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Delft University of Technology
Performance of a Lightweight Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Electric Vehicle Operating inVehicle-to-Grid
Robledo, Carla; Oldenbroek, Vincent; Seiffers, John; Seiffers, Martin; van Wijk, Ad
Publication date2017Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Citation (APA)Robledo, C., Oldenbroek, V., Seiffers, J., Seiffers, M., & van Wijk, A. (2017). Performance of a LightweightFuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Electric Vehicle Operating in Vehicle-to-Grid. Paper presented at Fuel Cell Seminar& Energy Exposition, Long Beach, United States.
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Performance of a Lightweight Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Electric Vehicle Operating in Vehicle-to-Grid
Long Beach, California – 7-9 November 2017
Carla B. Robledo, Vincent Oldenbroek (presenter), John Seiffers, Martin Seiffers and Ad J.M. van Wijk
email: [email protected]
2
Why Lightweight Vehicles?• Efficiency
– Small– 2 persons– Low energy use, easy to electrify
Why Fuel Cell/Battery EVs?• Best of both worlds! • Hydrogen fast refuel and low(er) weight• Vehicle to Grid ‘V2G’ opportunities
– Integrating with houses & buildings– Replace home battery/powerwall– Emergency power back-up– Possible grid services (USA: ISO, EU: TSO & DSO)– Powering electric equipment off-grid– More?!
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• Characteristics– All-electric house– PV solar rooftop– Heat pump
• Mismatch consumption/PV production
V2G Example: Prêt-a-Loger house
4
Total energy and solar production 2015
Example: Prêt-a-Loger house
H2 production?
Seasonal Mismatch!FC/Battery Hybrid in V2G?
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• Plug-in-Plug-out concept car• H2 pipeline grids
– Benelux, Leeds, USA, Japan
Hydrolectric
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Hydrolectric: how does it work?
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Hydrolectric: how does it work?• Characteristics
– Gross vehicle weight: 820 kg (1808 lbs)– Fuel cell power: 1 kW– Battery pack: LFP, 30 kW, 5.3 kWh capacity– Hydrogen on-board tank: 0.5 kg @ 300 bar– Range: 70 mi / 28 mi (ext. range H2
* / only battery)– Max speed: 53 mph
*Theoretical range with 1 kW FC, 40% efficiency on HHV
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Driving performance tests City Driving Cycle (CDC) – Delft, The Netherlands
Characteristics Value1
Distance 7.1 mi (11.5 km)
Duration 26 min
Average speed 16.5 mph (26.5 km/h)
Maximum speed 32.9 mph (53.0 km/h)
Fuel economy 12.9 kWh/100 mi
• 1-lane 1-way inner city, many bikes, increasing deliveries • emission zone towards small & zero emission vehicles
1 Based on three tests.
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Driving performance tests Highway Driving Cycle (HDC) – Delft, The Netherlands
• All day heavy traffic in metropolitan area Rotterdam-Delft-Amsterdam• In-city highways speed limited for noise & emissions @ 50 mph
Characteristics Value1
Distance 13.7 mi (22.0 km)
Duration 24 min
Average speed 33.9 mph (54.6 km/h)
Maximum speed 52.4 mph (84.4 km/h)
Fuel economy 15.3 kWh/100 mi
1 Based on three tests.
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Driving performance comparison
Range [mi]
Weight [lbs]
Fuel economy combined
[kWh/100 mi]
70*
1808
14
Hydrolectric 2017 Smart FortwoElectric drive coupe**
2017 Tesla Model S AWD –P90D**
58
2400
31
270
4850
35
**source: www.fueleconomy.gov*Range with FC, 28 mi only battery
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Where do the differences arise from?
• EPA vs. real measurements
• Differences in driving cycles
• No energy consuming applications on while driving
• Less weight
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Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Tests
• 5 h, 0.5 kW DC
Constant Power with Fuel Cell
• 10 min, 0.5 kW DC, 1 kW DC
5 g H2
15 g H2144 g H2
20 L Linde Genie ® bottle, 424 g H2 = 15 h @ 0.5 kW or 5 h @ 1 kW
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Load switching Tests
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time in S
P
/ t
in W
att/m
s
AC Power Rate of change
0 5 10 15 20 25-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Time in S
P
/ t
in W
att/m
s
AC Power Rate of change
• Electric water heater 1.7 L– Rated power: 2400 W
• Three Electric heaters– Rated power: (1200 W each)
Power ramp 190 W/ms(190 kW/s)
Power ramp 780 W/ms(780 kW/s)
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V2L - ramp up/down tests1000 W ramps100 W ramps
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Conclusions
• Lightweight electric FC/Battery vehicle– Efficient urban transport– Integration transport/houses/PV solar
• Fast ramp up/down rates – supply of household demands– Energy services grid operators (many cars)
(USA: ISO, EU: TSO&DSO)
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Thank you for your attention!Questions?
Acknowledgement: This work was financially supported by the CESEPS project, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the ERA-Net Smart Grids plus grant agreement No 646039", from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and from BMVIT/BMWFW under the Energy der Zukunft programme.The CaPP project is being funded by the NWO program ‘Uncertainty Reduction in Smart Energy Systems’ (URSES) – Project number: 408-13-001
Carla B. Robledo, Vincent Oldenbroek (presenter), John Seiffers, Martin Seiffers and Ad J.M. van Wijk
email: [email protected] & [email protected]
