ls tqM+h FkhA

tSls& lqukj] yksgkj] c<+bZ] dqEHkdkj] pekj vkfnA[[22]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

nwljh Js.kh eas lfEefyr tkfr;ksa dks xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr Fkk]D;ksafd ihf<+xr vuqHko ls oLrq fuekZ.k ds {ks= esa bUgksaus dkS”ky izkIr dj fy;k FkkAla;qDr :i ls bu tkfr;ksa dks dkjhxj vFkok f”kYih tkfr;kW dgrs gSA bl lewg esalfEefyr tkfr;ksa esa os fiNM+h vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;kW gS ftudh ikjEifjd Hkkjrh;lekt esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd jktuSfrd vkSj “kS{kf.kd fLFkfr dkQh fuEu FkhA ttekuh&O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr dk;Z djrs gq, buesa tM+rk vk x;h FkhA

ttekuh& O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr xkWo ds gj ,d tkrh; lewg dks vU; tkfr;ksa dsifjokjksa dks dqN ekuohdr lsok,a nsuh gksrh FkhA vkerkSj ij bl eqgkojs dk iz;ksxHkwLokeh mPp tkfr;ksa vkSj Hkwfeghu lsokjr tkfr;ksa dschp eky vkSj lsokvksa ds ysu&nsuds lwpd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s tkfr;kW ges”kk gh ,d O;kolkf;d ijEijk fuHkkusds dkj.k O;kolkf;d :i ls fuiq.k gks tkrh gS blfy, bUgsa dkjhxj vFkok f”kYihtkfr;ksa ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

ttekuh O;oLFkk dh ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ fo”ks’krk ;g gS fd ttekuh lEcU/kksa dklapkyu gkykafd xzkeh.k Lrj ij gh gksrk gS fQj Hkh vDlj os fdlh ,d xkWo rd ghlhfer ugh jgrs D;ksafd lHkh xkWoksa eas lHkh f”kYih tkfr;kW ugha gksrh blfy, f”kYihtkfr;ksa dh lsok,a vU; xkWoksa ls Hkh vdlj m/kkj yh tkrh gSA blds vykok lqukjksa]yqgkjksa] c<+bZ tSlh dkjhxj tkfr;ksa ds fy, ,d gh xkWo ls iwjs lky jkstxkj ;ksX; dketqVkuk lEHko ugha gSA izkS|ksfxd vaos’k.kksa vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k ls ,d fLFkfr ,slh vk;h fdftlesa dk;kZUrj vUrjfuHkZjrk dh dksbZ lEHkkouk gh ugha cphA e”khuksa ls rS;kj lkekuksads cktkj ij Nk tkus vkSj nwj&njkt ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa rd igqWp tkus ds dkj.k xzkeh.kdkjhxjksa dh lh/ks ;a=ksa ls Li/kkZ djus ij etcwj gksuk iM+kA

nk<+h cukus ds fy, ls¶Vh jstj dh fo”oluh;rk c<+us vkSj mlds dkj.k mldkiz;ksx c<+us dh otg ls vius gkFk ls nk<+h cukus dk fjokt py fudyk rFkk xkWo dsukbZ dk dke ?kV x;kA LVsyusl lVhy ds crZuksa ds vkfo’dkj ls xkWo ds dqEgkj dkegRo ?kVk vkSj xkWo Hkj esa gSM iEi yx tkus ds dkj.k mPp tkfr;ksa dh dgkjksa ijfuHkZjrk de gqbZA bl lcds dkj.k vf/kdrj dkjhxj tkfr;kW csjkstxkj gks xbZA buesals dbZ tkfr;ksa us cktkj dk :[k fd;k vFkok viuh lsok,W vkSipkfjd vkfFkZdysu&nsu ds vUrxZr udn Hkqxrku ds cnys nsuh “kq: dj nhA blds lkFk gh lsodtkfr;ksa ds u, mHkjrs “kgjh dsUnzksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd cfLr;ksa esa iyk;u dk flyflyk “kq:gks x;kA

vr% Li’V gS fd Hkkjr lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd ifjorZu dh LoHkkfodizfØ;k ls tqM+dj ljdkjh iz;Ruksa us vkSj vkj{k.k dh uhfr;ksa us f”kYih tkfr;ksa esaoS;fDrd xfr”khyrk ds vusd voljksa dk ltu fd;kA ftlls vkt ikjEifjd f”kYihtkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa esa HkkSxksfyd] “kS{kf.kd] O;olkf;d rFkk jktuSfrd xfr”khyrk mRiUugqbZ gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwph1& Lakshmanna, C. : ‘Caste Dynmics in Village India’ Nachibeta Publication Ltd.,

Bombay, 1973, p. 99.

2& Singh Yogendra, ‘Social Stratitication and Change in India’, Manohar Publication,

New Delhi, 1977, p. 98.

3& Kolenda, Puline, ‘Caste in Contemporary India’, Beyond Orgnic Sulidarity, Rawat

Publication, Jaipur, 1984, p. 77.


[[23]]

4& vkgwtk] jke] ^Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk^] jkor ifCyds”kUl t;iqj ,oa ubZ fnYyh] 1999]i0 285&287-

5& gluSu unhe] ^ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt^] Hkkjr cqd lsUVj 17 v”kksd ekxZ] y[kuÅ] 2009]i0 126&128-

6& gluSu unhe] ^ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt^] Hkkjr cqd lsUVj 17 v”kksd ekxZ] y[kuÅ] 2009]i0 46&52-

7& Mandelbaum, David G, ‘Society in India’, Vol. I & II, Popular Prabashan, Bombay,

1984, p. 43.

8& Jh fuokl] ,e0,u0 ^vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu % jkt dey izdk”ku izk0fy0 1]ch] usrk th] lqHkk’k ekxZ] ubZ fnYyhA

9& Sorobin, P.A., ‘Social and Cultural Mobility’, The Free Press, New York, 1959, p.

1331.

10& Singh, J.P., ‘Social Change in Modern India’ PHI Learning P.Ltd. Delhi, 2016, p.

151.


[[24]]

Domestic Violece : A Sociological Analysis

Ajai Kumar Verma (S.R.F)

D.D.U Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur

In the simplest terms, domestic violence is the violence that occurs with in the family.

Domestic violence is violent victimization of winch, with in the boundaries of family; usually

by men or his family members (Hulme and Mosley, 1996). Dometisc violence, in particular,

continues to be fright eningly common and to be accepted as “normal” with in too many

societies Violence against women is a will and by legal and civil action in all sectors of

society.Domestic violence is the estabeishment of control and fear in a relationship through

violence and other torms of abuse. The violence may involve physical abuse, sexual assault

and threats. Some times it is more delicate, like making someone feel worthless, not letting

them have any money, or notallowing them to leave the home. Social isolation and emotional

abuse can have long-lasting effects as well as physical violence.

Domistic violence against women includes battering by intimate partners, sexual abuse

of children in the household, dowry-related violence, martial rape and female genital

multilation and other traditional practices harmful to women. It also covers abuse of

domestic workers such as involuntary confinement, physical brutality, slavery-like conditions

and sexual assault. Domestic violence means actual abuse or the threat whether physical,

sexual, verbal, emotional or economic. No doubt, domestic violence is one of the gravest and

the most pervasive human right violation and is a serious deterrent to social development forthis domestic violence the joint-family system in our society is also at state.

The construction of gender roles implies, that women have for the lesser access to

productive resources and decision making compared to men, resulting in unequal balance of

power. Unequal treatment and discrimination in child rearing and caring practices in the

family, male refrence and denial of right to health care and education to female are some ofthe factors that make women vulnerable and susceptible to different forms of violence.

Gender based inequality exists in all stages of women’s lives-from infancy to old age and

menifests in the form of several acts of violence. Violence against women is not a myth, but a

reality. It is anact of illegal criminal use of physical force and It is also includes exploitation,

discrimination, unholding of unequal economic and sociol structure, and the creation of anatmosphere of terror, threat or reprisal. This terror can be seen in domestic violence.

Domestic violence is systematic and struetural, a mechanism of partichal control of

women; that is built on make superiority and female inferiority’s ex-stereotyped roles and

expectations and economic; social and political predominance of men seek and confirm the

devaluation and dehumanization of women.It is a serious human right threat to women in

very society-rich and poor . National Commission for women (NCW) in report, ”Violence

against Women in North-East India,”2005. It is estimated that at least 3 out of every women

in India face domestic violence. Reporting of such cases is extremely low. One of the major

factors for this is the “culture of scilence” surrounding domestic violence.

Domestic violence can take many forms and variations and can happen once in a while

or all the same time. Domestic violence can be psychological abuse, social abuse, financial

abuse,physical assault or sexual assault. Violence can be criminal and includes physical

assault or injury (hitting, beating, shoving etc.) sexual abuse ( forced sexual activity) or

stalking.

Common forms of violence against Indian women include: Female feeticide

(Selective abortion based on the fetus gender of sex selection of child), Domestic

[[25]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

violence, Dowry death or harassment, Mental and Physical tortoure, Sexual trafficking

and Public humiliation. The clear picture of violence against women in Indian scenario is

seen if we devide the women in to vairious sections we see mainly three classes of women

like – High class women, Middile class women, Lower class women.

The upper class of high class women are the victisms of mental violence and suffered in

the hands of their husband and close relatives. They never express it to the public and stay on

almost depression. The middle class women are by and large the victismsof same kind of

mental as well as physical tortoure in the hands of their suspicious, controlling, dominating,

whimsical and autocratic husbands or close relatives. In fact, they are felt victisms to the ago

problem and frustration. The lower class women constitute the most disadvantaged category

and suffer from wife-bathering, infidelity, insecure future and acute poverty. Their

unfortunate circumstances added to their painful experience of physical assault or wife

battering in the hands of their irresponsible and coward husbands.

One of the principles of the “International Year of the family” States that activities

should seek to promote basic human rights and fundamental freedom accorded to all

individuals. Being important vehicles for transmission and preservation of culture, they must

become media for promoting new social values and behaiour consistent with the right of

individual family members.

Examining history, we clearly understand that the early religious, that is the Vedas, the

Koran and the Bible accored an equitable status to women, and consider children noble. The

Basic Human Rights of educations, protection, gender justice, freedom of expression, self-

determination to a commited path, were not denied either to children or women. We only

need to confirm our commitment to constantly bringing these issues to the forefront inteaching, research and practice.

Although the gensis of Dowry is shrouded in mystery, one has to acknowledge its link

with the social status of Indian Women. Despite the Dowry Prohibnition Act, 1961, cases of

Dowry harassment and death are or rise. The police, medical and remedial measures. The

Media can play an effective role in supporting unlearning of patterned behaviour and

relearning new process of thought and action. Family members felt that “popular models /

heroes” can constantly convey and reinforce important message related to benefits of familylife with equity and equality to individuals and society.

REFERENCE· Ahuja, Ram (1994), “Violence against women”, Jaipur, Rawat Publication.

· Ahuja, Ram (1992), “Social Problems in India”, Jaipur, Rawat Publication.

· Desai, Neera, and Thakkar, Usha (2004), “Women in Indian Society”, National Book Trust

Publication, New Delhi.

· Dutta, Nirmla (1999),”Domestic Violence : Tolerating the Intolerable; Economic and Political

Weekly”.

· Kappoor,Pramila (1978), “Life and World of Call Girls in India”, Vikas Publication, New

Delhi.

· Desai, Neera (1978), “ Women in modern India”, National Book Trust Publication, New Delhi.


[[26]]

;qok laLd`fr% ,d lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.kLe`fr JhokLro

'kks/k Nk=k ¼lekt'kkL= foHkkx½nh0n0m0 xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj

vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ds mijkUr bXyS.M vkSj ;wjksi ds vU; ns'kksa esa ,d u;hvFkZO;oLFkk dk tUe gksus yxkA bl u;h vFkZO;oLFkk ds izHkko ls /khjs&/khjs mu ns'kksadh lkekftd vkSj lkaLdfrd iz.kkfy;ksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksus yxkA iqjkuh] ijEijkoknh]df"k ij vk/kkfjr] lkeUrh ewY;ksa okyh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd iz.kkfy;ksa dk LFkku ,du;h ifjorZuksa&eq[k iwWthoknh iz.kkyh ysus yxhA iwWthoknh iz.kkyh us ,d u;h lkaLdfrdiz.kkyh dks tUe fn;k] ftlls fd iqjkuh lkaLdfrd iz.kkyh ls esy ugha FkkA u;hlkaLdfrd iz.kkyh dk izpyu lcls igys uxjksa esa gqvk] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= nh?kZ rdijEijkoknh cus jgsA vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ds mijkUr uxjhdj.k dh ,d u;h izfØ;k izkjEHkgks x;hA xkWo esa igys ls pyh vk jgh mRiknu dh iz.kkyh u"V gksus yxhA bl dkj.kcM+h la[;k esa jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa xzkeh.k yksx] [kklrkSj ij xzkeh.k ;qok] uxjksa dhvksj iykf;r gksus yxsA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls uxjksa esa vk, ;qokvksa ij uxjh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dsdkj.k ls u;h lkaLdfrd iz.kkyh dk izHkko iM+us yxkA cnyrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk vkSju;h izkS|ksfxdh O;oLFkk us ;qok oxZ dh vko';drkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dks u;s <ax lsiwjk djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA bl dkj.k ;qok oxZ us cny jgh iz.kkyh dks rsth lsvkRelkr fd;kA iqjkuh ih<+h ds yksx tgka ikjEifjd iz.kkfy;ksa lscW/ks jgrs gSA ogh u;h ih<+h ds yksx ikjEifjd ekU;rkvksa] y{;ksa vkSj vkn'kksZ dks rsthls R;kxus yxsA u;s vkSj iqjkus esa blh }Un esa tUe ysus okyh u;h laLdfr dks ftls;qok oxZ ds yksx viuk jgs Fks] ;qok laLdfr ds :i esa igpkuk tkus yxkA laLdfr dk;g :i fujUrj vf/kd rsth ls cnyrk gS vkSj iqjkuh gks jgh iz.kkfy;ksa ls vyx gksusds dkj.k lekt ds ijEijkoknh iqjkuh ih<+h ds lnL;ksa dh vkyspuk dk dsUnz cuk jgrkgSA

20 oha 'krkCnh esa izkS|ksfxdh; ,oa vkfFkZd iz.kkfy;ksa esa ifjorZu dh xfr vkSjrst gks xbZA vkokxeu vkSj lapkj ds ek/;eksa dk rsth ls foLrkj gksus yxkA blfoLrkj ds dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa ;qok&oxZ ikjEifjd iz.kkfy;ksa ls foeqDr gksus yxkAmuds fopkj vkSj O;ogkj rFkk muds }kjk mi;ksx esa vkus okyh oLrqvksa dh iwjh iz.kkyhikjEifjd iz.kkfy;ksa ls vyx gksrh xbZA bl izdkj ogn~ ;qok&laLdfr dk mn; vkSjfoLrkj gksus yxk] tks fd /khjs&/khjs izHkko'kkyh gksrh pyh xbZA

ikjEifjd iz.kkfy;ksa ls tqM+h ihf<+;ksa vkSj u;h iz.kkfy;ksa ls tqM+s ;qokvksa ds chpikjLifjd fo'okl ds /kjkry Hkh Øe'k% detksj gksrs x;sA iqjkus yksx ;qokvksa dksvfo'okl vkSj la'k; dh nf"V ls ns[kus yxsA ;g vfo'okl vksj la'k; vusdlekt'kkL=h; leL;kvksa dks tUe nsus yxk vkSj bl dkj.k v/;srkvksa vkSj 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa us;qok&laLdfr dks Bhd ls le>us] ifjHkkf"kr djus vkSj fl)kUrc) djus dk iz;klizkjEHk fd;kA

orZeku le; esa ;qok&laLdfr fo'o ds vusd ns'kksa esa izR;{k Li"V :i esa fn[kkbZnsrh gsA orZeku le; esa ;qokvksa ds }kjk ilUn fd;k tk jgk laxhr] [ksy] lkfgR;] /keZbR;kfn ijEijk iz.kkfy;ksa ls fHkUu gSA ;qok u dsoy psgjs cfYd diM+s ilUn djus rFkk

[[27]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

iguus ds rjhdsa thou O;rhr djus ds rjhdsa ,oa O;ogkj djus ds <+ax lHkh dqN izkS<+ksls fHkUu gSA ;qok laLdfr LFkk;h ugha gksrhA ;g ftruh rhoz :i esa fodflr gksrh gS]mrus gh rhoz :i esa ;g lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj iqu% u;s :i esa ,d u;h ;qok&laLdfrdk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA¼1½

czsdj ds vuqlkj 1930 ls lekt'kkL=h;ksa us ;qokvksa esa :fp ysuk izkjEHk fd;kAlekt'kkL=h;ksa us vius v/;;u esa ;qokvksa }kjk lkekftd izfrekuksa esa Hkkx ysus dsrjhds ij :fp fy;kA 1970 esa chjehU/ke Ldwy esa lkaLdfrd v/;;u gq,] ftlesamÙkj&milaLdfr] uh;ksVªkbc] Dyc laLdfr] lkbcj laLdfr ij v/;;u gqvkA¼2½

mlds i'pkr~ 1980 esa vesfjdu lekt'kkL= esa 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk esa ogn~ ifjorZugqvkA ml le; ;qFk xSax fo"k; ij v/;;u fd;k x;k ftlesa ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gqvk fd;qokvksa ij vius cM+ksa dk izHkko vf/kd gS] os ijEijkxr iz.kkfy;ksa ds vk/kkj ij lkekU;izfrekuksa dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gS] ijUrq os ;qok tks ijEijkxr iz.kkfy;ksa ds vk/kkj ijlkekftd izfrekuksa dks ugh izkIr dj ikrs gS] os u;h laLdfr dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA¼3½

1970 vkSj 1980 ds n'kd esa lekt'kkL=h;ksa }kjk ;qokvksa ij v/;;u fd;k x;kftlesa ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k x;k gS fd ;qokvksa dh viuh ,d vyXk laLdfr gS] tks mudsizkS<+ks ls fHkUu gSA ;qokvksa rFkk ;qok laLdfr ij fd;s x, v/;;uksa ij ekDlZokn dkvf/kd izHkko jgkA bu v/;;uksa ds ckn ;qokvksa dks iztkfr] fyax] utkfr ,oa /keZ dsvk/kkj ij uk igpku dj] cfYd ,d oxZ ds :i esa nsus tkus yxkA¼4½ izoztu dsdkj.k]ehfM;k dk fo'o Lrj ij rsth ls QSy tkus ds dkj.k] miHkksDrkvksa ds dkj.krFkk iwjs fo'o esa lapkj vkSj mi;ksxh oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx rsth ls c<+ tkus ds dkj.k ;qokdh ,d u;h LkaLdfr dk fuekZ.k gksus yxk orZeku le; esa lkekftd foKku ds lkFklekt'kkL=] ekuo'kkL=] lapkj&O;oLFkk] Hkwxksy vkSj bfrgkl esa Hkh ;qok laLdfr ijv/;;u gks jgs gSA fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k;ksa esa ;qokvksa ij gq, v/;;uksa ds ckn ;qokvksa us ,dlkekftd vfHkusrk ds :i esa lcdk /;ku viuh rjQ vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA ;qok ds }kjkviuk;s tk jgs lkekftd ewY; ijEijkxr iz.kkfy;ksa ls fHkUu gSA ;qok viuh Lo;a dhLkaLdfr ds fuekZ.k esa Lo;a gh izfrfuf/k dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSaA¼5½

vk/kqfudhdj.k] Kku&foKku rFkk izkS|ksfxdh dk izHkko lekt ds lHkh O;fDr;ksaij iM+k ijUrq ;qokvksa ij budk izHkko vf/kd iM+kA xkWo rFkk 'kgjksa txgksa ds ;qokvksaij budk izHkko iM+k gSA ;qokvksa esa Kku gS ;ksX;rk gS] vkyskpuk 'kfDr gS rFkk mudsfopkj ,oa dk;Z esa foKku ;qx dh >yd Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;qok ih<+h u;s fu;e vkSjlkekftd ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj jgh gSA ;s fu;e vkSj lkekftd ewY; ijEijkxriz.kkfy;ksa ls fHkUu gS ftlls ;qok rFkk iqjkus yksxksa ds chp }U} dh fLFkfr cuh gqbZ gSA¼6½

21 oha lnh esa oS'ohdj.k ;qokvksa esa ekufld fodkl ds izsjd ds :i esa gSAoS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa ;qokvksa esa LkkaLdfrd igpku dk fodkl gqvk gSA oS'ohdj.k dsdkj.k vusd laLdfr;kW ,d&nwljs ls izHkkfor gks jgh gSA izR;sd lekt esa jg jgs izR;sdO;fDr dh mudh viuh ,d LFkkuh; laLdfr gS ijUrq oS'ohjd.k dss dkj.k mudhLFkkuh; laLdfr ij izHkko iM+ jgk gS] D;ksafd os ,d gh lkFk ,d gh le; esa nwljhlaLdfr dks Hkh ns[k jgs gS] le> jgs gS rFkk vkRelkr dj jgs gSA bl izdkj os ,dlkFk viuh LFkkuh; laLdfr rFkk vU; LFkku ,oa vU; ns'kksa dh nwljh laLdfr;ksa ls HkhtqM+ jgs gSA oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa nwljh laLdfr;ksa ls yxkrkj izHkkfor gksus ds dkj.k;qokvksa esa Hkze dh fLFkfr cuh gqbZ gS D;ksafd os uk rks viuh LFkkuh; laLdfr ls iwjh


[[28]]

rjg tqM+ ik jgs gS] uk os vU; nwljh laLdfr dks vkRelkr dj ik jgs gSA oS'ohdj.kdk izHkko ;qokvksa dh LFkkuh; LkaLdfr ij IkM+k gSA LFkkuh; laLdfr vius ijEijkxriz.kkyh ds vuqlkj ugh gS] muesa vU; laLdfr;ksa dk feJ.k gks x;k gSA

;qok vius ?kj ij Hkh uk rks viuh LFkkuh; laLdfr dks ik jgs gS uk gh oSf'odlaLdfr dks ik jgs gS blfy, muesa Hkze dh fLFkfr cuh gqbZ gSA ;qok vU; laLdfr;ksa lsrFkk muds ewY;ksa ls iwjh rjg vifjfpr gSA fQj Hkh os ml laLdfr dks viukuk pkgrsgSA ;qok ,d gh lkFk viuh LFkkuh; laLdfr rFkk vU; laLdfr;ksa dk vuqHko ys jgk gSAorZeku le; esa ;qokvksa dk viuh LFkkuh; laLdfr esa fo'okl gS ijUrq os vU;LkaLdfr;ksa ds ewY;ksa ,oa voljksa dks ns[kuk ,oa le>uk pkgrs gSA ehfM;k lapkj ek/;keksaesa of) ds dkj.k] oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k f'k{kk ds lk/kuksa esa ifjorZu gksus ds dkj.kLFkkuh; laLdfr esa rsth ls vusd ifjorZu gq, gSA orZeku le; esa ;qokvksa ij vusdlaLdfr;ksa dk izHkko vf/kd gqvk gSA muds O;fDrRo esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA os viuhLFkkuh; laLdfr dh vis{kk vU; laLdfr;ksa esa vf/kd :fp ys jgs gS ;qokvksa ij vU;laLdfr;ksa dk izHkko bruk vf/kd gqvk gS fd os viuh LFkkuh; laLdfr dks eqf'dy lsLohdkj dj jgs gSA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd orZeku le; esa ;qok fdlh Hkh ,d laLdfrls iwjh rjg lEcfU/kr ugh gSA vFkkZr~ og viuh LFkkuh; laLdfr rFkk vU; laLdfr;ksals yxkrkj izHkkfor gks jgk gS] vkSj mu ij nksuksa dk izHkko iM+ jgk gSA ;qokvksa esa gks jgsifjorZu dks ns[krs gq, iqjkus yksxksa dks ;g vuqeku gksus yxk gS fd vkus okys le; esa;qok ijEijkxr iz.kkfy;ksa ls fHkUu gksxkA ¼7½¼8½

;qok dh dYiuk gh ;qok dh lkaLdfrd ifjHkk"kk gSA ;qok oxZ ,slk oxZ gS tks fdlh HkhifjorZu dks vU; oxksZ dh vis{kk tYnh vkRelkr dj ysrk gSA ;qok oxZ mu O;ogkjksadks viukus esa :fp fn[kkrk gS tks muds ijEijkxr iz.kkyh;ksas ls fHkUu gksrs gSA ;qok dhdksbZ ,d fuf'pr Hkwfedk ugh gS cfYd og ,d lkFk vusd Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djrkgSA vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] ifjokjksa dk izoztu rFkk lkekftd fodkl ,oa lkekftdvkUnksyuksa us ;qok lewg dks u;k :i iznku fd;k gS&tks ;qok laLdfr ds :i esa gSA;qok fdlh fuf'pr n'kk ;k ewY;ksa ds izfr opuc) ugh gSA ;qok cnyrs gq, n'kkvksa lsyxkrkj izHkkfor gks jgk gSA¼9½ ;qok laLdfr dh vo/kkj.kk dk lEcU/k ;qok&oxZ dsekunaM] ewY;ksa O;ogkjksa bR;kfn ls gSA ;qok&oxZ ds ;s ekunaM ewY;] O;ogkj ijEijkxriz.kkyh ls fHkUu gS] tks mUgsaa ijEijkxr lekt ls fHkUu djrs gSA orZeku le; esa ;qokdh :fp mudk LVkby] mudk O;ogkj djus dk rjhdk muds laxhr fo'okl 'kCnkoyhdIkM+s [ksy&dwn vkSj mudksa MsfVax dk izpyu ijEijkxr iz.kkyh ls fHkUu gSA¼10½

;qokoLFkk fuf'pr vk;q ds vykok 'kkjhfjd] euksoSKkfud] lkekftd rFkklkaLdfrd xfr'khyrk ij fuHkZj gSA ;qokvksa esa gksus okyk 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu mUgsa ;qokgksus dk ,glkl djkrk gSA bl voLFkk esa ;qokvksa esa mÙkstuk] mRlkg] yxko dhvf/kdrk] xfr'khyrk] Lo;a ij vf/kd fo'okl djuk] izse] lkekftd laosnuk'khyrk]QS'ku cgknwjh] ns[kHkky dh izofÙk] Hkkoqdrk] uoZl gksuk] vLFkk;h jguk rFkk dwy jgukbR;kfn Hkkouk,a ik;h tkrh gSA¼11½

;qokoLFkk esa ;qok }kjk fy;k x;k izR;sd fu.kZ; rFkk muds dk;Z djus dh lhekr; gksrh gSA bl voLFkk esa os f'k{kk dh rjQ eqM+ pqds gksrs gSA lkFk gh mUgsa viusthou lEcU/kh] ifjokj fuekZ.k lEcU/kh rFkk ekrk&firk dh Hkwfedk fuokZg lEcU/kh vusdegRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus gksrs gSA ¼12½


[[29]]

orZeku le; esa ;qokvksa esa HkkSxksfyd xfr'khyrk c<+h gSA vkt ;qok HkkSfrd /ku] ukSdjhrFkk vPNh vk; pkgrk gSA os ;qok tks f'kf{kr gS rFkk mudk fookg uk gqvk gks izoztuesa vf/kd :fp j[krs gSA ;qok vPNh f'k{kk rFkk ukSdjh ds fy, rsth ls izoztu dj jgsgSA vkSj os rc rd ugha ykSV jgs gS tc rd os vius y{; dks izkIr ugha dj jgs gSA;g izoztu efgyk ,oa iq:"k dk vyx&vyx gSA rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij ;gifj.kke izkIr gqvk fd vf/kdrj ;qok iq:"k vPNs f'k{kk ,oa vk; ds fy, izokl djrs gSAogha efgyk,avf/kdrj fookg ds ckn izoztu djrh gSA¼13½

ih<+hxr la?k"kZ ekrk&firk ¼vfHkHkkodksa½ vkSj cPpksa ds chp gksus okys la?k"kZ gS] ;gu;h o iqjkuh ih<+h ds chp gksus okyk la?k"kZ gSA loZizFke fdaXlys Msfol us 1940 esavius vkfVZdy esa dgk Fkk fd rsth ls gks jgs lkekftd ifjorZu vfHkHkkodksa vkSj cPpksafo'ks"k :i ls vfHkHkkodksa ,oa ;qokvksa esa vfuok;Z vkSj gj LFkku ij gksus okyk la?k"kZgksxkAbl vkfVZdy esa cM+s Lrj ij ^n tsujs'ku xSi* ds fy, 'kks/k fd;k ftlds vusdegRoiw.kZ ifj.kke izkIr gq,A¼14½

iqjkuh ih<+h ds ewY; vfHkofÙk] thou'kSyh orZeku ih<+h dh vis{kk vyx gSA orZeku ;qokih<+h esa iqjkuh ih<+h dh rjg dqN Hkh lkekU; ugha gSA u;h ih<+h ds yksx iqjkuh ih<+hdks vLohdkj dj jgs gSA iqjkuh ih<+h ds yksx viuh ijEijk dks /khjs&/khjs gLrkfUrjrdjrs gsA ogha ;qokvksa dks mls ysus dh vkSj vuqHko djus dh tYnh jgrh gSA blfy,u;h vkSj iqjkuh ih<h+ ds yksxksa esa cSpsuh ,oa la?k"kZ gksrk gSA¼15½ iqjkuh vkSj u;h ih<+h dschp gks jgs vUrj ;k c<+ jgh nwjh ij dqN 'kks/k fd, x;sA 1975 esa lekt'kkL=htSdksclu cSjh rFkk vksYlu us ih<+hxr vurj ij vuqHkokRed iz;ksx fd;k ftlls osbl fu"d"kZ ij igqWps fd fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij iqjkuh vkSj u;h ih<+h ds yksx uk rks iwjhrjg lger gksrs gS vkSj uk gh vlger gksrs gSA mUgksaus vius v/;;u esa ik;k fdiqjkuh ih<+h ls vlgefr gksus ds ckn Hkh os ifjokfjd ewY;ksa dks vkil esa ckWVrs gSAdkyst ds fo|kFkhZ fyax rFkk lkekftd fo"k;ksa ij vius ekrk&firk dh jk; ls vyx gSvkSj ;g dkyst ;k mez c<+us ds lkFk c<+rh tkrh gSA¼16½

lUnHkZ1. Http:/Jass.soc.survey.ac. up/8/3/3

2. www.tezu.ernet.in

3. www.sociopedia.isa4. Blackman. S. (2005) 'Youth subcultural Theory: A critical Engagment with the concept', It s Origin and

Politics. Fromk the Chicago school of post Modermism, Joumal of youth studies.

5. Chua, Jocelyn (2011) 'Making Time for the Children: Sely Temporalization and the culivation of the

Antisuicidal subject in south India', Cultural Anthopology 26:1.

6. Ohmae. Kenichi (1995), 'The end of the Nation state: the Rise and fall of regional economics', harper

callins, London.

7. Gale and Fachey, Stabharie (2005),'youth in Transition: The Challange of Generalaral Change in Asia',

Proceddings of the 15th Biennial Genral Cenfrence Associalism of Asian social science Research

councils (AASSREC) in Association with the Academy of the social Science in Australia (ASSA)

8. Arnett. J.J. (2002),' The psychology of Globlization', American

psychologist, Vol.57

9. Manning, Peter K. and Turzi, marcello (1972) 'Youth and socialogy', by prantic hall Inc. evnglewodcliffs. New jersey.

10. Example. youth dictinary.com

11. Acharya, S. Sanghemitra (2005), 'youth in Development Discourse', Academic Publications 4832/24A

Prahlad law 5-207 Ansari Road, Paryaganj, New Delhi-110002


[[30]]

lkEçnkf;drk ,oa fczfV'k 'kklu

iz'kkUr flagts-vkj-,Q- “kks/kNk= ¼lekt”kkL=½

MkW0 jke euksgj yksfg;k vo/k fo”ofo|ky;] QStkcknA

Hkkjr esa lkEçnkf;drk dh mPpre vfHkO;fDr eqgEen vyh ftUuk ds f}jk’Vªfl)kUr esa gksrh gS] tc eqgEen vyh ftUuk dgrs gSa fd fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksavyx vyx jk’Vª gSa vkSj ;s dHkh Hkh ,d lkFk ughs jg ldrsA eqgEen vyh ftUuk useqfLye yhx ds lu~ 1940 ds ykgkSj vf/kos”ku esa Li’V dgk fd ^^Hkkjr dh leL;k dkLo:i vUrZtkrh; ugha gS] vfirq Li’Vr;k og vUrjkZ’Vªh; gSA ;g ,d LoIu gS fdfgUnw rFkk eqlyeku dHkh ,d lfEefyr jk’Vª cu ldrs gSA ,sls nks jk’Vªks dks ,d jkT;ds vUrxZr ,d tq, esa pyk, tkus ds ifj.kkeLo:i vo”; gh vlUrks’k c<+sxk vkSj ,slsfdlh jkT; dk tks <k¡pk cusxk] og u’V gks tk,xk-**A

;fn ge bl ç”u ij fopkj djsa fd Hkkjr 15 vxLr] 1947 dks LorU= rks gqvk]ijUrq og iw.kZ Hkkjr ds :i esa ugha] oju~ foHkkftr Hkkjr ds :i esa LorU= gqvk] ,slkD;ksa gqvk \ bl ç”u ij fopkj djus ij ge bldk eq[; dkj.k ml eqfLyelkEçnkf;drk dks ikrs gS] ftls vaxzstksa us Lo;a Hkkjrh; LorU=rk ds ekxZ dh ,d ck/kkds :i esa [kM+k fd;kA njvly blds ihNs vaxzsth ljdkj dk ;g fopkj dke dj jgkFkk fd lu~ 1857 ds fonzksg dks mdlkus okys fo”ks’k :i ls eqlyeku Fks] D;ksafd vaxzsth“kklu ds Hkkjr esa LFkkfir gksus ls eqlyeku lkezkT; dk gh vUr gqvk FkkA ,sls esavaxzstksa dk eqlyekuksa ds çfr nf’Vdks.k ml le; rd vPNk ugha FkkA tcfd bldsfoijhr fgUnqvksa ds çfr ml le; rd vaxstksa dk nf’Vdks.k bruk cqjk ugha Fkk] D;ksafdfgUnqvksa us ml le; rd vaxzsth f”k{kk çkIr djds o “kklu ds vusd inksa ij vPNkdke djds viuh çxfr”khyrk dk ifjp; ns fn;k FkkA

,sls esa eqlyekuksa dks Hkh çxfr”khy cukus ds fy, lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ us vaxzsthf”k{kk nsus okys ^êqfLye ,aXyks vksfj;UVy dkWyst^^ dh LFkkiuk vyhx<+ esa lu~ 1877 esadh] tks ckn esa eqfLye fo”ofo|ky; cukA vyhx<+ dkWyst ds vaxzst fçafliy Jh csdus lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ dks le>k;k fd vaxzstksa dk fojks/k djus ds ctk; eqlyekuksa dsfy, muls fe=rkiw.kZ lg;ksx djuk vf/kd vPNk gSA blds ifj.kke Lo:i lu~ 1877bZ- esa ykWMZ fyVu dks ekui= HksaV djrs gq, lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ us dgk fd ^êqgEeMu,aXyks vksfj,.Vy dkWyst dh uhao j[kus dk eq[; mn~ns”; ;g gS fd fo}rk o if”pehlkfgR; rFkk foKku dk lkeatL; fd;k tk,] eqlyekuksa dks jkteqdqV dk ;ksX; omi;ksxh çtk cuk;k tk, rFkk muesa jktHkfDr dh og Hkkouk mRiUu dh tk, tksfons”kh “kklu dh v/khurk ds dkj.k ugha] oju~ ,d vPNs “kklu ds ojnkuksa dsokLrfod vuqHkwfr ds dkj.k mRiUu gksA**

fczfV”k “kklu ds çfr HkfDr dh Hkkouk dk LokHkkfod ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd ljlS;n vgen [kk¡ o muds usrRo esa muds vuq;k;h eqlyeku dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dsle; ls gh jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu ds çfr mnklhu jgsA lu~ 1885 esa tc dkaxzsl dhLFkkiuk gqbZ] rks lj lS;n us eqlyekuksa dks mlls vyx jgus dh lykg nhA ckn esamUgksaus lu~ 1887 esa dkaxzsl ds fo#) eqfLye f”k{kk lEesyu dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlds

[[31]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

vf/kos”ku çk;% mlh “kgj vkSj mlha le; fd, tkrs Fks] ftl “kgj esa vkSj ftl le;dkaxzsl ds vf/kos”ku gksrs FksA lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ us dkaxzsl ds dk;ksZa ds fojks/k esa ,dvU; laLFkk dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh] ftldk uke ^ns”k HkDr ,lksfl,”ku* j[kk x;k rFkkmlds ckn êqfLye ,aXyks vksfj;UVy fMQsUl ,lksfl,”ku* uked vU; laLFkk dhLFkkiuk dh xbZ] ftldk mn~ns”; eqlyekuksa esa vaxzsth “kklu ds çfr oQknkjh dhHkkouk mRiUu djuk] fczfV”k ljdkj dh lgk;rk ls eqlyekuksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kkdjuk rFkk fczfV”k “kklu dks “kfDr”kkyh cukuk Fkk

vaxzstksa dks Hkh ,slk yxk fd fgUnqvksa dh rqyuk esa eqlyekuksa dks cjxykuk T;knkvklku gSA bl gsrq rRdkyhu ok;ljk; us ;g pkgk fd Hkkjrh; “kklu esa eqlyekuksa dsegRo dks c<+k;k tk, vkSj fgUnqvksa dk eku ?kVk;k tk, rkfd fgUnw&eqfLye oSeuL; dksvf[ky Hkkjrh; cuk;k tk ldsA bl gsrq fgUnw&eqfLye oSeuL; dks vf[ky Hkkjrh;cukus ds mn~ns”; ls ok;ljk; ds futh lfpo Jh fLEkFk us vyhx<+ dkWyst dsrRdkyhu fizfUliy ^vkdZokYM* dks fy[kk fd& ^^vkxkeh lq/kkjksa ds fo’k; esa ;fneqlyekuksa dk ,d çfrfuf/k e.My eqlyekuksa ds vyx vf/kdkjksa dh ek¡x djs vkSj blgsrq ok;ljk; ls feys] rks ok;ljk; dks buls feyus esa çlUurk gksxhA** ifj.kkeLo:ivkxk [kk¡ ds usrRo esa eqlyekuksa dk ,d çfrfuf/k e.My 01 vDVwcj] 1906 dksok;ljk; ykWMZ feUVks ls feyk vkSj eqfLye fgrksa ds fy, iFkd çfrfuf/kRo lesr dbZek¡xs çLrqr dhA mÙkj esa ok;ljk; ykWMZ fe.Vks us çfrfuf/k e.My dks ;g vk”oklufn;k fd ^ûxjikfydk] ftyk ifj’kn~ ;k O;oLFkkfidk lHkk] ftl fdlh esa Hkh pquko dsfl)kUr ykxw djus dh ;kstuk gksxh] mlesa eqfLyeksa dks iFkd tkrh; çfrfuf/kRo fn;ktk,xk*A ok;ljk; us çfrfuf/k e.My ls ;g Hkh dgk fd ^^rqEgkjk ;g dguk lR; gSfd eqlyekuksa ds vyx pquko {ks= cuk, tk,a] D;ksafd FkksM+h la[;k esa gksus ds dkj.krqEgkjh tkfr ds çR;kf”k;ksa dks cgqla[;d fgUnw tkfr ds lkeus thrus dh dksbZ vk”kkugha gks ldrh vkSj rqEgkjh fLFkfr dks rqEgkjh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij u ns[kk tk,- oju~mls rqEgkjh tkfr ds jktuhfrd egRo o mlds }kjk dh xbZ lkezkT; dh lsokvksa dsvk/kkj ij ns[kk tk,*A ;g ,slh ?kVuk Fkh] ftlus Hkkjr ds jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu esa ,d,slh njkj Mky nh tks fo”kq) jk’Vªh; fopkj/kkjk ds leFkZdksa }kjk vusd ç;Ru fd,tkus ij Hkh cUn u dh tk ldh vkSj mlds ifj.kke Lo:i vUr esa Hkkjr dk foHkktugh gqvkA

blds ckn vaxzstksa us eqlyekuksa dks viuh ,d vyx laLFkk cukus ds fy,çksRlkfgr fd;k] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i eqfLye usrkvksa us 30 fnlEcj 1906 dks <kdk esaeqfLye yhx dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk blds }kjk fuEu mn~ns”; fu/kkZfjr fd, x, %&

· Hkkjrh;&eqlyekuksa esa vaxzsth “kklu ds çfr HkfDr Hkko dk lapkj djukA· Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ds jktuhfrd rFkk vU; vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djuk vkSj

mudh vko”;drkvksa o Hkkoukvksa dks lezkV ds le{k çLrqr djukA

· mi;ZqDr mn~ns”;ksa dh flf) ds ekxZ esa fdlh çdkj dh ck/kk u mifLFkrdjrs gq, ns”k dh vU; tkfr;ksa ds lkFk fe=rk dh Hkkouk mRiUu djukA

lu~ 1908 ds eqfLye yhx ds verlj vf/kos”ku esa Hkh fo/kkue.Myksa esaeqlyekuksa dks mudh tula[;k ds vuqikr ls vf/kd çfrfuf/kRo fn, tkus] mUgsaljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa Hkh i;kZIr çfrfuf/kRo fn, tkus vkSj fçaoh dkmafly esa ;fn dksbZ


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fgUnw fu;qDr fd;k tk,- rks ,d eqlyeku dks Hkh fu;qDr fd, tkus dh ek¡x dh xbZvkSj ;s gh ek¡xsa yhx ds 1909 o 1910 ds vf/kos”kuksa esa nksgjkbZ xbZA bl çdkj ,dfo”kq) lkEçnkf;d laLFkk ds :i es eqfLye yhx dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

lu~ 1910 ds dkaxzsl vf/kos”ku esa ftUuk us ,d çLrko çLrqr fd;k vkSj ekSyohmtkj my gd us mldk leFkZu fd;k] ftlesa eqlyekuksa ds fy, lkEçnkf;dçfrfuf/kRo dks fgUnqvksa o eqlyekuksa nksuksa ds fy, gkfudkjd crk;k x;k rFkkfgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ij cy fn;k x;k A jk’Vªh; eqlyekuksa uss eqfLye yhx dks dkaxzslds lkFk vkus ds fy, o mlds fo/kku dks çxfr”khy rFkk jk’Vªh; vk/kkj ij cukus dsfy, foo”k dj fn;k vkSj QyLo:Ik yhx dkaxzsl ds lehi vkus yxhA fo”o ;q) dsle; dh vUrjkZ’Vªh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa us Hkh yhx dks dkaxzsl ds fudV ykus dk dke fd;kA dkaxzsl rFkk yhx dk le>kSrk gqvk] ftlds vuqlkj dkaxzsl us] tks vc rd iFkd~fuokZpu dk fojks/k djrh vk;ha Fkh] eqfLye yhx dh iFkd~ fuokZpu dh ek¡x Lohdkj djyh rFkk ;g fu”p; fd;k fd çkUrksa esa vYila[;dksa dks tula[;k ds vuqikr ls vf/kdçfrfuf/kRo fn;k tk,A dkaxzsl }kjk ml le; ;g le>kSrk vaxzst ljdkj ls “kklulq/kkj çkIr djus ds fy, vko”;d le>k x;kA ekWUV QksMZ lq/kkjksa dh ;kstuk esa vaxzsthljdkj usa iFkd~ fuokZpu {ks=ksa rFkk vYila[;dksa dh tula[;k ds vuqikr ls vf/kdçfrfuf/kRo nsus dh O;oLFkk okys bLk le>kSrs dh yksdra= ds fo#) crkdj vkykspukrks dh ysfdu mls Lohdkj Hkh dj fy;k D;ksafd blds }kjk mUgsa fgUnw&eqlyekuksa esaLFkk;h QwV ds cht Mkyuk FkkA

lu~ 1918 esa çFke fo”o ;q) dh lekfIr ij baxyS.M o VdhZ dh laf/k dsvuqlkj VdhZ ds [kyhQk dks xn~nh ls mrkj fn;k x;k A vaxzstksa ds bl dk;Z ds fo#),d f[kykQr vkUnksyu pykA uoEcj 1919 esa ,d f[kykQr lEesyu gqvk] ftldhv/;{krk xka/khth us dh vkSj bl ç”u ij vaxzsth ljdkj ds fo#) vlg;ksx vkUnksyupykus dk fu.kZ; gqvkA bl dkj.k dkaxzsl ds fu”p;kuqlkj tc 1920 dk vlg;ksxvkUnksyu pyk] rks mlesa fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dk nkSj jgk] ;|fi eqlyekuksa dh vksj lsla?k’kZ dk lapkyu f[kykQr desVh us fd;k] eqfLye yhx us ugha] yhx rc Hkh mllsiFkd jghA

vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds Ik”pkr~ vaxzzstksa ds çksRlkgu ls] tks lkEçnkf;d >xM+sloZ= gq,] mUgksaus fQj yhx ds çfrfØ;koknh eqlyekuksa dks “kfDr”kkyh cuk fn;kA lu~1921 ls 1926 rd fgUnw eqfLye naxs brus c<+ fd fgUnw eqlyekuksa dh ,drklekIrçk;% gks xbZA blh chp fgUnqvksa ds “kqf) vkUnksyuksa ds dkj.k fgUnw eqfLye lEcU/kvkSj Hkh fcxM+ x,A ljdkj dh vksj ls bu lkEçnkf;d naxksa dks çksRlkgu gh feykAlu~ 1924 esa egkRek xka/kh us fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ds fy, vu”ku fd;k vkSj jk’Vªoknheqlyekuksa ds ç;Ruksa ls ,drk lEesyu gqvk] ijUrq ;g LFkk;h ,drk LFkkfir djus esavlQy jgkA

lu~ 1927 esa tc lkbeu vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr gqbZ] rks yhx us mlls lg;ksxfd;k] tcfd dkaxzsl us deh”ku ds cfg’dkj dk fu”p; fd;k FkkA vr% eqgEen “kQhdh v/;{krk esa eqfLye yhx dk ,d lEesyu fd;k x;k] ftlesa eksgEen tQ#Yyk [kk¡dk deh”ku ds Lokxr djus dk çLrko ikl fd;k x;kA “kQh lkgc dh yhx us cknesa ,d loZnyh; eqfLye lEesyu fd;k] ftlesa eqfLye yhx us Hkkx fy;k rFkk yhx lsûsg: fjiksVZ* dks vLohdkj djkus esa lQy gks x,A ljdkj dh vksj ls


[[33]]

lkEçnkf;drkokfn;ksa dks [kwc c<+kok fn;k x;k rFkk Hkkjr ea=h us ok;ljk; dks fy[kkfd lkbeu deh”ku Hkkjr esa fgUnw&cgqy cgqla[;d dkaxzsl ds ctk; eqfLye yhx rFkkvNwrksa tSls Hkkjrh;ksa ds vYila[;d oxksZa ij vf/kd fuHkZj jgsA

vaxzsth ljdkj dh vksj ls ;g ?kks’k.kk dh xbZ fd dsUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk esaeqlyekuksa dks 33 çfr”kr LFkku fn, tk,axsA fla/k dks ,d vyx çkUr cukus dheqlyekuksa dh ek¡x Hkh eku yh xbZA ,slh fLFkfr esa lu~ 1935 ds ,DV ds vUrZxr tcdkaxzsl us çkUrksa esa eaf=e.My cuk,] rks yhx us muds “kkluksa dks ,sls vR;kpkjh fgUnwjkT; dh laKk nh] ftlesa eqfLye vYila[;dksa ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha FkkAifj.kkeLo:i tc f}rh; fo”o ;q) ds ç”u ij dkaxzsl eaf=e.Myksa us R;kxi= fn,] rksyhx us êqfDr fnol* euk;k vkSj mudh ek¡x ,d ix vkSj c<+ xbZA eqfLye yhx dsusrk ^ftUuk* us [kqydj nks jk’Vªksa ds fl)kUr dk Loj vykiuk çkjEHk fd;k rFkk yhxds lu~ 1940 ds ykgkSj vf/kos”ku esa mUgksaus Li’V dgk fd ^^Hkkjr dh leL;k dk Lo:ivUrZtkrh; ugha gS] vfirq Li’Vr;k og vUrjkZ’Vªh; gS-- ;g ,d LoIu gS fd fgUnw rFkkeqlyeku dHkh ,d lfEefyr jk’Vª cu ldrs gSA ,sls nks jk’Vªks dks ,d jkT; dsvUrZxr ,d tq, esa pyk, tkus ifj.kkeLo:i vo”; gh vlUrks’k c<+sxk vkSj ,sls fdlhjkT; dk tks <k¡pk cusxk] og u’V gks tk,xk-** jk’Vªh; eqlyekuksa dh vksj ls ftUuk dsnks jk’Vªks ds fl)kUr dh vkykspuk dh xbZ] fdUrq ljdkj bu lc ckrksa dks D;ksa lquusokyh Fkh] tc buls mls Hkkjr dh Hkwfe ij iSj tek, j[kus dh lqfo/kk feyrh FkhA

eqlyekuksa ds fy, ,d vyx jkT; dk fopkj loZçFke ^lkjs tgk¡ ls vPNkfgUnksLrka gekjk* tSl jk’Vªh; xhr ds jpf;rk “kk;j lj eqgEen bdcky ds efLr’d esavk;k] ftUgksaus 1930 ds yhx ds bykgkckn vf/kos”ku ds le; rRlEcU/kh fopkj O;Drfd, A eqfLye çfrfØ;kokfn;ksa dks ;g fopkj vR;Ur vPNk yxk vkSj ,d ,sls jkT;dh LFkkiuk] tgk¡ os vYila[;d u gksdj cgqla[;d ds :i esa “kkludrkZ gks ldsa]mudh jktuhfr dk fo’k; cu x;kA xksyest ifj’knksa ds le; dSfEczt ds dqNeqlyeku Nk=ksa }kjk ikfdLrku ;kstuk ds lEcU/k esa ,d iqfLrdk çdkf”kr dh xbZ]ftlesa flU/k] if”peksÙkj çkUr vkSj iatkc dks feykdj ikfdLrku cukus dk lq>ko j[kkx;k] ;|fi yhxh usrkvksa us mls yM+dksa dh dkYifud ,oa vO;kogkfjd ;kstuk crk;kAblds ckn mLekfu;k fo”ofo|ky; ds çksQslj MkW- vCnqy yrhQ us ,d ;kstuk j[kh]ftlesa Hkkjr dks 15 lkaLdfrd {ks=ksa esa ck¡Vdj 4 eqlyekuksa dks nsus dk lq>ko j[kkx;k A lu~ 1938 esa flU/k eqfLye yhx ds vf/kos”ku ij eqfLye rFkk fgUnw çkUrksa dsvyx&vyx la?k cuk, tkus dh ek¡x dh xbZA lu~ 1940 esa yhx ds vf/kos”ku esa nksjk’Vªksa ds fl)kUr dk çfriknu fd;k x;k vkSj Li’Vr% ikfdLrku dh ek¡x dh xbZAvxys gh o’kZ 1941 esa enzkl vf/kos”ku esa mDr ek¡x dks fQj nksgjk;k x;k vkSj eqfLyeyhx ds mn~ns”;ksa esa Hkh mlds vuqlkj ifjorZu dj fy;k x;k A lu~ 1942 esa fØIlfe”ku us vizR;{k :i esa ikfdLrku Lohdkj djds eqlyekuksa dh mDr ek¡x dks vkSj HkhçksRlkfgr fd;kA

ekpZ 1944 esa fQj ,d ckj bl vk”k; dk çLrko ikfjr fd;k x;k fdeqlyekuksa ds cgqer okys {ks=ksa dks ,d Lora= jkT; esa laxfBr fd;k tk,] ;|fi mlle; ns”k ds foHkktu dh dksbZ ;kstuk ugha j[kh xbZ FkhA eqfLye yhx ds usrkvksa dsefLr’d esa py jgs bl çdkj ds fopkjksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i iw.kZ Hkkjr ds “kklu ds :ils lEcfU/kr ftruh ;kstuk,a blds ckn çLrqr gqbZ] lc foQy gqbZA f”keyk lEesyu


[[34]]

blfy, foQy gqvk fd yhx dkaxzsl }kjk dk;Zdkfj.kh esa eqlyekuksa dks lfEefyr ughadjus nsuk pkgrh FkhA dSfcusV fe”ku ;kstuk blfy, vlQy jgh fd eqfLye yhx dhikfdLrku dh ek¡x iwjh ugha gksrh FkhA

dkaxzsl dh vUrfje ljdkj esa ços”k dks eqfLye yhx us fgUnw jkT; dk vR;kpkjdgk vkSj mlls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, 16 vxLr] 1946 dh ^lh/kh dk;Zokgh* çkjEHk dh]tks lkEçnkf;d ikxyiu ds dkj.k fugRFkh fgUnw turk ds thou ls f[kyokM+ djus dsflok; vkSj dqN ugha Fkh A dqN fnuksa ds fy, dydÙkk] uksvk[kkyh] iVuk] ykgkSj rFkkdqN vU; LFkkuksa ij eqlyeku xq.Mksa us os uhprk iw.kZ dk.M fd, ftudk mnkgj.kmlls iwoZdkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa feyuk dfBu gSA

lkEçnkf;d naxksa ls ifjiw.kZ okrkoj.k dk vkSj vf/kd cuk jguk vaxzsth ljdkj}kjk [krjs ls [kkyh ugha le>k x;kA vr% mldh vksj ls ?kks’k.kk dh xbZ fd twu 1948ls igys Hkkjrh; gkFkksa esa iw.kZ mÙkjnk;h “kfDr dk gLrkarj.k dj fn;k tk,A ykWMZekmaVcsVu us Hkkjr vkdj ;g Li’V ns[k fy;k fd eqfLye yhx viuh ikfdLrku dhftn ij vM+h gqbZ gS] vr% mUgksaus 3 twu] 1947 dks vaxzsth ljdkj ds ijke”kZ ls Hkkjrds foHkktu dh ;kstuk dh ?kks’k.kk dh vkSj Hkkjr ds foHkktu ds ifj.kkeLo:i 14vxLr 1947 dks ikfdLrku ewrZ :i esa vk x;kAlUnHkZ

· oh0 iÍkfHk lhrk jeS;k] dkaxzsl dk laf{kIr bfrgkl

· oh0,y xzksoj vkSj ;”kiky] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl

· ih0,y0 xkSre] vk/kqfud Hkkjr] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh

· MkW0 ,0 ds0 feÙky] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl

· MkW0 _f’kds”k flag] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ,oa Hkkjrh; x.kra= dk lafo/kku


[[35]]

fujkyk vkSj eqfDrcks/k% ,d n`f"V& ,d lksp

MkW0 vkuUn dqekj feJkvflLVsaV izksQslj&fganh foHkkx

izse fd”ku [kUuk jktdh; egkfo|ky;] tykykckn] “kkgtgk¡iqj] m0iz0A

fgUnh lkfgR; esa fujkyk Nk;kokn ds ekSfyd] laosnu”khy o ,d izrhd&iq:’k FksrFkk eqfDrcks/k Nk;kokn ds var o u;h dfork ds vkjEHk ds chp izxfrokn ds ekDlZoknls izHkkfor dfoA ijUrq bu nksuksa gh dfo;ksa dk O;fDrRo fdlh Hkh /kkjk fo”ks’k ;k ôkn*ls ca/kk gqvk ugha FkkA fujkyk Nk;kokn ;qx esa Nk;kokn dk gh vfrØe.k djLoPNUnrkokn dh ckr djrs gSaA ;gk¡ izxfroknh psruk izxfroknh vkUnksyu ls iwoZ ghmudh dforkvksa esa vfHkO;Dr gks jgh FkhA ;g mudh êS “kSyh* dk gh izHkko Fkk fddF; o Hkk’kk f”kYi ds Lrj ij iz;ksxokn o u;h dfork dk fcEc mudh dforkvksa esaigys gh fn[kkbZ nsus yxk FkkA eqfDrcks/k ekDlZokn ds leFkZd gksus ds ckotwn HkhekDlZoknh lhekvksa esa ca/ks ugha Fks rFkk u;h dfork dh lhekvksa dks rksM+ jgs FksA bunksuksa dfo;ksa us thou ds dBksj la?k’kZ o ;kruk dks] ruko vkSj volkn dks >syk FkkAvkSj bl thoukuqHko dks xgjh laosnuk ls dkO; esa O;Dr djrs gq;s vfHkO;fDr ds fy;sdyk&Lrj ij] Hkk’kk vkSj f”kYi ds Lrj ij la?k’kZ djds oLrq vkSj :i nksuksa esa ghifjorZu fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd nksuksa gh vius&vius ledkyhu dfo;ksa ls vyx vkSjfof”k’V Fks vkSj “kk;n blhfy;s nksuksa gh dfo;ksa us lkfgR;dkjksa rFkk vkykspdksa }kjkmis{kk dks gh ik;kA

rRdkyhu lkaLdfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fujkyk vkSjeqfDrcks/k nksuksa dk gh xgjk ukrk Fkk] mudh rh[kh izfrfØ;k,¡ mudh dforkvksa esa O;Drgksrh jgh gSaaA ^Ô;kid :i esa eqfDrcks/k dks thoucks/k dk dfo dgk tk ldrk gSAfujkyk bl cks/k ls vkxs c<+dj ^n”kZu* vkSj ^lk{kkRdkj* dh euksHkwfe esa igqap x;s gSAmudk LFkku ltuZkRed thou nf’V ls mRiUu mu dfo;ksa dh vxziafDr esa gS] ftulslaLdfr vkSj ekuork efgekfUor gks jgh gSA**1 tgk¡ fujkyk lkekftd fo’kerk dksfn[kkdj mlds lek/kku dk iz;kl djrs gSa ogha eqfDrcks/k lkekftd fo’kerk ds ewydkj.k dk oSKkfud fo”kys’k.k djrs gq;s mlds mUewyu dk ,d Bksl ekxZ iz”kLr djrsgSaA ^^fujkyk dh ijEijk vkt dh ;qxhu ifjLFkfr;ksa esa dkSu lk :i ysxh] bls eqfDrcks/kds dkO; esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ------------>d>ksjk gqvk vkneh vius dks fdl izdkj dgldrk gSA bldk mnkgj.k ge bu lkfgR;dkjksa esa ik ldrs gSaA**2

fujkyk vkSj eqfDrcks/k nksuksa dh dforkvksa esa ruko vkSj volkn rks fn[kkbZ iM+rkgS ysfdu dqaBk] uSjk”;] la”k;] vukLFkk ughaA O;fDrxr la?k’kZ rFkk vuqHkoksa us ftrukfujkyk ds dkO; esa vfHkO;fDr ik;h gS mruh gh eqfDrcks/k ds dkO; esa HkhA fujkyk dh^ljkst Lefr* dsoy “kksd xhr ds :i esa bruh izfl) ugha gqbZ ftruh bl dkj.k fd;g dfork fujkyk us viuh iq=h dh eR;q ij fy[khA bl izdkj dh ;g fgUnh dhvdsyh jpuk gSA vR;ar oS;fDrd gksrs gq, Hkh ;g jpuk O;kid vkfFkZd] lkekftd]/kkfeZd O;oLFkk dh foMEcukvksa dks O;Dr djrh gSA eqfDrcks/k dh dfork ^va/ksjs esa*vkfFkZd ladV o mlds ifj.kke rFkk nksuksa ds e/; la?k’kZ dh dBksjrk vkSj Hk;kogrk dsfcEc dks ysdj pyrh gSA tgk¡ ^ljkst Lefr* esa ljkst dh eR;q ekuoh; eR;q gS] thou

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ISSN : 0976-1136

ds mYykl vkSj lgt izQqYyrk dk neu gS] ogha ^va/ksjs esa* esa Hkh tu&thou dh eR;qgS] “kks’k.k gSA nksuksa esa gh bl “kks’k.k vkSj e`R;q ds fojks/k esa thou dk Loj rks gS ijUrqijkt;&cks/k fcydqy ughaA dqy feykdj nksuksa dfo;ksa dh ;s jpuk,¡ cnyrs ;qx vkSjekuo lH;rkvksa dks >d>ksj nsus okyh fl) gksrh gSaA

^ftthfo’kk* vkSj ^fojks/kh rRoksa dk vn~Hkqr lkeatL;* fujkyk vkSj eqfDrcks/k nksuksadh fo”ks’krk jgh gSA ysfdu blesa fujkyk tgk¡ lgt gSa ogha eqfDrcks/k blesa u;s&u;slanHkZ tksM+rs gq;s fn[kk;h iM+rs gSaA “kk;n blhfy;s MkW0 jkeLo:i prqosZnh eqfDrcks/k dhjpukvksa dks fujkyk ls vf/kd dchj ds fudV ekurs gSaA ^^fujkyk esa dchj tSlh fonzksgdh cspSuh gS rks nwljh vksj rqylh tSlh xgjh ltukRed fpark Hkh gSA eqfDrcks/k dkBkB fdlh ls feyrk gS rks flQZ dchj lsA oSlh gh cspSuh vkSj dHkh&dHkh oSlh ghdkseyrk vkSj oSlk gh QDdM+iuA ewy iz”u gS fd ;g cspSuh fdl gn rd vkSj dSlsjpuk esa :ikarfjr gksrh gSA**3

fujkyk dh ^jke dh “kfDr iwtk* vkSj eqfDrcks/k dh ^va/ksjs esa* nksuksa gh fgUnh dhyEch dfork,¡ gSa rFkk nksuksa esa gh egkdkO; ds lHkh xq.k gSaA vk/kqfudrk vkSj }a} psrukfpUru dk fo’k; gSaA nksuksa esa ,d vksj ;qxhu psruk vkSj vius ;qx dk vkRela?k’kZ gS rksnwljh vksj ,d lkaLdfrd&lkekftd izfØ;k HkhA tgk¡ eqfDrcks/k dfork dks lkaLdfrdizfØ;k ds :i esa ns[krs gSa ogha fujkyk jke dh “kfDr iwtk esa jke ds O;fDrRo dh ,dlkekU; ekuo&Hkwfe ij izfr’Bk djrs gSa rFkk lEcU/kksa dh j{kk ds izfr mudh vizfrefu’Bk dk u;s vFkksaZ esa mn~?kkVu Hkh djrs gSaA fo”ks’k :i esa ^^nksuksa dforkvksa ds dsUnz esavk/kqfud ;FkkFkZ gS] vkarfjd }a} gS] cfg}Za} Hkh gS vkSj euq’; gS ;gh êuq’;* viuh“kfDr dks laxfBr dj y{; ik ldrk gS& vUr%”kfDr dks fodflr djds Hkh vkSjlkewfgd “kfDr dks fodflr djds HkhA nksuksa gh dfo;ksa us vyx&vyx <ax ls euq’;dh bl vUos’k.k&”kfDr] la?k’kZ “kfDr dks fpf=r fd;k gSA**4 dqy feykdj fujkyk dsikl tgk¡ lk/kuk gS] v}Sroknh n”kZu gS] vkLFkk vkSj deZ&fu’Bk gS ogha eqfDrcks/k dsikl la?k’kZ gS] turkaf=d ewY; vkSj ekDlZokn gS rFkk tuØkafr esa vkLFkk vkSj tupsruk gSA

^va/ksjk* nksuksa gh dfo;ksa dh dfork esa egRoiw.kZ fcEc vkSj izrhd cudj mHkjk gSAeqfDrcks/k esa va/ksjs dk fp=.k fujkyk&dkO; esa yEch vof/k rd QSys va/kdkj dh gh ;knfnykrk gSA fujkyk ds va/kdkj dk izkFkfed ladsr vk/;kfRed Lrj ij gS tcfdeqfDrcks/k ds va/ksjs dk :i lkekftd lanHkZ ls vf/kd tqM+k gSA eqfDrcks/k esa vkLFkk vkSjla”k; lkekftd thou esa yxkrkj :i cnyrk jgrk gS vkSj “kk;n blhfy;s jgL;iw.kZHkh gSA “kk;n blhfy;s MkW0 ukeoj flag us dgk ^^va/ksjs esa dh lajpuk dh lcls cM+hfo”ks’krk gSA -------------------ijLij fojks/kh Hkko fp=ksa dk ?kwi&Nkagh esy ftls vkpk;Z jkepUnz“kqDy ^fo:)ksa dk lkekatL;* dgrs Fks] ---------- ^va/ksjs esa* ds vUrxZr loZ= va/ksjk gh ughagS cfYd pedrh gqbZ jax&fcjaxh ef.k;k¡ Hkh gSaA canwd vkSj xksfy;k¡ gh ugha] Qwykas dsxqPNs Hkh gSa] fi”kkp vkdfr iq:’k gh ugha] ldeZd lr~&fpr~&HkkLdj&u;s u;s lgpj HkhgSaA Hk; gh ugha] ekuo d:.kk Hkh gS] ihM+k gh ugha vkLFkk Hkh gSA lEiw.kZ dfork esa va/ksjsds Åij vfLrRo dh ,d vykSfdd lqxa/k O;kIr gSA ------------/;ku ls ns[kk tk;s rks ^jkedh “kfDr iwtk* esa Hkh fujkyk ,sls /kwi&Nkgha fp=ksa dks ysdj pyrs gSa&

mrjk T;ksa nqxZe ioZr ij uS”kkU/kdkj]pedrh nwj rkjk,a R;ksa gh dgha ikjA


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;gh ugha lcls izfl) LFky rks mudk ^jke ds }a}*] êkuoh;rk vkSj fojks/kkRed“kfDr;ksa* ds ewrZ fcEc ls lEcfU/kr gS&

gS vek fu”kk mxyrk ?ku&va/kdkj([kks jgk fn”kk dk Kku( LrC/k gSa iou pkjA

re vkSj izdk”k dk ;g }a} nksuksa dforkvksa ds vFkZ&lkSan;Z] f”kYi lkSan;Z dks xgjkdjrk gSA va/ksjs dks rksM+rk gqvk izdk”k dfork dh oLrq Hkh gS] :i HkhA ^va/ksjs esa* dforkesa vius vkUrfjd fu;eksa dk rkukckuk re vkSj izdk”k ls gh cquk x;k gS& muds vusdfcEcksa vkSj izrhdksa lsA**5

dqy feykdj fofHkUu izdkj ds fp=ksa] fcEcksa& Hk;kud] jkSnz] ohjrkiw.kZ] osnuke;]Jaxkjiw.kZ] “kkUrjl ls iw.kZ n`”; o fØ;k&izfrfØ;k nksuksa dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa esa pyrhjgrh gS vUrj dsoy nf’V dk] fopkj n”kZu vkSj izdfr dk gSA fujkyk esa ,d izdkj dhO;oLFkk] la;e] vuq”kklu] fodkleku fLFkfr;ka feyrh gSa ysfdu eqfDrcks/k mls /oLrdjrs gq;s ,d rhoz ifjorZu”khy fLFkfr dk vkosx ysdj vkxs c<+rs gSaA ;g nksuksa dfo;ksads LoHkko dk ,d vUrj Hkh gSA Li’V gS fd fujkyk vkSj eqfDrcks/k nksuksa gh dfovFkZoRrk dh [kkst] euq’; ds la?k’kZ ds O;kid vkSj tfVy /kjkry dh ftthfo’kk vkSjlkaLdfrd ewY;ksa dks ysdj vkxs c<+rs gSaA tgk¡ jpuk vkSj jpuk f”kYi nksuksa gh flQZdfork ds u;s izfreku vkSj thou ls laosnuiw.kZ ljksdkj] fparu vkSj lexzrk dksizfrf’Br djrs fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA

lUnHkZ xzUFk&1- MkW0 txnh”k izlkn JhokLro& ^fujkyk dk dkO;* i’B la0 2342- v”kksd pØ/kj& êqfDrcks/k dh dkO;&izfØ;k*] i`’B la0 153- MkW0 jkeLo:i prqosZnh& ^fgUnh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl* i’B la0 3374- fxjh”k jLrksxh& êqfDrcks/k vkSj va/ksjs esa* i`’B la0 965- MkW0 cPpu flag& ^vk/kqfud fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* i`’B la0 320


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tutkrh; fodkl ,oa vkUnksyuTribal Development and Movement

*MkW0 nhid dqekj] **dq0 T;ksfr*Hkwxksy foHkkx] lgk0 izk/;kid Hkwxksy foHkkx] ,0ih0 fMxzh dkWyst Å¡pk xk¡o]

cqyUn”kgj] ;w0ih0**'kks/k Nk=k] 'kkldh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] Lkruk ,e0ih0

lqnwj nqxZe {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh ,sls vusd ekuo lewg gSa] tks gtkjksa o"kksZ a ls 'ks"kfo'o dh lH;rk ls nwj viuh lkekftd] lkaLdfrd vkSj jktuhfrd psruk dh igpkucuk;s gq, gSaA ;s ekuo lewg chgM+ ouksa] e:LFkyksa] ÅWps ioZrksa vkSj vuqoZj iBkjksa ds muvapyksa esa fuokl djrs gSa] ftUgsa vk/kqfud lekt dh vFkZnf"V vuqRiknd ekurh gSA buekuo lewgksa dk viuk vuqfYyf[kr bfrgkl Fkk] ftldk dsoy vafre i"B gh 'ks"k jgx;k gS vkSj mlesa fy[kk gS] fd u tkus fdl le; ;g lewg NksVs&NksVs ,sls dchyksa esacaV x;k] ftuesa ,d nwljs dh igpku vkSj fj'rksa dh Mksjh ;k rks VwV pqdh gS ;k my>pqdh gSA fgUnh esa ,sls ekuo lewgksa ds fy, ^vkfnoklh*] ^vkfneoklh* vkSj ^tutkfr*tSls lEcks/ku gSaA ;s lHkh 'kCn vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds ûsfVo*] ^,cksfjtuy* vkSj ^Vªkbc* ;k^VªkbcYl* 'kCn ds i;kZ; gSaA

u'kkfL=;ksa vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa us vius&vius {ks= dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i ,d'kCn pquk rks dHkh nwljkA ;fn fjtys] yhds vkSj fxzxlu dh n`f"V esa ^,uksfjtuy* vkSjûsfVo* 'kCn vf/kd mi;qDr gSa] rks gSeuMkdZ ds fy, vdsyk ^Vªkbc* 'kCn gh i;kZIr gSAosfj;j ,fYou ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa ij foLrkj ls vkSj vf/kdkfjd rkSj ij fy[kktutkfr;ksa ds fy, ^vksfjtuy vksulZ* vf/kd mi;qDr ekurs gSaA JhdkUr ds 'kCnksa esatutkfr;kW Hkkjr o"kZ esa fofHkUu le;ksa esa vyx&vyx ukeksa ls tkuh x;h gSa];Fkk&vkj.;d] jkuhijt o vkfnoklhA njvly bu lHkh 'kCnksa dh viuh&viuh lhek,WgSa vkSj izR;sd 'kCn ls tkfr dk ,d gh 'kCn mtkxj gks ikrk gSA mnkgj.k dsfy,&^vkfnoklh* 'kCn fdlh {ks= ds ewy fuokfl;ksa ds fy, mfpr lEcks/ku gSA nqfu;kHkj esa ;g lEcks/ku vkfnokfl;ksa ds izkphu gksus ds rF; dks iq"V djrk gS] fdUrq Hkkjrds vusd vkfnoklh vius {ks=ksa ds ewy fuoklh ugha gSA ^tutkfr* 'kCn Hkh ifjokjksa vkSjikfjokfjd oxksZa ds lewg dk cks/kd gSA vr% ^tutkfr* vkSj ^vkfnoklh* 'kCn ,d nwljsds i;kZ; rFkk vaxzsth 'kCnksa ds Hkh i;kZ; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;s x;s gSaA MkW- Mh-,u-etwenkj ds vuqlkj&,d tutkfr ifjokjksa ds lewg dk laxBu gksrk gS ftldk ,dlkekU; uke gksrk gS] ftlds lnL; ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx esa jgrs gSa] leku Hkk"kk cksyrsgSa vkSj fookg] O;olk; ;k m|ksx ds fo"k; esa fodflr fu"ks/kkRed fu;eksa dk ikyudjrs gSa rFkk ikjLifjd drZO;ksa dh ,d lqfodflr O;k[;k djrs gSaAtutkrh; fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk %blesa lansg ugh gS fd nwljs ekuotkrh; lewgksa dh rqyuk esa gekjs tutkfr ca/kq fiNM+sgSaA gekjs tutkrh; ca/kqvks dk fuokl LFkku ,sls {ks=ksa esa gS tgkW igqpus esa vusd rjgdh ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA muds chp vkokxeu dh vlqfo/kk gSA mudschp is; ty dh xaHkhj leL;k O;kIr gSA vkt Hkh dbZ tutkrh; xkWo ,sls

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ISSN : 0976-1136

gSaA tgkW ihus ds ikuh dh leqfpr O;OkLFkk ugh gSA ogkW ds gekjs tutkrh; ca/kqrkykc vFkok vkgj esa lafpr ikuh dk iz;ksx [kkus&ihus ds fy, djrs gSaA mUgsa vusdizdkj ds ty tfur jksxksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA tutkrh; ca/kqvksa dh O;OkLFkkvfLrRo&vfHkeq[k gSA os mRiknu miHkksx ds fy, djrs gSaA muds chp cpr dh /kkj.kkizpfyr ugha gSA vHkh Hkh dbZ tutkrh; lewg f'kdkjh rFkk muds lkeus Hkq[kejh vkSjdqiks"k.k dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZ gSA muds fy, iquokZl dh O;oLFkk Hkh ugh dh xbZgSA tutkrh; lekt esa >we df"k Hkh izpfyr gSA rFkk >we df"k ij vkfJr tutkfr;lekt dh viuh leL;k,W gSaA d"kd tutkfr;ksa dh viuh leL;k,W gSa rks nLrdkjhtutkfr;ksa dh viuh vyx leL;k,W gSaAtutkrh; fodkl ds iz;kl %

loZizFke fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks tutkrh; vlarks"k rFkk fonzksg dk lkeuk djukiM+k FkkA lcls igys gekjs tutkrh; ca/kqvks dks fodflr djus dk iz;kl Hkh fczfV'k'kkldksa }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA fczfV'k 'kkldksa }kjk tutkrh; {ks= esa vk,A bZlkbZfe'kufj;ksa }kjk tutkfr;ksa ds chp f'k{kk rFkk LokLF; fodkl ij tksj fn;k x;kAf'k{kk rFkk LokLF; fodkl ds vk/kkj ij bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa us gekjs tutkrh; ca/kqvksa dkfny thr fy;k vr% dkykUrj esa mUgksaus bZlkbZ /keZ Lohdkj fd;kA tutkfr; ca/kqvksadksa f'kf{kr cukdj mUgsa vius vf/kdkj ds izfr ltx cuk;k x;k rFkk vius vf/kdkjds fy, la?k"kZ djus dh izsj.kk Hkh iznku dh xbZA

Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn Hkkjr eas /keZ fujis{k lafo/kku ds vk/kkj ij 'kklu O;oLFkkLFkkfir dh xbZA lHkh ekuotkrh; lewgksa dks fodflr djus dk volj iznku fd;kx;kA fiNM+s ekuo tkrh; lewg ds fy, laoS/kkfud lqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd fodklds iz;kl Hkh fd, x,A vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, dbZ izdkj dh ;kstukvksa dk lw=hdj.kfd;k x;kA rFkk mUgsa fØ;kUo;u Hkh fd;k x;kA ysfdu tutkrh; fodkl dh fn'kk esavk'kk ds vuq:i lQyrk ugh izkIr gqqbZ gS rFkk tutkrh; fodkl ds iz;kl dks eq[;r%nks Hkkxksa & ¼d½ fCkzfV'k 'kkludky esa tutkrh; fodkl rFkk ¼[k½ Lora= Hkkjr esatutkrh; fodkl & esa foHkkftr dj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

fczfV'k 'kkldksa }kjk tutkrh; {ks= esa lSfudksa] iz'kkldksa rFkk iqfyl dh fu;qfDrdh xbZA bu vf/kdkfj;ksa us Hkh tutkfr;ksa dk tedj 'kks"k.k fd;kA 'kks"k.k rFkkmRihM+u ls ck/; rFkk viuh ijaijkxr O;oLFkk dks rkj&rkj gksrs ns[k tutkfr;ksa dsrsoj rhoz gq,A tutkfr;ksa ds gzn; esa vius 'kks"kdksa rFkk mRihM+dksa ds f[kykQ fonzksgdh vfXu izTofyr gqbZA mlh izTofyr vfXu us tutkrh; fonzksg ,oa vkanksyu dk :i/kkj.k fd;kA ftls ns[k fczfV'k 'kklu tutkrh; fonzksg ,oa vkUnksyu dks lSU; cy}kjk 'kkar dj fn;k x;k] ysfdu fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks etcwj gksdj tutkfr;ksa ds fodklds fy, lkspuk iM+kA tutkrh; fodkl ds fy, fczfV'k 'kklu dky esa dbZ izdkj dsdkuwu cuk, x,A tutkrh; fodkl ls lEcaf/kr dqN egRoiw.kZ dkuwu fuEufyf[kr gS %1- DyhoySaM dh igkM+h ,lascyh ;kstuk 2- caxky fofue; XII, 1833

3- fofYdalu fu;ekoyh 4- vf/kfu;e 18555- NksVkukxiqj dk'rdkjh vf/kfu;e 6- Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 18707- vuwlwfpr {ks= vf/kfu;e 1874 8- Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 19199- Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1935Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn tutkrh; fodkl %


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Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn gekjs tutkrh; ca/kqvks dks Hkkjr dh ukxfjdrk iznku dhx;h rFkk mUgsa ekSfyd vf/kdkj iznku fd, x,A gekjs ns'k esa /keZfujis{k lafo/kku dhLFkkiuk dh xbZZA gekjs lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us tutkrh; ca/kqvksa ds fy, nks izdkj dhuhfr;kW viukbZ&lqj{kkRed uhfr rFkk fodklkRed O;oLFkk nh xbZ gS tc rd oslkekU; Lrj ugha izkIr dj ysrs rFkk jk"Vª dh eq[;/kkjk ls ugha tqM+ tkrsA

gekjs lafo/kku esa vuqqPNsn 15¼4½] 16¼4½] 19¼5½] 46] 330] 332] 335 rFkk ikWpoh,oa NBh vuqlwfp;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, lqj{kkRed O;oLFkk LFkkfir dh xbZgSA vuqPNsn 275 ¼1½ rFkk 339 ¼2½ esa tutkfr;ksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl dh O;oLFkk nh xbZgSA bl O;oLFkk ds varxZr fodkl ;kstukvksa dk lw=hdj.k rFkk] fØ;kUo;u ,oa foŸkh;lgk;rk iznku djus dh O;oLFkk gSA gekjs lafo/kku esa tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl gsrqlkekftd] /kkfeZd] 'kS{kf.kd] jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd lqj{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSAlaoS/kkfud lqj{kk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, egkefge jk"Vªifr egksn; }kjk tutkfr;ksa dksvuqlwfpr tutkfr ds :i esa lwphc) fd;k x;k gSA lwphc) tutkfr;ksa ds fodklgsrq izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ls ysdj 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa rjg&rjg ds dk;ZØeksa dklw=hdj.k ,oa fØ;kUo;u fd;k x;k gSA gekjh ljdkj ds iz;klksa ls tutkfr;ksa dhlkekftd] vkfFkZd] 'kS{kf.kd] ,oa jktuhfrd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu gqvk gS] ysfdu vHkh Hkhmudk visf{kr fodkl ugh gks ik;k gS rFkk vHkh cgqr dqN djuk gSA

vr% tutkrh; fodkl dh vko/kkj.kk ds ihNs tutkrh; iz'kklu tutkrh;leL;k,W rFkk tutkrh; vkanksyu dk bfrgkl fNik gqvk gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckntutkrh; vrhr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, tutkrh; fodkl dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSAtutkrh; fodkl dh Hkkoh uhfr;kW %

Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr gekjs ns'k esa tutkrh; fodkl dh uhfr;kW dklw=hdj.k izR;sd iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh uhfr;ksadks /;ku esa j[krs gq, tutkrh; fodkl dk;ZØeksa dk ltu ,oa fØ;kUo;u fd;k x;kgSA ysfdu tutkrh; fodkl ,oa uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa ds v/;;u djus okys fo}kuksa ds}kjk izLrqr ewY;akdu&v/;;uksa dk izfrosnu n'kkZrk gS fd tutkrh; fodkl uhfr;ksa ,oa;kstuk,W vk'kkrhr lQyrk ugha izkIr dj jgh gSaA dbZ fodkl ;kstuk,W ,slh gSa ftulstutkfr;ksa dh vko';drk iwfrZ ugh gksrh gS rFkk os ;kstuk,W mudh laLdfr ds vuqdwyHkh ugh gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;kstuk,W tutkfr;ksa ds Åij cks> cu tkrh gSAifj.kkeLo:i tutkrh; yksx oSlh fodkl ;kstukvksa ds izfr mnklhu gks tkrs gSa rFkkviuh lgHkkfxrk ugh n'kZk ikrs gSaA1- fodkl ;kstukvksa dks tutkrh; laLdfr ds vuqdwy cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk

pkfg,A2- fodkl ;kstukvksa dk lw=hdj.k xzke lHkk esa fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk muds Åij

fdlh ;kstuk dks Fkksik ugh tkuk pkfg,A3- fodkl ;kstukvksa ds laca/k esa f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls tkx:drk mRiUu

fd;k tkuk pkfg,A4- tkx:drk ds vk/kkj ij tutkfr;ksa dks fodkl dk;ZØe ds izfr lpsr cuk;k

tkuk pkfg,A5- fodkl ;kstukvksa ds izR;sd Lrj ij ;kfu lw=hdj.k] fØ;kUo;u] ns[kjs[k]

ewY;kadu bR;kfn esa tutkfr;ksa dh lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkkfg,A


[[41]]

Hkkjr xkaoksa dk ns'k gSa vU; Hkkjrh; lektksa dh Hkkafr tutkrh; lekt dsvf/kdka'k lnL; xkaoks esa fuokl djrs gSaA tutkrh; xkao igkM+h] iBkjh] taxyh rFkkleqnzrVh; {ks=ksa esa fLFkfr gksrs gSa] tgkW vklkuh ls ugh igqWpk tk ldrk gSA vr%tutkrh; xkaoks ds fodkl gsrq izFkd uhfr dk ltu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tutkrh;xkaoks ds fodkl gsrq Hkfo"; esa fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk ltu fd;k tkukykHkizn gks ldrk gS %

· edku esa j[k&j[kko laca/kh tkudkjh dh O;oLFkkA· goknkj f[kM+dh ;qDr edku cukus ds fy, izksRlkguA

· edku ds vnaj vFkok ckgj lqyHk fof/k ls lkSpky; cukus dh O;oLFkk ij fo'ks"kcyA

· edku ls iz;ksx esa yk, x, vFkok o"kkZ ds ikuh ds fudyus dh O;oLFkk ijtksjA

· ikfjokfjd Je vFkok lkeqnkf;d Je }kjk xg fuekZ.k ij tksjAtutkrh; xzkeksa dh tula[;k l?ku ugh gksrh gSA tutkrh; xkaoksa esa fc[kjs gq,

?kj fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA vr% tutkrh; xkaoksa ds xyh ,oa ukyh fuekZ.k dh iFkd uhfr gksuhpkfg,A tutkrh; xkaoksa ds xyh rFkk ukyh fuekZ.k gsrq fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh uhfr;kWviukbZ tkuh pkfg, &

· l?ku vkcknh okys xkWoksa dh xfy;ksa ,oa ukfy;ksa dks LFkkuh; lalk/ku rFkklkeqnkf;d Je ds vk/kkj ij iDdk cukus dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A

· xyh esa fLFkr xans ikuh ds xM~<s dks Jenku ds ek/;e ls Hkj fn;k tkukpkfg,A

· izFkd fLFkr ?kjksa ukyh rFkk xyh dks Hkh fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkukpkfg,A

· lM+d ejEer rFkk j[k&j[kko ds fy, xzkeLrj lfefr dk xBuA

· lM+d esa iM+us okys iqy&iqfy;k ds fuekZ.k esa xzkeh.k rduhd rFkk rduhf'k;udks 'kkfey fd;k tkukA tSls ydM+h] ckWl] dkaVh] lqrjh] jLlh bR;kfn ds lgkjsrFkk xzkeokfl;ksa ds lg;ksx ls iqfy;k dk fuekZ.kA

d`f"k fodkl laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;kW %tutkrh; {ks=ksa dh df"k ;ksX; Hkwfe lery {ks= dh df"k Hkwfe ls fHkUu gksrh gSA

tutkrh; {ks= dh df"k Hkwfe nks izdkj&VkaM rFkk nksu esa caVh gksrh gSA ÅWph Hkwfe ftlij ikuh ugh Bgjrk gS] mls VkaM dgk tkrk gSA VkaM Hkwfe esa eq[;r% HknbZ Qlyksa dh[ksrh dh tkrh gSa tSls Hkknksa ekg esa rS;kj gksus okyk /kku] egqvk] eDdk] cktjk] dksnkdh tkrh bR;kfnA dqN [ksrh esa vjgj] ewax] puk] fry] bR;kfn dh [ksrh Hkh dh tkrhgSA fupyh Hkwfe tgkW o"kkZ dk ikuh vf/kd fnuksa rd Bgjrk gS] mls nksu dgk tkrk gSAnksu Hkwfe esa tM+gu /kku dh [ksrh dh tkrh gSA nksu Hkwfe esa /kku dkVdj xsgwW] puk][kslkjh] eVj bR;kfn dh [ksrh Hkh dqN [ksrksa es dh tkrh gSA ?kj ds vkxs dh Hkwfe dksckM+h dgk tkrk gSA ckM+h esa cjlkrh rFkk tkM+k esa Qy nsus okys lfCt;ksa dh [ksrh dhtkrh gSA tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa df"k eq[; :i ls Ok"kkZ ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA vr%tutkrh; {ks= esa df"k fodkl laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;kW fuEu izdkj dh gksuh pkfg,%


[[42]]

· o"kkZ ds ikuh dks flpkbZ ds fy, iks[kjk] rkykc] bR;kfn ds fuekZ.k }kjk tekdjus dh O;oLFkkA

· Qly chek ;kstuk dk c<+kok fn;k tkukA

· [ksrh laca/kh f'k{k.k ,oa izf'k{k.k dh xzkeLrj ij O;oLFkkA

· vk/kqfud [kkn&cht] dhVuk'kd nok bR;kfn ds iz;ksx laca/kh f'k{k.k ,oaizf'k{k.kA

· df"k mitksa ds ifj"dj.k ,oa HkaMkj.k laca/kh f'k{k.k ,oa izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkkAeqxhZikyu laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;k¡ %

lHkh tutkfr;ksa ds e/; eqxhZikyu ds is'ks dks vPNk ugha ekuk tkrk gSA ftututkfr;ksa ij fganwdj.k dk izHkko iM+k gS] muesa eqxhZikyu is'kk dks gs; nf"V ls ns[kktkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, xzke iz/kku] xzke iqtkjh ds lg;ksxh] Vkuk Hkxr bR;kfnifjokjksa esa eqxhZ ikyu izFkk izpfyr ugh gSA vU; tutkrh; ifjokjksa ds e/; eqxhZikyuizFkk ikbZ tkrh gSA ?kqearq tutkrh; ifjokjksa esa Hkh eqxhZikyu izFkk dk izpyu gSA vr%tutkfr;ksa ds e/; eqxhZikyu O;oLFkk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fuEu izdkj dh uhfr;kWviukbZ tkuh pkfg,%

· eqxhZikyu laca/kh izpfyr fo'oklksa esa ifjorZu ykus dh O;oLFkkA

· eqxhZikyu is'ks laca/kh xzke Lrj ij f'k{k.k ,oa izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkkA· eqfxZ;ksa ds le;≤ ij LokLF; tkap dh O;oFkkA

· vaMk rFkk eqfxZ;ksa dh [kjhn&fcØh dh O;oLFkkA· ns'kh rFkk vPNs uLy dh eqfxZ;ksa ds ikyu ij cyA

· xzke Lrj ij ykHkwdksa dk p;uAcdjh ikyu laca/kh uhfr;kW %

eqxhZikyu is'kk dh rjg cdjh ikyu is'kk dks Hkh lHkh tutkfr;ksa ds e/; vPNkugha ekuk tkrk gSA gkykafd eqxhZ] vaMk] cdjk bR;kfn dh cfy izFkk tutkfr; lektksaesa izpfyr gS] ysfdu fgUnw /kEkZ ls izHkkfor tutkrh; ifjokjksa esa cdjh ikyu izFkk dkizpyu ugha gSA vU; tutkrh; ifjokjksa esa nw/k rFkk ekal dh vkiwfrZ gsrq cdjh ikyudh izFkk izpfyr gSA cdjh ikyu ls ikfjokfjd vk; esa of) gksrh gSA vr% tutkrh;ifjokjksa ds chp cdjh ikyu is'kk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fuEu izdkj dh uhfr;ksa dkltu fd;k tkuk pkfg, %

· cdjh ikyu is'kk laca/kh izpfyr fo'oklksa esa ifjorZu ykus dh O;oLFkkA

· xzke Lrj ij le;≤ ij cdjh ikyu is'kk laca/kh f'k{k.k ,oa izf'k{k.k dhO;oLFkkA

· vPNs uLy ds cdfj;ksa dh vkiwfrZA

· cdfj;ksa dh [kjhn&fcØh dh O;oLFkkAeNyh ikyu laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;k¡ %eNyh ikyu dks c<+kok nsdj tutkrh; ifjokj dh vk; of) dh tk ldrh gSAtutkrh; {ks= esa fLFkr unh] ukyk] iks[kjksa bR;kfn esa eNyh vius&vki mRiUu gkstkrh gSaA tutkrh; yksx mu unh ?kkVksa] ukykvksa rFkk iks[kjksa esa eNyh ekjrs gS rFkk


[[43]]

eNyh [kkrs gSA os yksx eNyh ikyrs ugha gSa rFkk eNyh cspdj iSlk Hkh ughdekrs gSaA vr% tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa eNyhikyu laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;kW fuEu izdkj dh gksuhpkfg,%

· tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa fLFkr iks[kjksa rFkk ukyksa esa lkewfgd :i ls eNyh ikyu dhO;oLFkkA

· flapkbZ ds fy, fufeZr lHkh NksVs&cM+s iks[kjksa esa xzke lfefr }kjk eNyh ikyudh O;oLFkkA

nqX/k mRiknu laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;k¡ &tutkrh; lektksa esa nqX/k mRiknu gsrq xk;&HkSal ikyu dk izpyu ugha ds

cjkcj gSA gkykafd dqN tutkrh; lektksa dk eq[; is'kk xk;&HkSal ikyu jgk gS]ysfdu vf/kdka'k tutkrh; lektksa esa xk;&HkSal ikyu ugha ds cjkcj ns[kk tk ldrkgSA df"k deZ ij vk/kkfjr tutkrh; lektksa esa Hkh xk;&HkSal ikyu ij fo'ks"k cy ughafn;k tkrk gSA dqN ifjokjksa ds chp dqN xk;sa ns[kh tkrh gSa] ysfdu mudh uLy mUUkrfdLe dh ugh gksrh gSa rFkk muls vf/kd ek=k esa nqX/k dk mRiknu laHko ugha gksrkA

· fefJe uLy dh xk;&HkSal iznku djus dh O;oLFkkA

· xk;&HkSal ikyu laca/kh f'k{k.k ,oa izf'k{k.k dh xzke&Lrj ij O;oLFkkA· i'kqvksa ds fy, chek dh O;oLFkkA

· ,d nq/kk: xk;@HkSal ds nw/k ls ,d ifjokj ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k laca/kh lans'k dkizpkj&izlkjA

· i'kqikyu ds fy, ifjokjksa@ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk p;u xzke Lrj lfefr }kjk fd;ktkuk pkfg,A

ou fodkl laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;k¡&ou ,oa tutkfr ds chp vkjaHk ls gh vU;ksU;kJ; laca/kh jgk gSA taxy rFkk

tutkfr ds chp lgthoh lEca/k Hkh jgk gSA ,d ds vHkko esa nwljs ds vfLrRo dhdYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA ysfdu le;≤ ij ljdkj }kjk ykxw dh xbZ ouuhfr;ksa ds dkj.k taxy ij tutkfr;ksa dk vf/kdkj lhfer gksrk pyk x;k gSA ,dle; Fkk tc tutkrh; yksx vius vkidks taxy dk jktk le>rs FksA os yksx taxyij vkfJr Fks] ou nsoh dh iwtk djrs Fks rFkk taxy dh j{kk djuk viuk ije dRRkZO;le>rs FksA taxy dh voS/k dVkbZ eas os Hkh 'kkfey gks x, gSaA ljdkjh deZpkjh rFkktaxy Bsdsnkj ls feydj os yksx Hkh ou mitksa dh pksjh esa 'kkfey gksus yxs gSaA vr%tutkfr;ksa dh laLdfr rFkk vko';drk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ou fodkl laca/kh Hkkohuhfr;k¡ fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh gksuh pkfg, %

· tutkfr;ksa dks y?kqou mitksa ¼Qy] Qwy] cht] ifRr;kW] bR;kfn½ ds ladyu dhiw.kZ Lora=rk iznku dh tkuh pkfg,A

· tutkfr;ksa dks bZ/ku gsrq lw[kh ifŸk;ksa] Mkfy;ksa rFkk ydfM+;ksa ds ladyu dhlqfo/kk iznku dh tkuh pkfg,A

· edku] Vksdjh RkFkk jLlh fuekZ.k ds fy, tutkfr;ksa dks ydM+h ckal] bR;kfn dhlqfo/kk nh tkuh pkfg,A ]


[[44]]

· taxy esa tUe ysus okys Qkyrw ikS/kksa dh lQkbZ ds fy, ikl&iM+ksl dhtutkfr;ksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k tkuk pkfg, RkFkk mu ikS/kksa dks ys tkus dhLora=rk mUgsa iznku dh tkuh pkfg,A

· tutkrh; lekt ds fpfdRlk ekuo ds Kku dk mi;ksx vkS"k/kh; xq.k okysisM+&ikS/kksa dh igpku es adh tkuh pkfg, RkFkk mu ikS/kksa ds Åij oSKkfudvuqla/kku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

· ou fodkl ds fy, tutkfr;ksa] ou inkf/kdkfj;ksa] ou Bsdsnkjksa rFkk ouO;olkf;;ksa dks lkFk&lkFk feydj dke djuk pkfg,A

· taxy dh voS/k dVkbZ ij iw.kZr% izfrca/k dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A

· ou fodkl uhfr;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa thus ;ksX; fodkl dh /kkj.kk dks viuk;ktkuk pkfg,A

f'k{kk fodkl dh Hkkoh uhfr;kW %tutkrh; lekt esa vf'k{kk dh leL;k vHkh Hkh cuh gqbZ gSA ljdkj }kjk

izkFkfed f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z cuk fn, tkus ds ckotwn Hkh vf/kdka'k tutkrh;ckyd@ckfydkvksa dk vkd"kZ.k vk/kqfud f'k{kk dh vksj ugha gks ik jgk gSA tutkrh;lekt esa vHkh Hkh ukekadu u djkus dh leL;k] Ldwy u tkus dh leL;k rFkk LdwyNksM+ nsus dh leL;k cuh gqbZ gSA lqnwj taxyh igkM+h {ks=ksa esa rks fLFkfr vkSj uktqdcuh gqbZ gSA mu lektksa esa ckyd@ckfydkvksa dks ?kjsyw dkeksa esa yxk;k tkrk gSAvFkok etnwjh djus ds fy, ok/; fd;k tkrk gSA muds fy, lk{kj gksuk egRoiw.kZ ughagksrk gS] egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS] jksVh izkIr djukA Hkkstu izkIr djus dh leL;k ls tw>rs gq,mu cPpksa dks vk/kqfud f'k{kk izkIr djus rFkk lk{kj cuus ds fy, izkFkfed Ldwyksa esaukekadu djkuk Hkh mfpr ugha le>k tkrk gSA dgha ij vxj ukekadu djk Hkh fn;ktkrk gS rc mUgsa vf/kdka'k fnukas vuqifLFkr jguk iM+rk gS] LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa lk{kj cukusdk iz;klA

· izkFkfed Lrj ds Ldwyksa esa leqnk; dh efgyk f'kf{kdk dh fu;qfDrA· izkFkfed Lrj rd ikB~;&iqLrd esa LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k ds laca/k esa tkudkjh tSls

isM+&ikS/ks] i'kq&i{kh] izdfr iznRr lHkh oLrq,W bR;kfnA

· oxZ dk;Z ij tksj] xgdk;Z ij cy ugha nsus dh O;oLFkkA· izkFkfed f'k{kk ds ckn y?kq jkstxkj gsrq foRrh; lgk;rk dh O;oLFkkA

· eqgkojsa] dgkorsa rFkk vark{kjh [ksyksa ds vk/kkj ij izfr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk dsfodkl ij tksj nsukA

tutkrh; efgyk fodkl laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;k¡ %tutkrh; efgykvksa ds Åij fd, x, v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k

tutkrh; efgykvksa dks etnwj ds :i esa dke djuk iM+rk gSA vius Je ls vftZretnwjh }kjk mUgsa vius cPPkksa dk ikyu iks"k.k djuk iM+rk gSA lkFk gh lkFk mUgs vius'kjkch ifr dh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ Hkh djuh iM+rh gSA dfBu etnwjh djusds ckotwn Hkh mUgsa lekt esa vkfFkZd Lora=rk izkIr ugha gSA mUgsa etnwjh djus ds Øeesa 'kks"k.k ,oa mRihM+u dk f'kdkj Hkh gksuk iM+rk gSA vr% tutkrh; efgykvksa dsfodkl ds fy, fuEu izdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk ltu fd;k tkuk pkfg, %


[[45]]

· xzke Lrj ij efgyk eaMy dh LFkkiukA

· efgyk eaMy dh cSBd ekg esa de ls de ,d ckj djkus dh O;oLFkkA· efgykvksa dh leL;k ds funku gsrq eaMy ds ek/;e ls vkanksyu dh O;oLFkkA

· 'kks"k.k ,oa mRihM+u ds fo:) efgyk eaMy ds ek/;e ls vkanksyu dh O;oLFkkA· Loa; lgk;rk lewg ds ek/;e ls pank }kjk /ku jkf'k dh O;oLFkkA ]

· pank }kjk ,df=r jkf'k ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dks NksVs&NksVs jkstxkj ls tksM+usdh O;oLFkkA tSls lCth cspuk] pk; nqdku pykuk] eqxkZ [kjhnuk rFkk cspukpVkbZ&>kMw cukuk RkFkk cspuk bR;kfnA

· tutkrh; efgykvksa dks viuh 'kfDr ls ifjfpr djkus dh O;oLFkkA

· efgyk 'kks"k.k rFkk mRihM+u ds fo:) f'kdk;r efgyk eaMy ds ek/;e lsFkkuk&iqfyl rd igqpkus dh O;oLFkkA

ekr`Ro ,oa f'k'kq fodkl laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;k¡ %tutkrh; ekrkvksa ,oa f'k'kqvksa ds Åij fd, x, v/;uksa ds ifj.kke n'kkZrs gSa fd

tutkrh; lekt esa xHkZorh efgykvksa] /kk=h ekrkvksa] RkFkk f'k'kqvksa dks dqiks"k.k rFkkdqjhfr;ksa ds dkj.k viuh tku ls gkFk /kksuk iM+ tkrk gSA vr% tutkrh; lekt esaekrRo ,oa f'k'kq fodkl laca/kh uhfr;ksa dk Lo:i fuEufyf[kr izdkj dk gksuk pkfg, %

· xzke Lrj ij efgyk eaMy dh LFkkiuk ds ek/;e ls ekrRo ,oa f'k'kq iks"k.k dslaca/k esa ogn tkudkjh iznku djus dh O;OkLFkkA

· xHkZorh efgyk] /kk=h ekrkvksa rFkk uotkr f'k'kqvksa ls lacaf/kr izpfyr fu"ks/kksa ,oadqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus dh O;oLFkk rFkk lkekftd O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykus dhO;oLFkkA

· xHkZorh efgyk] /kk=h ekrk rFkk f'k'kqvksa dks gksus okys vke jksxksa rFkk mipkj dsmik;ksa ds laca/k esa efgyk eaMy ds ek/;e ls tkudkjh dh O;oLFkkA

· fdlh MkWDVj] LokLF; midsUnz inkf/kdkjh] ulZ vFkok izf'kf{kr nkbZ ds laj{k.k esaizlo djkus dh O;oLFkkA

· izlo ds ,d ?kaVs ds vUnj ekrk ds izFke nw/k fiykus ij tksjAlkaLd`frd fodkl laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;k¡ %

tutkrh; laLdfr dh viuh fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA tutkrh; lekt esa lkjuk LFkyrFkk v[kkM+k dk viuk egRo gksrk gSA lkjuk LFky esa iwoZtksa ,oa nsorkvksa dk okl gksrkgS] tgkW le;≤ ij iwtk dh tkrh gS rFkk cfy nh tkrh gSA v[kkM+k esa ioZ R;ksgkjds volj ij uR; ,oa laxhr dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA v[kkM+k esa [ksydwn dk Hkhvk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA vr% tutkrh; laLdfr ,oa [ksydwn fodkl gsrq fuEu izdkjdh Hkkoh uhfr;kW viukbZ tkuh pkfg, %

· ljuk LFky dks pank rFkk foRrh; lgk;rk }kjk fodflr djus dh O;oLFkkA

· v[kkM+k dks pank rFkk foRrh; lgk;rk ds ek/;e ls fodflr djus dh O;oLFkkA· ljuk LFky RkFkk v[kkM+k dh j{kk rFkk j[k j[kko dh ftEesnkjh xzke lfefr ij

lkSiusa dh O;oLFkkA

· xzke lfefr ds ek/;e ls ljuk LFky ij iwtk&ikB ds vk;kstu dh O;oLFkkA


[[46]]

· varjxzke fdØsV eSp] QqVcky eSp] ckyhokWy eSp] rFkk gkdh eSp dk vk;kstu,oa iqjLdkj forj.k dh O;oLFkkA

· uR; ,oa [ksy&dwn izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa fot;h mEehnokjksa dks ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa esavk;ksftr gksus okyh izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, /ku jkf'k dh O;oLFkkA

· tutkrh; lkaLdfrd dykdkjksa dks izksRlkfgr djus dh O;oLFkkAtutkrh; Jfed fodkl laca/kh Hkkoh uhfr;k¡ %

tutkrh; lekt ds lnL; gekjs ns'k esa Jfed cy dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaAvlaxfBr {ks=ksa esa mudk opZLo jgrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkou fuekZ.k Jfed lM+dfuekZ.k Jfed] bZVk HkV~Vk Jfed] iqy fuekZ.k Jfed] df"k Jfed] dyh] jstk bR;kfnAbu lHkh izdkj ds Jfedksa esa tutkrh; iq:"k rFkk efgyk nksuksa dk ;ksxnku jgrk gSA[kku&iku ds Åij /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA efgyk Jfedksa ds lkFk cykRdkj rFkk;kSfud ;krukvksa dh ?kVuk ?kfVr gksrh gSA xHkZorh rFkk /kk=h efgyk Jfedksa ds LokLF;tkWp dh O;oLFkk ugh dh tkrh gS rFkk iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa mUgsa de etnwjh iznku dhtkrh gSA izoklh Jfedksa ls izfrfnu 16 ls 18 ?kaVs dke fy, tkrs gS rFkk mUgsa U;wureetnwjh dkuwu ds varxZr izLrkfor etnwjh dk Hkqxrku ugha fd;k tkrk gSA mUgsa ca/kqvkds leku thou O;rhr djuk iM+rk gSA vr% tutkrh; Jfedksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkjykus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk lw=hdj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg, %

· tutkrh; Jfedksa dh lwph iapk;r dk;kZy; esa vko';d :i ls j[kus dhO;OkLFkkA

· le;kuqlkj U;wure etnwjh dkuwu esa izLrkfor etnwjh Hkqxrku dh O;oLFkkA

· le;≤ ij ljdkj }kjk izLrkfor U;wure etnwjh dks vko';d :i ls ykxwdjus dh O;oLFkkA

· ekfydksa vFkok Bsdsnkjksa ds 'kks"k.k ,oa vR;kpkj dks de djus dh O;oLFkk izoklhJfed }kjk fdlh Hkh Fkkuk esa 'kks"k.k vR;kpkj ,oa mRihM+u ds fo:) dsl ysusdh O;oLFkkA

· ca/kqvk etnwjh djkusokys ekfydksa ,oa Bsdsnkjksa dks nafMr djus dh O;oLFkkAlanHkZ lwph

· mik/;k;] nsok'kh"k ¼2007½&f'k{kk dk ewy vf/kdkj ^dq:{ks=]* ekfld if=dk] xzkeh.k fodklea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj ubZ fnYyh o"kZ 53] vad&11] i"B 26&28A

· mizsrh] gfj'kpUnz ¼2000½ & Hkkjrh; tutkfr;k¡ ,oa fodkl] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh]t;iqjA

· ,yfou] csfj;j ¼1939½ & fn- cSxk] iquZizdk'ku@oU;k izdk'ku vkWDlQksMZ] ;wfu0 izsl]1991A

· ,yfou] osfj;j ¼1951½ & Vªkbcy vkVZl vkWQ fefMy bf.M;k] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfu0 izsl]eqEcbZA

· ,yfou] oSfj;j ¼1955½ % n jsfytu vkQ ,u bafM;u Vªkbc] vkDlQksMZ ;qfuoflZVh izsl]dSafcztA

· ,yfou] oSfj;j ¼1960½ % n fQykslksQh vkQ usQk] ,Mokbtj Vw xoesZaV vkQ vle]f'kykSaxA

· ,aFkzksiksyksftdy losZ vkQ bafM;k ¼1967½ % Vªkbcy eSai vkQ bafM;k dydŸkkA


[[47]]

· JhokLro] ,- vkj- ,u- ¼2002½ & tutkrh; laLdfr] e-iz- fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh HkksikyA

· dosZ] bjkorh ¼1957½ & ^lks'ky ,tqds'ku vkWQ lsM~;wYM Vªkbc*] oU; tkfr] [k.M&5 ua&4A

· "Scheduled Caste Welfare – List of Scheduled Castes". Ministry of Social Justice andEmpowerment. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.

· "2011 Census Primary Census Abstract" (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in.

· Retrieved 1 October 2017.

· "Half of India's dalit population lives in 4 states". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 1October 2017.

· "Text of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, as amended". Lawmin.nic.in.

Retrieved 1 October 2017.

· "Text of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, as amended". Lawmin.nic.in.Retrieved 1 October 2017.


[[48]]

Hkwe.Myhdj.k ,oa f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dk nfyrksa ofL=;ksa ij izHkko

Mk0 vi.kkZ tks'kh,lksfl,V izksQslj ¼lekt'kkL=½] th0Mh0,p0th0 dkyst eqjknkckn

lkjka'k%Hkkjr es futhdj.k dh çfØ;k 1991 ls vkjEHk gqbZ ftles vkfFkZd lq/kkjkas dks

vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k A ml futhdj.k dh izfØ;k ds lkFk vkfFkZd mnkjokn]Hkwe.Myhdj.k rFkk eqDrcktkj O;oLFkk us vFkZO;oLFkk ij O;kid çHkko Mkys gS A blhds ,d ifj.kke ds #i es f”k{kk {ks= es ljdkjh fuos”k dks /khjs & /khjs de dj futh{ks= dks volj nsus ls vc rd çkFkfed ls mPp f”k{kk ds fy;s ,d lekukUrjlajpukRed <kWpk rS;kj gks pqdk gS ftlls ljdkj o jkT; dh f”k{kk ds çfr ftEesnkjhde gqbZ gS A Hkkjrh; tula[;k dk ,d cM+k fgLlk nfyr ] fiNM+s o fL=;k¡ gS ftu ijf”k{kk ds futhdj.k dk udkjkRed çHkko iM+ jgk gS D;ksfd futh f”k{kk ds egaxs gksusds dkj.k buds fy;s f”k{kk ds volj fujUrj de gksrs tk jgs gSA A lajpukRed lq/kkjdh ;g çfdz;k dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk ds fo#) gS D;ksfd blds dkj.kHkkjrh; jkT; us lafo/kku es of.kZr “kksf’kr in~nfyr ,oa detksj oxksZ ds mRFkku ds çfrviuh çfro)rk vkSj mRrjnkf;Ro ds çfr mis{kkiwoZ #[k viuk;k gS A çLrqr “kks/k i=es Hkkjr esa f”k{kk ds futhdj.k ds nfyr o fL=;ks ij iM+ jgs çHkkoks dk fo”ys’k.kçLrqr fd;k x;k gS A

ladsr 'kCn% Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkfFkZd mnkjokn ] lajpukRed lq/kkj ] futhdj.k ]dY;k.k dkjh jkT;

chloha “krkCnh ds vfUre n”kd es Hkkjr es futhdj.k dh ftl çfdz;k dk lw=ikr gqvk Fkk ] mlds ifj.kke ifjyf{kr gksus çkjEHk gks x;s gS A Hkkjr es futhdj.k dhçfdz;k vkfFkZd lq/kkjks dk gh vfHkUu vax gS rFkk vkfFkZd lq/kkjks dh çfdz;k eq[; #i lsHkwe.Myhdj.k ] futhdj.k ] vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k o eqDr cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjrgS A 19 vjc vesfjdh Mkyj ds vUrZjk’Vªh; _.k ls xzLr Hkkjr es vkfFkZd lq/kkjks dhçfdz;k vUrZjk’Vhª; foRrh; laLFkkuks ] vUrZjk’Vªh; eqnkzdks’k rFkk fo”ocSad ds ncko esçkjEHk gqbZ Fkh A lajpukRed vkfFkZd lq/kkjks (SAP) ds çFke pj.k es fofHkUu lkoZtfud{ks=ks ds midzeks ] cSfdax ] chek ] vkfn {ks=ks ds futhdj.k ds ckn vc nwljs pj.k dsvkfFkZd lq/kkjks ds vUrxZr tgk¡ ,d vksj lkekftd vkfFkZd #i ls detksj oxksZ dksHkkstu o bZ/ku tSlh ewyHkwr vko';drvksa ij nh tk jgh lfClMh ¼vkfFkZd lgk;rk½lekIr djus fd çfdz;k py jgh gS ] ogh nwljh vksj lkekftd lsok ds {ks=ks ] fo”ks’k#i ls fpfdRlk o f”k{kk es ljdkjh fuos”k dks iw.kZr;k lekIr dj bUgsa futh gkFkks eslkSius dh çfdz;k us Hkh xfr idM+h gSA

Hkwe.Myhdj.k o mnkjhdj.k tgk¡ vkfFkZd {ks= esa izfrLi/kkZ dks c<+kok nsuk pkgrsgSa] ogh ;s lq/kkj vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa jkT; ds gLr{ksi o fu;a=.k dks U;wure djuk pkgrsgSaA lajpukRed lq/kkjksa dh ;g izfØ;k dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk ds fo#) gSA;g izfØ;k ,d ,slh O;oLFkk dks LFkkfir djuk pkgrh gS tks n{krk] fuiq.krk] mRd"Vrk

[[49]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

o izfrLi/kkZ tSls ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gks rFkk tks okLro esa ;ksX;re dh mRrjthfork dhoSpkfjdh ij fo'okl djrh gSA lajpukRed vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dh izfØ;k dks xfr nsus dslkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; jkT; us lafo/kku esa 'kksf"kr] innfyr o detksj oxksZ ds mRFkku dsizfr viuh izfrc)rk vkSj mRrjnkf;Ro ds izfr miss{kkiw.kZ #[k viuk;k gSA

Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy jk"Vª esa lekt dk ,d cM+k fgLlk nfyr] fiNM+s o fL=;ksadk gSA vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds ifj.kkeLo#i gks jgs f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dk lokZf/kd nq"izHkkolkekftd& vkfFkZd #i ls nqcZy blh 'kksf"kr o misf{kr oxZ ij gks jgk gSA eagxh futhf'k{kk izkIr djuk tgk¡ xjhc] 'kksf"kr vkSj nfyrksa ds fy, dfBu gks jgk gS] ogh fuEu oe/;e oxZ dh fL=;k¡ Hkh f'k{kk ls oafpr gks jgh gS] Hkwe.Myhdj.k us f'k{kk dks lsokmn~;ksx esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k gS ¼ gsokMZ] 2000½] lfn;ksa ls misf{kr 'kksf"kr o f'k{kk lsoafpr ;g oxZ dHkh czkã.koknh] lkearoknh 'kfDr;ksa ls vkSj vc futhdj.k ds leFkZdksads lkeus vius vki dks vlgk; o vlqjf{kr eglwwl dj jgk gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esaHkkjr esa gks jgs f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ds nfyrksa o fL=;ksa ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dhfoospuk dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ds izcy leFkZd vf/kdka'kr% os lkearoknh'kfDr;k¡] f}to.kksaZ ds ukSdj'kg vkSj iw¡thifr gh gS] ftUgksus lkekftd] vkfFkZd #i lsdetksj nfyrksa o fL=;ksa dks ges'kk gkf'k;s ij j[kk gSA lkekftd U;k; o lekurk dsukjksa ds cSuj rys tc nfyr] fiNM+ksa o fL=;ksa us lekUrk dh ekax dh] rks bu 'kfDr;ksads gkFk futhdj.k dk og 'kL= vk x;k ftlls Hkkjr esa lkekftd U;k; o lekurkdh vadqfjr gks jgh psruk dk neu dj ges'kk ds fy;s 'kkar fd;k tk ldsA ;slkeaUroknh 'kfDr;k¡ dHkh ugh pkgsaxh fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa misf{kr] frjLdr o 'kksf"kroxZ dks lkekftd U;k; fey ldsaA bu 'kfDr;ksa us f'k{kk dks mPp o.kZ dk fo'ks"kkf/kdkjekurs gq, nfyrksa o fL=;ksa dks ges'kk f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kkA D;k f'k{kk dk futhdj.kbu misf{kr] 'kksf"kr] o innfyr oxksZ ds fy;s f'k{kk ds }kj ges'kk ds fy, cUn ugh djnsxk\ fu'p; gh futhdj.k f'k{kk dks iqu% mPp o.kksZ dk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj cuk nsxkAokLro esa fiNys n'kd esa nfyr o L=h psruk lkearoknh 'kfDr;ksa ds vfLrRo ds fy;s,d cM+k lEHkkfor [krjk cu dj mHkjh gSA bl psruk dh tkxfr esa f'k{kk] fo'ks"kdjmPpf'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gS] ftlus nfyrksa o fL=;ksa esa muds vius 'kks"k.kds izfr fpUru o iz'u djus dh {kerk mRiUu dj nh gS

f'k{kk dk futhdj.k o nfyr %Hkkjr esa nfyrksa dks ges'kk ls lqfu;ksftr <ax ls f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kk x;k rFkk

f'k{kk dk vHkko gh vusd izdkj ds 'kks"k.k dk loZizeq[k dkj.k Hkh jgkA ;|fi Hkkjr esafczfV'k 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds mijkUr f'k{kk ds }kj bl misf{kr] frjLdr o 'kksf"kr oxZds fy;s vkSipkfjd #i ls [kqys x;s fdUrq ;g oxZ viuh fuEu izfLFkfr ds dkj.k f'k{kkds u;s voljksa dk vf/kd ykHk u mBk ldk] u gh mldh lkekftd izfLFkfr esa vf/ksdifjorZu gqvkA blh dkj.k nfyr lekt us Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu ls dHkh vf/kdyxko eglwl ugh fd;k vkSj u gh 1947 dh vktknh mlds fy;s okLrfod vFkksZ esavktknh cu ldhA bl oxZ dh ekU;rk Fkh fd Hkkjr dk fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ls Lora=gksuk mruk egRoiw.kZ ugha Fkk ftruk fd nfyrksa ds fy;s fgUnqRo dh nklrk ¼nklksa tSlsfLFkfr½ ls eqDr gksukA bl izdkj muds fy;s fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ls vf/kd gkfudkjdfgUnw nklRo FkkA lekt esa leku izfLFkfr iznku djus ds i”pkr~ gh muls ;g vis{kk


[[50]]

dh tkuh pkfg;s Fkh fd os vxzsath lkezkT;okn ds fo#) ,dtqVrk iznf”kZr djrs gq;sHkkjrh; Lora=k ds fy;s lekt dh eq[;/kkjk ls dU/ks ls dU/kk feykdj yM+sA

Lora= Hkkjr ds fiNys 70 o’kksaZ ds bfrgkl dk iqujkoyksdu bl ckr dh iqf’Vdjrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk vkj{k.k dh lqfo/kk iznRr fd;s tkus rFkk fofHkUUkljdkjksa ds nfyr mRFkku ds iz;klksa ds ckn Hkh vkadMs bu lHkh nkoksa dks >wBk lkfcrdjrs gSA izkFkfed f”k{kk ds {ks= esa nfyr Nk=ksa dk U;wuRke iathdj.k lHkh ljdkjhnkoksa dks fujk/kkj lkfcr djrk gSA ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds o’kZ 1996&97 dsvkdM+kasa ls ;g fLFkfr vkSj Hkh LIk’V gks tkrh gSA blds vuqlkj 1996&97a esa mPPk f”k{kkesaa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa dk fgLLkk ek= 7-77 izfr”kr o vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds Nk=ksdk izfr”kr ek= 2-33 Fkk og 2014&15 esa c<+dj &19-01 çfr”kr gks x;k A

ftles nfyr ;qod 20-0 çfr”kr rFkk nfyr ;qofr;k¡ 18-2 izfr'kr gSA ekuolalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; }kjk mPp f'k{kk ij djk;s x;s vkf/kdkfjd vf[ky Hkkjrh;losZ{k.k ls Kkr gqvk gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa fiNM+h tkfr ds Nk=ksa dk iathdj.k vuqlwfprtkfr@tutkfr dh rqyuk esa c<+k gS tcfd vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dk iathdj.kfujUrj fuEuLrj ij cuk gqvk gSA mPp f'k{kk esa vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dk iathdj.k27-1% gS tcfd vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dk ek= 10-2% rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks dkek= 4-4% gS ¼okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2013&14½A ns”k ds vxz.kh rduhdh laLFkkuks tSls Hkkjrh;çkS|ksfxdh laLFkkuks o Hkkjrh; çcU/k laLFkkuks es nfyr Nk=ks dh la[;k ux.; gh gSAns'k ds N% vxz.kh Hkkjrh; izcU/ku laLFkkuksa esa dqy 233 izk/;kidksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr lsek= nks tcfd vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk izfrfuf/kRo 'kwU; gS ¼n fgUnw] ekpZ 02] 2017½Aledkyhu futh f”k{kk O;oLFkk es lekurk ds LFkku ij n{krk o mRd’Vrk dks rFkkvkj{k.k ds LFkku ij ;ksX;rk ¼esfjV½ dks çkFkfed fn;s tkus ds uke ij okLro esanfyrksa ds lkFk vU;k; gks jgk gSA ;g O;oLFkk nfyrksa o xSjnfyrksa ds chp vlekurkdh [kkbZ dks vkSj vf/kd c<+kus ds lkFk lkFk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds nfyrksa dks lekurk olkekftd U;k; fnykus ds mn~ns”; dh iwfrZ es ck/kd gks jgh gS A vlekurk dksfu;fU=r djus ds fy,s lHkh laoS/kkfud vkSj dkuwuh çko/kkuks ds mijkUr Hkh lektvk/kqfud rduhdh ds lkFk mPp f'k{kk dks lekos'kh nf"Vdks.k çnku djus dh fn'kk esifjofrZr ugh gqvk A vuqlwfpr tkfr;ka o tutkfr;ka jkstxkj] f'k{kk rFkk vU; {ks=ks esvlekurk ls lqj{kk ds mik; miyC/k gksus ij Hkh U;k; çnku djus ds fy;s mRrj nk;hU;kf;d laLFkkvks rd vleku igq¡p dk lkeuk djrh gS ¼lwjh ,oa jktk jke 2008½A

,d er ;g Hkh gS fd “kS{kf.kd ,oa O;kolkf;d vkj{k.k us Hkkjrh; jktuSfrdO;oLFkk ij Hkh nh?kZdkyhu çHkko Mkyk gS A ,sfrgkfld foospuk ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fdLora= Hkkjr es vf/kdka”k le; jktuSfrd lRrk czkgE.koknh lkearoknh rkdrks ds gkFkes jgh A Hkkjrh; “kklurU= es egRoiw.kZ inks ij rSukr ukSdj”kkg o jktuSfrd {ks= esçeq[k inks ij f}t o.kksZ dk dCtk jgkA bl çdkj dqN vioknks dks NksM+djjktuSfrd “kfDr mPp o.kksZ ds vfHktuks ds gkFkksa es dsfUnzr jgh A ifj.kkeLo#i Lora=Hkkjr es visf{kr lq/kkj ugh gqvk ] u gh nfyr psruk o vkUnksyu dk vkfoZHkko gqvk Alkekftd U;k; o lekurk ds ukjks ds cSjurys uCcs ds n”kd es e.My deh”ku fjiksZVykxw gksus ds ckn nfyrks o fiNM+ks dh psruk us vadqfjr gksuk çkjEHk dj fn;k A blhn”kd ds mRRkjk/kZ esa fiNM+s o nfyr lekt }kjk O;kid Lrj ij jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;k¡Hkh çkjEHk gqbZ A tgk¡ fiNM+ks es e.Myokn o nfyrksa esa vEcsMdjokn ds dkj.k laxBu


[[51]]

o psruk es rsth vk;h ] ogha eq[; lo.kZ fgUnw lekt es /kkfeZd dV~VjiaFk c<+k AorZeku es nfyr psruk o vkUnksyu vius “kS”kodky es gS] ftls Hkkjrh; czkgE.koknhlkearoknh rkdrs ges”kk ds fy;s dqpyuk pkgrh gSaaA czkgE.koknh lkaeroknh O;oLFkknfyr psruk dh lcls cM+h “k=q gS A

vc nfyrks o fiNM+s ds lekurk ds vf/kdkj o çxfr ds ekxZ es lcls cM+h Ckk/kkf”k{kk dk futhdj.k gS A vUrjkZ’Vªh; foRrh; laLFkkuks dk leFkZu çkIr f”k{kk dkfuthdj.k mu czkgE.koknh lkearoknh “kfDr;ksa ds gkFk etcwr dj jgk gS tks nfyrks ]fiNM+ksa o fL=;ksa o lkekftd vlekurk ds f”kdkj oxZ ij vius vR;kpkj cjdjkjj[kuk pkgrs gSa A tc Hkkjr es czkgE.koknh lkearoknh “kfDr;ks us nfyrks o fiNM+ks dhpsruk ls mits vkUnksyu ds [krjs dks eglwl fd;k rks mUgksus lkEçnkf;d oSeuL;QSykdj bl vkUnksyu dks usiF; es <dsyu dk ç;kl fd;k] fdUrq tc lkEçnkf;rk dk;g dkMZ lkearoknh rkdrks dh bPNk iwfrZ djus es vleFkZ jgk rks muds gkFk f”k{kk dsfuthdj.k dk og vL= vk x;k gS] ftldk ç;ksx os nfyr vkUnksyu dh Øwj gR;k esadjuk pkgrs gSaAf'k{kk dk futhdj.k o fL=;k¡ %

;g la;ksx ek= ugha gS fd lkekftd {ks= esa nfyr o ukjh T;knkrj lkFk &lkFk fn[kk;h iM+rs gSa A <+ksy ] xWokj ] 'kwnz] i'kq ukjh dh iafaDr bldk çek.k gS fdcgqla[;d fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr 'kwnzks tSlh jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt dh firlRRkkRed lajpukus fL=;ksa dks f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kus ds fy;s mUgsa miu;u laLdkj ls 'kwnzksa dh Hkk¡froafpr j[kkA

firlRrkRed Hkkjrh; lekt esa ySafxd fo"kerk 'kk;n fo'o esa lokZf/kd gS tgk¡yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk ekrk & firk ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ ugh gS A ckyd f'k'kq çkFkfedrk dhekufldrk ls xzLr Hkkjrh; lekt esa yM+dh vkSj yM+ds dh f'k{kk eas ges'kk HksnHkkocjrk tkrk jgk gS A ;g HksnHkko fofHkUUk Lrjksa ij ns[kk tk ldrk gS A ;gh dkj.k gSfd tgk¡ fuEu oxZ dh vf/kdka'k yM+fd;ksa dks f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kk tkrk gS ] ogha e/;eoxZ dh yM+fd;ksa dks bruh U;wure f'k{kk nsuk gh dkQh le>k tkrk gS ftruh fdmuds fookg ds fy;s i;kZIr gks A yM+fd;k¡ ijkbZ lEifRr le>h tkrh gSa blfy;smudh f'k{kk ij fuos'k ykHk ds nf"Vdks.k ls ugha ns[kk tkrk gSa ] D;ksafd bl fuos'k lsfdlh ykHkka'k dh çkfIr dh vk'kk ugha dh tkrh gSA ifj.kkeLo#i yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kkij fuos'k dh rqyuk esa ngst ij fuos'k djus dks ojh;rk nh tkrh gS A ;gh dkj.k gSfd vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dh ç;kZIrrk gksus ij Hkh mPp e/;e oxZ esa yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dhfLFkfr esa visf{kr ifjorZu nf"Vxkspj ugha gksrk gSA bl oxZ esa Hkh tgk¡ yM+fd;ksa dksfgUnh ek/;e ds ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa f'k{kk fnyk;h tkrh gS ] ogha yM+dks dks egaxs vaxzsthek/;e ds futh Ldwyksa esa f'k{kk fnyk;h tkrh gS A ;gh ugha ] f'k{kk ds {ks=ksa dk p;uHkh ySafxd fo"kerk ls vNwrk ugh gS ] vf/kdk'ka yM+fd;ka Ldwyh o mPPk f'k{kk ds nkSjkudyk ladk; ds fo"k;ksa ¼xg foKku ] vkUrfjd lkt&lTTkk ] Hkkstu idkus vkfn½ dkp;u djrh gSa ] ogha yM+ds foKku ] rduhdh o çkS|ksfxdh ds fo"k;ksa dkA bl çdkjmPp e/;e oxZ dk tks fgLlk yM+fd;ksa dks leku ekurs gq, f'k{kk ns Hkh jgk gS ;k rksmudk çfr'kr U;wu gh gS vFkok yM+ds o yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk esa i;kZIrfo"kerk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA


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vkSipkfjd f'k{kk esa yM+fd;ksa dh rqyuk esa yM+dksa dk iathdj.k 2 ls 3 xqukvf/kd gSA nksauksa fyaxks ds chp f'k{kk ds iathdj.k ds bl vUrjky esa çfro"kZ ?kkrkadhvuqikr esa of) gksrh gS A 1991 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 15 ls 19 vk;qoxZdh vk/kh fL=;k¡ fuj{kj gSaA ;gh ugha yM+fd;ksa ds lEca/k esa chp esa v/kwjh f'k{kk NksM+usdh nj Hkh yM+dksa dh rqyuk esa dkQh vf/kd gSA Hkkjr esa ySafxd fo"kerk o ckyd f'k'kqçkFkfedrk dh ekufldrk ds dkj.k gh L=h f'k{kk ds {ks= esa dksbZ mYys[kuh; çxfrreke ljdkjh ç;klksa ds ckn Hkh ugh gks ldh gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk & lkFkf'k{kk dk futhdj.k vFkkZr~ eg¡xh futh f'k{kk yM+fd;ksa dks f'k{kk ls nwj dj jgh gSD;ksfd vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k o lq/kkjksa ds ifj.kkeLo#i c<+rh eg¡xkbZ ds nks Li"Vifj.kke fn[kkbZ ns jgs gS & çFke ] fUkEUk o fuEu e/;e oxZ dh efgyk,¡ egaxkbZ ds cks>dks de djus ds fy;s vlaxfBr o de vk; ¼osru½ okys {ks=ks esa dk;Z djus ds fy;sfoo'k gS rFkk f}rh; ] efgykvksa ds ?kj ls ckgj dke djus ds dkj.k ?kjsyw dke dsmisf{kr gksus ls yM+fd;ksa dks f'k{kk NksM+dj ?kjsyw dk;Z ds fy;s fofo'k fd;k tk jgk gSD;ksafd yM+fd;ksa fd f'k{kk tks igys gh fuEu o fuEu e/;e oxZ dh çkFkfedrk lwph esaugha vkrh ] ykxr c<+ tkus ds dj.k og muds fy;s vkSj Hkh de egRoiw.kZ gks x;h gSAbl çdkj vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k rFkk f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dh çfdz;k ds nokc esa efgykvksadh f'k{kk o mudh lkekftd çfLFkfr O;kid #i ls çHkkfor gks jgh gS A

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds mnkjhdj.k dh bl çfdz;k dks fgUnqRo dh oSpkfjdh dk Hkhçcy leFkZu çkIr gS A fiNys n'kd esa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; L=h dh Nfo tks ijEijkxrfirlRrkRed fgUnw lekt ds vkn'kksZ ds foijhr gS rFkk ftlds fuekZ.k esa mPPk f'k{kkdh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk Hkh gS ] dks vfroknh fgUnw dVV~j iaFkh o lkEçknkf;d 'kfDr;k¡fgUnqRo dh oSpkfjdh ij dqBkjk?kkr ekurh gSaA ;s vfroknh fgUnw dVV~jiaFkh 'kfDr;k¡ç[kj ckSf)d fpUru dh bl mnkjoknh ygj dk neu djuk pkgrh gS ] tkss iqjkruiaFkh fgUnw lekt esa lkekftd ifjorZu dj ySafxd o tkfrxr vlekurk dks lekIrdj ldrh gSA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dk ekxZ ç'kLr djus okyh ;s 'kfDr;k¡ ,dfof'k"V fopkj /kkjk dh iks"kd gSa ] tks fL=;ksa o nfyrksa dks f'k{kk o lekurk ds vf/kdkjls oafpr djuk pkgrh gSaA f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ] fgUnwRo o lkaLdfrd jk"Vªokn ds ukjksadh vkM+ esa ;s 'kfDr;k¡ vc ns'k ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa o egkfo|ky;ksa dks viuh lksp ooSpkfjdh dh ikS/k'kkyk ds #i esa ifjofrZr djuk pkgrh gSa ] ftlls Hkkjr esa mnkjoknhlksp dks lewy u"V fd;k tk lds A ;s dVV~j iaFkh vfroknh 'kfDr;k¡ Hkkjrh;laLdfrd uSfrdrk dh rFkkdfFkr igjsnkj cudj fL=;ksa o yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwy ] dkWysto fo'ofo|ky; ifjljksa esa D;k i<+uk gS\ D;k ns[kuk gS vkSj D;k iguuk gS++\ dk fn'kkfunsZ'k nsa jgh gSA /kkfeZd dV~VjiaFkh o vfroknh 'kfDr;k¡ ges'kk fL=;ksa ds mPp f'kf{krgksus]lekurk ds vf/kdkj o Lora=rk dh fojks/kh jgh gS]pkgs og vQxkfuLrku dsrkfycku 'kkld gksa ;k fQj bZjku dh lkaLdfrd dzakfr ds vxznwr vk;rqYykg [keSuhAukjhoknh oSpkfjsdh ij vk/kkfjr ukjh vkUnksyu us tc iqjkruoknh firlRrked lektdks pqukSrh nh rks bu iqjkruoknh 'kfDr;ksa ds gkFk f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dk og gfFk;kjvk x;k ftlls Hkkjr esa mnh;eku ukjh vkanksyu dks usiF; esa Mkyk tk ldsA blizdkj Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk futhdj.k u dsoy fL=;ksa ds 'kks"k.k esa lgk;d gks jgk gSvfirq /kkfeZd dV~VjiaFk dks Hkh c<+kok ns jgk gS A Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk futhdj.k okLroesa czkgkz.koknh lkaerh lkekftd O;oLFkk ]ftlesa nfyrksa o fL=;ksa dks fuEure lkekftd


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Lrj iznRr Fkk] dks iquLFkkZfir djusa dk iz;kl gSA f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dh ;g izfdz;kHkkjrh; jktrhfr ds e.Myhdj.k o vEcsMdjhdj.k ls yk;sa x;s nfyrksa]fiNM+ksa]'kksf"krksadh izxfr o efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa gks jgsa ifjorZu ds c<+rs dneksa dks fojkens jgk gS A lkFk gh]Hkkjrh; yksdrU= esa cgqtu dh Hkkxhnkjh dks Hkh lhfer dj jgkgSA ;g futhdj.k Hkkjrh; lkekftd <+k¡psa esa Å¡p&uhp ds laLrj.k]NqvkNwr rFkk ySafxdvlekurk dks c<+ok nsxk rFkk ;g izfdz;k dV~VjiaFk o tkfrokn dks Hkh c<+kok nsxhAlUnHkZ lwph%

1- gsokM+Z] ,Q0,e0] ¼2000½]bUVjus'kuykbZts'ku vkWQ ;w0,l0 gk;j ,twds'ku] fizfyeujh LVsVlfjiksVZ-

2- ,e0,p0vkj0Mh0 okf"kZd fjiksVZ 1996&97-3- ,e0,p0vkj0Mh0 okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2014&15-4- n fgUnw] ekpZ 02] 2017-5- lwjh vkj0 ds0 rFkk jktkjke ds0] ¼2008½ bUQzkLVªDpj% lkbal ,.M VsDuksyksth ,twds'ku-

lkbal ,.M VsDuksyksth bu bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh] LisDVªe-


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xzkeh.k tula[;k ds 'kS{kf.kd fodkl gsrq ;kstukizk:Ik % tuin vyhx<+ ds lanHkZ esa

Mk0 /kesZUnz flagfo’k;&Hkwxksy] /keZ lekt egkfo|ky;] vyhx<+ ¼m0iz0½

fdlh Hkh {ks= ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl esa f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrkgSA f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij lekt ds fodkl ds ekin.M fuf'pr fd;s tkrs gSaA oLrqr%f'k{kk ds fodkl ls euq"; lhfer ifjos'k ls ckgj fudydj {ks= ds lkekftd&vkfFkZdokrkoj.k ls lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ysrk gSA f'k{kk ds vHkko esa O;fDr vuSfrd dk;ksZa dksviukus yxrk gS vf'kf{kr O;fDr i'kq ds leku gksrk gS mlesa lkekftd psruk 'kwU;gksrh gSA f”k{kk dh mi;ksfxrk lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd HksnHkko ds nq’pdZ dks rksM+djvUrr% lekt ls vius dks vkRelkr djus esa fufgr gSA f”k{kk dks ,d lexz thounf’V ds :Ik esa ns[kus ij gh ifjokj rFkk lekt dk dY;k.k lqfuf”pr gSA f”k{kk ekuoxfjek ds lkFk&lkFk ekuokf/kdkj] LorU=rk vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa dh j{kk esa lgk;dgSA xzkeh.k lanHkZ esa f”k{kk dh mikns;rk bl nf’V ls vf/kd gS fd vkt Hkkjr dh nksfrgkbZ tula[;k xkao esa jgrh gS vkSj xkao dh [kq”kgkyh esa gh Hkkjr dh [kq”kgkyh vkSjizxfr fufgr gSA xkao esa vkt rsth ls Ldwy [kksys tk jgs gSa ysfdu dqN xkaoksa esa vktrd dksbZ Ldwy ugha gSA gkbZLdwy ,oa b.VjehfM,V dkystksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa xkao lsnwj&nwj fLFkr gSa ftlls ckyd&ckfydk;sa vkxs f”k{kk ugha ys ik jgs gSaA vko”;drk gSfd ,sls xkaoksa esa 2&3 fdeh0 ,d dkWyst ,oa 5 fdeh0 dh nwjh ij ,d egkfo|ky;gksuk pkfg,A Ldwy] dkyst ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa LFkkfir fd;s tkus ds lkFk f”k{kk dhxq.koRrk esa lq/kkj djus dh vko”;drk gSAv/;;u {ks=%&

tuin vyhx<+ mŸkj izns”k ds if”pe esa fLFkr gSA ;g mŸkjh Hkkjr ds xaxk;equk nksvkc ds Åijh Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA HkkSxksfyd nf"Vdks.k ls budk va{kk'kh; foLrkj27035* mÙkj ls 28011* mÙkj rd rFkk ns'kkUrjh; foLrkj 77029* iwoZ ls 78038* iwoZrd gSA blds mÙkj esa tuin cqyUn'kgj] mÙkjiwoZ esa tuin cnk;¡w] nf{k.k iwoZ esatuin dka'khjkeuxj ¼iwoZorhZ ,Vk dk vkaf”kd Hkkx½ nf{k.k esa tuin gkFkjl] nf{k.kif'pe esa tuin eFkqjk rFkk if'peh Hkkx esa gfj;k.kk jkT; bldh lhek fu/kkZfjr djrsgSaAtuin ds {ks= dk foLrkj iwoZ ls if'pe rd 104-90 fdehŒ dh yEckbZ rFkk mÙkj lsnf{k.k esa 67-20 fdehŒ dh pkSM+kbZ esa gSA bldk {ks=Qy 2216-4 oxZ ehy ;k 3650 oxZfdehŒ gS7 tks mRrj izns'k ds dqy {ks=Qy dk 1-48 izfr'kr gSA iz'kklfud nf"Vdks.k lstuin 5 rglhyksa ¼[kSj] xHkkuk] vrjkSyh] dksy rFkk bxykl½ o 12fodkl[k.Mksa&VIiy] p.MkSl] [kSj] tok¡] yks/kk] /kuhiqj] xkS.Mk] bxykl] vrjkSyh]fctkSyh] xaxhjh o vdjkckn½ esa foHkDr gSaA1

'kks/k ,oa fof/kra=%&'kks/k v/;;u ds fy, izkFkfed vk¡dM+ksa ds ladyu esa lk{kkRdkj o iz'ukoyh

iz.kkfy;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA v/;;u {ks= esa lkekftd o vkfFkZd rF;ksa o vk¡dM+ksa dsladyu ds fy, izR;sd rglhy ds xzkeh.k {ks= ls nks&nks xk¡oksa dk Lrfjr o mís';iw.kZU;k;n'kksZa ds vk/kkj ij p;u fd;k x;k gSA tuin dh ik¡p rglhyksa ls 10 xk¡oksa dk

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ISSN : 0976-1136

p;u dj 214 ifjokjksa dk lk{kkRdkj fd;k x;k gSA visf{kr f}rh;d vk¡dM+ksadks fofHkUu ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ls izdkf'kr ,oa izdkf'kr lzksrksa ls izkIr fd;k x;k gSAladfyr vk¡dM+ksa dh mís';ijd rkfydkvksa ds v/;;u ls lqO;ofLFkr dj vkuqHkfod]lkaf[;dh; rFkk ekufp=.k rduhdksa ds v/;;u ls lqxzkg; cukdj mudk fuoZpu fd;kx;k gSA2 mi;qDr lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr tula[;k dslkekftd o vkfFkZd fodkl ij ljdkjh dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe o ;kstukvksa ds izHkkoksadk okLrfod fo'ys"k.k o ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSaAleL;kRed dFku%&

tuin vyhx<+ dh vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr;ka] lkekftd vkfFkZd :i lsafiNM+h gqbZ gSA bl fiNM+siu esa eq[; ck/kd gS] tks bl izdkj gSa&tkfrokn] vf”k{kk]tula[;k of)] fu/kZurk] tkx:drk dh deh] :f<+okfnrk] iz”kkfud dk;ksZ esa delgekfxrk] Hkwfeghurk] csjkstxkjh] izfrO;fDr vk;de] _.kxzLrrk vkfn leL;k,a gSaAv/;;u dk mÌs';%&1- tuin vyhx<+ esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh tkudkjh

djukA2- tuin vyhx<+ esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ ,oa lkekU; oxZ

tula[;k dh O;olkf;d lajpuk dh tkudkjh djukA3- tuin vyhx<+ ds xzkeh.k {ks= esa lk{kjrk Lrj dh tkudkjh djukA4- tuin ds fodkl[k.Mksa esa fiNM+s xkaoksa dh igpku djukA5- tuin ds fodkl[k.Mksa esa “kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa ds fo’k; esa tkudkjh djukA6- tuin ds ,sls xkaoksa dh igpku djuk tgka vHkh rd dksbZ “kS{kf.kd laLFkk ugha gSA7- tuin ds ,sls {ks=ksa dks fpfUgr djuk tgka egkfo|ky; LFkkfir djuk vko”;d gSA

v/;;u foLrkj %&fdlh Hkh {ks= ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl esa f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk

gSA f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij lekt ds fodkl ds ekin.M fuf'pr fd;s tkrs gSaA 2001 dhtux.kuk ds vuqlkj tuin vyhx<+ esa lk{kjrk 58-50 izfr'kr gS ftlesa iq#"k oefgyk lk{kjrk Øe'k% 71-71 o 43-03 izfr'kr gSA tuin dh vuqlwfpr tkrh; lektdh lk{kjrk 41-62 izfr'kr gS] iq#"k o efgyk lk{kjrk nj Øe'k% 56-22 o 27-01izfr'kr gS tks lkekU; iq#"k o efgyk lk{kjrk nj ls dkQh de gSA ftl lekt esaf'k{kk dk Lrj ftruk vf/kd gksxk og mruk gh fodflr gksxk tSls& tuin esa uxjh;lk{kjrk nj 63-15 o xzkeh.k lk{kjrk nj 56-51 izfr'kr gSA tuin esa dqy tula[;kdk 41-50 izfr'kr ¼12-42 yk[k½ tula[;k fuj{kj gSA bl fuj{kj tula[;k dk 76-32izfr'kr ¼9-48 yk[k½ yksx fu/kZu o lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls fiNM+s gq, yksx gSaA3

v/;;u {ks= dh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dks pkj Lrjh;fo|ky;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&1- izkFkfed f'k{kk ¼d{kk 1 ls 5 rd½] 2- mPp izkFkfed f'k{kk ¼d{kk 6 ls 8 rd½3- ek/;fed f'k{kk 4- mPp f'k{kk

1- izkFkfed f'k{kk ¼d{kk 1 ls 5 rd½ &tuin vyhx<+ esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ¼d{kk 1 ls 5 rd½ fodflr voLFkk esa ugha gS

blls lEcfU/kr izkFkfed fo|ky; [kksys x;s gSaA bu fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kdksa }kjk f'k{kk dhvkSipkfjdrk,a dh tkrh gS f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk uke dh dksbZ 'kSyh gh ugha gSA


[[56]]

tuin esa dqy izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dh la[;k 1810 gS ftlesa ls 1393 fo|ky;xzkeh.k {ks= esa vkSj 417 uxjh; {ks=ksa esa gSaA bu izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa iathÑr fo|kfFkZ;ksadh la[;k 545100 gS] ftuesa ls 476265 fo|kFkhZ xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa esa rFkk 68835fo|kFkhZ uxjh; fo|ky;ksa esa gSaA xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa esa dqy fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ls 327621 Nk=rFkk 15789 Nk=k,sa gSaA buesa 2325 ckyd o 6663 ckfydk,a fo|ky; ugha vkrs gSabudk uke rks Ldwy esa iathÑr gSA xzkeh.k {ks= ds dqy fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa 101453 ¼21-30izfr'kr½ vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kFkhZ gSa ftuesa 61087 Nk= o 40366 Nk=k,a gSaA tuinesa 6&9 o"kZ dh vk;q ds fuj{kj cPpksa dh la[;k 90942 gSa ftuesa 43012 ckyd o 47930ckfydk,a gSa tks dHkh Ldwy ugha x;sA4 bu cPpksa dk Ldwy u vkus dk dkj.k xk¡o esafo|ky; u gksuk] fu/kZurk] tkx:drk dh deh] xg dk;ksZa esa O;Lrrk] vfHkHkkodksa dhf'k{kk ds izfr mnklhurk] vkfn gSA bu cPpksa dks f'kf{kr djus gsrq lk{kjrk vfHk;ku]tkx:drk dk;ZØeksa ds lkFk 110 u;s fo|ky; [kksyus iMsaxsA f'k{kk dh lcls n;uh;fLFkfr fctkSyh o xaxhjh fodkl[k.M dh gS ftuesa lk{kjrk nj Øe'k% 43-31 o 43-32izfr'kr gSA tuin ds 116 xk¡o esa u;s fo|ky; [kksys tkus ij 90942 cPpksa dks f'k{kknh tk ldrh gSaA ;s fo|ky; bl izdkj gSa& fodkl[k.M VIiy esa 10] p.MkSl esa 8][kSj 9] tok¡ 8] yks/kk esa 8] /kuhiqj esa 9] xkS.Mk esa 10] bxykl esa 9] vrjkSyh o fctkSyhesa 12&12] xaxhjh esa 13 rFkk vdjkckn esa 8 xk¡oksa esa fo|ky; [kksys tk ldrs gSaArkfydk&01 o ekufp=& 01 ls Li"V gSA

rkfydk& 01tuin vyhx<+ esa izkFkfed f'k{kk dk ;kstuk izk:i

ØŒ

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[[57]]

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[[58]]

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[[59]]

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[[60]]

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[[61]]

3- ek/;fed f'k{kk ¼d{kk 9 ls 12 rd½&tuin esa ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dh la[;k 394 gS ftlesa 209 fo|ky; xzkeh.k {ks=

eas vkSj 185 fo|ky; uxjh; {ks=ksa esa vofLFkr gSaA bu fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh dqyla[;k 163949 gSa ftuesa xzkeh.k fo|kFkhZ 147578 gS rFkk uxjh; fo|kFkhZ 16371 gSaAtuin ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa mPp izkFkfed f'k{kk ls ek/;fed f'k{kk esa igq¡pus okys 73-72izfr'kr ¼147578½ gS tcfd 52610 ¼27-28 izfr'kr½ fo|kfFkZ;ksa us fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls f'k{kk

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[[62]]

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[[63]]

4- mPp f'k{kk&tuin esa mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr larks"ktud ugha gSA tuin esa egkfo|ky;ksa dh

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[[65]]

‘Enhancing Employability: A Indispensable

Way To Socio-Economic Reform’Mr. Chandrakant Nagesh Sonar

Assistant Professor, Department ofCommerce

Siddharth College of Arts, Science & CommerceFort, Mumbai

Abstract

The velocity and nature of globalisation, technological upgradation and innovation, changes

inwork organization, environmental changes and demographic trends, cut-throat competitions

takevery different forms across country. To lead the glob in the above menace the country

must besocio- economically sturdy.The present paper is trying to study what are the main

parameters to bring Socio-economicstability in any country. After analyzing the classical

economic views versus modern economicalviews it is observed that the youth and their

employability play a crucial part in the developmentof nation building. Keeping in mind the

above importance of employability the study is beingmade to know the available young

population in India, it is being recognized that India is aheadin availability of youth

population but the unemployment remains the main hurdle in laggingbehind. Here this paper

is trying to know the various steps taken by the policy makers toovercome the hurdles.In

short it is right to say that bringing young talent in nation building act is the simple way

tostay ahead, and this is possible only after engaging them in the right and favorite

occupation byproviding good employability by diverting them into entrepreneurship and

proper employment.This article is also trying to know and inform about various reforming

steps taken by the

government in the subject matter.

Keyword: entrepreneurship, employment, employability, reforming steps young population

etc.

Introduction

Adam Smith, the foremost classical economist, assigned no significance to entrepreneurial

rolein economic development in his enormous work ‘An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes

of theWealth of Nations’ published in 1776. Smith extolled the rate of capital formation as

animportant determinant of economic development.The problem of economic development

was largely the ability of the people to save more andinvest more in any country. According

to him, ability to save is governed by improvement inproductivity to the increase in the tact

of every worker due to division of labor. Smith regardedevery person as the best judge of his

own interest who should be left to pursue his ownadvantage. According to him, each

individual is led by an ‘invisible hand’ in pursuing his/herinterest. He always advocated the

policy of laissez-faire in economic affairs.In his theory of economic development, David

Ricardo identified only three factors ofproduction, namely, machinery, capital and labor,

among whom the entire produce is distributedas rent, profit and wages respectively. Ricardo

appreciated the virtues of profit in capitalaccumulation. According to him, profit leads to

saving of wealth which ultimately goes to capital

formation.Thus, in both the classical theories of economic development, there is no chance

forentrepreneurship. And, economic development seems to be automatic and self-regulated.

Thus,the attitude of classical economists was very cold towards the role of entrepreneurship

ineconomic development.The economic history of the presently developed countries, for

example, America, Russia andJapan tends to support the fact that the economy development

is an effect for whichentrepreneurship is the cause because entrepreneurship is the only key

factor to generate self-employmentindividually and employment at a large scale.

[[66]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

The crucial role played by the entrepreneurs in the development of the Western countries

hasmade the people of underdeveloped countries too much conscious of the significance

ofentrepreneurship for economic development. Now, people have begun to realize that

forachieving the goal of economic development, it is necessary to increase entrepreneurship

bothqualitatively and quantitatively in the country. It is only active and enthusiastic

entrepreneurs

who fully explore the potentialities of the country’s available resources – labor, technology

andcapital.

In any economically developing or developed country creation of employment

opportunity,facilitating existing entrepreneurship, convenience to develop new self-

employment are oftencalled as the success key of economic development. Small business is

usually called backbone ofthe economy. Policies that encourage the growth of small

businesses and the role ofentrepreneurship in the market are considered to be healthy for the

economy at large.

The important role of entrepreneurship and employment:

· In the economic development of a country, the importance of entrepreneurship can

now be put ina more systematic and orderly manner as follows:

· Entrepreneurship promotes capital formation by assembling the idle saving of the

public.

· It provides immediate large-scale employment. Thus, it helps reduce the

unemploymentproblem in the country, i.e., the root cause of all socio-economic

problems.

· It promotes balanced regional development.

· It helps reduce the concentration of economic power.

· It encourages the equitable redistribution of wealth, income and even political power

in theinterest of the country.

· It inspires effective resource mobilization of capital and skill which might otherwise

remainunutilized and idle.

· It also induces backward and forward linkages which stimulate the process of

economicdevelopment in the country.

· Last but no means the least, it also promotes country’s export trade i.e., an

importantingredient to economic development.

Thus, it is clear that entrepreneurship serves as a stimulant of economic development. On

thewhole, the role of entrepreneurship in economic development of a country can best be put

as “aneconomy is the effect for which entrepreneurship is the cause”

Problem Of The Study

Youth are the major seekers of employment as they pass through their journey of life

fromadolescent to youth. A significant proportion of youth take over the inherent business of

theirfamily, but the major proportion of youth becomes the first time jobseekers and search

foreconomic opportunities as existing in their country of residence. Employment market is

adynamic system where people keep getting in and out of the system.Unemployment though

exists in every part /country of the world but the rate of unemploymentvaries from country to

country. In a country like India with surplus labor, the importance ofemployment-oriented

growth is well known (Himanshu 2011, Ravindran and Unni 2007).Employment has always

featured as a key element of development policy in India.

While describing the relation between Employment and Entrepreneurship

MarynaBurushikina(2011) in his research article titled “ The Relationship Between

Entrepreneurship AndEmployment” mentioned that entrepreneurs has have got enough

resources to maintain theirfamilies, and have their stock over the sufficient level, they will


[[67]]

therefore employ “journeymanwith the surplus” that will increase the level of

employment.Therefore one cannot ignore the importance and relationship of employment

andentrepreneurship. Both the things go hand in hand, if we want economic reform and lead

in therace of develop countries, central and state government has to frame, introduce and

implementsuch a reforming scheme which will help to sustain existing entrepreneur and also

to developnew entrepreneurship which automatically discover new voluminous skilled and

unskilledemployment.

By seeing the above important factual information it was a need of hour to recalibrate

economicpolicies and prepare quick action plan to implement them.

Objectives Of The Study

1. To understand the importance of employment and entrepreneurship.

2. To know the numerous initiative and policies framed by Government from time totime to

improve the status of employment and entrepreneurship.

Significance Of The Study

This study examines the necessity of various economic changes adopted by the

rulinggovernment and the numerous forceful policies implemented in the recent past, for the

need ofdevelopment of India so that it can help to accelerate the economic condition of India,

whichfinally brings foursquare all the round development and set up of local, national as well

asmultinational image of India which consequentially brings positive impact on employment

and entrepreneurship.

Relevance Of The Study To Present Day Problems

In the world of globalized economy, India as a nation is facing a lot of challenges. Amongst

themany other hurdles the major hurdle is unemployment. India is the second largest country

in theworld (in terms of population) with 1342 million populations till 30th June

2017(Internet WorldSource). As per the Indian demographic profile 2017, 40.71% of

population falls in the agegroup of 24 to 54 years which is considered as a most productive

group of population that is inreal sense the strength of Indian economy. The global youth

unemployment rate is 13.0 per cent

for the period 2012 to 2014. Overall, two in five (42.6 per cent) economically active youth

arestill either unemployed or working, yet living in poverty. As of 2014, 73.3 million youth

wereunemployed which accounted for 36.7 per cent of the global unemployment (Central

StatisticalOffice, Ministry Of India).From the above available data, if we compare to global

image of Indian economy, we havehighly populated and educated unemployed young

generation, with a stable government,nationally and internationally opened up economy,

technical advancement, what is required forproper policy framing and timely implementation

of policies framed which will definitelygenerate huge socio-economic improvement and to

build global image of India.

The Research Methodology

The study is purely based on secondary data available from sources like Reports Of

ThePlanning Commission, various books, journals, scholarly articles available on the policies

relatedto employment and entrepreneurship, various policies announced by central and

stategovernment related subject and which is impacting subject and 12th Five Year Plan

(2012- 17)Ministry Of India, various reports and records available from central statistical

organization (CSO), as well as other Secondary data.

Scope Of The Study

Study is restricted to social, environmental, political, economic boundaries of India. Only

somerepresentative examples are taken to know the importance of topic and to correlate the

topic withthe subject. Subject is generalised with the other geographical boundaries of India

Research Review


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Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the driving forces of development particularly

inmodern economies. However, this term can be quite difficult to define despite the large

volumeof studies done on the subject. Moreover, a number of definitions exist on what

constitutesentrepreneurship” and who can be categorized as an “entrepreneur”. For instance,

severalcontextual definitions are available that either defines the process, gerund or the

person(entrepreneurship, entrepreneuring and entrepreneur). The entrepreneurship field can

be viewed

as “the scholarly examination of how, by whom, and with what affects opportunities to

createfuture goods and services are discovered, evaluated and exploited”. Meanwhile,

entrepreneuringrefers to “efforts to bring about new economic, social, institutional, and

cultural environmentsthrough the actions of an individual or group of individuals.”

Employment status in India - Wage Parity.India's labour force consists of 45.9 crore

workers.Out of these, 43.3 crore (94%) are in the unorganized sector and the remaining 2.6

crore (6%) arein the organized sector, according to a survey conducted by NSSO.Schumpeter

(1934) visualized the entrepreneur as the key figure in economic developmentbecause of his

role in introducing innovations.Parson and Smelser (1956) described entrepreneurship as one

of the two necessary conditions foreconomic development, the other being the increased

output of capital.

Harbison (1965) includes entrepreneurs among the prime movers of innovations, and

Sayigh(1962) simply describes entrepreneurship as a necessary dynamic force. It is also

opined thatdevelopment does not occur spontaneously as a natural consequence when

economic conditionsare in some sense ‘right’: a catalyst or agent is always needed, and this

requires anentrepreneurial ability. It is this ability that he perceives opportunities which either

others do notsee or care about. Essentially, the entrepreneur searches for change, sees need

and then brings

together the manpower, material and capital required to respond the opportunity what he sees.

GuilioFaggio and Olma Silva 1 has jointly made the study on link between self-employment

andsome silent aspects of entrepreneurship namely business creation and innovation in urban-

ruralmarket. They concluded the research that entrepreneurs a crucial ‘ingredient’ in

determining acountry’s or a region’s economic prosperity. Entrepreneurs are thought to be

conveyors ofinnovation, engines for job creation and sparks for economic growth. Similarly,

policy makers’interest in studying small business creation and designing interventions that

stimulate entrepreneurial start-ups is always very high.

Richard W. W and Leo-Paul D 2 in their study they identify broad transformation taking

place inthe recent international business environment. They end the study with that sea-

changes in thebusiness environment have far reaching implication for business managers,

policy maker, andresearcher alike. Changes at the macro level will necessitate strategic

changes at micro level.

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) monitors the entrepreneurial activities of

Asiancountries and the role that entrepreneurs play in economic development in rural area.

Crosssectionalanalysis was used in examining the data from GEM revealing the role of

governmentsand international organizations in supporting the enterprises thus contributing to

economicgrowth (James Richardson, 2004).

1. GuilioFaggio and Olma Silva (2014): Journal of urban economic,” self-employment and

entrepreneurship in urban and rural labor”

2. Richard W. W and Leo-Paul D(2003):Journal of Entrepreneurship(Netherland),“changing

paradigms of international EntrepreneurshipStrategy”

The importance of corporate entrepreneurship is to create wealth for organization

andemployment to individual. Bostijan and Robert recognized the importance of

entrepreneurshipand wanted to know the relationship between urban and rural


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entrepreneurship for wealthcreation and employment generation. Data were collected from

477 Slovenian entrepreneurialfirms. They found that the rural and urban entrepreneurship

makes the difference in organizationwealth creation thus levering the growth and profitability

with creation of employability

(BostijanAntonic and Robert D Hisrich 2004).Lalit Sharma and Pankaj Madan3 in their

research article mentioned that in spite of theincreasing recognition of entrepreneurship as a

source of job creation or employability, regional

development, and economic dynamism in a rapidly globalizing world, there has been

nosystematic attempt to look at it from the youth perspective. The study revealed that

previouswork experience of student in job has got no relationship with the intention of

student to becomean entrepreneur after completion of degree. It highlights that a small

amount of experience(typically less than 3 years) is insignificant in creating entrepreneurial

intentions. The studentswho were placed in the ‘High category’ on academic intelligence

were seen to be less inclined towards taking up entrepreneurship as a career.

UNESCO and ILO4 in the research explained that Today, governments and the

internationalcommunity recognize the political urgency of responding to the challenge of

youth education andemployment as a precondition for poverty eradication, sustainable

development and lastingpeace. “To develop and implement strategies that give young people

everywhere a real chance tofind decent and productive work”

David N. Morgolis5. The importance of self-employment in the overall distribution of jobs

isdetermined by many factors, including social protection systems, labor market frictions,

thebusiness environment, and labor market institutions. However, self-employment in

thedeveloping world tends to be low productivity employment, and as countries move up

thedevelopment path, the availability of wage employment grows and the mix of jobs

changes.

3. Lalit Sharma and PankajMadan, (2014): Journal of Global Entrepreneurship

research)”Effect of individual factor on youthEntrepreneurship: A study of Uttarakhand

State”

4. UNESCO and ILO, (2006): Practice towards an entrepreneur culture for the 21st century.

5. David N. Morgolis (2014) : Paris school of economics “Entrepreneurship and self-

employment in the developing world”

Youth employment is now a top policy priority in most countries across all regions. At

theinternational level, it is being translated into the development of a global strategy for

youthemployment and embedded into the 2030 development agenda under Sustainable

DevelopmentGoals. With a growing multitude of country-level initiatives involving many

actors andinstitutions from the public and private sectors, focus now turns to forging

partnerships forpolicy coherence and effective coordination on youth employment.Under the

above literature review it is the finding that all most all the researcher trying stress outthe

importance of entrepreneurship and employment in the economic, social,

culturaldevelopment of any developing or developed country or the region. Many of them

concluded thetopic by notifying that policy makers are the most responsible to frame the

policies related to

sustaining and generating the employment and self-employment.Keeping in mind the above

important suggestive points we will try to see what is the variousinitiative taken by ruling

government, to curb the hurdles of unemployment.

Overview on various governmental policies related to employment andenterenureship

in the changing globalized economy

1. PradhanMantriKaushalVikasYojana(PMKVY) :

PradhanMantriKaushalVikasYojana (PMKVY) is the flagship scheme of theMinistry of Skill

Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE). The objective of thisSkill Certification Scheme is


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to enable a large number of Indian youth to take upindustry-relevant skill training that will

help them in securing a better livelihood.Individuals with prior learning experience or skills

will also be assessed and certifiedunder Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL). Under this

Scheme, Training andAssessment fees are completely paid by the Government.Main

elementals of scheme

a) Short Term Training

b) Recognition of Prior Learning

c) Special Projects

d) Kaushal and RozgarMela

e) Placement Guidelines

f) Monitoring Guidelines

2. UDAAN

Udaan is a Special Industry Initiative for Jammu & Kashmir in the nature of

partnershipbetween the corporates of India and Ministry of Home Affairs and implemented

by NationalSkill Development Corporation. The programme aims to provide skills training

and enhancethe employability of unemployed youth of J&K. The Scheme covers graduates,

postgraduates and three year engineering diploma holders. It has two objectives:

a) To provide an exposure to the unemployed graduates to the best of Corporate India;

b) To provide Corporate India, an exposure to the rich talent pool available in the State.

3. Pradhan Mantra YuvaYojna (PMYY) For Entrepreneur

4. PradhanMantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)

Launched: 8 April 2015 Main Objective: Financial support for growth of micro

enterprisessector. PradhanMantri MUDRA (Micro Units Development and Refinance

Agency) Yojanawas launched with the purpose to provide funding to the non-corporate small

business sector.PradhanMantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is open and is available from all

Bank branchesacross the country. The small businesses/startups or entrepreneurs can avail

loans from Rs.

50 thousand to 10 Lakh to start/grow their business under the three, Shishu, Kishore

andTarun categories of the scheme.

5. Make in India

Launched: 25 September 2014 Main Objective: To encourage multi-national, as well

asdomestic companies to manufacture their products in India and create jobs and

skillenhancement in 25 sectors. The major objective behind the initiative is to focus on

jobcreation and skill enhancement in 25 sectors of the economy. The initiative also aims at

highquality standards and minimizing the impact on the environment. The initiative hopes

toattract capital and technological investment in India.

6. DeenDayalUpadhyayaGrameenKaushalyaYojana (DDUGKY)

Launched: 25 July 2015 Main Objective: To achieve inclusive growth, bydeveloping skills

and productive capacity of the rural youth from poor families.DDU-GKY aims to train rural

youth who are poor and provide them with jobs

having regular monthly wages. It is one of the cluster initiatives of the Ministry ofRural

Development that seeks to promote rural livelihoods. It is a part of theNational Rural

Livelihood Mission (NRLM) – the Mission for poverty reductioncalled Aajeevika.

7. Startup India, Standup India

Launched: 16 January 2016 Main Objective: To provide support to all start-upbusinesses in

all aspects of doing business in India. Under the scheme, the start-upswill adopt self-

certification to reduce the regulatory liabilities. An online portal, inthe shape of a mobile

application, will be launched to help start-up founders to easilyregister. The app is scheduled

to be launched on April 1.


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8. National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme National Apprenticeship

PromotionScheme (NAPS) is a new scheme of Government of India to promote

apprenticeship.It was launched on19th August 2016. Components of NAPS? The scheme has

thefollowing two components: Reimbursement of 25% of prescribed stipend subject to

a maximum of Rs. 1500/- per month per apprentice by the Government of India toall

employers who engage apprentices. Reimbursement of cost of basic training (upto a limit of

Rs. 7500/- for a maximum of 500 hours/3 months) by the Governmentof India to Basic

Training Providers (BTPs) in respect of apprentices who come

directly for apprenticeship training without any formal training. Why was NAPSrequired? To

promote apprenticeship training. To incentivize employers who wish toengage apprentices.

To increase the engagements of apprentices from present 2.3lakh to 50 lakh cumulatively by

2020.Startup India is an initiative by Indian government to promote the new dimensions

toentrepreneurship in the country.The Main objective of all above schemes is to create

employment and boost the newentrepreneurship in the country and to make India more

competitive globally. Through thiscampaign government is supporting the new entrepreneurs

by enabling them the funds andinvestments required.The government is also adopting the

new tried and successful methods from other countries thatcan work for our country as well

in terms of generating employment.

Steps taken to ease of doing business

The government is going to contribute a corpus of Rs. 10000 crores in Startup

IndiaScheme.

1. No Capital gains Tax on Personal Property Sold to invest in startups

2. No Income tax will be charged on profits from the new startups for first 3 years

3. No inspection for first 3 years of startup

4. Self-certification option for startups

5. Simplifying the patent rules and process

6. 80% rebate on filing a Patent Application

7. Startup hub will be a single source for information and guidance

8. Mobile oriented easy application form for Startups

9. Easy exit policy to be introduced for startups, which will help startups to exit in 90 days

10. Credit guarantee scheme will be provided for loans.

11. New policies will come to boost and help the Women entrepreneurs

12. New bio clusters will be set up to help the Biotech sector.

Key Initiative of government to remove the hurdle of employment by concentrating

onmanufacturing growth and promote India as a manufacturing hub.

1. Five industrial corridor projects across India have been identified, planned and launched

bythe Government of India. These corridors are spread across India, with strategic focus

oninclusive development to provide an impetus to industrialization and planned urbanization.

Ineach of these corridors, manufacturing will be a key economic driver and these projects

areseen as critical in raising the share of employment and manufacturing in India's Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) from the current levels of 15% to 25% by 2025.

2. Smart Industrial Cities are being developed along the Corridors. These cities are

beingdeveloped to integrate the new workforce that will power manufacturing and will lead

toplanned urbanization.

3. In a short space of time, the obsolete and obstructive frameworks of the past have

beendismantled and replaced with a transparent and user-friendly system that is helping

driveinvestment, foster innovation, develop skills, protect Internet Protocol (IP) and build

best-inclassmanufacturing infrastructure. The most striking indicator of progress is

theunprecedented opening up of key sectors – including Railways, defense, Insurance

andMedical Devices – to dramatically higher levels of Foreign Direct Investment.4. The


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ministry has engaged with the World Bank group to identify areas of improvement inline

with World Bank’s ‘doing business’ methodology. A two day workshop and severalfollow up

meetings were held to formulate framework which could boost India’s rankingwhich is

currently 130 in terms of Ease of doing business, which help to boostentrepreneurship and

employment.

Conclusion:

Entrepreneurship plays a principal function in creating an avenue for employability for

urbancommunities, providing self-employment for those who have started-up a business of

their own andenhancing the economic status of the rural sector as well. Entrepreneurship has

transformed manyentrepreneurs into successful eminent business personalities and generated

income for urban andrural communities. Entrepreneurs in rural area have transformed their

vicinity into trading hubs thusenabling them to become urbanized areas. In the conclusion,

one has to accept the fact thatadvancing manufacturing growth will be essential if India wants

to transform itself into a highincome

economy and manufacturing hub.

The Government is the highest monitoring authority to frame the various schemes and

policiesrelated to the development of subject matter and in this direction the present ruling

Governmenthas come up with various advance initiatives like Cashless India, Make in India,

and variousStartup policies, creation of manufacturing zones/ clusters in various parts of the

country.Schemes which bring ease of doing business like one window clearance and tax

exemptions fornew startups is being implemented.References:

· Make in India: Turning Vision Into Reality. The Boston Consulting Group-CII 13thManufacturing

Summit 2014.

· Retrieved from http://www.bcgindia.com/documents/file176705.pdf

· Chattopadhyay, A. (2015, May 15). For ‘Make in India’ to Happen, Modi Govt. Must Movefrom

Cheap Rhetoric to Difficult Action. The Economic Times. Retrieved

fromhttp://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-

· 15/news/62192469_1_roadinfrastructure-modi-government-india

· Doing Business in India. (2015, June).Nishith Desai Associates.Retrieved

fromhttp://www.nishithdesai.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/Research%20Papers/Doing_Business_in_ india.pdf

· Make In India: Opportunities and Challenges. (2015, Feb.).Deloitte. Retrieved

fromhttps://www.mof.go.jp/pri/international_exchange/kouryu/fy2014/ncaer201502-9.pdf

· Top 10 Challenges of Doing Business in Asia Pacific. (n.d.).TMF Group. Retrieved from

http://www.tmf-group.com/en/media-centre/resources/top-challenges/apac/india

· Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) - 31/05/2014 Databook for PC; 22nd December, 2014

· VISION IAS, www.visionias.in

· Annual report 2015-16, Government of India, Ministry of Micro, Small and MediumEnterprises,

website: www.msme.gov.in

· Role of Manufacturing in Employment Generation in India-INDIA BRAND EQUITYFOUNDATION,

www.ibef.org

· International Journal of Academic Research, make in India: Illusion or possible realityproject?-

Dr. T.V. Ramana, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Economics, Andhra UniversityCampus, Kakinadsa.


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India’s Fight Against Black Money:

An Overview of Measures

Suryakant S. Pagare

Assistant Professor, Department of Accountancy

R A Podar College of Commerce & Economics, Matunga, Mumbai, 400 019

Abstract:

The problem of black money has been impending the social and economic

development in India since independence, however it aggravated with the introduction of LPG

reforms as the funds began to flow in and out within and outside the country more freely as

the Indian economy was liberalized and opened up for rest of the world and was considered as

the one of the most prominent emerging economies. To curb the rising menace of black

money the measures too have been undertaken and reinforced from time to time as the

problem kept aggravated. The present study takes the overview of different measures

undertaken by different governments since the independence till the recent times; right from

the initial VDS schemes declared in 50s till the recent drastic move of demonetization. The

paper outlines various legislative, administrative, judicial and diplomatic measures undertaken

by the government to deal with the black money menace. Further the paper introduces the

hurdles which are disparaging the efforts of the measures undertaken. The diverse and

relentless series of measures to curb the evil of black money and thereby to mitigate the

resultant social and economic perils, have considerably failed to deal with the problem

effectively. Overcoming the hurdles which adversely obstruct the remedy devised by the

measures is the need of the hour and requires tough and selfless measures with strong political

will to implement them austerely.

Keywords: Black Money, Parallel Economy, Money Laundering, Tax Evasion

1. Introduction

The menace of black money has ever been a stumbling block in the economic and social

advancement of the country. Moreover the pervasive and extensive reach of the menace has

significantly impeded its estimation and ensuing measures to control it effectively. The

developing state of the economy and its far-reaching advancement in the midst of

privatization liberalization and globalization has inexorably afforded favorable conditions to

this menace to widen and deepen its impact which is estimated from moderate 20% to

extravagant 60% of GDP or even more by several national and global agencies at different

times.

The problem of the black money in a developing country like India is complex and it

drastically slows down the economical and thereby the social development. The economic

perils of black money often pose as both cause & effect for social perils like crime and

corruption. However in unison both the factors strongly create a threat to the democracy,

sovereignty and prosperity of the nation.

Crime, corruption and commercial tax evasion are the main sources of generation of black

money. Crime and corruption include illegal activities such as drug/human trafficking,

smuggling, extortion, bribery etc. The global research points out that the commercial tax

evasion accounts for major share in black money generated, followed by corruption and

remaining diminutive share accounts for criminal activities.

The black money generated through these means may be hoarded, reinvested or laundered

within the country or may be stashed secretly abroad in safe havens. The agencies across the

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ISSN : 0976-1136

world estimating the magnitude of black money stashed in Switzerland and other tax havens

have unanimously been forming their consensus in ranking India at the top places; though

they differ in their agreement on precise valuation. Over the decades huge amount of black

money generated in India has been clandestinely parked in abroad tax havens by unlawful

means of Hawala, mis-invoicing in trade, services and intangibles, and transfer pricing etc.

After the huge estimation made public by the formal and informal international sources like

Swiss bank, IMF and HSBC espionage the Indian government made a few unfruitful attempts

to recover the black money stashed abroad. However the Indian government seemed

reinforced to accelerate the prolonged and futile series of attempts to bring back the black

money abroad. The stimulus behind this new founded reinforcement was certain constructive

developments at international scene on the issue of black money stashed abroad. In the wake

of global slowdown (2008) and their economies in distress the G20 nation’s raising

resentment on the issue culminated into serious threats of sanctions to tax havens. For the first

time in the history the tax havens had to succumb to the mounting international pressure and

agreed to share the information. However the agreement has its own limitations in its efficacy

in digging-up the past information, as it is full with lots of ifs & buts and legal intricacies.

2. The Overview Of Measures

The different governments undertook several measures to curb the menace of black money.

The measures include several official and otherwise VDI Schemes, tax reforms, legislation

and institution of appropriate administrative machinery to address the need of times to active

participation on the global platform on the issue to the recent drastic move of demonetization.

Voluntary Disclosure of Income Schemes (VDIS)

Since 1951 the government officially declared seven VDIS to unearth and bring back the

black wealth into mainstream economy. The spirit of these schemes was more like state-

sponsored-laundering as these schemes were seemed to be more beneficial than punitive to the

non tax compliants, as they not only received all sorts of immunity but also ended up paying

lesser taxes by declaring the assets at lesser than their real value and getting taxed at normal

rates without imposition of any interest and penalty. It is pertinent to note that the effective

incidence of tax on jewelry disclosed under the VDIS scheme 1997 was even 0.1% of the

value disclosed by craftily exploiting the provisions of the scheme.

The VDIS scheme 1997 and IDS scheme 2016 were the latest and most acclaimed schemes

amongst all. Though the two schemes were compared by the experts on scholarly parameters,

the comparison was not free from political tint as both the schemes were declared by two

different governments when either of them was in the opposition at the time of

pronouncement of the scheme. At the time of VDIS 1997 the then UPA government was

required to file an affidavit in the Supreme Court pledging that these kinds of amnesty

schemes shall never be pronounced again. Therefore while introducing the IDS 2016 the NDA

government had to proclaim that it was not just another amnesty scheme and the scheme

provided comparatively stringent tax rates along with rigorous imprisonment for willful

attempt of tax evasion. The declarations under the IDS 2016 were far lesser that the earlier

scheme and again proved that the non tax complaints were not to be taken in by the threats of

penal action but will surely respond to the bargain to their advantage.

Other VD Schemes in disguise

Finding the results of the VDIS not encouraging enough, the government adopted

inconspicuous means for voluntary disclosures. Instead of pronouncing fresh VDI scheme

with the official approval of parliament, in 1985 the VDI scheme was camouflaged in the

form of seven CBDT circulars issued from June 1985 to February 1986 allowing the similar

amnesty to the non tax compliants. Further Indira Vikas Patra (1986) and Kisan Vikas Patra


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(1988) provided the ongoing opportunities to the tax evaders to disclose circuitously the

unaccounted wealth.

Issue of Bonds and Deposits

With an average interval of a decade the governments kept pronouncing the VDI schemes

punctuated with other similar schemes providing not only the similar immunities and

amnesties but obliquely also with the opportunities of money laundering without incurring any

tax liability. These schemes were in the nature of issuance of bonds and deposits. The results

of these schemes too were not up to the expectations and failed to boost up the economy by

unearthing black money in it as hoped for. However these schemes cannot be passed over by

judging them only on the parameter of quantum of disclosure of black money. These schemes

were also launched with contemporary objectives of addressing certain economic, social and

sovereign issues of the times. In the wake of wartime National Defence Gold Bonds (1965)

and National Defence Remittance Scheme (1965) were launched for development of the

defense industries. National Housing Bank Deposit Scheme 1991 was launched for setting up

a special fund for financing slum clearance. Foreign Exchange Remittance Scheme and India

Development Bonds were launched as firefighting operations against precarious foreign

exchange position in 1991. Gold Bonds Scheme 1993 was announced to augment the level of

gold reserves. Nevertheless the fact cannot be denied that while evaluating the performance of

these schemes vis-à-vis black money expressed in percentage of GDP, the success was

insignificant. Moreover the then finance minister lamented in his budget speech for 1990-91

for the misuse of Special bearer bonds scheme 1981 when the bonds were due for redemption

and were sold for premium as the maturity was closer.

Taxation Reforms:

i. Reduction in Tax Rates

The higher tax rates have ever been the prime cause of tax evasion and consequent generation

of black money at individual and corporate level. The Taxation Inquiry Commissions

consistently recommended in their reports from decade to decade the need for reduction in

exorbitant tax rates. The governments had been implementing the reports of the commissions

as a systematic effort to reform the taxation by reducing the tax rates and number of slabs

gradually.

The rationale behind the tax reduction is to broaden the ambit of tax payers by encouraging

them to disclose and get assessed their income at reasonable & justified lower tax rates. In the

early years of 80s decade the maximum marginal tax rate for individuals was 97.5% with

eleven tax brackets and it was reduced to 50% with four brackets in the mid 90s. The last

wave of tax reforms for simplifying and rationalizing the tax rates and slabs was initiated with

the introduction of LPG reforms in 1991 when the tax rates were reduced to 40% with three

slabs of 20%, 30% and 40% in the year 1992-93. Since then the Individual tax rates have

stabled with the three slabs of 10%, 20% and 30% with further marginal levy of cess and

surcharge. The rationale of tax reduction is substantiated as the share of direct taxes in GDP

has increased from 2.1 per cent in 1990-91 to 5.8 per cent in 2014-15.

ii. Permanent Account Number (PAN)

The current form and relevant rules of PAN have evolved since 1972 to facilitate linking of

various financial documents and transactions of the assesee with assessment procedures, for

detecting and combating tax evasion and widening the tax base. The Inefficacy of rule

providing for mandatory citation of PAN on financial and banking documents has been

mitigated by amending the rules and providing penal action in the form of prosecution and

imprisonment for assesee in default.

iii. E-Governance in Tax Administration


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The growing thrust on e-governance in tax administration has witnessed an encouraging

response and has resulted into expansion of tax ambit with greater efficiency and reforms in

tax compliance, further it has enriched interaction with all the stakeholders. In concurrence

with the suggestions of Kelkar Committee (2002) for ITD to focus on the areas of core

competence and to outsource the non-core activities and setting up an independent Tax

Information Network, the ITD conceptualized and introduced a series of innovations and

initiatives in tax administration with the help of information technology. These initiatives

inter-alia include digitization of annual information returns in 2004, e-filing of returns in

2006, establishing during 2006-08 a dedicated countrywide network in the Department, e-

payment of taxes and outsourcing issue of refunds for direct credit in bank accounts in 2008,

establishing a Centralized Processing Centre in Bengaluru in 2009 for centralized processing

of e-filed returns, and establishing a Centralized Processing Centre in Delhi in 2012 for

centralized processing of TDS returns. For ensuring compliance with the tax obligations the

ITD devised a centralized and rule based mechanism for selecting cases for scrutiny viz.

Computer Assisted Scrutiny Selection (CASS). The Integrated Taxpayer Data Management

System (ITDMS) electronically collates information collected from various sources of

taxation like TDS, e-returns and annual information returns (AIRs) and creates a 360-degree

tax profile of high net-worth assesses.

As these initiatives put down the roots the number of e-filed returns reached 4.34 Crore in FY

2015-16.The implementation of Non-filers Monitoring System (NMS) has resulted into 46.7

Lakh non-filers filing their return and paying self-assessment taxes of Rs 6,451 Crore till the

FY 2015-16. The percentage of tax collected using electronic payment option has increased

from 44.51% in FY 2010-11 to 74.91% during FY 2015-16 in count terms and for the similar

period it has increased from 80.24 to 88.49% in value terms. These measures brought down

turnaround time for processing of returns to about 60 days.

The overdrive of initiatives was further introduced in the core business processes like

assessment investigation, intelligence, litigation and grievance redressal. The ITD introduced

Income Tax Business Application projects (ITDB) in 2014 to transform a traditional

administration dependent upon manual processes to a modern, professional administration for

ensuring improved delivery of services for boosting the taxpayers’ confidence and improving

revenue collections and adding to the tax base. To streamline the litigation management

system the ITD launched the National Judicial Reference System (NJRS) in 2015. In 2016 for

data warehousing and business intelligence ITD launched Project Insight and for

comprehensive management of taxpayers grievances rolled out the initiative of e-NIVARAN.

The Refund Banker Scheme has significantly cut down the rampant practice of cheap bribery

in the department and CASS has been instrumental in the elimination of discretionary power

of the assessing officer to select cases for scrutiny with effect from 2013. The thoughtful, well

implemented and sustained drive of e-governance is expected to reduce the arbitrariness and

misuse of discretionary powers in tax administration. The expedition of e-governance in last a

dozen years has not only fructified and strengthened the ecosystem of the tax administration

but also has caused to establish a strong deterrent factor among the tax evaders.

Enactments & Strengthening Legislation

As the problem of black money is widespread, pervasive and complex there can possibly be

no unique codified law to deal with the menace. The legislation to curb the black money has

evolved over the years to confront the turbulences of different sorts at different times. The

legislation against the black money is dispersed in various laws providing not only the

preventive measures to control, but also civil, criminal and penal actions for generation and

laundering of black money.


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Income Tax Act, 1961 by prescribing the provisions against concealment of income and

evasion of tax empowers IT authorities subject to the other provisions of the Act for

discovery, inspection, survey, search and seizure of assesee in default. The Act provides for

the filing income tax return, maintenance of books of accounts, mandatory tax audit and

further through provisions of TDS and TCS create legal obligation on person making certain

payments to deduct tax from the payment and deposit it with government. The Wealth Tax

Act, 1957 also provides for various provisions which are similar to that of Income Tax Act,

1961.

To avoid undesirable divulgence, black money is usually invested in buying benami properties

with fictitious credentials so as to deceive the authorities in tracking down the real owner of

the property. To curb this practice Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act was passed in

1988, which was drastically amended in 2016 to broadly cover all the aspects of the benami

transactions which were leaving certain loopholes in the erstwhile Act and to fortify the

authorities with wide powers for strictly enforcement.

Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 deals with prevention of money-

laundering, confiscation of relevant property and allied matters. Under the Act the offence of

money laundering is linked to 156 predicate scheduled offences dispersed in 28 different

statutes. The Act provides for restitution of black money, seizure, attachment and confiscation

of asset stashed abroad as per the prescribed procedure for reciprocal arrangements with

Contracting States, and as a preventive measure requires the financial sector entities to verify

the identities of their clients and record & report the suspicious transactions to prescribed

authorities failing to which the Act further empowers the authorities (ED & FIU-IND) to

conduct inquiries and impose sanctions against financial sector entities for non-compliance.

The Customs law provides penalty for improper import and export of goods and for short levy

or non levy of duty, the penalty equivalent to the value of the offended goods can be imposed.

Further the offences under the Customs Act, 1962 and the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic

Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985 are “Predicate Offence” under the PML Act, 2002 hence the

tainted proceeds acquired by contravening the provisions of these Acts can be attached and

confiscated under the PML Act, 2002.

Administrative, Investigative and Intelligence Machinery

The constituent agencies under this machinery are entrusted to enforce the relevant laws and

coordinate with each other in investigations and further are responsible for exchange of

intelligence.

Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) is responsible for administration of direct tax laws

and assists Central Government in all policy matters relating to international taxation, transfer

pricing and direct taxation in India. Under CBDT the ITD through its field offices spread

across the country play vital role in preventing generation, accumulation, and consumption of

unaccounted black money. By means of compliance procedures laid down for the tax payer,

information gathered out of assessment and received from intelligence and investigation

quarters, the transactions are detected for suspicious dealings in cash, immovable property and

capital market and further investigated for tax evasion by carrying out operations such as

survey and search to collect evidence for evasion.

Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) is responsible for levy and collection of

customs & central excise duties, prevention of smuggling, and administrative matters relating

to customs, central excise and narcotics to the extent under the CBEC's purview. CBEC with

its two directorates develop intelligence for detection of cases of evasion of duties and taxes

and maintain close liaison with counterpart international intelligence agencies including


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INTERPOL and join the forces with the FIU-IND for scrutiny and enquiry of cases of

unaccounted money both within and outside the country.

Central Bureau of Narcotics (CBN) functions in coordination with state governments and

agencies in connection with the enforcement of NDPS and allied laws. CBN counter measures

against illicit drugs traffic under various international conventions and protocols, and also

assists concerned authorities in foreign countries and international organizations dealing with

prevention and suppression of this prohibited traffic. Further, it supervises the cultivation,

manufacture, export and import of narcotics drugs and psychotropic substances.

Administering the provisions of PMLA and FEMA and development of intelligence and

investigation of suspected offenses under these Acts are the prime objectives of Enforcement

Directorate (ED) which operates through its field offices spread across states and regions. It

is responsible for investigation and prosecution of money-laundering offences under PMLA

and, under FEMA for counteracting contraventions relating to foreign exchange transactions

and international Hawala transactions.

Under PMLA while powers relating to search and seizure are exercised by the ED, powers

relating to collection and dissemination of information are exercised by Financial

Intelligence Unit (FIU-IND) which is responsible for receiving, processing, analyzing, and

disseminating information relating to suspected financial transactions. In combat against

money laundering and terrorist financing FIU-IND coordinates and reinforces efforts for

acquiring national and international intelligence for investigation and enforcement agencies.

Central Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB) is the nodal agency responsible for

coordinating and sharing economic intelligence and investigation with all the intelligence and

law enforcement agencies at regional and national level. Through its three wings apart from

monitoring the workings of Economic Intelligence Councils at central and regional levels, it

coordinates at the central level the exchange of information and intelligence relating to

economic offences including drug trafficking, smuggling, foreign exchange violations, supply

of counterfeit currency, Hawala transactions, financial frauds in stock markets, money

laundering, tax evasion etc. and further responsible for enforcement of provisions of

COFEPOSA Act against smugglers and foreign exchange racketeers. In performing its

vigilant and proactive role it has been assigned the responsibility of acting as the ‘think tank’

on issues relating to economic offences. It examines emerging trends and changing dynamics

of economic offences, takes note of the nexus among various stakeholders of these activities,

their modus operandi and suggests measures for effectively dealing with them.

Serious Frauds Investigating Office (SFIO) is a multi-disciplinary organization consisting

of experts in the fields of accountancy, forensic auditing, law, information technology,

investigation, company law, capital market and taxation, for detecting and prosecuting or

recommending for prosecution white-collar crimes or frauds and complex cases having inter-

departmental and multidisciplinary ramifications and substantial involvement of public

interest, either in terms of monetary misappropriation or in terms of persons affected. Through

investigation SFIO contribute towards improvement in systems, laws, or procedures and

examines emerging trends and changing dynamics of economic offences.

ROC and ROS respectively being registrars of companies and nonprofit societies serve as

the reservoir of the records and data and are responsible for monitoring the compliance of the

statutory requirements by the entities registered under them. RBI, SEBI, FMC, IRDA,

TRAI, etc., regulatory agencies also keep close eye on their constituent entities for out of

ordinary transactions by formulation and implementation of the regulatory framework and

curb the practices involving generation of black money. The central agencies inter-alia like

the Bureau of Immigration (BOI), the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), and the


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National Investigation Agency (NIA) along with CBI and Economic Offences Wings under

state police agencies also contribute and coordinate the intelligence and investigation in their

prescribed jurisdiction in detecting and investigating the cases involving generation of black

money.

Special Investigation Team (SIT) on Black Money

The inter-disciplinary high level committee under the headship of Justice Shah was

constituted in 2014 as per the orders of Supreme Court in 2011. The SIT has been charged

with the responsibility and duties of investigation, initiation of proceedings and prosecution in

cases for unaccounted money with its jurisdiction extending in the cases where investigations

have already commenced or are pending or awaiting to be initiated or have been completed.

The SIT has been empowered to prepare a comprehensive action plan including creation of

necessary institutional structure that could enable the country to fight the battle against

unaccounted money and required to report to the court the status of work from time to time.

The SIT so far has submitted five reports and recommended varied measures on different

issues related to black money. The recommendations include ban on cash transactions

exceeding Rs.300000 and cash holding Rs. 15 lakh, mechanism to generate red flag on

unusual rise in stock price, tightening disclosure norms by SEBI on PNs, proactive detection

of creation of shell companies, receiving cash donations in educational institution as

punishable offence under Prevention of Corruption Act, establishment of Central KYC

registry.

Diplomatic Initiatives for Black Money Stashed Abroad

Financial crisis in 2008 hit across the world and underlined the need for internationally

coordinated efforts for strong and decisive action against safe tax havens. The international

deliberations insisted singling out and imposing sanctions against these safe havens and

constraining them for transparency and exchange of information. India joined this global

crusade against black money and played a vital role by strongly advocating for sharing past

banking information and raising the issue of automatic exchange of tax information on global

platform through G20 and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

(OECD). India has been instrumental in changing the laws and administrative procedures of

jurisdictions in order to confirm to international standards.

India extended the active support in the cause of OECD in developing a broader multilateral

approach to improve the effectiveness of exchange of information by signing the MCAA

convention in January 2012. The member jurisdictions under the convention are bound for

mutual cooperation in the assessment and collection of taxes and thereby combating tax

avoidance and evasion.

In September 2015 with the worldwide mounting pressure the Swiss government agreed

on amending the Tax Administrative Assistance Act. Leading to this development though

Swiss government had agreed to share the details of tax evaders, it was of little use for India

as the amendment had the limitation of applicability period due to Double Taxation

Agreement entered into between India and Switzerland in 2011, which meant Switzerland

shall be obliged to provide information for fiscal years which start on or after 1 April 2011

that too if the secret bank accounts were still in operation.

Nevertheless the persistent efforts by India showed positive signs as the figures confirmed by

the Swiss National Bank suggested that the deposits in Swiss banks by Indians halved by

2016.

In June 2016 Switzerland ratified the automatic exchange of financial account information

with India and 40 other jurisdictions to facilitate the sharing of details of suspected black

money, and whereupon shall automatically receive information on Indians holding bank


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accounts in Switzerland from the year 2019 i.e. a year later when AEOI comes into force

on January 1, 2018.

In 2016 India amended DTAA (double taxation avoidance agreement) with Mauritius, Cyprus

and Singapore. The amended treaties is seen as a major step towards plugging the loophole

facilitating the round tripping of funds, as the agreements before the amendment were misused

for bringing stashed money back in the country through these routes.

The government in April 2016 constituted Multi-Agency Group (MAG) consisting of

(CBDT), (ED), (FIU) and RBI for co ordinate and speedy investigation in the cases of about

500 Indian persons allegedly having undisclosed foreign assets and whose names are

reportedly included in Panama Papers leaks.

Demonetization of High Currency Notes

To fight against the menace of black money the weapon of demonetization had been

unleashed twice in the history of independent India. In 1978 January the government

demonetized the high denomination currency notes of Rs. 1000, Rs.5000 and Rs.10000

constituting about less than 2% of total currency notes in circulation. In November 2016

government demonetized the currency notes of Rs.500 and Rs.1000 constituting about 86% of

the currency notes in circulation. In 1978, the share of abandoned high denomination currency

notes in total currency in circulation and thereby overall impact was too inconsequential as

compared to the demonetization in 2016. The prime objective behind the unexpected and

unwarned move in 2016 was to catch the black money stashers off the guard and compel them

to come clean of untaxed cash money possessed by them either in exchange with new

currency notes or by depositing the same in their bank accounts.

Introducing Jan-dhan accounts, linking the Adhar card with bank accounts and finally the

IDS-2016 was a premeditated ploy devised by the government for the success of the scheme.

However as far as the success of the demonetization is gauged on the scale of unearthing the

black money, the results were not encouraging. Though the move was initially pronounced

against black money, later on the government tried to redeem the success of demonetization

by claiming it as a battle against fake currency, funding for terrorism and an initiative towards

cashless economy. The scheme was severely criticized by the eminent scholars as it led to

slump in economy, upheaval and loss of jobs in the unorganized sector, the huge cost of

remonetization, the great public ordeal and incomprehensible move of introducing Rs. 2000

notes by cancelling Rs. 500 & 1000 notes.

Promotion of Cashless Economy

The transaction made in cash facilitates the tax evasion and generation of black money as it

does not leave any audit trail. In India a major segment of the economy comprise informal

sector which primarily deal in cash either out of lack of knowledge and awareness, or out of

inadequacy of requisite infrastructure for cashless transactions. Therefore the efforts to

regulate and control the cash transactions were confined to certain provisions in the Income

Tax Act disallowing the cash payments exceeding specified amount. Though the use of

debit/credit cards and e-wallets has been gradually gaining ground in metros and cities, the

larger section of the society is devoid of these facilities, further the transaction cost involved

in their usage dampen the enthusiasm of thrifty customers to use it unreservedly. In such un-

conducive set-up the government never seemed keen enough to promote cashless economy

wholeheartedly, till the move of demonetization in 2016 which to a certain extent was the

stepping-stone of vibrant promotion of cashless economy.

To cope with the scarcity of currency notes caused by demonetization the government for

promoting digital payments announced several incentives, which were further intensified in

the budget 2017-18. Though in the process of coping with the demonetization India has


[[81]]

certainly gained a bit momentum in the direction of becoming a cashless economy, the

journey is hindered with the blockades and so far is not able to encompass the masses in the

expedition. Getting over the reluctance and apprehension of the common man, and equipping

the administrative & banking manpower and machinery for digital transactions are major

challenges in a country like India where almost 90% of transactions are carried out through

cash.

Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015

Taking into account the inadequacy of Income Tax Act 1961, to deal with undisclosed foreign

income a distinct and comprehensive law was enacted in May 2016, providing separate

taxation of black money stashed abroad in the form of undisclosed income or asset including

financial interest in any entity located outside India. The Act applies to all persons resident in

India and provides tax rate at flat 30% without any deduction or set off of any carried forward

losses which are otherwise admissible under Income Tax Act, if the undisclosed income has

remained unexplained or the explanation offered is not to the satisfaction of the authorities.

The violation of the provisions of the Act attracts stringent penalties for non disclosure of

income and failure to furnish the return in respect of foreign income or assets. The violators

include assesee in default, any beneficial owner, any beneficiary, any abettor and any person

inducing to furnish false information. The penalty provided for non-disclosure is equal to

three times the amount of tax payable i.e., 90 percent of the undisclosed income or the value

of the undisclosed asset, in addition to tax payable at 30%, and for failure to furnish the return

the penalty is Rs. 10 lakhs. Apart from the penalty the law provides for punishment in the

form of imprisonment ranging from six months to seven years and the provision extends to

banks and financial institution for abatement in the offence. The extension of the provision to

include banks and financial institution is crucial as certain private and public sector banks and

insurance companies are under the cloud for alleged assisting their fraudulent clients in money

laundering for their customers.

Goods & Services Tax

The long awaited GST delayed due to political intricacies finally came into operation from

July 2017. GST is considered as a huge fiscal reform in Indian economy particularly in

indirect taxation. Prior to GST multiple indirect taxes were administered by different

authorities with no mechanism devised in particular to check unreported transactions and

thereby generating a great deal of black money out of unreported income.

Under GST each supply of goods and services will be liable for tax at its source of origination

and for every subsequent supply too, however to remove cascading effect of indirect taxes on

subsequent supply, every subsequent reseller or manufacturer will be able to claim the credit

of taxes paid on preceding supplies subject to the other provisions of the Act. To claim the tax

credit it is mandatory and moreover prudent for a dealer to get registered under the GST Act.

Each invoice of supply of goods or service is required to be uploaded on the GST portal

(GSTN) for ascertainment of credit to each subsequent dealer till the goods and services are

bought by a consumer who is last link in the supply chain. The scheme under the system is to

discourage the dealer for the non-registration and non-disclosure of the transaction as either of

the default may cost denial of credit to the counterpart dealer and as a result loss of business to

the dealer in default.

The system not only encourages the disclosure of transactions but also well-equipped and

integrated with several fiscal databases such as imports, exports, RBI, banks and income tax

which may prove to be deterrent factor to the tax evaders. Thus, if administered and

implemented properly, the overall mechanism of GST is designed to plug the certain

loopholes in commercial tax evasion and thereby curb the black money to a greater extent.


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3. Hurdles

The measures to curb black money are obstructed by several hurdles that drastically impair the

remedy expected.. Major prevalence of informal sector, developing state of economy,

inadequacies in direct taxation laws & its administration, opacity in political funding and

resultant immunity to corporate bigwigs, political expediency over systematic compliance,

delayed, dithered and diluted legislation and administrative obstacles are the major hurdles

which impede the anticipated efficacy out of the measures to fight against the black money.

To derive significant and effective outcome out of these measures the overcoming of such

hurdles is necessary. To overcome these hurdles the sincere, selfless and dedicated efforts are

required from all the stakeholders of the society. A little introspection is warranted in the

business community for rising above the tax evasive culture and it need to perform a vital part

in nation building. The administrative machinery needs to be fortified with stringent

legislation, requisite manpower and adequate infrastructure with working autonomy and

without any politically inclined interference by government. Above all the political leaders

and the government need to exhibit a strong will to fight against the black money by taking

tough and concrete decisions devoid of any political mileage.

4. Conclusion

The curb the menace of black money which has extensively pervaded and significantly

destabilized the economic and social advancement of the country, the several governments

have been undertaking diverse measures in their respective capacities at legislative,

administrative, judicial, diplomatic and every possible front. The measures though seem to be

designed and devised in objective manners; in ground reality, the outcome has been failing to

commensurate with the intended results. Several systematic, administrative and political

hurdles, some within and some beyond the control of governments have systematically or

otherwise been frustrating the remedies out of these measures. Strong political will with

selfless and austere decisions may overcome the impending hurdles and make a leeway for the

intended success of the measures undertaken.

5. References

1. Black Money Committee. (2012). Measures to Tackle Black Money in India and Abroad. Government

of india Ministry of Finance.2. BMR Advisors. (2015, May 14). UnFINA & Black Money in India. BMR Edge .

3. Chakravarty, M. (2016, November). India 's Tax System: Increasing Progressivity. Yojana .

4. Global Financial Integrity. (2017). Illicit Financial Flows to and from Developing Countries: 2005-

2014.

5. Gopalan, V. (2011). Ill Effects of Black Money on Growth of Economy. The Management Accountant

.

6. GreatGameIndia. (2017, May 17). India’s Biggest Scam – Round-Tripping Black Money As FDI.

7. Income Tax Department. (2016). Transforming Tax Administration through E-Governance.

8. Insights. (2014, November). Understanding Issues Related to Black Money. Insight's Active Learning .

9. Khan, S. S. (2012, May 12). Tax Amnesties in India.

10. Kumar, A. (2016). Estimation of the Size of the Black Economy in India, 1996–2012. Economic andPolitical Weekly .

11. Malik, D. S. (2016, November). Ushering in a New Era of Tax Reforms. Yojana .

12. Mehta, R. (2016, November). GST: Game Changer for Indian Economy ?

13. Ministry of Law and Finance. (2015). Black Money and UnFINA Act.

14. Mukherjee, P. (2012). White Paper on Black Money. New Delhi: GOI Ministry of Finance, Department

of Revenue, CBDT, New Delhi.

15. Sarkar, S. (2010). The Parallel Economy In India: Causes, Impacts and Government Initiatives.

Economic Journal of Development Issues .


[[83]]

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[[84]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

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.

ME

AN

S.D

.

ME

AN

S.D

.

ME

AN

S.D

.

ME

AN

S.D

.

ME

AN

S.D

.


[[85]]

S.C

.

26

.4

6.6

3

23

.4

6.1

2

21

.3

5.7

3

18

.2

5.0

4

7.0

9

2.6

3

7.9

9

3.5

7

24

.2

8.8

7

4.1

8

1.6

3

2.1

5

1.3

8

S.T

.

29

.1

6.2

3

22

.8

6.9

2

19

.8

5.4

3

18

.3

6.0

8

10

.2

5.5

7

13

.7

5.5

8

16

.5

14

.4

5.4

7

3.3

2

2.7

4

1.3

4

O.B

.C.

30

.68

5.5

8

23

.83

6.2

4

20

.16

4.8

1

16

.73

4.0

6

8

4.0

5

11

.64

7.2

8

46

.47

6.7

3

5.5

7

1.7

8

2.9

2

0.9

7

rkfydk la[;k&2CAST MEAN S.D. Mean

Difference

S E t P

S.C.

S.T.

134.74

137.94

22.73

29.17

3.20 2.13 1.50 0.13

S.C.

O.B.C.

134.74

166.00

22.73

15.80

31.26 1.60 19.56 0.00

S.T.

O.B.C.

137.94

166.00

29.17

15.80

28.05 1.92 14.65 0.00

miZ;qDr rkfydk ds vk/kkj ij Li’V gS fd p;fur Nk=kvksa ds vuqlwfpr tkfro fiNM+k oxZ ,oa tutkfr o fiNM+k oxZ lewgksa ds e/; v/;;u vknrksa esa mPpre Lrjij lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kAizLrqr 'kks/k ds fu"d"kZ%& v/;;u&vknrksa ds lanHkZ esa fiNM+k oxZ dh fLFkfr vU;nksauksa tkfr;ksa ls Js’B gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr dh p;fur Nk=kvksa dhs v/;;uvknrksa dk Lrj cjkcj gh ik;k x;k tcfd fiNM+k oxZ ls bu nksauksa tkfr;ksa dsNk=k&lewgksa dh rqyuk djus ij nksauksa gh esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA'kkSf{kd fufgrkFkZ%& izLrqr v/;;u ls Li’V gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr dhNk=kvksa esa csgrj v/;;u &vknrksa dks fodflr fd;sa tkus dh vko”drk gSA bl izdkjf”k{kd] lekt &lsod] vfHkHkkod vkSj xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds fy;s buds fu’d’kZmi;ksxh gS D;ksafd ;gh yksx Nk=ksa ds lEidZ esa jgrs gSa vkSj fofHkUu izdkj ls Nk=kvksadks csgrj v/;;u&vknrksa ds fy;sa izsfjr dj ldrs gSAlanHkZ xzUFk lwph %

· “kekZ] ts0ih0 ¼1982½ , LVMh vkWQ lM~;wy dkLV LVwMsUV~l ,V iVuk ;wfuoZflVh]ih&,p0Mh0 ,twds”ku] iVuk ;wfuoZflVhA

· frokjh] ths0,u0 ¼1982½ LVMh gSfcV ,.M LdkykWfLVd ijQWkjesUl Vw Fkzh yscy vkWQ,twds”ku] ih&,p0Mh0 lkbdksykWth] ch0,p0;w0

· mejko] jpuk ¼2003½ , LVMh vkWQ n fjys”kufli vkWQ iSjUVy Vªh;sesUV LVMh gSfcV ,.MusP;wjy LVsVl fcFk ,dsMfed ,phoesUV vkWQ gkbZLdwy LVwMsUV~] ih&,p0Mh0 ,twds”ku]lh0,l0ts0,e0 ;wfuoZflVh] dkuiqjA

· ;kno] vt; ¼2008½ mRrj izns”k esa lekt ds nqCkZy oxksZ dh f”k{kk ds fodkl dk rqyukRedv/;;u ih&,p0Mh0 ,twds”ku] lh0,l0ts0,e0 ;wfuoZflVh] dkuiqjA


[[86]]

MkW0 y{ehukjk;.k yky ds ikSjkf.kd ,dkafd;ksa dkoLrq&fo/kku

jkt dqekj ik.Ms;“kks/k Nk=] fgUnh foHkkx

f”kcyh us”kuy ih0th0 dkyst] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

vtZqu ds pfj= dks vk/kkj cukdj MkW0 y{ehukjk;.k yky us ^moZ'kh* ,dkadh dhjpuk dh gSA vtZqu bUnz ds LoxZyksd esa gSA og bUnz dk iq= gSA og eR;qyksd esa vkukpkgrk gSA vkus ls iwoZ mldh eqykdkr moZ'kh ls gksrh gSA moZ'kh mlds izfr viuk leiZ.kO;Dr djrh gSA og viuk loZLo mldks lefiZr djuk pkgrh gSA og vtZqu ls fuosnudjrs gq, dgrh gS& ßvius nso dks deZyksd esa Hkstus ds igys loZLo nsdj ----- vewY;fuf/k ds mRlxZ ls egkcfy"V cuk jgh g¡wA ;kn jf[k,xk] esjk iz.k;! ugha] ugha] oØ&HkdqfVdh ,d {kh.k js[kk vla[; ik'kqirkL=] otz pØkfn dks dqafBr djrh gSA nso! rIr moZ'kh

dks viuh 'khry Nk;k nsdj mls thou nhft, vkSj lEiw.kZ Hkwry ds Lokeh cfu,AÞ1 ijvtZqu mls viuh ek¡ ds leku ekurs gSaA og vtZqu dh f'kf{kdk jg pqdh gSA vtZqu usmlls uR; dh f'k{kk xzg.k dh gSA fHkUu&fHkUu iz;Ru djds Hkh og vtZqu dks fopfyrugha dj ikrh gSA mldk pfj= lqn<+ cuk gqvk gSA og moZ'kh ds izse dks vLohdkjdjrk gSA moZ'kh mlds iq#"kRo ij lansg O;Dr djrs gq, dgrh gS& ß¼iSj iVddj½ fN%ikS#"kghu! dgk¡ rd {kek d:¡\ ----- rqeus eq>s dc >ek fd;k\ ij tkvks] L=hRo dsmis{kd! ¼'kki nsrh gqbZ½ rqEgsa fL=;ksa esa urZdh gksdj jguk iM+sxk ----- lEeku&jfgr -----eq>ls vf/kd nq%[khA rqEgsa ftl ikS#"k ij xoZ gS ----- di.k! ml fuf/k ls foghu! ----- fN%A

tkvks ----- moZ'kh rqEgsa thou&nku nsrh gSAÞ2 vtZqu moZ'kh ds 'kki ls cgqr fpfUrr gSA bUnzvkdj mldks lEHkkyrs gSaA os moZ'kh ds 'kki ds jgL; dks vtZqu ls dgrs gSa& ß----- dY;k.kiq=! ozrh /kekZRek bldh fpUrk ugha djrs( iq=! gk¡ ftl le; rqe rsjgosa o"kZ xqIrokldjksxs( ml le; rqEgkjh ;g vikS#"krk rqEgkjs fy, ojnku gksxhA ogUuyk ds :i esa rqe

vuU; /keZ dk ikyu dj ldksxs ----- fQj iq#"kRo dh izkfIr gksxhAÞ3 eR;qyksd esa vkdjvtZqu vKkrokl ds le; ogUuyk ds :i esa jgrk gSA ogUuyk mÙkjk dh f'kf{kdk gSA ogmÙkjk dks fofHkUu uR; eqnzk,¡ fl[kkrh gSA ysfdu ogUuyk dk okLrfod :i vf/kd le;rd xqIr ugha jg ikrk gSA mÙkjk dks mlds Åij lansg gksrk gS fd og L=h ugha gSAogUuyk mÙkjk ls 'kj.k dh dkeuk djrh gSA mÙkjk mlls Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgrh gS& ß,slku dg¡w\ vPNk yks] nwljh rjg Li"V dj ns jgh g¡w fd rqe iq#"k gksA vc ls eSa rqEgsa okº;txr~ esa 'kj.k ugha ns ldrhA rqEgkjh ftl izfrek dks o"kksZa ls ân; esa j[k] fNikrh pyh

vk jgh Fkh& vkvks ¼gkFk c<+kdj½ vius LFkwy nsork dks vad esa Hkj y¡wAÞ4 mÙkjk vius HkkbZmÙkj dk lkjFkh cuus ds fy, vtZqu ls dgrh gSA dkSjo dh lsuk ;q) ds fy, vk jgh gSAvtZqu mÙkjk dh ckr eku dj ;q) ds fy, tkrk gSA ;q) esa mÙkj dh fot; gksrh gSAmÙkjk ogUuyk vFkkZr vtZqu ds lkeus vius izse dk izLrko djrh gS ij og dgrk gSfd mlus mls f'k{kk nh gSA og firk ds leku gSA og dgrk gS fd vfHkeU;q gh mldsfy, mfpr oj gksxkA vtZqu ds izfr moZ'kh vkSj mÙkjk nksuksa gh vkdf"kZr gksrh gSaA

[[87]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

^moZ'kh* ,dkadh ds dFkkud ds fo"k; esa MkW0 ljtw izlkn feJ us fy[kk gS& ßegkHkkjrls mBkbZ xbZ izpfyr dFkkoLrq ds vk/kkj ij ukjh dh okluk ,oa vkReleiZ.k dh

Hkkouk dks ukVdh; dysoj esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSAÞ5

ijhf{kr dks vk/kkj cukdj ^'kj.kkxr* ,dkadh dh jpuk gqbZ gSA ijhf{krdh eR;q esa vHkh lkr fnu 'ks"k gSA _f"k iq= ds 'kki ls mudh eR;q r{kd liZ ds Mlusls gksus okyh gSA os viuh eqfDr ds fy, 'kqdnso th ls Hkkxor dFkk dk Jo.k dj jgsgSaA dFkk izkjEHk gksus ds le; jktekrk mÙkjk Hkh vk x;h gSaA os 'kqdnso ls viuh eqfDrek¡xrh gSaA ijhf{kr dk iq= tuest; vkrk gSA mldk fo'okl deZ esa gSA og ughapkgrk fd mlds firk ;gk¡ cSBdj lkr fnuksa rd viuh eR;q dh izrh{kk djsaA 'kqdnsomldks le>kus dk iz;Ru djrs gSa ysfdu og dqN lquuk ugha pkgrk gSA og mudhckr dks iwjh ugha gksus nsrk vkSj chp esa gh dgrk gS& ß----- vFkkZr~ fuf"Ø; gks tk;sa ge\D;ksa egf"kZ! ;gh rqEgkjk mins'k gS u\ ¼:ddj ijhf{kr ls½ egkjkt]

jFk ij cSBdj viuh jkt/kkuh pfy,AÞ6 mldks fu;fr ugha deZ ij fo'okl gSAtuest; ds izLrko dks ijhf{kr vLohdr dj nsrs gSaA os okil tkus dks rS;kj ughaAogha mÙkjk dks 'kqdnso jkt/kkuh okil tkus ds fy, dgrs gSaA tuest; r{kd dh [kkstesa fudyk gSA r{kd Ükaxh _f"k dk iq= gSA Ükaxh _f"k ijhf{kr ls i'pkrki djrs gSa fddgk¡ ls mUgksaus bl rkelh iq= dks tUe fn;k gSA jktekrk mÙkjk Ükaxh _f"k ls viusiq= dks fdlh Hkh ewY; ij cpk ysus ds fy, dgrh gSaA tuest; ds Hk; ls ikrky yksdls Hkkxk gqvk r{kd egkjkt ijhf{kr ds 'kj.k esa vk;k gSA os mlls vHkh fo"kna'k djusds fy, dgrs gSaA leL;k ;g gS fd og lkr fnu igys gh mudks eR;q ugha ns ldrkAÜkaxh _f"k jktk ijhf{kr dh egkurk ij eqX/k gSa D;ksafd mUgksaus viuh eR;q dks 'kj.k nsj[kh gSA os r{kd dks fNikrs gSa] ftlls mls tuest; dk dksi Hkktu u gksuk iM+sAijhf{kr dh izk.k j{kk ds fy, d';i dks yxk;k gSA og cgqr cM+k liZ&fo"k dkfpfdRld gSA r{kd mldks <sj lkjk /ku nsdj Hkxk nsrk gSA r{kd ds M¡lus ls iwoZ ghijhf{kr dh eR;q gks tkrh gS] 'kqdnso 'ko dks gh M¡l ysus ds fy, dgrs gSa ij og ,slkugha djrkA tuest; Øks/k esa gSA og dgrk gS fd r{kd dfy;qx dks fo"kna'k djksD;ksafd mlus ijhf{kr ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr fd;k gSA MkW0 y{ehukjk;.k yky us iqjk.kdh ewy dFkk esa ifjorZu djds vius vfHk"V y{; dks izkIr fd;k gSA r{kd }kjkijhf{kr dks liZna'k dh lwpuk ls tuest; cgqr Øksf/kr gksrk gSA liksZa ds uk'k ds fy,og ;K djrk gS&

tuest;% Lofirja JqRok r{kdHkf{kre~A

;Fkk tqgko laØq)ks ukxku~ l=s lg f}tS%AA7

¼vFkkZr~ tuest; us lquk fd r{kd us esjs firk dks M¡l fy;k rks og cgqr Øksf/kr gqvkAog czkã.kksa ds lax fof/k iwoZd lk¡iksa dk vfXu&dq.M esa gou djus yxkA½ bl ,dkadhesa tuest; dks ,d la?k"kZ'khy ik= ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA og vfUre le;rd ijhf{kr dks eR;q ls cpkuk pkgrk gSA

^lc jax&eksgHkax* esa n'kZdksa dh ek¡x ij ukVd [ksys tk jgs gSaA eap ijvkrs gh iq#"k vkSj ;qorh ,d&nwljs dk ihNk djrs gSaA ;qorh :ddj vpkud cksyusyxrh gS] iq#"k nkSM+us dk vfHku; dj jgk gSA ;gh nksuksa n'kZdksa ds dgus ij vyx&vyxukVd djrs gSaA jksekafVd&dHkh lM+d dk jksekal rks dHkh ?kj dkA iq#"k gj ukVd ls


[[88]]

igys Loxr djrk gSA blesa ,d ,sls jktk dk ukVd [ksyk tkrk gS tks ek¡l [kkrk gS&HksM+] fgju] cdjs vkfn dk ek¡l [kkdj og vc Åc pqdk gSA jktk dk eU=h ,d tyrhgqbZ yk'k ns[krk gSA yk'k dk gh ek¡l og yk djds jktk dks nsrk gSA mldks ;g ek¡lvfr fiz; yxrk gSA vc ea=h dks mlds fy, jkst ,d yk'k dh t:jr iM+rh gSA/khjs&/khjs iztk de gks tkrh gSA iztk esa Hk; O;kIr gks tkrk gSA ea=h jktk dks ,ddgkuh lqukrk gSA rkykc dh ,d cM+h eNyh igys NksVh&NksVh eNfy;ksa dks [kkrh gSAtc mls NksVh eNfy;ka ugha feyrh gSa rks og Lo;a dks [kkus yxrh gSA

bl ,dkadh esa egkHkkjr ds izlax dks Hkh mBk;k x;k gSA ;qf)f"Bj viukjkT; ek¡xus ds fy, nq;ksZ/ku ds ikl tkrs gSaA mudks og lqbZ dh uksd ds cjkcj Hkhtxg nsus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSA nq;ksZ/ku ;qf)f"Bj dks cgqr viekfur djrk gSA ogmudks fHk[kkjh dgrk gSA ;qf)f"Bj nkSM+s gq, d".k ds ikl vkrs gSa vkSj mudks lkjkorkUr lqukrs gSaA d".k muls /kkS;Z j[kus ds fy, dgrs gSaA os nq;ksZ/ku ds njckj esaig¡qprs gSaA og d".k dks iz.kke ugha djrk gSA og lkjh ckrsa fy[kdj viuh lsØsVjh dksnsus ds fy, dgrk gSA og cgqr tYnh esa gSA d".k ik.Moksa ds fy, jkT; ek¡xrs gSa] rksog dgrk gS& ß-----ik.Moksa dks jkT; djus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha] D;ksafd mUgsa dksbZ

vuqHko ughaAÞ8 d".k de ls de ik¡p xk¡o ek¡xrs gSa ysfdu og bruk Hkh nsus ds fy,rS;kj ugha gSA og ;q) djuk pkgrk gSA ;q) izkjEHk gks x;k gSA ;qf)f"Bj Hkhe ls'k=qvksa ij izgkj djus ds fy, dgrs gSa ij Hkhe fofp= leL;k esa Q¡ls gq, gSaAos ;qf)f"Bj ls dgrs gSa& ßgs vk;Z] eSa vius gh yksxksa ls ;q) dSls d:¡\ eq>s Hkh vtZqudh rjg eksg gks x;k gSA eSa ilhus ls rj crj gks jgk g¡wA esjk ekFkk ?kwe jgk gSA esjs

gkFk dk¡i jgs gSaAÞ9 ;qf)f"Bj d".k dks cqykdj ykrs gSa fd os Hkhe dk eksg Hkax djsaAd".k Hkhe dks le>krs gSa] ysfdu muds le> esa dqN ugha vkrk vkSj os ;q) LFky lsHkkxuk pkgrs gSaA d".k mudks ex/k dk egkjkT;iky cukus dk opu nsrs gSa rc tkdjos ;q) esa lfEefyr gksrs gSaA eksg dh ;gh leL;k udqy vkSj lgnso dks Hkh gSA os Hkhvius fy, dqN [kkl pkgrs gSaA bl ,dkadh ds ik= uke ek= ds ikSjkf.kd gSaA budhleLr leL;k,¡ orZeku ;qx dh gSaA

^cw<+s iq=ksa dh toku ek¡* esa ukjn ds le{k ,d fofp= leL;k vkrh gSA,d ek¡ vius nks iq=ksa ds lkFk muds ikl vk;h gSA mlds nksuksa yM+ds cw<+s gSaA ek¡ vHkh;qorh ds leku gSA ,slh leL;k ns[kdj ukjn vk'p;Z pfdr gSaA ek¡ crkrh gS fd ;gleL;k pkSng o"kZ dh vk;q esa vkjEHk gqbZ FkhA ukjn vkSj iwN&rkN djrs gSaA os cPpksa dsekrk&firk vkSj muds O;ogkj ds fo"k; esa tkuuk pkgrs gSaA ek¡ muds iz'u dk mÙkjnsrh gS& ß,d lkFk [kwc [ksyrs&g¡lrs FksA ge yksx Hkh buds lkFk vDlj g¡lrs&[ksyrsFksA ij vpkud buds firk th vius O;olk; esa cgqr O;Lr gks x,& dkQh ykHk vkSjlQyrk ij lQyrk feyrh pyh x;hA mudh lkekftd izfr"Bk ds fy, eq>s Hkh cgqr

O;Lr gks tkuk iM+kA bUgsa nkl nkfl;ksa dh ns[k&js[k esa NksM+ nsuk iM+kAÞ10 ek¡ vkSj ckinksuksa us O;Lrrk ds dkj.k cPpksa ls nwjh cuk yh vkSj muds cPps vle; o) gks x;sAukjn mudks LoLFk djus ds fy, oSfnd eU=ksa ls ;K djus ds fy, dgrs gSaA czãiq=;K djrs gSaA ;K dk cPpksa ds Åij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA os nksuksa ckyd lks jgs gSaAukjn ds cgqr iz;Ru djus ds ckn os mBrs gSa] ysfdu Lo;a dks ugha igpkursA ukjn viuhgkj Lohdkj dj ysrs gSaA czã ds iq= dgrs gSa fd ;K ls cM+k Kku ;K gS vkSj Kku ;K


[[89]]

ls cM+k lRdeZ gSA ek¡ vius iq=ksa dks LoLFk djus ds fy, czãk ds pkjksa iq=ksa ls fuosnudjrh gSA os dgrs gSa fd tc lc yksx pksV [kk,¡xs rks lc dqN Bhd gks tk,xkA os ek¡vkSj csVksa ds Åij izgkj djrs gSaA rhuksa csgks'k gksdj fxj iM+rs gSaA tc mudks iqu% gks'kvkrk gS rc os lc dqN igpkuus yxrs gSaA nso vkSj nÙk nksuksa vc ;qok gks x;s gSaA viusiq=ksa dks ;qok ns[k ek¡ cgqr izlUu gksrh gSA bl ,dkadh ds ek/;e ls ;g fn[kk;k x;k gSfd O;kogkfjd Kku lS)kfUrd Kku ls cM+k gSA rHkh rks ukjn ds oSfnd eU=ksa dk nso vkSjnÙk ds Åij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA vkSj czãk&iq= dk O;kogkfjd Kku mudks LoLFkdjds ;qok voLFkk iznku djrk gSA

^jko.k* jkek;.k ij vk/kkfjr ,dkadh gSA jke] foHkh"k.k] tkEcoku] y{e.k]lq[kSu vkSj jko.k blds ik= gSaA jke fpUrk ds dkj.k cspSu gSaA muds vUnj ,dekufld la?k"kZ py jgk gSA ujukjk;.k jk; us bls ^,UVhfFkfll* dh laKk nsrs gq,fy[kk gS& ßjko.k fot; dSls gks\ D;k lhrk fQj ugha fey ik,xh\ vkSj jke ,d xEHkhjfo"kkn esa Mwc tkrs gSaA ;g fopkj ugha gS fo"kkn gSA fo"kkn dh ,slh xEHkhj vuqHkwfr] dVq

vkSj fueZe vuqHkwfr tks ^,UVhfFkfll* ls gh mit ldrh gSAÞ11 jg&jg dj jko.k dhtS&tSdkj gks jgh gSA leqnz rV ij jke dh lsuk MVh gqbZ gSA lhrk jko.k ds v/khuyadk esa gSaA jke dks yadk tkus ds fy, ,d lsrq dh vko';drk gSA jko.k dh 'kfDrjke dks fpfUrr djrh gSA foHkh"k.k jke ls dgrs gSa fd jko.k v/kehZ gS blfy, mldh'kfDr;k¡ u"V gks tkuh pkfg,A jke mlds 'kadk dk lek/kku djrs gSa& ßjko.k ds iklvijk 'kfDr gS] yksd&O;ogkj esa og /keZ&v/keZ ls dHkh ugha MjrkA ¼#ddj½ tks

lkeF;Zoku~ gS] og dHkh nks"kh ugha dgykrkAÞ12 jke dh fpark dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fdy{e.k vLoLFk py jgs gSaA oS|jkt lq[kSu mudh ns[k&js[k esa yxs gq, gSaA jke vkSj mudhlsuk ds fy, vPNh [kcj vkrh gS fd y{e.k vc LoLFk gks x;s gSaA y{e.k dks jko.k dkt;?kks"k vfiz; yx jgk gSA os tkEcoku ls fuHkZ; jgus ds fy, dgrs gSa& ßvk;Z tkEcoku!fiz; l[kk foHkh"k.k! vc ;g fo"kkDr t;?kks"k bl vkdk'k esa dHkh ugha QSysxkA lquksvarfj{k ds nsork! leLr fnd~iky&yksdiky! vkt ls fuHkZ; gks tkvks! rqe lcesa

vkRe&'kfDr tx jgh gS! rqe lc vc jko.k&=kl] jk{kl&Hk; ls eqDr gksaxs!Þ13 lqcg jkejkes'oj f'ko dh izfr"Bk djus okys gSaA os vkjke dj jgs gSaA rHkh jko.k ds vkus dh lwpukizkIr gksrh gSA y{e.k dks vk'kadk gS fd jko.k dgha vkØe.k djus ds fy, u vk jgk gksAjko.k vkrk gS] og jke dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, vk;k gSA jko.k dks izlUurk gS fd jkemlds vkjk/; nso 'kadj dh mikluk djsaxsA og y{e.k ls Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgrk gS&ßesjhe;kZnk dk vuqHko djks y{e.k! jke esjs vkjk/;nso 'kadj dh ;gk¡ LFkkiuk djds] mulsoj&izkfIr dh bPNk djrs gSaA og oj LoHkkor% esjs izfrdwy gksxk] fdUrq ;g iwtk esjs

vkjk/;nso dh gS& blfy, eSa mldh lQyrk pkgrk g¡wAÞ14 og lhrk dks vius lkFkyk;k gSA lcdks cgqr vk'p;Z gS& ek¡ tkudh jke dks iz.kke ugha djrh gSaA y{e.k dks;g fo'okl gS fd ;g tkudh ugha vfirq jko.k }kjk fufeZr ek;k gSA os bl tkudhdks ugha ns[kuk pkgrsA jke mudks 'kkUr gksus ds fy, dgrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd izkr%dky gksrs gh ^lR; D;k gS\* ;g Li"V gks tk,xkA os y{e.k dks le>krs gSa fd euq";dks ,d lR; ns[kus ds fy, dbZ vlR; ns[kus iM+rs gSaA y{e.k tkudh ds ihNs nkSM+rsgSa vkSj okil lvk'p;Z vkdj jke ls dgrs gSa fd ek¡ tkudh vUr/;kZu gks xbZaA jkedgrs gSa fd og tkudh ugha cfYd jko.k dk ,d Ny FkkA lHkh lp tku dj izlUu


[[90]]

gksrs gSaA ^t; jkes'oj* ds t; ?kks"k ds lkFk lcdk izLFkku gksrk gSA i"BHkwfe ls jke}kjk 'kadj dh Lrqfr dk xku Nk tkrk gSA

^lhrk jkek;.k* Hkh jkek;.k ij vk/kkfjr ,dkadh gSA blesa HkkV&HkkfVueq[; Hkwfedk esa gSaA ;s nksuksa fonw"kd Hkh gSa vkSj lw=/kkj Hkh vkSj fofHkUu n';ksa esa Hkwfedk,¡vnk djrs gSaA ,dkadh dk vkjEHk gksrs gh iq#"kksa dk ,d ny Hkokuh ek¡ ds xhr xkrsgq, vkrk gSA HkkfVu HkkV ls iwNrh gS& ßiq#"k yksx ek¡ dh iwtk rks djrs gSa] ij ;g

ugha le>rs ek¡ gS D;k\Þ15 HkkV dgrk gS fd fL=;k¡ gh ek¡ gSa] 'kfDr gSa] nqxkZ gSa] y{ehgSa] vUuiw.kkZ gSa vkSj ljLorh Hkh gSaA ysfdu os Lo;a vius egRo dks ugha le>rh gSaA oslhrk jkek;.k dk [ksy izkjEHk djrs gSaA dSds;h us jktk n'kjFk ls jkeds fy, pkSng o"kZ dk cuokl ek¡xkA jke ou tkus ds fy, rS;kj gSa vkSj lhrk Hkh mudslkFk ou tkuk pkgrh gSaA os lhrk ls ?kj jgdj lkl&llqj dh lsok djus ds fy,dgrs gSa vkSj os jkLrs esa vkus okyh leL;k ls Hkh mudks voxr djkrs gSaA ij cgqrle>kus ij Hkh lhrk th vius fopkj esa fdlh izdkj dk ifjorZu ugha djrh gSaA lhrkjke ds lkFk ou dks tkrh gSaA ou esa mudk Lo:i ek¡ vUuiw.kkZ dk gSA os ogk¡ danewydk Hkkstu cukdj jke vkSj y{e.k dks f[kyk jgh gSaA muds vUuiw.kkZ Lo:i dk o.kZudjrs gq, HkkV dgrk gS& ßiapoVh esa tkudh us viuh i.kZdqVh ds vkl&ikl Qy&QwyvkSj vUu dh cfx;k yxk;hA vius ifjJe ls vUuiw.kkZ ek¡ tkudh vUu iSnk djrhaAvius ifr vkSj nsoj dks gh Hkkstu ugha nsrha] oju taxy ds Hkw[ks dksy&Hkhy lekt dks

Hkh vUu&Qy&Qwy dk izlkn ck¡VrhaAÞ16 jke&lhrk vkSj y{e.k vf= _f"k ds vkJeij ig¡qprs gSaA lhrk vf= dh iRuh vulw;k dks ns[kdj cgqr izlUu gksrh gSaA vulw;k dksHkh cgqr izlUurk gksrh gSA og lhrk th dks vius fudV cSBkdj ifrozr /keZ dh f'k{kknsrh gSaA lhrk iqu% vius vkJe okil ykSVrh gSaA muds le{k gh lwiZ.k[kk viekfur gksdjHkkxrh gSA bl ?kVuk ls jko.k ds njckj esa [kycyh ep tkrh gSA og viuh cgu dkcnyk ysus ds fy, lhrk dks /kks[ks ls gj ys tkrk gSA lhrk dks yadk ys tkdj mlus cgqrcM+h Hkwy dh gSA mldh iRuh eanksnjh mlls lhrk dks ykSVkus ds fy, dgrh gSA ijUrqjko.k dh le> esa viuh iRuh dh ckr ugha vkrhA jke vkSj jko.k esa ;q) gksrk gSA bl;q) esa jko.k ijkftr gksdj eR;q dks izkIr gksrk gSA lhrk jke dks fey tkrh gSaA ij ,d/kksch ds dgus ls jke mudks ou Hkstrs gSaA lhrk vius nks iq=ksa yo vkSj dq'k ds lkFk ouesa gSaA jke muds ikl vkrs gSa vkSj mudks txr tuuh dgrs gSaA os crkrs gSa fd lhrk ouesa jgrs gq, Hkh lnSo muds ân; esa fLFkr FkhaA lhrk vc dqN Hkh lquus dks rS;kj ugha gSaAos iFoh ek¡ esa lekfgr gks tkrh gSaA mudk bruk ifo= thou gksus ij Hkh mudks vfXuijh{kk nsuh iM+rh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd gekjk lekt iq#"k ekufldrk ls lapkfyrgksrk gSA bl ,dkadh esa HkkfVu iq#"k lekt dks y{; djds dgrh gS& ß-----iq#"k L=h ds ek¡l:i dks cuokl nsrk gSA ek¡ dh vfXu ijh{kk ysrk gSA mldh y{eh dks igpku ughaikrkA mldh ljLorh dks le> ugha ikrkA rHkh rks v;ks/;k mtM+ tkrh gSA yadk esa

vkx yxrh gSA lhrk csVh dks /kjrh ek¡ cqyk ysrh gSAÞ17

^paMh nh okj* nqxkZ ds pfj= ij vk/kkfjr ,dkadh gSA xq#xksfoUn flag }kjkjfpr ^paMh nh okj* ij vk/kkfjr ;g ,d uR; ukfVdk gSA vkjEHk esa lkbDyksekZ ij xq#xksfoUn flag dk fp= mHkjrk gS vkSj xk;u izkjEHk gksrk gS&

izFke HkxkSrh flej ds xq# ukud yb f/kvkbA


[[91]]

fQj vaxn xq# rs vejnkl jkenkl gksbZ lgkbAAvjtu gfjxksfoUn uks flejkS Jh gfjjkbAJh gfj fd'ku /;kbZ, ftlq fMBs lfHk nqf[k tkbAArsxcgknqj flefj, ?kj uÅ fuf/k vkos /kk;A

lHk Fkk¡bZ gksb lgk;AA18

nqxkZ ekrk izdV gksrh gSa vkSj muds fy, xhr xk;s tkrs gSaA ek¡ nqxkZ vn'; gks tkrh gSavkSj eap ij ukjn dk vkxeu gksrk gSA nsork vgadkjh gks x;s gSaA ukjn bu nsorkvksads lEcU/k esa dgrs gSa& ßvc iwjk /keZoku lr;qx chr x;k] rc vk/kk /keZoku =srk ;qxvk x;kA ns[kks nsorkvksa dk vgadkj] ns[kks budk vKkuA lcds flj ij dyg ukp jgh

gSAÞ19 bUnz Hkkxrk gqvk ek¡ nqxkZ dh 'kj.k esa vk;k gSA D;ksafd jk{klksa us mldk bUnzkluNhu fy;k gSA nsorkvksa dk jkT; jk{klksa ds dCts esa pyk x;k gSA os jk{klksa ds Mj lsfNis gq, gSaA efg"kklqj ds lkeus vkus dh fdlh Hkh nsork dh fgEer ugha gSA ek¡ nqxkZbUnz dh n'kk ns[kdj cgqr tksj ls g¡lrh gSaA os jk{klksa ds lagkj ds fy, viuk 'ksje¡xokrh gSaA os p.Mh dk :i /kkj.k djrh gSaA efg"kklqj ls ek¡ p.Mh dk ;q) gksrk gSvkSj og ekjk tkrk gSA mldh eR;q ds i'pkr~ bUnz dh lHkk esa jaxkjax dk;ZØe pyjgk gSA nsorkx.k Hkksx&foykl esa Mwcs gq, gSaA urZfd;ksa dk uR; gks jgk gSA ukjn bUnzdh lHkk esa ig¡qprs gSaA ogk¡ mudks ns[kdj lc g¡l iM+rs gSaA mUgsa ;g lc vlº; gSA osbUnz dks psrkouh nsrs gSa& ßbUnz] lko/kku! vgadkjh] Hkksxh&foyklh! gks'k esa jgksA Hkwyks

ugha] vgadkj gh jk{kl gSA vKku gh nkuo gS\Þ20 bUnz o vU; nsorkvksa }kjk ukjn dkvieku gksrk gSA os ek¡ nqxkZ ds 'kj.k esa vk x;s gSaA os bUnz dh lHkk dk lkjk oÙkkUrdg lqukrs gSaA ek¡ nqxkZ ds izHkko ls 'kqEHk&fu'kqEHk dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA os nksuksa bUnz dsLoxZyksd ij vkØe.k djrs gSaA jk{klksa vkSj nsorkvksa ds bl ;q) esa nsorkvksa dh ijkt;gksrh gSA ijkftr bUnz iqu% ek¡ nqxkZ dh 'kj.k esa vk;k gSA ;gk¡ ukjn Hkh mifLFkr gSaAbUnz muls {kek izkFkZuk djrk gSA og dgrk gS fd vc dHkh ?ke.M ugha djsxkA og ek¡nqxkZ dh lkSxa/k ysrk gSA ek¡ nqxkZ iqu% bUnz dk jkT; fnykus ds fy, jk{klksa ls la?k"kZdjrh gSaA blh Øe esa paM&eqaM vkSj 'kqEHk&fu'kqEHk dk ek¡ nqxkZ lagkj djrh gSaA ek¡ viusgkFkksa ls bUnz dk jktfryd djrh gSaA leLr nsork ek¡ nqxkZ dh vkjrh djrs gSaA bl,dkadh esa ek¡ nqxkZ dks nsorkvksa ls Js"B fn[kk;k x;k gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fdnsorkvksa esa vgadkj] Hkksx&foykl dh izofÙk gSA blfy, os ckj&ckj jk{klksa ls ijkftrgksrs gSa vkSj ek¡ nqxkZ dh 'kj.k esa vkrs gSaA og lHkh nsorkvksa dh j{kk djrh gSaA

lanHkZ %&1- ladyudrkZ] vkuUno/kZu] *y{ehukjk;.k yky ,dkadh jpukoyh ¼Hkkx&1½*] fdrkc?kj]

ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k lu~ 1991 bZ0] i0la0 332- ogh] i0la0 353- ogh i0la0 354- ogh] i0la0 375- feJ] MkW0 ljtw izlkn] *ukVddkj y{ehukjk;.k yky*] iap”khy izdk”ku] t;iqj] izFke

laldj.k] lu~ 1980 bZ0] i0la0 276- yky] MkW0 y{ehukjk;.k] *ukVd cgqjaxh*] Hkkjrh; KkuihB okjk.klh] f}rh; laLdj.k] lu~

1964 bZ0] i0la0&156


[[92]]

7- Jhen~Hkkxor egkiqjk.k] }kn”k LdU/k] ‘k’B v/;k;] lksygok¡ “yksd] xhrkizsl laor~ 20608- ladyudrkZ] vkuUno/kZu] *y{ehukjk;.k yky ,dkadh jpukoyh ¼Hkkx&2½*] fdrkc?kj] ubZfnYyh] izFke laLdj.k lu~ 1991 bZ0] i0la0 3999- ogh] i0la0 40110- ogh] i0la0 426&42711- jk;] ujukjk;.k] *ukVddkj y{ehukjk;.k yky dh ukV~;&lk/kuk*] lUekxZ izdk”ku]fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] lu~ 1979 bZ0] i0la0 17312- ladyudrkZ] vkuUno/kZu] *y{ehukjk;.k yky ,dkadh jpukoyh ¼Hkkx&1½*] fdrkc?kj]ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k lu~ 1991 bZ0] i0la0 46913- ogh] i0la0 47214- ogh] i0la0 47415- ladyudrkZ] vkuUno/kZu] *y{ehukjk;.k yky ,dkadh jpukoyh ¼Hkkx&2½*] fdrkc?kj]ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k lu~ 1991 bZ0] i0la0 48616- ogh] i0la0 49217- ogh] i0la0 48818- ogh] i0la0 49919- ogh] i0la0 50020- ogh] i0la0 501


[[93]]

Tourism Development And Its Impact On

DevelopmentRitu Mali

M.Phil. student, M.L.S.U.Udaipur

Abstract:

Rajasthan has been internationally regarded as the most colourful and attractive

tourist centre in the world. Its typical topography, glorious past heroic feats; rich history and

gay folk life make it remarkably and irresistibly fascinating to the tourist from the country

and abroad. At present Rajasthan is one of the most popular tourist state of the country and

the share of states in the international tourist arrivals to India is about 25 percent of the

number of domestic tourist visiting Rajasthan every year is almost 10 millions.

In the present condition the industrial development in the state has not been quite fast

though the population growth is quite high and better improvement in literacy rate and per

capita income of the state, agriculture production has not been taking place. These leave little

scope for generation of more employment opportunities. Present study tries to find out the

impact of tourism on economic development of Rajasthan.

Rajasthan has been internationally regarded as the most colourful and attractive

tourist centre in the world. It’s typical topography, glorious past heroic feats; rich history and

gay folk life make it remarkably and irresistibly fascinating to the tourist from the country

and abroad. At present Rajasthan is one of the most popular tourist state of the country and

the share of states in the international tourist arrivals to India is about 25 percent of the

number of domestic tourist visiting Rajasthan every year is almost 10 millions.

In the present condition the industrial development in the state has not been quite fast

though the population growth is quite high and better improvement in literacy rate and per

capita income of the state, agriculture production has not been taking place. These leave little

scope for generation of more employment opportunities.

Hence better management of tourism while treating tourism as “Industry” along with

agricultural and industrial development needs attention of not only policy makers but also of

the researchers and economists to find out ways and means to improve the tourist inflow in

the state. With increased tourist facilities in the idea of different socio-economic and

marketing indicators, tourism can reach the vast majority of the population and becomes

available to the common man. This requires the role of planning promotion and marketing

and creating favourable environment for tourism so that tourism development can play a

major role in the economic development of the state.

It is a well known fact that tourism in Rajasthan enjoys prominent place and makes an

useful contribution to the socio-economic development of Rajasthan. The study brings out the

growth of tourism industry in Rajasthan since 1981, and the problems of this industry. All the

above mention proves that Tourism industry plays a very significant role in the Indian

economy. Now, Tourism industry has become a service industry and there are so many

opportunities in this industry for young generation because it is a leisure industry, smokeless

industry and employment generating industry which will be an important source of foreign

exchange earnings and it is also generating employment in tertiary sector in a large numbers

or (In a large measure,) visible and invisible ways.

Present study tries to study the impact of tourism on development.

Review of Literature: Here we have summarised some important studies on the research

topic;[[94]]

ISSN : 0976-1136

Tsing Hua (1998), Study on the tourism destination image designing-The

first part of this paper, after briefly commenting the planning study and developing process of

tourism destination image in China, points out the image of tourism destination has been

playing an important role in tourism development. But the researchers use the pattern and

method of CIS for reference in great deal. In this paper, the author combines case study to

inquire into the image designing train of thought of county scale tourism destination, based

on contrasting the same and different points of different spatial scale from the county scale

angle.

TsingHua, 1998, Tourism image and tourism slogan based on destination

branding - This abstract based on the development of the tourism destination brand, tourism

image and tourism slogan are discussed and some new points of view are brought forward as

follows: Firstly, tourism image can be classified into mind image and image. Mind image is

for the inner market and marketing image is for the outer market. Slogan, which also can be

classified into positioning slogan and marketing slogan, is used to express tourism image.

Positioning slogan expresses mind image and marketing slogan expresses marketing image.

Although positioning slogan is to express the mind image and focus on the inner market of a

tourism destination, it can also be used to spread the tourism destination image and build the

tourism destination brand. Secondly, from the point of view of tourism destination brand,

tourism destination image is namely tourism destination brand image, which is an important

part of a tourism planning.

Singh (2003) in his study evaluated the relationship between travel and different

aspects of societal structure with the help of a comparison between India and United States.

The study highlighted different similarities like complex societies, democracies and

stratification system between India and United States. To know the behavioral pattern of

people towards travel he also explained differences on the basis of population, area and

societal development between the two societies. It revealed that travel related decisions by

the Indian middle class were directly influenced by religious thought. However, travel related

decisions by the American middle class were influenced by leisure time and money. The

study concluded that huge differences between societal structures of India and United States

gave birth to different types of tourism i.e. pilgrimage tourism in India and secular tourism in

United States.

Bahuguna (2004) in her paper made an attempt to evaluate development of tourism

industry in India with the help of tenth Five Year Plan approach. She highlighted that tenth

plan considered enhancing India’s competitiveness as tourist destination. Moreover, tourism

study revealed that the share of India in world tourism was stagnant with only 0.38 per cent.

Further, in case of domestic tourism India had prominent share of 4.3 per cent worldwide.

She concluded that India had vast potential for different types of tourism like ecotourism,

health tourism, pilgrimage tourism and health tourism which required proper planning.27

Caprihan and Shivakumar (2004) in their study highlighted mainly four features of

eco-tourism i.e. preservation, supportiveness, involvement and empowerment to provide

more livelihood opportunities to local people. Authors viewed that India had vast potential of

ecotourism but proper planning required for preservation of natural resources was lacking.

Further only few Indian states like Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh

had announced tourism policy for the development of eco-tourism. They highlighted the issue

of mis-management at national parks and sanctuaries which required a well defined eco-

tourism policy and states’ strong willingness to preserve the environment. Kolas (2004) in his

study highlighted the development of ethical and religious tourism in Shangri-la. It revealed

that the development of tourism in this region provided revenue to the local community.

Objectives of the study:

The objectives of the study are as following.


[[95]]

1- To study the role of tourism in economic development of Rajasthan.

METHODOLOGY :

Present study is based on Rajasthan because Rajasthan has a great tourism potential

and there still more possibility of development in this sector.

Statistical tools used in the study:

Present study is based on the secondary data.We have used various statistical tools in

this research like average, percentage, correlations, regression and analysis of variance etc.

Results and Discussion:

1. Foreign tourist arrival in India:

Following table shows the foreign tourist arrival in India from 1997 to 2016.

Foreign tourist arrival in India

Year Tourist arrival % change

2000 2.65 6.7

2002 2.54 -4.2

2003 2.38 -6.0

2004 2.73 14.3

2005 3.46 26.8

2006 3.92 13.3

2007 4.45 13.5

2008 5.08 14.3

2009 5.28 4.0

2010 5.17 -2.2

2012 5.78 11.8

2013 6.31 9.2

2014 6.58 4.3

2015 6.97 5.9

2016 3.54 5.2

Source: Tourism department of India

Data shows that total number of tourist visited India in 1997 were 2.37 million. It has

increased up to 6.97 million in 2013. Trends of the data show that foreign tourist arrival is

continuously increased in India.

2. Foreign exchange earnings from tourism: Following table shows the foreign exchange

earnings in India;

Year wise foreign exchange earnings in India

yearForeign exchange

earnings% change

Year 10511 4.6

2000 12150 15.6

2002 12951 6.6

2003 15626 20.7

2004 15083 -3.5

2005 15064 -0.1

2006 20729 37.6

2007 27944 34.8

2008 33123 18.5

2009 39025 17.8

2010 44360 13.7

2012 51294 15.6

2013 53700 4.7


[[96]]

2014 64889 20.8

2015 77591 19.6

2016 94487 21.8

Source: Tourism Department of India

Data revels that in 1997 India generated Rs. 10511 crore from tourism. It shows a

continuous increasing trend. It was Rs. 107671 crore in 2016. Thus it can be conclude that

tourism contributes a lot in India growth process.

3. TOURIST INFLOW IN THE STATE:

In the previous chapter we have discussed tourist in flow in the state of Rajasthan. It

has emerged during last decade as one of the favorite tourist destinations in India. While in

the year 1973 the total arrivals of tourists to Rajasthan were about 2 million, increased to 7.99

million arrivals by the year 2000 of which domestic tourists were 73.74 laks ml foreigners

6.23 lacs present the state receives 0.62 million of the 2.62 million foreign tourists who visit

India annually, and additionally over 73.74 lacs domestic tourists also Rajasthan annually.

The world famous “Golden Triangle” comprising Dethi Agra-Jaipur has put Jaipur on the

world tourism map. 60% international tourists visiting India, travel in the golden triangle. The

rate of growth of tourism in Rajasthan has been phenomenal in the last few years. The annual

rate of growth for domestic tourists has been 7% and for international tourists it has been 5%

and of present some of the tourism products of Rajasthan have become internationally

famous and popular among the tourist such as Palace on wheels, Heritage hotels, camel

safaris, Pushkar Fair, Desert Festival and wild life sanctuaries and national parks.

4. The economic development leads to equitable distribution of income flow, employment

generation and other benefits to society in terms of improvement in life of people which are

given as under-

A. Standard of Living: The visit by visitors to a state affects the living pattern of indigenous

people. The way visitors conduct themselves and their personal relationships with citizen of

the host state have profound effect upon the mode of life and the attitude of the local people.

So tourism has raised the standard of living of people in Rajasthan.

B. Benefits to Farmers: The provision of metalled farmers to market centers in a much

significant manner. During tourist season farmer bring more goods from their village to sell

in the tourist spots as well as in the open market, thereby leading to better earnings and cash

flow.

C. Helpful in Removal of Poverty: Tourism has contributed nicely in the removal of

poverty in the state because it is creating a lot of job opportunity in various sectors of

tourism.

D. Tourism Expands Regional Development: Expansion generated by tourism on regional

level in Rajasthan is substantially higher than that of industrial development with the same

investment possibilities and this expansion is also considerably faster.

Tourism in Rajasthan is an important factor in the regional development. It has

brought employment and supplementary income to the people of the state.

Factors affecting the involvement of the tourists in tourism:

Here we have tried to analyze the factors affecting the involvement of the tourists in

tourism. Here we have used the multiple regression model. Following model has been

adopted in the study:

Yi = α + B1 X1 + B2 X2 + B3 X3 + B4 X4 + B5 X5 + B6 X6 + B7 X7 + B8 X8 + Ui

Where Yi = Involvement of the respondents in tourism

X1 = level of education.

X2= Age of respondents.

X3 = Awareness of the people.

X4 = Income earned from tourism


[[97]]

X5 = Infrastructure

X6 = Government policy

X7 = Number of tourist

X8 = Local environment

Ui = error term

Following relationship has been established in the model:

(i) Yi: Involvement of the people in tourism is termed as a dependent variable which

depends on the other independent variable.

(ii) X1: There is positive relationship between the education level and Involvement of the

people in tourism. Educated people will involve in tourism more than uneducated

women.

(iii) X2: Positive relationship has been assumed between the age of respondents and the

participation in tourism.

(iv) X3: Positive relationship has been established between the awareness and the

involvement in tourism.

(v) X4: There is positive relationship between the income and peoples involvement in

tourism. Higher will be the income, higher will be involvement.

(vi) X5: Positive relationship has been assumed between the infrastructural facilities and

peoples involvement in tourism.

(vii) X6: Positive relationship has been assumed between the good working of government

machinery and the people’s involvement in tourism.

(viii) X7: Positive relationship has been established between the number of tourist and the

peoples involvement in tourism.

(ix) X8: Positive relationship has been established between the local environment and the

people’s involvement in tourism.

Following results has been drawn by the model.

Results of regression model.

Variable Sign B t value R2

R2

F value P. value

X1 + .68* 2.69 .814 .792 4.862 0.041

X2 + .49 1.64

X3 + .72* 3.8914

X4 + .84* 6.294

X5 + .42* 1.008

X6 + .281* 0.86

X7 + .416* 1.291

X8 + .818* 2.891

Source: Computed, * significant at 5% level of significance

Here the null hypothesis is

Ho = B = O

i.e. B's are not significantly affecting the peoples involvement in tourism.

Here all the variables are found to be positive and significantly affecting the

dependent variable. The value of B's are .69, .49, .72, .84, .42, .28, .41 and .818 respectively.

It means that if there is 1 percent change in each independent variable than there is .68, .49,

.72, .84, .42, .28, .41 and .81 percent change in the dependent variable.

Our model is found to be best fitted as the value of the coefficient of determination

and adjusted coefficient of determination is quite high. It is .814 and .792 respectively. It

means that the 81 percent variations in dependent variable can be explained by the

explanatory variable.

Our null hypothesis is rejected as P. value is less than the 5 percent as it is 0.0041. It

can be concluded that the B's are significantly affecting the peoples involvement in tourism.


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SUGGESTION:

There are immense potentialities of Tourism Industry in Rajasthan and for their better

exploitation and development there are certain suggestions hear which may prove fruitful:

1. Development of Tourist places:

The tourism department should develop those places which have great potentials in

Rajasthan. Attention must be paid to accommodation. Transportation facilities and

environmental development of such places.

2. Tourism literature: It should be published not only in English but in other languages also

so that people coming from different places countries and states may benefit from it.

3. Advertisement and film shows:

The tourism department should advertise in the magazines of national and international reach

and level. In the advertisement, information should be given regarding tourist places,

facilities, package tours etc. Films should be made of special occasions, fairs and hotels.

4. Accommodation facility:

The tourist department should make efforts for constructing private and government hotels to

promote accommodation facilities to the tourists. The room capacity as well as bed capacity

should be increased. Old places and forts should be converted into heritage hotels.

5. Transportation facilities and package tours:

The tourism department should provide transportation facilities to the tourists. The travel

agents should be given temporary permit whenever required by them in order to transport the

passengers.

References:1. Memorandum for Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07 and Annual Plan 2002-03, Government of

Rajasthan, Jaipur2. Sharma, K.C. (1996),"Tourism policy, planning, strategy". Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, p. 87.

3. The Hindu Business line, Friday, Jul 12, 2002.

4. Op. cit, Sharma, K.C. (1996) p 88.5. http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/rajasthan-to-promote-bandittourism, dated 21-08-2008

6. The Hindu, New Delhi, August 23,2007

7. Sharma, G. N. (1973), "Rajasthan Ka Itihas ", Shivlal Agrawal and Co., Agra, p. 356

8. http://www.indialine.com/travel/rajasthan/jaipur dated 21-05-069. Arnett, R. (2006), "India Unveiled", Atman Press, Columbus, p 129.

10. Ahuja M.L. and Paulias, M.(2004), "India: A Splendour in Cultural Diversity", Anmol

Publications Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p. 5611. Ibid

12. Nabi , G. (2000), " Socio- economic impact of tourism" Pointer publishers, Jaipur, p. 77.

13. Ibid14. "Rajasthan - an affair to remember", published by Rajasthan tourism ministry, Jaipur.

15. Ibid

16. Ibid

17. Op. cit, Sharma, G. N. (1973) p. 502.18. Travel Guides, p. 419.


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