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Defining Good Governance Assessment Frameworks Objective 9.1 – Promote transparency, accountability and anticorruption Objective 9.2 – Enforce the rule of law. Marie Laberge UNDP Oslo Governance Centre . Objective 9.1 – Promote transparency, accountability and anticorruption - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Defining Good Governance Assessment Frameworks
Objective 9.1 – Promote transparency, accountability and anticorruption
Objective 9.2 – Enforce the rule of law
Marie LabergeUNDP Oslo Governance Centre
Objective 9.1 – Promote transparency, accountability and anticorruption
• Users’ Guide to Measuring Corruption• How to measure integrity (as opposed to
corruption)• Survey data: Public servants
(Afghanistan)
Users’ Guide to Measuring Corruption (2008)
By UNDP & Global IntegrityLiterature review of best practices for corruption measurement, and classification of existing tools
Based on the views of professionals tasked with measuring corruption
Identifies good practices
Case studies
Key Findings
• Practitioners want actionable data, and existing global indicators are inadequate.
• Perception-based data viewed as the least useful data when perceptions measured are ‘external’. However, perceptions of local actors can be useful.
• Indicators customized to country specificities are most useful and seen as more ‘credible’ by policymakers
Corruption indicators
- Number of reported cases of bribery within the police
- Police ranked as second most corrupt institution in national perception surveys
- Bribe payments as % of income among individuals in low-income districts
- Existence of safe corruption reporting
mechanisms
- Proportion of registered complaints that have resulted in sanctions
Corruption indicators can measure…
1. The incidence of corrupt transactions experience & perception data
2. The impact of corruptiondata sensitive to vulnerable groups & gender
3. The effectiveness of anti-corruption mechanisms‘integrity indicators’
How to measure ‘integrity’ – as opposed to corruption? • Rather than measuring the "cancer" of corruption
let’s assess the quality of the "medicine" being applied to fight it: anti-corruption mechanisms
• The Global Integrity Framework measures:the existence (in law)the effectiveness (in practice)and citizen access to key anti-corruption
mechanisms • Type of data used: Fact-based, supported by
objective evidence (laws, official policy documents, newspaper articles, administrative data, independent reports, academic sources, etc.)
Framework to measure integrity (existence, effectiveness and citizen access to anti-corruption mechanisms)
1. Civil society, public information and media CSOs media public access to information
2. Elections voting & citizen participation integrity of elections regulations around political financing
3. Government accountability executive accountability legislative accountability judicial accountability budget process
Framework to measure integrity (existence, effectiveness and citizen access to anti-corruption mechanisms)
4. Administration and civil service civil service regulations whistle-blowing measuresprocurementprivatization
5. Oversight and regulation national ombudsman supreme audit institutiontaxes & customs state-owned enterprisesbusiness licensing and regulation
6. Anti-corruption and rule of law anti-corruption lawanti-corruption agency rule of lawlaw enforcement
Example: To assess whistle-blower measures (Administration & Civil Service):
1. In law, is there an internal mechanism (i.e. phone hotline, e-mail address, local office) through which civil servants can report corruption?
2. In practice, is this internal mechanism effective? (outcome) • In practice, the internal reporting mechanism has a
professional, full-time staff? (input)• In practice, the internal reporting mechanism receives
regular funding? (input)• In practice, the internal reporting mechanism acts on
complaints within a reasonable time period? (process)• In practice, when necessary, the internal reporting
mechanism initiates investigations? (output)
Indicator 7: State-public interface •Site observation to measure the extent to which fees for the delivery of public services (e.g. heath, driver’s license), and a functioning telephone number where complaints can be lodged, are posted in publicly visible places, at the site where civil servants interact directly with the public
• What sites to sample? All ministries that have a direct service delivery function Addresses of service delivery locations 7 sites randomly selected for each ministry
Designing integrity indicators: Afghanistan
Observation protocol:
1. Printed fee schedule?2. Method to lodge complaints? (phone number to
call, designated responsible person)3. Clearly posted?4. Complaints mechanism is functional? (number
actively in service?)
Scores assigned from 0 – 10, based on the above criteria
Designing integrity indicators: Afghanistan
What do you think…?
• Perceptions are better indicators of progress than facts
• Facts are better indicators of progress than perceptions
• Both perceptions and fact-based indicators are useful
• Neither is helpful, it is not possible to measure corruption
How can perception data help or hinder
corruption monitoring?
Drawbacks of perception data
• Seen as biased, leading some to minimize its use, or rule it out entirely
• Politically sensitive, especially in polarized political climates, where the media is influential
• Lag effect: perceptions often lag behind reforms
But perception data matters! • High perceptions of corruption (even if not
justified) are correlated with low perceptions of state legitimacy
• High perceptions can fuel corrupt practices by:• encouraging people to believe they must pay
bribes• reducing the likelihood of citizens reporting • leading those with power to believe that there
is nothing wrong with accepting bribes.
• Perceptions and opinion reveal important information about how corruption works in a specific context
A) Perceptions of corruption in the civil service: • Perceptions of the extent of corruption• Perceptions regarding whether exposing acts of
corruption would hurt the civil servant’s career.
If perceptions of corruption are high: lowers the barriers to corruption (such as guilt, fear of
punishment, reputational harms) increases corrupt practices
Afghan Civil Servant Corruption Survey
B) Conceptions of corruption in the civil service: • Do they align with definition of corruption in AC
reforms? (e.g. can civil servants recognize acts of corruption from a given list?)
• Personal attitudes and beliefs may dominate legal definitions of corruption...
If discrepancy between civil servant conceptions of corruption and the law: promotes transgressions and will undermine
reform efforts
Afghan Civil Servant Corruption Survey
Afghan Civil Servant Corruption Survey
C) Tolerance of corruption in the civil service:
• Extent to which certain corrupt practices are considered acceptable within the civil servant’s values system or justified as a display of hospitality or gratitude for efforts of the civil servants.
If tolerance of corruption is high: Raises the probability that a civil servant
will participate in corrupt acts Reduces the probability that corrupt acts
will be exposed
Afghan public servant survey: Tolerance of corruption in the civil service
Example: Please indicate how much do you agree with the following statements:
• I would feel comfortable helping my family member get a job in my govt office, provided they were qualified.
• …even if they were not as qualified as another candidate.
• I would feel obligated to use my influence as a civil servant to help my friend / relative with a problem if I could.
• Corruption by low-level employees is more acceptable than corruption by high-level officials.
“Strong and accountable institutions”
Calculations Data sources
ARAB DEMOCRACY INDEX Indicator 12: ‘Government accountability’No. of proposed votes of no confidence in the government officials
+ 250 points for each vote of no confidence
1) Parliament (including Secretariat)
2) Reports by CSOs
3) Mediano. of investigations into government
+ 50 points for each investigation
no. of fact-finding committees formed
+ 50 points for each fact-finding committee
no. of cases in which government officials were questioned
+ 1 point for each question put to an official
“Strong and accountable institutions” (Arab Democracy Index)”Some indicators from the opinion poll
Indicator 16: The public’s perceptions of the use of wasta in employment in the public sector (governmental institutions, institutions financed from the state budget such as the parliament, the president’s office and local government authorities, etc.)
Indicator 20: The public’s belief that the executive authority is introducing political reforms or that there is a genuine interest on its part to do so