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    Running Head: Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 1

    HEALTH STATUS OF THE ELDERLY IN VIGAN CITY:

    A TRANSCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

    Raymund Christopher R. dela Pea

    Saint Louis University

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 2

    INTRODUCTION

    Transcultural nursing is an essential aspect of healthcare today. This requires nurses torecognize and appreciate cultural differences in healthcare values, beliefs, and customs.

    Nurses must acquire the necessary knowledge and skills in cultural competency. Culturally

    competent nursing care helps ensure patient satisfaction and positive outcomes.

    Elderly in our society are stereotyped. Aging is a natural process, but the changes

    associated with it are rarely viewed as natural or positive. Healthcare professionalscommonly describe such changes as losses such as a loss of tissue elasticity or decrease inblood flow (Taylor, 2005). In general, our society regards aging as a series of inevitable,

    negative events that a person must tolerate.

    Some of the myths, misconception and negative stereotypes about the older peoplestem from our cultures value and beliefs. Many people perceive older adults as senile, sickand incapable of making worthwhile contributions to society.

    The worlds elderly population is fast increasing, but there is scant information oftheir health needs in developing countries. The ages 60 and above is the fastest growing age

    group.

    Filipino culture, values and traditions dictate that the elderly people must be respected

    and cared for. In line with this, the updated Philippine Development Plan promotes thefamilys major role in providing care in the home. It stresses the development of family-oriented support systems to help curb the increase in the number of abandoned and neglected

    elderly. In addition, it considers the communitys role in providing additional support. Itregards voluntary organizations, private firms, or charities, as important resources in fillinggaps wherein either the family or the governments provisions of services are insufficient. Atpresent the countrys major programs are The Department Programs for the Elderly,Institutionalized Homes for the Aged and Retirement and other Benefits (Bonito, 1999).

    The elderly in the Philippines, those aged 60 and above account for a small portion of

    the population. Demographic trends, however, reveal an alarming increase in the elderly

    population. Based on the census, they represented 5.28 % and 5.26 % of the total populationin 1980 and 1990, respectively. By the year 2030, the number is expected to double the 1990

    data and reach more than 6.4 million (Bonito, 1999).

    In Region I, the 1990 census reveals that the elderly composed 7 % of the totalpopulation compared to the national level of only 5 %. The Ilocos Region tops the list of

    regions with the biggest elderly population (Sumabat, 2008). Hence, there is a need to pay

    attention to this phenomenon.

    The researcher took interest in conducting this study to determine the actual health

    status of the elderly in Vigan City. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship

    between the health status of the elderly and some socio-economic and health-cultural relatedfactors. Four dimensions of health will be measured using a structured questionnaire to be

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 3

    administered to elderly randomly selected in an urban community. The four health

    dimensions are physical, psychosocial, emotional and spiritual while the socio-economic

    factors that were studied include age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, source ofincome and previous employment and heath related factors included lifestyle, health seeking

    behaviors, primary caregiver and health benefits received.

    It will gather suitable information that will be helpful in the formulation of policiesand programs that are transcultural sensitive and more responsive to the needs and problems

    of the elderly by both private and government sectors. As a member of the health care team,

    the data obtained from this study will serve as baseline data in formulating nursing care plansthat would be suitable to the fragile health needs of the elderly and at the same time giving

    importance also to their culture.

    The data that will be gathered will also serve as baseline information for policyformulation by the health providers as well as the Local Government Unit specially the

    health program managers for them to come up with suitable programs and services that will

    meet the needs of the elderly people in the locality and this time giving consideration also totheir culture.

    Statement of the Problem

    This study aims to examine and determine the relationship of socio-demographic

    characteristics to health status of the elderly in selected barangays of the City of Vigan.

    Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

    1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following variables:

    Health Related Factors

    a) lifestyle,b)

    health seeking behaviors,

    c) primary caregiver and

    d) health benefits received?

    2. What is the health status of the respondents in terms of the following

    dimensions?a) physical,

    b) psychosocial

    c) emotional and

    d) spiritual?

    2.

    Is there a significant relationship between the health status of the respondents and

    socio-economic and health related variables?

    Scope and Delimitation of the Study

    The study aims to determine the actual health status of the elderly of Vigan City. The

    study wants to determine if the health status of the respondents is affected by some socio-demographic and health-cultural related factors. The dependent variable of the study is the

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 5

    Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents.

    Table 1

    Distribution of the Respondents

    Barangay N nPoblacion Barangays

    Barangay VIII 161 38

    Barangay VI 152 36

    Barangay V 138 33

    Farmland

    San Julian Sur 119 28

    San Julian Norte 136 32

    Bongtolan 44 10

    Bolala 72 17

    Salindeg 130 31Pantay Daya 66 16

    Pantay Laud 44 10

    Capangpangan 86 20

    Coastal

    Mindoro 149 35

    Total 1297 306

    Data Gathering Instrument. The researcher will construct a questionnaire-checklist.

    To be validated by a poll of experts and translated from English to Iloko. The questionnaire-checklist consists of two parts.

    Part I displays the profile of the respondents along socio-economic factors such as

    age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, source of income and previous

    employment/occupation and their health related factors like lifestyle, health seekingbehaviors, primary caregiver and health benefits received.

    Part II consists of the questionnaire on health status which includes the following

    dimensions: physical, psychosocial, emotional and spiritual.

    The following descriptive scale will be used in the assessment of health status

    of the elderly:

    5Always

    4Often

    3Sometimes

    2Seldom

    1Never

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 6

    The following norms of arbitrarily set by the researcher will be used in interpreting

    the actual health status of the elderly.

    Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating Descriptive Rating

    4.21 - 5.00 Always Very Good

    3.41 - 4.20 Often Good2.61 - 3.40 Sometimes Fair

    1.81 - 2.60 Seldom Poor

    1.00 - 1.80 Never Very Poor

    Data Gathering Procedure.The researcher will make letters addressed to the City

    Mayor and Barangay Captains of Barangay V, Barangay VI, Barangay VIII, San Julian Sur,

    San Julian Norte, San Pedro Sur, San Pedro Norte, Salindeg and Mindoro, respectively forthem to give permission to the researcher to gather data from the respondents in their

    respective barangays. After asking permission from the concerned authorities, the researcher

    will administer the questionnaire-checklist to the respondents through the help of the health

    worker of each barangay.Ethical Considerations. Ethical consideration will be raised by obtaining informed

    consent and maintaining participants confidentiality. The researcher will protect theparticipants identification and responses from thepublic domain. The researcher will ensure thatrespondents will be treated fairly and each individual will be treated equally without judgment orprejudice.

    Statistical Treatment. The following statistical tools will be used to answer the

    questions raised in the study:

    1. Frequency count and percentages to describe the profile of the respondents in terms of

    age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, source of income, previousemployment/occupation.

    2. Mean to describe the respondents health-cultural status in terms of physical,psychosocial, emotional and spiritual dimensions.

    3. Simple correlation analysis to determine the relationship between health status and socio-economic and health related factors of the elderly in Vigan City.

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 7

    REFERENCES

    Taylor, Carol, et. al., 2005.Fundamentals of Nursing: An Art and Science of

    Nursing Care, New York: Lipincott Williams and Wilkins.

    Bonito, S. 1999.Health of Older Persons: Dimensions and Correlates.PhilippineJournal of Nursing. 37-44.

    Sumabat, Rochelle Brigitte,Health Awareness and Practices of the Elderly in Vigan City,

    Unpublished Graduate Thesis, University of Northern Philippines

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 8

    Appendix A

    Letter of Request to the City Mayor

    Hon. Ea Marie S. MedinaMayor, Vigan City

    Maam:

    Greetings of Peace and Joy!

    The undersigned Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing student of Saint Louis

    UniversitySchool of Nursing, Graduate Program is conducting a research entitled,Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective.This studyaims to examine and determine the relationship of socio-economic & health related

    factors to health status of the elderly. The data gathered will serve as baseline

    information for policy formulation by the Local Government Unit specially the health

    program managers for them to come up with suitable programs and services that aretransculturally sensitive and will meet the needs of the elderly people in the locality.

    In this connection, may I request permission to float the questionnaire-checklist to the elderly in Barangay V, VI & VIII, San Julian Sur & Norte, Bongtolan,Bolala, Salindeg, Pantay Daya & Laud, Capangpangan and Mindoro

    I am looking forward for your favorable action on this request. Thank youvery much. God bless and more power.

    Very truly yours,

    Raymund Christopher R. dela Pea, RN, RM, MANResearcher

    Saint Louis University

    Baguio CitySchool of Nursing

    Graduate Program

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 9

    Appendix BLetter of Request to the Barangay Captains

    Hon.Barangay Captain

    , Vigan City

    Sir:

    Greetings of Peace and Joy!

    The undersigned Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing student of Saint Louis

    UniversitySchool of Nursing, Graduate Program is conducting a research entitled,Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective.This studyaims to examine and determine the relationship of socio-economic & health related

    factors to health status of the elderly. The data gathered will serve as baseline

    information for policy formulation by the Local Government Unit specially the health

    program managers for them to come up with suitable programs and services that aretransculturally sensitive and will meet the needs of the elderly people in the locality.

    In this connection, may I request permission to float the questionnaire-checklist inyour barangay.

    I am looking forward for your favorable action on this request. Thank you very much.

    God bless and more power.

    Very truly yours,

    Raymund Christopher R. dela Pea, RN, RM, MANResearcher

    Saint Louis University

    Baguio City

    School of Nursing

    Graduate Program

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 10

    Appendix C

    Letter to the Respondents

    Dear Respondents:

    Greetings of Peace and Joy!

    The undersigned Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing student of Saint LouisUniversitySchool of Nursing, Graduate Program is conducting a research entitled,Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective.This studyaims to examine and determine the relationship of socio-economic & health related

    factors to health status of the elderly.

    In this connection, your cooperation and kind assistance is earnestly requestedto accomplish the enclosed questionnaire. Your sincere and honest answers are very

    important in the attainment of the objectives of my study. Rest assured that all

    information gathered would be kept with utmost confidentiality.

    Thank you very much and God bless.

    Very truly yours,

    Raymund Christopher R. dela Pea, RN, RM, MAN

    Researcher

    Saint Louis University

    Baguio CitySchool of Nursing

    Graduate Program

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 11

    Appendix D

    Questionnaire

    HEALTH STATUSOF THE ELDERLY IN VIGAN CITY: A TRANSCULTURALPERSPECTIVE

    Questionnaire ChecklistInstructions: Please put a check mark ( ) on the space provided on the corresponding item

    that matches your answer.

    I. Profile on:

    Socio-economic Factors

    Name: (Optional)

    Age:

    Sex: Male Female

    Civil Status: Married Single Widow/Widower

    Educational Attainment:

    Post Graduate

    College Graduate

    College Level

    High School Graduate

    High School Level

    Elementary Graduate

    Elementary Level

    No Formal Schooling

    Source of Income:

    Fixed Pension (From GSIS, SSS, Veterans, etc)

    Salary

    Assistance from children

    Income from business

    Others (Please Specify)

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 12

    Previous Employment/Occupation

    A. Professional

    Accounting / Finance

    Admin / HR Arts / Media / Communication

    Sciences

    Healthcare

    B.Non-Professional

    Ambulant Vendor

    Housekeeping

    Farming

    Fishing

    C. Skilled

    Weaving

    Pottery

    Manufacturing

    Carpentry

    Others (Please specify)

    Health Related Factors

    A.Lifestyle

    Please rate your lifestyle & health seeking behaviors. Put a check mark ( )on thecorresponding item that matches your answer.

    On ExerciseDo you exercise?

    Yes

    No

    If yes, what kind of exercise?

    Walking

    Jogging

    Running

    Swimming

    Others

    How often?

    2x a month

    2x a week

    Once a week

    Everyday

    Others

    http://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/accounting-finance-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/admin-human-resources-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/arts-media-communications-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/sciences-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/healthcare-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/manufacturing-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/others-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/others-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/manufacturing-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/healthcare-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/sciences-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/arts-media-communications-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/admin-human-resources-jobshttp://job-search.jobstreet.com.ph/philippines/job/vacancy/spezg/accounting-finance-jobs
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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 13

    On Smoking

    Do you smoke?

    Yes

    No

    If yes, what kind of cigarette? Filter

    Without filter

    Both

    How many stick per day?

    1-5

    5-10

    10-15

    15-20

    Others

    On Drinking

    Do you drink alcoholic beverages?

    Yes

    No

    If yes, what king of alcoholic beverage?

    Wine

    Beer

    Liquor

    Others

    How often?

    Once a week

    2x a week

    Every other day

    Every day

    How many glasses do you drink per session?

    2 or more glasses

    1 glass glass

    Others

    On Diet

    1. I eat my meals regularly (breakfast, lunch & dinner).

    Yes

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 14

    No

    If yes, how frequent?

    Always

    Often

    Sometimes

    2. I eat vegetables.

    Yes

    No

    If yes, what kind of vegetable?

    Green Vegetables (leaf vegetables, okra, broccoli)

    Orange vegetables (carrot, squash, sweet potato)

    Dried beans & peas (kidney beans, lentils, garbanzo)

    Others

    How frequent?

    Always

    Often

    Sometimes

    3. I eat fruits in every meal.

    Yes

    No

    If yes, what kind of fruit?

    Tree fruits (cherry, pear, apple)

    Citrus fruits (orange, lemon, mandarin)

    Tropical fruits (banana, avocado, mango, pineapple)

    Others

    How frequent?

    Always

    Often

    Sometimes

    4. I eat meat.

    Yes

    No

    If yes, what kind of meat?

    Chicken

    Beef

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 15

    Pork

    Fish

    How often?

    Always

    Sometimes Seldom

    5. I drink at least 8-10 glasses of water every day?

    Yes

    No

    If yes, what is your source of drinking water?

    Jetmatic pump

    Electric water pump

    Deep well

    Commercialized bottled water

    How often?

    Always

    Sometimes

    Seldom

    A. Health Seeking Behaviors

    1.

    I regularly go for medical check-ups. Yes

    No

    If yes, how often?

    Monthly

    Quarterly

    Biannually

    Annually

    2. I have my BP taken regularly.

    Yes

    No

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    If yes, how often?

    Everyday

    Weekly

    Monthly

    As necessary

    Who takes your BP?

    Barangay health worker

    Municipal health worker

    Family members

    Others

    3. I take vitamin supplements.

    Yes

    No

    If, yes what Vitamins are you taking?

    Vitamin B

    Vitamin C

    Calcium

    Multivitamins

    How frequent?

    Always

    Often

    Sometimes

    4.

    I take herbal products.

    Yes

    No

    If yes, what kind of herbal product?

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 17

    Natural

    Commercialized

    How frequent?

    Always Often

    Sometimes

    5. I visit & consult the herbolarios for my health concerns.

    Yes

    No

    If yes, how frequent?

    Monthly Quarterly

    Biannually

    Annually

    6. I regularly go for dental check-up

    Yes

    No

    If yes, how often?

    Monthly

    Quarterly

    Biannually

    Annually

    7. I strictly follow the doctors order & instruction every time I get sick.

    Yes No

    If yes, how frequent?

    Always

    Often

    Sometimes

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    8. I self-medicate.

    Yes

    No

    If yes, how frequent?

    Always

    Often

    Sometimes

    C.Caregiver

    Who is your primary caregiver?

    Spouse

    Child/children

    Relatives

    Friends

    Private nurse/Private caregiver

    None

    Others (Please specify)

    D.Health Benefits Received

    Free medical & dental service

    Free diagnostic & laboratory fees (except X-ray & CT scan)

    Discount on:

    Medicines

    Professional fee of attending doctor/s

    Hospital bill

    Others (Please Specify)

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    Health Status of the Elderly in Vigan City: A Transcultural Perspective 19

    II. Health StatusPlease rate your health status. Put a check mark ( )on the corresponding item

    that matches your answer. Your health status is evaluated on the followingdescriptive scale:

    5Always

    4Often

    3Sometimes

    2Seldom

    1Never

    5 4 3 2 1

    Physical

    1. I manifest vital signs (e.g., blood pressure) within normal

    range for my age & sex

    2.

    I exhibit appropriate knowledge & attitudes about sexuality(e.g., menopause)

    3. I verbalize any changes in eating, elimination or exercise

    4. I adjust to physiologic changes ( e.g., appearance,

    sensory/perceptual, musculoskeletal, neurologic,cardiovascular)

    5. I adapt lifestyle to diminishing energy & ability

    Social

    1. I manage retirement years in a satisfying manner

    2.

    I participate in sociocultural & leisure activities3. I have a social network of friends & support persons

    4. I view life as worthwhile

    5. I have a high self esteem

    Emotional

    1. I accept & adjust to the death of significant others

    2. I accept changes in family roles (e.g., havinggrandchildren)

    3. I adapt with the possibility of living alone or moving into a

    nursing home.

    4.

    I am ready to face death anytime5. I am happy & satisfied of what I have achieved & whatever

    I have in my life right now.

    Spiritual

    1. I find comfort, solace & affirmation in religious activities

    (e.g., mass, novenas, processions, recollection/retreat, etc)

    2. I attend mass every Sunday or worship every Saturday

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