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Definition and Classification Definition and Classification of Policies of Policies

1. 1. Macro PoliciesMacro Policies

(i) Provide framework within which specific (i) Provide framework within which specific policies are developedpolicies are developed

(ii) Implemented through specific policies(ii) Implemented through specific policies

2. Specific Policies2. Specific Policies

(i) Specific objectives defined, which are (i) Specific objectives defined, which are ““actionableactionable””

(ii) Appropriate selection of major instruments (ii) Appropriate selection of major instruments to meet specific objectivesto meet specific objectives

“A public policy is an action which employs governmental authority to commit resources in support of a preferred value” （Considine, 1994)

What is policy?What is policy?

Macro Policies Macro Policies

1. 1. Two basic contentsTwo basic contents

(i) Policy agenda (i) Policy agenda (ii) Policy principles(ii) Policy principles

2. Policy boundaries2. Policy boundaries

(i) Policy space (specific sectors to be applied) (i) Policy space (specific sectors to be applied) (ii) Geographical level of policies (International, national, an(ii) Geographical level of policies (International, national, and local)d local)(iii) Time horizon(iii) Time horizon

Framework policies which consist of:

Specific Policies Specific Policies

1. 1. Two basic componentsTwo basic components(i) Policy objectives(i) Policy objectives(ii) Policy instruments(ii) Policy instruments

2. 2. Three broad policy groupsThree broad policy groups(i) Expanded regulation(i) Expanded regulation--based policiesbased policies(ii) Incentive(ii) Incentive--based policiesbased policies(iii) Policies for new market creation(iii) Policies for new market creation

Image of Policy among Major StakeholdersImage of Policy among Major Stakeholders

Third party (public sector)

Providers(private sector)

Users(communities and NGOs)

Policy

Relationship between five broad groups of policiesRelationship between five broad groups of policiesMacro-Policies for

Sustainable Development

Expanded regulation-based

policies

Market-based policies

Policies for Capacity Development

basis for implementation

overall guidance

Incentive-based policies

Policies to suppress environmentally

harmful behaviour

Policies to induce environmentally

more friendly behaviour

Policies to promote environmentally

positive behaviour

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Analytical Framework Analytical Framework

Minimum Criteria for SPOsMinimum Criteria for SPOs

(i)(i) ImpactImpact(ii)(ii) SustainabilitySustainability(iii)(iii) EfficiencyEfficiency(iv)(iv) EffectivenessEffectiveness(v)(v) EquityEquity(vi)(vi) RelevanceRelevance(vii)(vii) Ease of implementationEase of implementation(viii)(viii) ApplicabilityApplicability

Framework of SPOsFramework of SPOs

IntroductionStrategies and Strategic Policy Options

Strategy 1 (e.g. Reducing Transport Need)-SPO1 (e.g. High density urban planning)-SPO2 (e.g. Telecommuting)Strategy 2 (e.g. Share of Public Transport)Strategy 3 (e.g. Reducing Vehicle Emission)

Policy Area (e.g. Environmentally Sustainable Transport)

GPIAnalyses of GP; Political implications derived from GP and other empirical data; In principle, each paper comes with each SPO.

Analytical Background Paper(s)

GPGP

GPGP

Brief descriptionBackgroundCritical instrumentsImpactsEvaluationImplementation issuesApplicability &

limitation

SPO

Concept of ImpactsConcept of Impacts

ResponseResponseStateStatePressurePressure

Impacts(Driving forces)

Impacts (Env. and Society)

Policy

Observed impacts are based on GPIs

Innovative Policies Innovative Policies Major Policy Concerns in Developing CountriesMajor Policy Concerns in Developing Countries

(i)(i) Policies simultaneously addressing Policies simultaneously addressing major social issues (i.e. poverty)major social issues (i.e. poverty)

(ii)(ii) Policies utilizing existing capacitiesPolicies utilizing existing capacities(iii)(iii) Policies along with national priorities Policies along with national priorities

(i.e. economic development)(i.e. economic development)

Draft Criteria of Draft Criteria of innovative policiesinnovative policies in Developing in Developing CountriesCountries’’ Context (not mutually exclusive)Context (not mutually exclusive)

Innovative: New Ideas, methods, and devises that can make changes. (E.g. BRT, CDM, co-management)

Basic ideasBasic ideas(i)(i) Policies that turn burden into opportunities and weakness Policies that turn burden into opportunities and weakness

into strengthinto strength(ii)(ii) Policies that can introduce new ideas and mechanisms Policies that can introduce new ideas and mechanisms

that can prove to be effectivethat can prove to be effective

Specific suggestionSpecific suggestion(i)(i) Policies that utilise market mechanismsPolicies that utilise market mechanisms(ii)(ii) Policies that will promote enabling and catalytic roles of Policies that will promote enabling and catalytic roles of

governmentsgovernments(iii)(iii) Policies that improve the use of existing capacities for the Policies that improve the use of existing capacities for the

betterment of the environment (infrastructure, betterment of the environment (infrastructure, institutional mechanisms)institutional mechanisms)

(iv)(iv) Policies that harness synergies of the various Policies that harness synergies of the various stakeholders and among countriesstakeholders and among countries

Innovative Elements of Innovative Elements of Macro PoliciesMacro Policies

1. 1. Regarding ContentsRegarding Contents(i) New agenda setting (ex.LINK)(i) New agenda setting (ex.LINK)(ii) New principles (ex. EPR)(ii) New principles (ex. EPR)

2. Policy Boundaries2. Policy Boundaries(i) Time bound quantitative objectives(i) Time bound quantitative objectives(ii) Internationalization, devolution(ii) Internationalization, devolution(iii) Win(iii) Win--win approachwin approach

Innovative Elements of Innovative Elements of Policies for Capacity Development (1)Policies for Capacity Development (1)

Policies to strengthen major Policies to strengthen major stakeholders i.e. stakeholders i.e. CSOsCSOs, the private , the private sector, and the public sector, in sector, and the public sector, in terms of:terms of:(i) institution, (ii) staff, (iii) finance, (i) institution, (ii) staff, (iii) finance, (iv) technologies including infra(iv) technologies including infra--structure, and (v) information.structure, and (v) information.

Innovative Elements of Innovative Elements of Policies for Capacity Development (2)Policies for Capacity Development (2)

Three different groups of policies in Three different groups of policies in accordance with three major stakeholdersaccordance with three major stakeholders

(i) (i) Empowerment of Empowerment of CSOsCSOs and local and local communities (Those closely related: communities (Those closely related: EE, EE, LINK and CBTLINK and CBT))

(ii) (ii) Empowerment of the private sectorEmpowerment of the private sector(iii) Policies that shift the role of government (iii) Policies that shift the role of government

to facilitator/catalystto facilitator/catalyst