Definition: the unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound

that causes discomfort for all living beings.Unit: decibel is one tenth of the longest bell.Noise level: 35-60db normal,.>80db more,140db painful.

TYPES OF NOISE

• INDUSTRIAL NOISE

• TRANSPORT NOISE

• NEIGHBOURHOOD NOISE

INDUSTRIAL NOISE

• high noise pollution is caused by many machines• the source of noise pollution are from machines of

factories, industries and mills• industrial noise from mechanical saws and drill is

unbearable is a nuisance to public• institute of Oto-rino Laryngology, Chennai that

enormously increasing the industrial pollution damaged the hearing of about 20% workers

TRANPORT NOISE

• it includes road, rail traffic noise, aircraft noise• vehicles like motors, cars, buses, trucks, diesel

engine vehicle have increased• this form of pollution gaining importance in

large towns and cities• in metro Politian cities like Delhi, Bombay,

Calcutta is as high as 90 db

NEGHBOURHOOD NOISE

• it includes disturbance from houses and community

• common noise makers musical instruments, TV, VCR, Radio, telephone, loud speaker

EFFECTS• it affects human health comfort and efficiency.• it causes high blood pressure, mental distress, heart

attacks, birth defects• it changes the hormone content of the blood which

in turn increases rate of heart beat contraction of blood vessels

• it may cause damage to heart, brain, kidneys, liver.• hearing when exposed to very loud and sudden

noise

EFFECTS

• excessive noise also causes psychological and pathological disorders

• ultrasonic sound affect the digestive, respiratory system

• brain is also affected by loud noise of get and aero plan

• blood is thickened

CONTROLS MEASURES OF NOISE POLLUTION

• source control : such as acoustic treatment to machine surface, design changes, limiting the operational timings

• construction of noise barrier or provision of sound absorbing materials along the path

• planting trees around the houses• different types absorptive materials

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• it can be reduced by noise limits for vehicles• ban on honking of horns in certain areas• creation of silent zones near schools and

hospitals

AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL dB

ZONE DAY TIME

NIGHT TIME

SILENT ZONE 50 40

RESIDENTIAL ZONE 55 45

COMMERCIAL ZONE 65 55

INDUSTRIAL ZONE 70 70

THERMAL POLLUTION

Addition of undesirable heat to water that makes it harmful to life.

SOURCES (CAUSES)

• Nuclear power plants• coal-fired power plants• Industrial effluents• Domestic sewage• Hydro-electric power

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

• Drainage from research institutes, nuclear experiments and explosion-heat and traces of toxic radio nuclides

• Emissions from nuclear reactors• Heated effluents are discharged at 100C

COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS

• condenser coils are cooled with water from nearby lake or river and discharging hot water to about 150C

• Decrease dissolved oxygen

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS

• Industries like coal powered and nuclear powered plants require huge amounts of cooling water.

• Textile, paper and pulp sugar• 100MW-8 TO 100C

DOMESTIC SEWAGE

• Domestic sewage is discharged into rivers, lakes canals or streams

• Decrease dissolved oxygen

• release foul and offensive gases

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

• Generation of power results in negative thermal loading in water systems

• About 18% more heat is given to cooling waters in nuclear power plants

THERMAL POLLUTION INTO STREAMS BY HUMAN

• Industries • Removal of stream side vegetation• Soil erosion caused by construction• Poor farming practices

EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION

• Reduction in dissolved oxygen• Increase in toxicity: rise in temp increase toxicity of

the poison present in water• Interference with biological activities• Interference with reproduction :nest building,

hatching, migration and reproduction• Direct mortality• Food storage for fish

CONTROL MEASURES

• Cooling towers: types• Wet cooling tower: hot water from condenser is allowed

to spray over baffles • Dry cooling tower• Cooling ponds• Spray ponds• Artificial lakes

WET COOLING

COOLING PONDS

SPRAY PONDS

SPRAY PONDS

ARTIFICIAL LAKE

ARTIFICIAL LAKE

ARTIFICIAL LAKE

NUCLEAR HAZARDS

• The radiation comes from UV, visible, cosmic rays, microwave radiation.

• The hazards comes from X-rays account for 95% of out radiation exposure other than cosmic rays.

• In US about 53 power plants were cancelled between 1980 and 1984 due to enormous radiation danger.

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR HAZARDS

• Natural sources-space which emit cosmic rays.• Soil, rocks, air, water, food, radioactive radon-

222 also contain one or more radioactive.• Man-made sources-nuclear power plants, X-

rays, nuclear accidents, nuclear bombs, diagnostic kits.

EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR HAZARDS• Exposure of the brain and CNS to high doses of

radiation causes delirium, convulsions, death within hours or days.

• It forms cataracts and impairs eye sight.• Acute radiation sickness is marked by vomiting,

bleeding of the gums, mouth cancer.• Internal bleeding and blood vessel damage show red

spots on the skin.• Unborn children are vulnerable to brain damage or

mental retardation affects CNS at early pregnancy.

CONTROL MEASURES FROM NUCLEAR HAZARDS

• Nuclear devices should never be exploded in air.• In nuclear reactors, closed cycle coolant system with

gaseous coolants may be used.• Containments may be employed to decrease the

radioactive emissions.• Production of radioisotopes should be minimized.• Minimum number of nuclear installations should be

commissioned.

CONTD CONTROL MEASURES

• In nuclear and chemical industries, the use of radioisotopes carried under jet of soil or water instead powder or gaseous forms.

• In nuclear mines wet drilling are employed.• Nuclear medicines and radiation therapy

should be applied in minimum doses.• Use of high chimneys, ventilations at the

working place where radiation is high.

MEDIUM LEVEL WASTES

• Examples- filters, reactor components.• MLW are solidified and mixed with concrete in

steel drums before being burried in deep mines or below the sea bed.

LOW LEVEL WASTES

• Examples-solids or liquids contaminated with traces of radioactivity.

• They are disposed off in steel drums in concrete lined trenches.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Rapid population growth and urbanization led to enormous quantities of solid wastes.

• An estimated 7.6 million tones of municipal waste is produced per day in developing countries.

• Management of solid waste is become very important in order to minimize the adverse effects of solid wastes.

TYPES AND SOURCES OF SOLID WASTES

• Urban or municipal wastes.• Industrial wastes.• Hazardous wastes.

SOURCES OF URBAN WASTES

• Domestic wastes-food waste,cloth,waste paper,glass bottles,polythene bags.

• Commercial wastes-waste paper,packing material,cans,bottle,polythene bags.

• Construction wastes-wood,concrete,debris.• Biomedical wastes-anatomical

wastes,infectious wastes.

TYPE & CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN WASTES

• Biodegradable wastes- food, vegetables, tea leaves, egg shells, dry leaves.

• Non biodegradable wastes-polythene bags, scrap metals, glass bottles.

SOURCE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES

• NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS-it generates radioactive wastes.

• THERMAL POWER PLANTS-fly ash.• CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES-hazardous,toxic chemicals.• OTHER INDUSTRIES-packing

materials,rubbish,organic wastes,acids,alkalies,rubber,plastic,paper,glass,wood,oils,dyes.

HAZARDOUS WASTES

• Sources-chemical manufacturing company,petroleum refineries,paper mills,smelters,radioactive substances.biological wastes.

TYPES& CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

• Toxic wastes-poisonous even in traces.• Acute toxicity-immediate effect on humans or

animals causing death.• Chronic toxicity-they have long term effect

difficult to determine.

REACTIVE WASTES• It react with air water heat & generate toxic gases.

gun powder, nitro glycerine• Corrosive wastes-destroy materials, living tissues.

Acids, bases• Radioactive wastes-persists in the atmosphere for

thousands of years.• Infectious wastes-used bandages, human tissue from

surgery, hypodermic needles.• Heavy metals-lead mercury, arsenic are toxic

substances.

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTES• Due to improper disposal of municipal solid wastes

biodegradable materials undergo decomposition produces foul smell and breeds various types of insects.

• Industrial solid wastes,metals affect the characteristics of soils.

• Toxic substance may percolate into the ground water and contaminate.

• Burning of cans, pesticides, plastics,batteries produce furans, dioxins,polychlorinated biphenyls are harmful to human beings.

PROCESS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• It includes the waste generation,mode of collection,transportation,segregation of wastes and disposal techniques.

• Steps involved in solid waste management-Reduce,Reuse and Recycle(3R)

• Discarding wastes.

1.REDUCE,REUSE AND RE CYCLE

• Reduce the usage of raw materials.• Reuse of waste materials-the refillable

containers which are discarded can be reused.• rubber rings can be made from discarded

cycle tubes reduces waste generationdurung manufacture.

RECYCLING OF MATERIALS

• Recycling is the reprocessing of the discarded materials into new useful products.

• Examples-old aluminium cans,glass bottles.• It saves money energy,raw materials.

DISCARDING WASTES

• For discarding solid wastes the following methods can be adopted.

• Landfill• Incineration• Composting.

LANDFILL

• Solid wastes are placed in sanitary land fill system in alternate layers.

• Landfill structure is built either into the ground oron the ground into which the waste is dumped.

• It involves spreading the solid waste on the ground,compacting it,covering it with soil.

ADVANTAGES

• It is simple and economical.• Segregation not required.• Landfilled areas can be used for other

purposes.• Natural sources are returned to soil and

recycled.

DISADVANTAGES

• A large area is required.• Transportation cost is heavy.• Bad odours if land fills are not properly

managed.• It will be the sources of mosquitoes,flies.

INCENERATION

• In this method the municipal wastes areburnt in afurnace called incenerator.

• The combustible materials such as rubbish,garbage and the non combustible materials such as glass,porcelain are seperated before fedding to incinerators.

ADVANTAGES

• It requires very little space.• Cost of transportation is not high.• Safest from hygienic point of view.• An incinerator plant of 300 tonnes per day

generate 3MW of electricity.

DISADVANTAGES

• Its capital and operating cost is high.• Needs skilled person• Formation of smoke,dust may be caused.

COMPOSTING

• In this method bulk organic waste is converted into a fertilising manure by biological action.

• WHO set up compost plant in new delhi in 1981 with a capacity to handle 90 to 100 tonnes of waste.

ADVANTAGES

• When the manure is added to soil it increases water retention,ion exchange capacity of soil.

• A number of solid wastes can be treated.• It can be sold.• Re-cycling occurs.

DISADVANTAGES

• The non consumables have to be disposed seperately.

• Use of compost has not yet caught up with farmers.

SIGNIFICANCE FOR PREVENTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

• Reduce generation of hazardous wastes.• Dispose the waste as close as possible where they generated.• Manage the wastes in in environmentally effective way.• Prevent illegal international traffic in hazardous wastes.• Promoting & strengthening international coperation in the

management.• Promoting the prevention & minimisation of using hazardous

wastes.

ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN PREVENTION OF POLLUTION

• Plant more trees.• Help more in pollution prevention.• Use water,energy resources efficiently.• Purchase recyclable products.• Use CFCfree refrigerators.• Use natural gas than coal.• Reduce deforestation.• Use office in ventilated areas.

ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL

• Use of ecofriendly products• Don’t use polystyrene cups destroy ozone

layer.• Use rechargeable batteries.• Reduce garbage by recycling.• Slow population growth.

ROLE OF WOMEN

• In rural areas women plant trees, grass, grow vegetables.

• In urban areas go shopping using cloth bags.• Women refuse to use disposal products.• Women buy non phospate detergents.• They refuse to eat the meat.• They value paper and thus protect trees.

Case Studies• Bhopal Gas Tragedy -3 Dec1984

Gulf War – Jan 16 to Feb 26, 1991

Cherbonyl Nuclear Disaster- Apr 26 1986

Minimata disaster-1953

WATER POLLUTION

Definition: The alteration in physical, biological and chemical characteristics of water

which may cause harmful effects on humans and aquatic life.

TYPES, EFFECTS, SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

• infectious agents• examples-bacteria, virus, protozoa and

parasitic worms.• human sources-human and animal wastes.• effects-variety of diseases.

OXYGEN DEMANDING WASTES

• Examples-organic wastes such as animal manure and plant debris that can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria.

• dissolved oxygen.• human sources-sewage, animal feedlots,

paper mills and food processing.• effects-degrade water quality, aquatic life

dies.

INORGANIC CHEMICALS• EXAMPLES-WATER SOLUBLE INORGANIC CHEMICALS.• ACIDS,COMPOUNDS OF TOXIC METALS, SALTS.• HUMAN SOURCES-SURFACE RUN-OFF,INDUSTRIAL

EFFLUENTS AND HOUSEHOLD CLEANSERS.• EFFECTS- MAKE FRESH WATER UN USEFUL.• CAUSE SKIN CANCER, DAMAGE NERVOUS SYSTEM

LIVER, KIDNEYS.• HARM FISH , AQUATIC LIFE.

ORGANIC CHEMICALS

• examples- oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, detergents.

• human sources- industrial effluents, household cleansers.

• effects- nervous system damage and skin cancers.

• harm fish and wild life

PLANT NUTRIENTS

• examples-water soluble compounds containing nitrate, phosphate, ammonium ions.

• human sources- sewage, manure, agricultural fertilizers.

• effects-growth of algae, deplete do.• drinking water with excessive levels of nitrates.

SEDIMENT

• examples-soil, silt.• human sources-land erosion• effects-reduce photosynthesis, carry

pesticides, destroy feeding of fish. clog and fill lakes, artificial reservoirs harbours.

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

• examples-radioactive isotopes of iodine, radon, uranium, cesium, thorium.

• human sources-nuclear power plants, mining of uranium, nuclear weapons.

• effects-genetic mutations, birth defects, cancer.

HEAT

• example-excessive heat• human sources-water cooling of electric

power plants.• effects-lowers Dissolved oxygen, thermal

shock.

POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCES

• POINT SOURCES:• Discharge pollutants through pipes, ditches into the

bodies of surface water.• examples-sewage treatment plants, oil tankers.• NON-POINT SOURCES • Location cannot be easily identified. examples-acid

deposition, chemicals into croplands, logged forest.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE WATER

• DISSOLVED OXYGEN• significance of Dissolved oxygen is to support

fish, aquatic life, means of control of river pollution.

• minimum level of do 4mg/lit must be maintained.

BOD

• It is the amount of oxygen required for the biological decomposition of organic matter present in the water

• SIGNIFICANCE • indication of the amount of organic matter

present.• the rate of oxidation depends on organic

matter present.

COD• It is the amount of oxygen required for the

chemical oxidation of organic matter with oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate or dichromate

• SIGNIFICANCE• determine the pollution strength of river

water.• it is rapid process occurs within 3 hours.

CONTROL MEASURES• WATER POLLUTION CONTROL SHOULD BE IN THE HANDS OF

STATE OR CENTRAL GOVT.• SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES ARE NECESSARY.• INDUSTRIAL PLANTS SHOULD BE ON RECYCLING OPERATIONS.• PLANTS TREES FOREST CONTROL POLLUTION ACT AS AIR

CONDITIONERS.• NATIONAL GOAL SHOULD BE CONSERVATION OF

FOREST,PLANT MORE TREES.• DISCHARGE OF WASTE MATERIALS IS NOT ADVISABLE.• PUBLIC AWARENESS.• RESEARCH IN PUBLIC HEALTH SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED.

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

• PRELIMINARY TREATMENT• PRIMARY TREATMENT• SECONDARY OR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT.• A.TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS• B.ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.• TERTIARY TREATMENT.• DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE.

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT

• coarse solids and suspended impurities are removed by passing the waste water through bar and mesh.

• greater proportion of the suspended inorganic and organic solids are removed by settling.

• Al2(SO4)3 +6H2O->2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4

SECONDARY TREATMENT

• TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS.• SEWAGE IS SPREAD OVER THE BED BY MEANS

OF ROTATING ARMS.• THIS PROCESS REMOVES ABOUT 80-85% OF

BOD.

Trickle filterReferring to the process mechanism involves adsorption of any organic compounds in the sewage or other wastewater by the layer of microbial slime followed by the diffusion of air into the slime layer to furnish the oxygen (O2) required for the biochemical oxidation of the organic compounds that results in releasing gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and other oxidized by-products. The air may be provided by natural draft or by forced aeration using large fans or blowers.

The aerobic biochemical oxidation occurring in a trickle filter may be expressed as: Organic compounds + microbes + nutrient + O2 →

oxidized organics + CO2 gas + H2O                                  

Figure : A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickle filter.As the slime layer thickens, it becomes more difficult for air to penetrate the layer and an inner anaerobic layer is formed. For some plastic media , this inner layer will build up and eventually slough off the smooth plastic into the treated effluent water as a sludge that requires subsequent removal and disposal. The sludge consists of dead microbes, non-gaseous oxidized materials, inorganic minerals which are not biodegradable and other substances. Other than the primary carbon dioxide, water and sludge by-products of the biochemical processes occurring in a trickle filter, there may also be some by-product nitrogen (N2) and methane

(CH4) gases.

ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS• In a sewage (or industrial

wastewater) treatment plant, the activated sludge process can be used for one or several of the following purposes:

• oxidizing carbonaceous matter: biological matter.

• oxidizing nitrogeneous matter: mainly ammonium and nitrogen in biological materials.

• removing phosphate. • driving off entrained gases

carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen, etc.

• generating a biological floc that is easy to settle.

• generating a liquor low in dissolved or suspended material.

• An important part of the municipal wastewater treatment is the BOD-removal. The removal of BOD is done by a biological process, such as the suspended growth treatment process. This biological process is an aerobic process and takes place in the aeration tank, in where the wastewater is aerated with oxygen. By creating good conditions, bacteria will grow fast. The grow of bacteria creates flocks and gases. These flocks will removed by a secondary clarifier

TERTIARY TREATMENT

• After the secondary treatment the sewage effluent contains 25ppm of BOD removed by tertiary treatment process. In this the effluent is allowed inside a tank where lime added to remove phosphates. From there allowed to ammonia stripping tower with pH 11 and ammonium ion is converted in to gaseous ammonia. From there allowed in to activated charcoal column where minute organic wastes are adsorbed and finally the effluent was treated with chlorine which acts as a disinfectant

DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE

• DUMPING INTO LOW LYING AREAS.• BURNING OF SLUDGE.• DUMPING INTO THE SEA.• USING IT AS LOW GRADE FERTILISERS.

SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER• Water should be clear and odourless• Pleasant to taste• Turbidity should not exceed 10ppm• pH range 7.0-8.5• Chloride and sulphate should be less than 250ppm• Total hardness less than 500ppm• TDS less than 500ppm• Fluoride less than 1.5 ppm• Free from disease producing bacteria's• Free from dissolved gases like hydrogen sulphide• Free from objectionable minerals like lead chromium etc.,

ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN PREVENTION OF POLLUTION

• Plant more trees.• Help more in pollution prevention.• Use water, energy resources efficiently.• Purchase recyclable products.• Use CFC free refrigerators.• Use natural gas than coal.• Reduce deforestation.• Use office in ventilated areas.

ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL

• Use of ecofriendly products• Don’t use polystyrene cups destroy ozone

layer.• Use rechargeable batteries.• Reduce garbage by recycling.• Slow population growth.

ROLE OF WOMEN

• In rural areas women plant trees, grass, grow vegetables.

• In urban areas go shopping using cloth bags.• Women refuse to use disposal products.• Women buy non phosphate detergents.• They refuse to eat the meat.• They value paper and thus protect trees.

Case Studies• Bhopal Gas Tragedy -3 Dec1984

Gulf War – Jan 16 to Feb 26, 1991

Cherbonyl Nuclear Disaster- Apr 26 1986

Minimata disaster-1953

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

• DEFINITION: The undesirable alteration of our surroundings leading to its destruction

• Types of pollution: • 1.Biodegradable pollutants• 2.Non- degradable pollutants

CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION

• 1.Air• 2.Water• 3.Soil• 4.Marine• 5.Noise• 6.Thermal• 7.Nuclear Hazards

AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution may be defined as the presence of one or more contaminants like dust, smoke, mist, and odour in the atmosphere which are injurious to human, animal or plant life.

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

• Natural sources :- volcanic eruptions, forest fire, biological decay, radioactive materials.

• Man made {anthropogenic} activities :- Thermal power plants, vehicular emissions, fossil fuel burning, agricultural activities.

CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

• Primary air pollutants:-• These are directly emitted in to atmosphere CO,NO,SO2

• Secondary air pollutants :-• Primary air pollutant react among themselves or

with atmospheric air and form themNO/NO2 ----------moisture---- HNO3/NO3

INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS

• Radon gas• Sources {causes} of indoor air pollutants• :-bricks, concrete, tiles• Natural gas and ground wastes• Burning of fuels in kitchen, cigarette smoking,

liberate the pollutants like CO, SO2, HCHO, BAP.

COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS

Carbon monoxide• Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas formed by

incomplete combustion of fuels 2C+O2 2CO• Human sources [causes]:- cigarette smoking,

incomplete burning of fuels, 77% from motor vehicle exhaust.

• Health effects;- reacts with hemoglobin, at higher levels it causes coma, brain cell damage.

• Environmental effects:- increase global temperature

NITROGEN DIOXIDE

• Reddish brown gas with irritating odour that gives photochemical smog.

NO2+Moisture HNO3

• Human sources:-fossil fuel burning in motor vehicles{49%}and power industrial plants{49%}

• Health effects:-lung irritation and damage• Environmental effects:- acid rain.

SULPHOR DIOXIDE

• Colorless gas with irritating odor formed by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil.

SO2+Moisture H2SO4

• Human sources:-coal burning in power plants{88%} and industrial processes{10%}

• Health effects;-breathing problem• Environmental effects:- Reduce visibility. acid rain

Suspended particulate matter (SPM)

• Includes variety of particles and droplets including aerosols for short periods to long periods.

• Human sources:-coal burning in power plants{40%} and vehicles{17%}, agriculture, unpaved roads, construction

• Health effects;- nose and throat irritation, Lung damage, asthma bronchitis, reproductive problem

and cancer.• Environmental effects:- acid deposition affects life in

terrestrial and aquatic systems, affects visibility.

OZONE

• Highly reactive irritating gas with unpleasant odor found in stratosphere.

• Major component of photochemical smog.• Human sources:-chemical reaction with

organic components and nitrogen oxides.• Environmental effects:- moderates the climate

PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

• Brownish smoke like appearance forms on clear sunny days over large cities with significant amount of automobile traffic

• Sources:-chemical reaction among Nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon by sunlight.

• Health effects:-breathing problems, cough,eye,nose and throat infection.

• Environmental effects:- can damage trees and plants, smog reduces visibility.

LEAD• Solid Toxic metal and its compounds released in

to atmosphere as particulate• Human sources:-paint, metal refineries, storage

batteries.• Health effects:-accumulates in the body, damage

brain and other nervous system and even causes cancer

• Environmental effects:- harm wild life

HYDROCARBONS

• Colorless gases formed by the decay of vegetable matter

• Human sources:-agriculture, decay of plants .

• Health effects:-carcinogenic• Environmental effect: it produces oily film

on the surface.

CHROMIUM

• Solid Toxic metal its compounds released in to atmosphere as particulate.

• Human sources:-paints, smelters, chromium plating

• Health effects:-gastro intestinal ulcer, nervous system disease and cancer.

Indian ambient air quality standards

• These are the legal limits placed on the concentration of air pollutants in a community where people and things are exposed

• These quality standards are permissible exposure of all living and non living things for 24 hrs or per day or per week.

CategoryCategory AreaArea SPM InSPM In

Mic.gmMic.gm

Per litPer lit

SO2InSO2In

Mic.gMic.gmm

Per litPer lit

NOx InNOx In

Mic.gmMic.gm

Per litPer lit

CO InCO In

Mic.gmMic.gm

Per litPer lit

AA INDUSTRIAL AND INDUSTRIAL AND MIXED USEMIXED USE

500500 120120 120120 50005000

BB RESIDENTIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AND RURALRURAL

200200 8080 8080 20002000

CC SENSITIVE SENSITIVE (RESORTS, HILL (RESORTS, HILL

STATIONS, STATIONS, MONUMENTS ETC.,)MONUMENTS ETC.,)

100100 3030 3030 10001000

CONTROL METHODS OF AIR POLLUTION

• Atmosphere has several built in self cleaning processes such as dispersion, gravitational settling, flocculation, absorption, rain washout and so on.

Source Control:• Since we know the substance that causes pollution the

source control enables to control pollution to maximum extent

• To use a petrol which is unleaded low sulphur and ash content

• To reduce no of private vehicle and use public transportation and encourage peoples to walk and use bicycles

CONTROL METHODS OF AIR POLLUTION• In industries emission levels should be restricted

within the permissible level• Incorporation of air pollution control equipments in

the design of the plant layout must be made mandatory

• Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere for the pollutants should be carried out

Plant trees along busy streets where they remove Plant trees along busy streets where they remove particulates and carbon monoxide and absorb particulates and carbon monoxide and absorb noisenoiseIndustries and waste disposal sites located outside Industries and waste disposal sites located outside the citythe cityUse catalytic converters to control the emissions of Use catalytic converters to control the emissions of CO and RHCO and RH

CONTROL METHODS OF AIR POLLUTION

• To ensure sufficient supply of oxygen to the combustion chamber and adequate temperature so that combustion is complete eliminating much of the smoke and partly burnt ashes and dust

• To use mechanical devices such as scrubbers cyclones bag houses and electrostatic precipitators

• They are used as control methods for They are used as control methods for removing particulates from the exhaust removing particulates from the exhaust gases of electric power and industrial gases of electric power and industrial plants. All these methods retain the plants. All these methods retain the hazardous materials that must be hazardous materials that must be disposed in a safe waydisposed in a safe way

• The disposal of the collected air The disposal of the collected air pollutants is equally important for pollutants is equally important for successful control of air pollutionsuccessful control of air pollution

CONTROL METHODS OF AIR POLLUTION

SOIL POLLUTION

• Definition-the contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause effects on living beings.

• composition of soil• mineral matter 45%,• organic matter 5%,• soil water 25%• ,soil air 25%.

TYPES,EFFECTS,SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTION

• INDUSTRIAL WASTES.• URBAN WASTES.• AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES.• RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS.• BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.

INDUSTRIAL WASTES• SOURCES:• pulp paper mills, chemical industries, oil refineries, sugar factories,

tanneries,textiles,drugs,steel,fertilizers, pesticides,glass,petroleum.• EFFECTS• Alter chemical, biological properties of soil, enter into food chain.• URBAN WASTES• sources-garbage rubbish materials like plastics,glasses,mettallic

cans,fibers,paper,rubbers,• street sweepings, leaves.• effects-they cannot be easily degraded can still be dangerous

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

• SOURCES-AGRO TECHNOLOGY,HUGE QUANTITIES OF FERTILISERS,PESTICIDES,HERBICIDE,DEBRIS ,MANURE.

• EFFECTS- POLLUTE THE SOIL TO THE LARGE EXTENT.

RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS

• RADIUM,THORIUM,URANIUM,ISOTOPEOF POTASSIUM,CARBON ARE COMMON IN SOIL,ROCK,WATER,AIR.

• EXPLOSION OF HYDROGEN WEAPONS.• Sr-90,I-129,Cs-137 ARE MORE INJURIOUS

GETS DEPOSITED.• NUCLEAR REACTOR WASTES DEPOSITED ON

THE SOIL EMIT GAMMA RADIATIONS.

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

• WASTES OF HUMANS,ANIMAL,BIRDS CONSTITUTE MAJOR SOURCE OF LAND POLLUTION BY BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.

• HEAVY APPLICATION OF MANURES.• MUNICIPAL WASTE.

UNTREATED WASTES OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS

• PULP&PAPER-SUSPENDED SOLIDS,HIGH OR LOW Ph,COLOUR,BOD,COD.

Characteristics of untreated waste of organic chemical industries

S. no.S. no. IndustryIndustry Phyico-Chemical CharacteristicsPhyico-Chemical Characteristics

11 Pulp and PaperPulp and Paper Suspended solids, high or low Ph, colour, BOD, Suspended solids, high or low Ph, colour, BOD, COD.COD.

2.2. Rubber industryRubber industry Chlorides, suspended & dissolved solids.Chlorides, suspended & dissolved solids.

3.3. Oil refineriesOil refineries Acids, alkalies, phenols.Acids, alkalies, phenols.

4.4. AntibioticsAntibiotics Toxic chemicals, high acidity or alkalinity.Toxic chemicals, high acidity or alkalinity.

5.5. Synthetic drugsSynthetic drugs High suspended & dissolved organic matter.High suspended & dissolved organic matter.

6.6. DistilleryDistillery Very high cod, low Ph,Very high cod, low Ph,

7.7. Organic chemical Organic chemical industryindustry

Toxic chemicals, phenols, high acidity, alkalinity.Toxic chemicals, phenols, high acidity, alkalinity.

Characteristics of untreated waste of inorganic chemical industries

S. noS. no IndustryIndustry Physico-Chemical CharacteristicsPhysico-Chemical Characteristics

1.1. Thermal power Thermal power plantsplants

Heat, heavy metals, dissolved solids.Heat, heavy metals, dissolved solids.

22 Steel millsSteel mills Acids, phenols, pH, alkali, limestone, oils, cyanides, Acids, phenols, pH, alkali, limestone, oils, cyanides, cyanates.cyanates.

3.3. Cotton industryCotton industry Sodium, organic, colour, high Ph.Sodium, organic, colour, high Ph.

44 Metal platingMetal plating Metallics, toxic cyanides, cadmium chromium, zinc, Metallics, toxic cyanides, cadmium chromium, zinc, copper, Al.copper, Al.

55 Iron foundryIron foundry Coal, clay, suspended solids, iron.Coal, clay, suspended solids, iron.

66 PesticidesPesticides Aromatic compounds, acidity, high organic matter.Aromatic compounds, acidity, high organic matter.

77 AcidsAcids Low pH, organic content.Low pH, organic content.

88 TanneriesTanneries Calcium, chromium, high salt content, colour, Calcium, chromium, high salt content, colour, dissolved & suspended matter.dissolved & suspended matter.

99 ExplosivesExplosives Alcohol, metals, TNT, organic acids.Alcohol, metals, TNT, organic acids.

CONTROL MEASURES OF SOIL POLLUTION

• control of soil erosion• proper dumping of unwanted materials.• production of natural fertilizers.• proper hygienic condition.• public awareness.• recycling& reuse of wastes.• ban in toxic chemicals.

CONTROL OF SOIL EROSION

• trees may be planted on barren slopes.• contour cultivation, strip cropping may be

practiced.• by reducing deforestation.• substitute chemical manures by animal wastes.

PROPER DUMPING OF UNWANTED MATERIALS

• open dumping is commonly practiced.

• controlled tipping is followed recently.

PRODUCTION OF NATURAL FERTILISERS

• excessive use of chemical fertilizers & insect icides should be avoided.

• Bio pesticides should be used in place of toxic chemical fertilizers

• examples-organic wastes present in animal dung, biogas.

PUBLIC AWARENESS

• informal & formal public awareness programs should be given.

• examples-mass media, educational institutions, voluntary agencies.

RECYCLING & REUSE OF WASTES

• wastes such as paper, plastics, metals, glasses, organics, petroleum products should be recycled & reused.

• examples-industrial wastes should be properly treated at source.

BAN ON TOXIC CHEMICALS

• ban should be imposed on chemicals & pesticides like DDT AND BHC

• improper disposal of radioactive wastes should be banned.

MARINE POLLUTION

• definition-the discharge of waste substances into the sea which is harmful to living sources, hazards to human health, hindrance to fishery.

SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION

• about half of the world population live nearer to coastal zones.

• the coastal zones contains rich heritage, coral reefs, wet lands, sea grass beds.

BENEFITS OF CORAL REEFS

• reefs support more than one million species.• they provide feeding, breeding, nursery areas to

fishes.

• they offer medicines.

FACTORS AFFECTING CORAL REEFS

• the sediment from deforestation

• the agricultural & industrial chemicals reaching through river dischargers.

• rising ocean temperatures.

COASTAL WETLANDS

• it provide habitats for over 2000 species of fish & plants.

• wet lands have been destroyed by conversion to agricultural lands or fish ponds.

SEA GRASS BEDS

• they are found under water ocean.

• it supports wide variety of commercially species of fish.

FACTORS AFFECTING SEA GRASS BEDS

• dumping the wastes such as sewage garbage, pesticides, heavy metals.

• oil pollution of marine water.

• oil enters from cracks of oil tankers.• cleaning of fuel tanks and war ships.

EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION

• heavy petroleum products precipitate to the bottom.

• one drop spreads over larger area.

• it inhibits photosynthesis & formation of oxygen.

EFFECTS OF MARINE POLLUTION

• the presence of heavy metals damage the egg shells of birds.

• oil pollution cause damage to marine fauna &flora.

• oil spilling affects body temperature of birds.• oil films slows the rate of oxygen uptake by

water.• detergents used to clean up the spill are

harmful to marine life.

CONTROL MEASURES OF MARINE POLLUTION

• conservation of marine biodiversity.• people should be educated about marine

ecosystem.• local communities must be involved in

protecting coastal areas.• govt must manage their own waters while

extending to the other states.

OTHER CONTROL MEASURES

• the industries units on the coastal areas should have pollution control instruments.

METHODS OF REMOVAL OF OIL

• physical-skimming the oil with a suction.• the floating oil can be absorbed.• chemicals can be used to coagulate the oil.• chemical-dispersion, emulsification, using

chemical additives.

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

• municipal waste, industrial waste should be treaded.

• soil erosion in the coastal land should be controlled