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8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
1/14
Pragmatics and more:common topics, deictics, reference
Week 4, 5
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
2/14
Pragmatics- the study of actual language use
Speakers mean much more than their words actually say,yet how do people manage to understand one another?
Early 1980s, meaning in use, meaning in context
Speakers meaning (social view) vs. utteranceinterpretation (cognitive approach) Let him have it Chris!
Ambiguity and intentionality (Thomas, 14,15)
Common topics in pragmatics: reference, deixis, speechacts, entailment, presupposition, politeness (FSA andFTA), indirectness, intercultural pragmatics
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
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3 levels of meaning
Assigning reference and sense in context (e.g. p. 3,4, 5)
Abstract meaning (1st level): sense, reference, structure
Speakers meaning (2nd and 3rd level):
a. utterance (contextual) meaning- relevant to the domain
of discourse
b. force of an utterance- speakers communicativeintention
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
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Utterance meaning and force
Understanding both utterance meaning and force
Understanding utterance meaning but not force
(keep doing whatya doing man)
Understanding force but not utterance meaning (Its
my shout)
Understanding neither utterance meaning nor force
(my personal corridor)
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
5/14
Pragmatics revisited Pragmatics studies meaning in interaction (both speakers
and hearers meaning)
Communication is a dynamic process of negotiation of
meaning
Pragmatics is a study of relationships between linguisticforms and the users of those forms
The pragmatics wastebasket
Meaning potential (not unlimited): e.g. How are things,Dusica?
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
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Assigning reference in context: deictics
How do we assign reference to someones words i.e.
determine in context who/what is being referred to?
Deictic expressions (indexicals) derive part of their
meaning from the context of utterance
They have no absolute values, the context is necessary
for their right interpretation
The deictic center (speakers location) is the point of
reference from which the dimension is looked at e.g. now,
the war in Agatha Christies novels (deictic context)
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
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Types of deictics/deixis Place (spatial) deictics: here, there, this, now
Time deictics: yesterday, today, now, choice of tense
Person deictics: I, you, he, she
Exclusive we and inclusive we
Attitudinal (social) deictics: tu, vous, honorifics (Madam, Your
Grace)
Discourse deictics: the former, the latter, there, whenever earlierdiscourse is being pointed at, can be projective (announcingbeginning of a lesson), self-referential/reflexive (this paper)
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
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Reference and inference
Assumption: we use the words to refer to people
and things
Reference- an act in which a speaker/writer useslinguistic forms to enable a hearer/reader to identify
something
Inference: because there is no direct relationshipbetween entities and words, the listeners task is to
infer correctly which entity the speaker intends to
identify
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
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Referential and attributive uses
Not all referring expressions have identifiable physicalreferents
Attributive uses of expressions (who/whatever fits the
description)
There is a man waiting for you.
They cant find the killer.
Referential uses of expressions
The role of co-text and context delimits the range of reference
(number of possible referents) in pragmatics
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Anaphoric and cataphoric reference
Keeping track of reference, after introducing some entity, people will try to maintain reference
In English the initial reference is often indefinite (antecedent) after which the referencebecomes definite (anaphor)
Eg. There is a man in the street. The man is walking slowly.
Anaphora: usually pronouns but also definite NP
Sometimes the reverse is possible, first a definite reference is introduced and then explainedby an indefinite on (cataphora)
Eg. I almost stepped on it, there was a snake underneath my foot.
Zero anaphora or ellipsis (no linguistic entity present: eg Cook for three minutes.
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
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Texture: coherence and cohesion
Cohesion (elements): achieved by lexicosyntactic
formal devices, semasiological, form
Dont trust Jim because he is a shyster.(cohesion/coherence)
Coherence (dimensions): achieved by conceptual
devices (ideas), onomasiological, content
Dont trust Jim. Hes a shyster. (coherence, low
cohesion)
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
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Cohesion without coherence
A week has seven days. Every day I feed my cat.
The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters. Letters
are roughly phonemic. I better phone my mother.
8/3/2019 Deixis and Reference Week 5
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Coherence without cohesion
We drank Chardonnay and had foie grass and tartar
steak. The wine was good but the toast they served
was burnt.
I bought a house recently. The kitchen was very
spacious and both bedrooms had balconies.
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Cohesion--formal, semasiological (grouping of words
in terms of their meaning on conceptual or semantic
grounds: structural and based on iteration, balance(iteration of structure), connection (coordination)
Coherenceconceptual, onomasiological (based on
the forms of words, ortography and phonology):
referential or topical (definite, indefinite), proformal
(anaphoric, cataphoric, eliptical), relational: paratactic
and hypotactic,