Translators will always be needed.Without them, there would be nosummit talks, no Olympic Games, nointernational festivals and so on.And who is to do this work? – Eitherthe professionals, or the students oflanguage

DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION

• Translation does not only change the source language to the target language but more sophisticated it also changes the grammar and the meaning. So what has been written by translator has the same meaning with the author‘s idea in the target language.

• Translation is a process of converting from source language to target language and there is no biased meaning between source language and target language.

• Nida and Taber (1969): translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

• Penerjemahan adalah usaha mencipta kembalipesan dalam bahasa sumber kedalam bahasasasaran dengan padanan alami yang sedekatmungkin, pertama-tama dalam hal makna dankemudian gayabahasanya.

• Brislin (1976): translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another language (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf.

• Penerjemahan adalah istilah umum yang mengacu padaproses pengalihan buah pikiran dan gagasan dari satubahasa ke bahasa lain, baik dalam bentuk tulisan maupunlisan; baik kedua bahasa tersebut telah mempunyai system penulisan yang telah baku ataupun belum, baik salah satuatau keduanya didasarkan pada isyarat sebagaimanabahasa isyarat orang tuna rungu.

• Newmark (1988:32) defines translation as the super ordinate term for converting the meaning of any source language utterance to the target language.

• Translasi merupakan istilah superordinatuntuk menerjemahkan makna ungkapanbahasa sumber apapun ke dalam bahasasasaran.

TL & SL CHARACTERISTICS

• Identifying the complex structure of modification or compound words occurring in the sentence. Complex compound words usually occur as a subject or an object in a sentence. The complex compound words give the impression that the sentence is complicated and difficult to translate. However, when the students have been trained to identify these complex construction they will find it not as difficult as it appears. In translation , they will use their knowledge that the compound word in English has a reversed order in Indonesian. Below is the kinds compound words to be identified and correctly translated:

1. Adjective as a Modifier

• English

Adjective + Noun

• Beautiful + lady

( please note that we can have more than one adjective as a modifier)

• Beautiful rich lady

• Indonesian

Noun + Adjective

. wanita + cantik

wanita kaya yang cantik( please note that “addition” of “yang is necessary to make the Tl more natural )

2. Noun as a Modifier

• English

Noun1 + Noun2

Bank + manager

• Indonesian

Noun 2+Noun1

manajer + bank

( Please note that we can have more than one noun as a modifier )

Noun can modify noun. When two nouns or more occur one after the other, we have to treat the last noun in the English construction as the HEAD to be translated

into Indonesian HEAD which is but in the initial position

3. Combination of Noun and Adjective as a Modifier

• English

Adjective + Noun+ Noun

Wise +company+ director

• Indonesian

Noun +Noun+ Adjective

Direktur + perusahaan + Yang bijaksana

4. Noun + ed as a Modifier

• English

Adjective + N-ed + N

Long + haired +girl

One +celled + organism

• Indonesian

Noun + ber-Noun + Adj

gadis + berambut + panjang

organisme + bersel + Satu

Some students may only know that suffix –ed can only be attached to verb. But in reality it can be attached to Noun, functioning as modifier which means

“possessing”

Here if numerical adjective ( number ) is used with noun indicating time, measurement or currency , there is an addition of word as an adjustment to make

the TL natural. The additional word refers to the modifier ( Noun)

• English

Numeral + Noun + Noun

One day seminar

Three gallon tank

Two meter fence

Five dollar book

• Indonesian

Noun + Yang …Numeral + Noun

Seminar yangberlangsung satuhari or seminar sehari

tangki berisi tiga gallon

pagar yang panjangnya dua meter

buku seharga limadollar(“dollar” indicates “cost” )

6. Verb as a ModifierHere there are two kinds of verb functioning as modifier : Present participle and Past participle

English

• V-ing + Noun

• Boiling + water

• Satisfying + result

Indonesian

• Noun + me ( N) Verb

• air + mendidih

• hasil + yang + memuaskan ( the word “yang “is added to make the construction more natural )

a. Present Participle as a ModifierWhen presents participle ( V –ing ) functions as a modifier, it has an active meaning,

which is equivalent to “me” in Indonesian

Past Participle as a ModifierWhen past participle ( V-en or V. III ) function as a modifier, it has a passive

meaning, which is equivalent to “ di, ter or ber” in Indonesian.

English

• V-en ( V3) + Noun

• Integrated + system

• Fried + rice

Indonesian

• Noun + ber/ter/di Verb

• Sistem + terpadu

• nasi + yang digoreng

7. Combination of Verb and Noun as a Modifier

English

• Noun + Verb-ing + Noun

• Disease + causing + microbe

• Noun + Verb-en + Noun

• State + owned + company

Indonesian

• Noun + yang Me ( “pe” ) + Noun

• Mikroba + penyebab + penyakit

• Noun + yang di/ter/ber + Noun

• perusahaan + yang dimiliki + Negara ( to be more naturan : perusahaan milik Negara)

Silahkan merujuk pada sri endahtabiati

Principles of translation:

Here are some guidelines on how to help the students evaluate their own work. The

principles are adapted from Frederick Fuller: The Translator’s Handbook.

1. Meaning

• The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. Ask yourself:

a. is the meaning of the original text clear? if not, where does the uncertainty lie?

b. are any words 'loaded', that is, are there any underlying implications?

c. is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one?

2. Form

• The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible. (This is particularly important in translating legal documents, guarantees, contracts. etc.) But differences in language structure often require changes in the form and order of words.

3. Register

• Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context. Consider:

a. - would any expression in the original sound too formal / informal, cold/warm, personal/impersonal . . . if translated literally?

b. - what is the intention of the speaker or writer? (to persuade/ dissuade, apologize/criticize?) Does this come through in the translation?

4. Source Language Influence

• One of the most frequent criticisms of translation is that 'it doesn't sound natural'. A good way of shaking off the source language (SL) influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud, from memory. This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the target language (TL), which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text.

5. Style and Clarity

• The translator should not change the style of the original. But if the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the reader's sake, correct the defects.

6. Idiom

• Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try any of the specific methods of transferring the meaning of the idioms.

• The golden rule is: if the idiom does not work in the TL, do not force it into the translation.

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

• First of all, quickly translate these sentences from English to Spanish (or vice versa). Copy the exercise into a new Word document and type in your translations. You will need them later.

1.

2.

3.

• One widely-accepted list of translation techniques is outlined briefly below (Fawcett, 1997:34-41)

1. Borrowing

This means taking words straight into another language. Borrowed terms often pass into general usage, for example in the fields of technology ("software") and culture ("punk"). Borrowing can be for different reasons, with the examples below being taken from usage rather than translated texts:

• · the target language has no (generally used) equivalent. For example, the first man-made satellites were Soviet, so for a time they were known in English as "sputniks".

• · the source language word sounds "better" (more specific, fashionable, exotic or just accepted), even though it can be translated. For example, Spanish IT is full or terms like "soft[ware]", and Spanish accountants talk of "overheads", even though these terms can be translated into Spanish.

• · to retain some "feel" of the source language. For example, from a recent issue of The Guardian newspaper: "Madrileños are surprisingly unworldly."

2. Calque

• This is a literal translation at phrase level. Sometimes calques work, sometimes they don't. You often see them in specialized, internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualité, Qualitätssicherung...).

3. Literal Translation

• Just what it says - "El equipo está trabajandopara acabar el informe" - "The team is working to finish the report". Again, sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or German in the same way - you would have to use technique no. 4...

4. Transposition

• This is the mechanical process whereby parts of speech "play musical chairs" (Fawcett's analogy) when they are translated. Grammatical structures are not often identical in different languages. "She likes swimming" translates as "Le gusta nadar" (not "nadando") - or in German, "Sie schwimmt gern", because gerunds and infinitives work in different ways in English and Spanish, and German is German (bringing in an adverb to complicate matters). Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence: English wants the verb up near the front; Spanish can have it closer to the end.

5. Modulation

• Now we're getting clever. Slightly more abstract than transposition, this consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea - "Te lo dejo" - "You can have it".

6. Reformulation (sometimes known as équivalence)

• Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or, even harder, advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy. Would you have given the name Sonrisas y lágrimas to the film The Sound of Music in Spanish?

7. Adaptation

• Here something specific to the source language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to the target language culture. Sometimes it is valid, and sometimes it is problematic, to say the least. Should a restaurant menu in a Spanish tourist resort translate "pincho" as "kebab" in English? Should a French text talking about Belgian jokes be translated into English as talking about Irish jokes (always assuming it should be translated at all)? We will return to these problems of referentiality below.

8. Compensation

• Another model describes a technique known as compensation. This is a rather amorphous term, but in general terms it can be used where something cannot be translated from source to target language, and the meaning that is lost in the immediate translation is expressed somewhere else in the TT. Fawcett defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something that could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of translating nuances of formality from languages which use forms such as tu and usted (tu/vous, du/Sie, etc.) into English which only has 'you', and expresses degrees of formality in different ways. If you want to read more, look at Fawcett 1997:31-33.

A Task: Getting Used to the Terms• Here are eight sentences, together with a possible translation. Which of the

above techniques has been used in each case? The parts of the sentences you should look at are underlined - naturally, translating a whole sentence may well involve more than one of the above techniques. A hint: there is one example of each technique. Type your answers into the Word document you started earlier.

1. Mi profesor es un cabrón. - My teacher is a bastard.

2. His lack of experience is obvious. - Su falta de experiencia es evidente.

3. Seguidamente, aflojaremos el tornillo A... - Next, loosen screw A...

4. The documents are sent to all departments. - Los documentos se envían a todos los departamentos.

5. "Eh, jefe, has llegado tarde," dijó Marta. - "Hey boss, you're late," said Marta, in a deliberately over familiar way.

6. 'Some Like it Hot' - 'Con faldas y a lo loco'

7. Prueben nuestra deliciosa paella. - Try our delicious paella.

8. Your hard disk will be formatted. - Se dará formato al disco duro.

What techniques can you spot in the parts of the sentences that are not underlined?