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Definitions and Classificationsin Neoplasia
Folder: DefClass
Updated: February 07, 2013
Definitions in Oncology. (Part 1)Neoplasia: (“Plasia = Cells)Abnormal new cell proliferation of altered cells• Heritably Altered• Relative autonomous growth• Can be benign or malignant (See later)
Hyperplasia:• Abnormal proliferation of otherwise normal cells
Tumor:Solid mass, usually cellular (but not necessarily)• Can be neoplastic, non-neoplastic, or even non-cellular• "Tumor" usually means a neoplasm in common usage• Some free cell neoplasms can be non-tumorous
Definitions in Oncology. (part 2)Metaplasia:• Replacement of one type of normal adult
differentiated cell type that is normally present,• by another normal adult differentiated type that
belongs somewhere else. Usually in response to injury or irritation Reversible upon removal of the stimulus
See “Reversible squamous metaplasia”, next slide)
Dysplasia• Abnormal interaction of cells giving abnormal
tissue development• Can be pre-neoplastic
Reversible Squamous Metaplasia
Normal Secretory & Ciliated Epithelial CellsIllustrating functional effect of ciliated vs non-ciliated cells
Figure 16-19, ECB, 1998, p. 528RespCilia
Ciliated Epithelium ofHuman Respiratory Tract
Progressive Steps in Neoplastic Cell Development:Hyperplasia and Dysplasia
Progressive Steps in Neoplastic Cell Development:Cancer In situ and Invasive Cancer
Figure 11.7 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
Progression in Neoplastic Development: Weinberg, Chapter 11 on Multistep Tumorigenesis. Figure 11.7
CIS = carcinoma in situCIN = cervical intra-epithelial neoplasmDCIS = ductal carcinoma in situPIN = prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasm
We have talked about “Hyperplasia”, “Metaplasia”,
“Neoplasia”. What is the “plasia” part? What is “plasia” referring to? (One word!)
Definitions in Oncology. (part 3)Anaplasia:Irreversible loss of normal cell structure and function• Positional Anaplasia: Size, shape, arrangement, and
overall organization of cells in a tissue are altered• Cytological Anaplasia: Intra-cellular structures
(mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements, nuclear size and morphology) are altered
Cancer:• Mass of cells with potentially unlimited growth,• serves no useful function for the host,• deprives the host of nutrients necessary for survival,• expands locally by invasion and systemically by• lymphatic and hematogenous pathways,• untreated progresses to lethal condition in the host
Benign and Malignant Neoplasia
Benign Neoplasm Generally Encapsulated Non-invasive Highly Differentiated Few Mitotic Figures Slow Growth or No Net Growth Little Anaplasia Non-Metastatic (by definition)
Malignant Neoplasm Non-encapsulated Invasive Poorly Differentatied Mitotic Figures Common Can have rapid growth Relatively Anaplastic Metastatic or Capable of
becoming so
Classifications of Cancers
Sites of Origin for Primary Clinical CancersCollection of 200 Different Clinical Diseases
(See Diversity of Cancers in Folder Title:"Clinical" and Two Graphics Following)
• Different Symptoms• Different Cell Type of Origin• Different Histology• Different Cell Products and Cell Markers• Different Prognoses• Different Therapy
Cancer Incidence 2002: 1,285,000. Cancer Deaths 555,000. 43% Death RateCancer Incidence 2009: 1,479,000. Cancer Deaths 562,000. 38% Death Rate
Why do we get cancers in these tissues and organs with these distributions?
Normal Proliferative Human Cells & TissuesEpithelial Linings• Respiratory epithelium• Gastro-intestinal linings• Genito-urinary tract
Glandular Linings• Mammary gland
SkinOvary and TestisBone MarrowMyoblastsFetal TissuesOrgan HypertrophyWound HealingNeurogenesis
90% of cancers in humans are carcinomas or hematological malignancies (leukemia-lymphoma).
This is largely because normal epithelial cells that can generate carcinomas, and normal hematological stem cells that can generate hematological malignancies are
cells that normally have to _ _ _ _ _ _ in order to carry out their functions in vivo.
Classification by Tissue Typefor Cell Type of Origin
(Histogenetic Classification)Connective Tissue
Hematopoietic Tissue
Nervous tissue
Germinal Tissue & Mixed Tissue Types
Epithelial Tissue
Sarcoma
Leukemia & Lymphoma
Neuroectodermal malignancies
Carcinoma
Classification of Cancer by Histogenetic Site of OriginPart 1: Connective Tissue Neoplasms
Tissue of OriginFibrous tissueCartilegeBoneFatSmooth MuscleSkeletal MuscleBlood Vessels
Benign NeoplasmFibromaChondromaOsteomaLipomaLeiomyomaRhabdomyomaHemangioma
Malignant NeoplasmFibrosarcomaChondrosarcomaOsteogenic SarcomaLiposarcomaLeiomyosarcomaRhabdomyosarcomaHemangiosarcoma
Sarcomas (Sarcomata) are malignant neoplasms of connective tissue origin.About 5% of all cancers in humans
Classification of Cancer by Histogenetic Site of OriginPart 2: Epithelial Neoplasms
Tissue of OriginEpidermisStomachAdrenal cortexSurface Epithelium(Non-glandular)Glandular EpitheliumColonBreastLung
Benign NeoplasmEpidermal papillomaGastric polypAdrenocortical adenomaPapilloma
Adenoma Colon adenoma Mammary adenoma Lung adenoma
Malignant NeoplasmEpidermal carcinomaGastric carcinomaAdrenocortical carcinomaSquamous carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma Colon carcinoma Mammary carcinoma Lung carcinoma
Carcinomas are malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin.About 85% of all cancers in humans!
Table 2.1 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007) p. 30
Figure 2.4b Te Biology of Cancer
Figure 2.4c The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
Bronchiole of Lung
Columnar Epithelium (Gall Bladder)
Figure 2.6c The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)Figure 2.6a The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
Squamous epitheliumUterine cervix
Skin
Glandular Epithelium (stomach)
Columnar Epithelium, Small Intestine
Goblet Cell(Mucous-secreting)
Figure 2.6d The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
Adenocarcinoma(Stomach)
Adenocarcinoma (Colon)
Glandular Epithelium Stomach
Classification of Cancer by Histogenetic Site of OriginPart 4: Neoplasms of the Nervous System
Tissue of OriginBrain glial cells
MeningesNeuronsAdrenal
medullaRetina
Benign NeoplasmAstrocytomaOligodendrogliomaMeningiomaGanglioneuromaPheochromocytoma---
Malignant NeoplasmGlioblastoma multiforme
Meningeal sarcomaNeuroblastomaPheochromocytoma
Retinoblastoma
Neoplasms of the nervous system are generalized as Neuroectodermal malignancies comparable to carcinoma, sarcoma,
or leukemia groupings.Part of the remaining 5% of all cancers in humans
Table 2.4 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)p. 34
Figure 2.9a The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)p. 35
Astrocytes (Glial Cells) Astrocytoma (Glioblastoma),Glioblastoma Multiforme
Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of Non-Neuronal Supporting Cells of Brain
Neuroblastoma in a Little Boy(Viewed in Class in 501Intro)
William Bunn: 8-Year-old Police OfficerJuly, 2010 http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/story?section=news/local&id=7531763 - 2 minutes and 32 seconds http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38084943#38084943 1 1/2 minutes - actual funeral Refers to Stem Cell Transplants and Chemotherapy for Neuroblastoma in final 5 seconds of clip
Also viewed story of Kuyler Van Nocker and Neuroblastoma
Classification of Cancer by Histogenetic Site of OriginPart 3: Hematopoietic and immune system neoplasms
Tissue of OriginLymphoid tissueand Lymphocytes
ThymusGranulocytes
Plasma CellsErythrocytes
Benign NeoplasmInfectious mononucleosisand other lymphoproliferative diseases
ThymomaGranulocytosis
---Polycythemia vera
Malignant NeoplasmLymphoma (lymphosarcoma)Lymphocytic leukemia(B and T Cell Leukemias)Reticulum cell sarcomaHodgkin's DiseaseThymomaMyelogenous leukemia(Granulocytic leukemia)Multiple MyelomaErythroleukemia
Leukemias and Lymphomas (Lymphosarcomas) are malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic (blood cell forming) tissue originAbout 5% of all cancers in humans
Table 2.3 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)p. 33
Different Forms of LeukemiasAcute (A) and Chronic (C)
3.4% of all forms of human cancers
Lymphocytic 54% (32% CLL; 22% ALL)Also called "lymphoblastic"
Myelocytic 37% (26% CML; 11% AML)Also called "granulocytic" or "myelocytic"
Monocytic 9% (All acute) Erythroleukemia Rare
Morphology &Staining ofBlood Cells
Kuby, 3rd Ed.Figure 3-1
Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells)Fig 2-1, Kuby 4th Ed. p. 28
A normal stem cell when it divides to form two cells has to do two things. It has to self-renew. What else does it
have to do to carry out is normal function?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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If a stem cell divides but does not self-renew, what will happen to the stem cell compartment for that cell
lineage?
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Pluripotent Stem Celland Lymphoid andMyeloid Lineages
(Fig 2-1, Kuby 4th Ed. p. 28
Myeloid Stem Cell
Lymphoid Lineage
Fig 2-1 Kuby 4th Ed
p. 28
MyeloidLineage(Kuby, Fig 2-1,4th Ed., p. 28)
Figure 8.32 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
Disease Progression in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
p. 293
AgeEffct
Diagnostic Pathobiology of Hodgkins Diseasevs
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/path/innes/wcd/hodgkin.cfm(Right Click. Click on Open Hyperlink)
University of Virginia, School of Medicine;Pathology Trends
Derived from Lymphocyte, usually a B cell,Characterized by being binuclear.Presents “owl-like” appearance
Incidence
Early onset; 2nd age-related risk later in life
A neoplasm (or cancer) that is localized and encapsulated is defined as being
_ _ _ _ _ _
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A neoplasm (or cancer) that is invasive and metastatic is defined as being
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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First-hand experiences with cancer incidence(This question is anonymous. You can respond with more than one number)
I m
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hav
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One (
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of m
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One (
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One (
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I hav
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At l
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I hav
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0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. I myself have been treated for a cancer.
2. One (or more) of my parents or step parents has been or is a cancer patient.
3. One (or more) of my grandparents has been or is a cancer patient.
4. One (or more) of my brothers or sisters (or a step-brother or sister) has been or is a cancer patient.
5. I have a child or a niece or nephew who is or has been a cancer patient.
6. At least one of my close friends has been or is a cancer patient.
7. I have not experienced cancer first-hand.
0 of 103
First-hand experiences with cancer Mortality(This question is anonymous. You can respond with more than one number)
1. One of my parents or step parents has died from cancer.
2. One (or more) of my grandparents has died from cancer.
3. One or more of my grandparents has passed away but not from Cancer.
4. One of my brothers or sisters (or a step-brother or sister) has died from cancer.
5. I have lost a child or a niece or nephew to cancer.
6. I have lost a close friend to cancer.
7. No one close to me has died of cancer.
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http://abcnews.go.com/Health/BreastCancerCenter/early-stage-breast-cancer-care/story?id=12870356
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/BreastCancerCenter/early-stage-breast-cancer-care/story?id=12870356
Surgical Excision of Regional Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer(ABC News: February 8, 2011
(Copy & paste to Mozilla Firefox)
CancerBreast Reconstruction Treatment for breast cancer can be overwhelming, both physically and emotionally. While...Mammography The recent controversy over when—and how often—women should begin having mammograms has left a...Cervical Cancer an HPV It is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Would you be surprised to...Breast Cancer Breast cancer: two of the most frightening words in the English language. There's no shortage of...Prostate Cancer In America, prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men, and the second most common...Colon Cancer Colon cancer is the third most common type of cancer among American men and in women and is the...Skin Cancer Can that warm and fuzzy feeling of the sun bathing your body really come back to haunt...Lung Cancer With so much money going into cancer research and the success rate of cancer treatment...Life After Breast Cancer The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer is a traumatic time for the patient and their loved...Leukemia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a type of leukemia that mainly affects people over the age...Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma While other cancers continue to decline, lymphoma is on the rise. The good news is that with...Ovarian Cancer One of the deadliest forms of cancer, ovarian cancer is also one of the few cancers for which...Breast Cancer Recurrence While survival rates for breast cancer continue to improve, for some women, recurrence is a...HPV Vaccine/Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer is caused by several types of a virus called human papillomaviruses...Late Effects of Cancer Treatment Treatment of cancer involves the use of strong drugs that target the cancer with the goal of...Colon Cancer II Cancer of the colon or rectum is also called colorectal cancer...Geriatric Oncology More than 60% of cancers in the United States occur in people age 65 and older. Cancers of...Breast Cancer in Young Women Young women can and do get breast cancer. While breast cancer in young women accounts for a...The Future of Cancer Treatment Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. About one-half of all men and...
PBS Series: secondopinion-tv.org
CML and Patient #9 in Gleevec Trial 1995Highlight. Right Click. Open Hyperlink
See episode 607
A carcinoma is a neoplasm (cancer) that arises from ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
tissue.
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