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Mobbing: Personal, workplace or public health problem?
Prof.dr.sc. Gordana Pavleković, dr. med.
Škola narodnog zdravlja “Andrija Štampar”Medicinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu
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Definition of mobbing
“The joint attacks of small group of animalstoward to a big animal to defence themselves”(Lorenz K, 1960)“Mobbing starts as an individual activity but rapidly attracts other birds and becomes a group action” (Ehlrich et al, 1999)“Mobbing includes an emotional and psychological terror, infecting other people and conducted as a campaign” (Leymann, 1993)
Definition of mobbing
“Mental, hostile and unethical communication bywhich one or more persons terrorise the victimwith the aim to destroy and remove the personfrom his/her work (Groeblinghoff and Backer, 1996).“The presence of systematic, directed, unethicalcommunication and antagonistc behaviour by one or more individuals” (Yildrim A et al, 2007.)
Definition of mobbing
“Social and medical phenomenon in working environment, where mobbers demonstrate their power and agressiveness, just because they themselves are rather unstablepersonalities” (Josipović Jelić et al, 2005)
Five reasons for mobbingdevelopment (Leymann, 1994)
Psychology of mobbers;Structure and culture of organization;Psychological situation and personality of the victim(s);Social values and norms;Any conflict or disagreement as a motive for mobbing.
Causes of mobbing
Work organizationPoor conflict managementPersonality theories
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Actors in mobbing process
Mobber(s)Mobbee(s)Witnesse(s)
Mobbing – the cumulative group activity
Indicators of mobbing
The way of communicationThe attack on social relationships of an individualThe attack on respect and reputation of an individualThe attack on the quality of private and business life of an individualDirect attack on the health of an individual
Mobbing characteristicsThe victim cannot say anything because she/he is frequentlyinterrupted in speach;The victim is ignored and others behave as if she/he does not exist;The victim is excluded from social life at work („forgotten“)The victim is transferred to an office distant from the workingrooms of other colleagues;The victim is exposed to criticism;The victim is being accused of failures that have not actuallyhappened;The victim is denied important information;The victim is being ridiculed for her/his way of speaking, clothes, look, private life etc.She/he is controlled for being at work more or less than normal, etc.
Phases in mobbing development
ConflictAggresive attacksInvolvement of the managementFight for survivalExplosion of mobbing
Vertical (55%) vs. Horizontal (45%) mobbing(Davenport et al, 1999)
Consequences
Physical disordersEmotional disordersBehavioural disordersSocial disorders
Gender role and mobbing
76% males were mobbed by male colleagues;3% males were mobbed by female colleagues;21% males were mobbed by both;
40% females were mobbed by females;30% females were mobbed by males;30% were mobbed by both.
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Prevalence
3,5% of Sweden labour force (4,5 millionworkers) became a mobbing victims;11% of workers in Europe are being mobbing;53% of labour forces in UK was subjected to mobbing;78% were witnesses of mobbing in UKOver 4 million people yearly are or may becomevictimised by mobbing in USAOne out of every four employees could be thevictim of mobbing
Mobbing in different sectors
Teachers, social workers and healthcareworkers are more exposed to mobbingMobbing occurs more in non-profit that in private organizationsPeople whose jobs need cooperation withothers are less likely to be mobbed
Mobbing in academicand healthcare society
12-25% academic staff were subjected to mobbing (Boyton, 206)
75% physicians were exposed to mobbingand 26% were exposed to persistantmobbing (Pranjić et al, 2006)
Mobbing in Croatia
Priority: Domestic violenceMobbing as a problem since 2002Association for help and education of victims of mobbing
Mobbing? How to swim with sharks?
Friendly sharks do not exist;Counter any aggresionpromptly;Disorganize organized attack;Do not bleed if you are hurt or injured;Do not swim if you do notknow how to swim.
Cousteau V. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1987; 30 (4): 486-89.