Proposals concerning cultural occupations within ISCO

By OECD and UNESCO Institute for Statistics

1. Definition of cultural occupations

For the purpose of this proposal, the following definitions of cultural occupations were primarily based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO)1

and Canadian definitions. Whereas the Australian definitions encompass leisure activities, the proposed definitions focus solely on “core” cultural occupations related to creativity and art.

Culture occupations include occupations involved in creative and artistic production, heritage collection and preservation.

These occupations involve tasks and duties undertaken:

- to generate, develop, preserve or reflect cultural or spiritual meaning;- to create, produce, disseminate cultural goods and services, which generally contain

intellectual property rights;- for the purpose of artistic expression (e.g., visual, music, written, dance or dramatic arts).

2. Identification of cultural occupations within ISCO 08

The proposal is based on the draft ISCO 08 classification (November 30 2006), and incorporates suggestions from a variety of sources including: Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Department of Canadian Heritage and Statistics Canada, Estonia, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Statistics New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America, University of Padua, the European Commission’s Leadership Group (LEG) on culture employment, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) and the OECD Secretariat. It has also been influenced by the Revised Indian National Classification of Occupations (NCO) – 2004, the Quebec culture and communications activity classification system and the Mauritius classification by occupations.

As a result of this consultation and input received, a fairly comprehensive list of occupations was produced and many additional codes were proposed. After several discussions with the ILO, the proposal was drastically reduced to facilitate integration within ISCO.

1 ANZSCO: Alternative View: Culture and Leisure Occupations

1

The cultural categories easily identifiable within ISCO correspond to obvious artistic occupations primarily covered by the groups 26 Legal, social and cultural professions and 344 Artistic and cultural associate professionals. Additional cultural occupations, however, are spread across many other ISCO categories. In particular, this is the case for the occupations involved in the creativity and design work associated with architects, designers etc. and the new professions in multimedia.

This proposal is split into two parts. The first (described in section 3) reviews current cultural professions and proposes additional codes to better identify cultural occupations in diverse categories. The second part (described in section 4) is a recommended thematic view of cultural occupations that presents a more comprehensive view of culture occupations in ISCO with a view to encouraging a more coherent approach to the analysis of culture occupations within different countries.

3. Proposal for new codes for cultural occupations within ISCO 08

The possibility of having a separate category for all cultural occupations was considered but was abandoned given the many different types of occupations and the broad range of skill levels required. However, it may be possible to improve their visibility by grouping together cultural categories as much as possible. This proposal has been based on the following elements:

- review “arts, entertainment, design and sports occupations”; - group together as much as possible or emphasize cultural occupations;- separate as much as possible culture from sports occupations;- review the handicraft section.

3.1. Separate categories for cultural occupations

In order to better identify cultural activities, it is proposed to isolate as much as possible cultural occupations from other occupations within the ISCO framework.

New unit group: 1346 Culture, service managersIt is proposed to add the term “culture” to code 134 (which is now limited to Education, health and welfare service managers). It is also suggested to create a new unit within this group: 1346 Culture, service managers. These professions are part of production and specialised services managers within a culture organization and refer to head of departments for a structure large enough to have a hierarchical structure. Managers of cross-cutting services such as financial managers or human resources mangers are excluded from this unit group and are included in 12 Administrative and commercial managers.

This category includes department heads in such industries as: Libraries, museums, galleries and archives,

2

Newspapers, magazine and book publishersPerforming arts and festival,Broadcasting production and distribution.

The category excludes managers of sports and cultural venues halls and arenas; these managers are included in 1431 Sports, culture, recreation and centre managers.

New unit group 2355 Other extra-curricula arts teachersThe UIS is reticent to use the term extra-systemic and would propose the term extra-curricula since it concerns occupations that are outside the regular curriculum.

The current ISCO draft singles out only Extra-curricula language teachers and Extra-curricula music teachers. However, many other types of arts teachers exist in areas such as Fine Arts, Dance and Drama teachers. The unit group 2355 Other extra-curricula arts teachers is proposed to group these extra-curricular teachers of these art forms.

New minor group 265 Writers It is suggested to remove writers from the minor group 264 Creative or performing artists and create a new category 265 Writers, which would include cover 2651 Journalists and 2652 Authors and other writers. This proposal has the benefit of freeing up some 4-digit codes in minor group 264 for other occupations (see following).

Split the unit group 2645 Film, stage and related actors and directors into two new categories: 2645 Film, stage and related directors and 2646 Film, stage and related actors and storytellers.

This recommendation is intended to better reflect the different education levels and skills required by directors and actors. The proposed unit group 2645 would include: art directors (film/TV/stage), programme directors (TV and radio), directors of photography, film editors, technical directors and theatre directors.

The proposed unit group 2646 would include: actors involved in theatre, TV, radio, film and dubbing as well as storytellers, which is considered an important occupation in many developing countries.

New unit group: 3335 Culture & sports services agentsThe proposed unit group would include agents and promoters promoting artists as well as literary, theatrical and musical performances. Ideally, the culture-related agents should be separated from sports agents but concern was raised about the total number of individuals involved in each of the culture and sports segments; to overcome this concern, this proposal combines the two occupations within the same unit group.

New unit group: 3444 Performing arts and broadcasting associated professionals

3

This unit group would fall within the minor group 344 Artistic and cultural associate professionals. It would include production designers and assistants (film/TV/theatre), set designers, stage managers and prompters.

New unit group: 4141 Library clerksIt is recommended to separate library clerks from filling clerks in light of the very different skills required for these professions. This new unit group would include library assistants as defined by ANZSCO in 5997.

3.2. Handicraft workers

Handicraft workers have a dedicated section 733 Handicraft workers in wood, textile, leather and related. However, handicraft workers can also be found in other groups such as potters or ceramics engravers, etc. In addition, handicraft workers also work with other materials (mainly traditional); for these reasons, it is proposed that the following new unit groups be created to better reflect the diversity of materials used in handicraft work New unit group 7333 Carpet makersThis new unit group is proposed by WIPO. It may require further investigation about the number of occupations represented and the geographic zones where the representation is significant.

New unit group 7339 Handicraft workers in materials not elsewhere specified This unit group covers handicraft workers using other materials (mainly traditional), such as weavers and basketry. As an example, the table below shows the handicraft categories from the Mauritian national classification at the four-digit level:

7331 Handicraft Workers in Wood and Related Material7332 Handicraft Workers in Textile Leather and Related 7333 Handicraft Workers in Straw Vacoa and Related7339 Other Handicraft Workers

4

4. Proposal for thematic view of cultural occupations

Based on the definitions outlined in the first section, the proposed thematic view of cultural occupations is intended to cover both traditional and ‘newer’ cultural occupations. Indeed, it covers a broad range of occupations, from handiwork to creative work in multimedia.

Four groups of cultural occupations have been identified for the thematic view of cultural occupations:

Core cultural professions Cultural occupations hidden within other occupations (non identifiable within ISCO but

may be identifiable in national classifications) Related/peripheral cultural professions Occupations related to traditional and local knowledge

4.1. Core cultural occupations

This section focuses primarily on identifiable cultural occupations based upon traditional definitions. They include domains such as visual artists, performing and creative artists, librarians and architects as well as occupations involving the creative use of new media (such as graphic and multimedia designers). The list of occupations for this category is presented in Table 1 A Core cultural occupations.

4.2. Cultural occupations hidden within other occupations (non-identifiable in ISCO)

In addition to the occupations defined in section A, it is important to consider those that may be ‘hidden’ within non-cultural industries (e.g., art teachers). ISCO currently does not provide the level of detail required to fully identify cultural occupations within broad categories. An additional consideration is that many of these hidden occupations may not include a number of practitioners large enough to warrant a separate unit group.

There are two types of hidden occupations, in the first group the cultural occupations may be separated out by the use of an industry classification when available. In the second group, occupations such as teachers are important but that cannot be broken out even when industry classification is available. The full list is proposed in Table 1 B Cultural occupations hidden within other occupations.

- The following highlights the unit groups containing a cultural component that could be separated out at a national level by using industry classifications if they are available.

1120 Managing directors and chief executivesThese occupations should be reviewed in order to identify occupations such as the director of an art company.

5

3431 Social work associate professionalsThis category is considered to be pertinent for some countries such as France, where social workers and educators are specifically responsible for organizing cultural events and activities.

514 Hairdressers, beauticians and related workers

This category can include occupations for cultural industries, such as film or theatre, which employ hairdressers, wig hairdressers or make-up artists.

- The following highlights the unit groups containing a cultural component but require more than just industry classification to be identifiable.

Teaching professionalsIn the major group 23, cultural fields are not identified apart from 2354 Extra-curricula language teachers and 2355 Extra-curricula music teachers.

If additional coding were available, teachers in arts and humanities in all level of education should be identified and included. These teachers may be found in formal, non-formal and vocational education.

23     Teaching professionals  231   University and higher education teachers  232   Vocational education teachers  233   Secondary education teachers  234   Primary school teachers

Social, religious and related professionals

Archeologists and conservators do not form a sufficiently large group to justify the creation of a separate category. Therefore, these professions, although important cultural occupations, are included in category 2632 Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals.

7 Craft and related trades workers

The aim is to consider all categories which may include handicraft workers. Minor group 733 focuses specifically on handicraft workers using wood, textile, leather and related materials. Nevertheless, there are other materials to consider. For example, craftspeople working with stone and clay would now be considered with industrial workers under the current classification. Therefore, unit group 7113 Stonemasons, stone cutters and

6

carvers has been added because it includes some artistic occupations such as those defined in India’s classification (code 711340 Stone carver).

4.3. Related/peripheral cultural professions

This section is intended to cover occupations for which there is no clear consensus on their cultural components or nature. Section 1 provides a definition of core cultural occupations that all or most countries consider being cultural. However, some countries may also consider it important to include the following categories.

Leisure activities

A brooder definition of culture than that used in the main portion of this proposal would incorporate activities such as leisure. In that case, the definition would also include professions defined as “principally using artistic skills that enable enjoyment, relaxation, diversion or recreation." (Based on ANZSCO):

- 343 Sports and fitness workers - 5154 Pet groomers and animal care workers for zookeepers

New technologies

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) professionals may be involved in a creative process.

- 2513 Web and multimedia developers

Religious professionalsSome countries consider religious professionals to be part of cultural occupations.

5241 Fashion and other models

Please see the complete list provided in Table 1. C. Related/peripheral cultural professions.

4.4. Occupations related to traditional and local knowledge

This category concerns occupations related to traditional and local knowledge and most often involves indigenous peoples. It is intended to propose an alternative view of cultural occupations by incorporating traditional occupations such as:

1113 Traditional chiefs and heads of villages.

In particular, they can perform ceremonial tasks and duties, as defined by ISCO 88.

7

3238 Traditional and complementary medicine practitioners

The complete list of unit groups considered under this section is given in the table 1 .D Occupations related to traditional and local knowledge

5. Pending issues

Identification of heritage occupations

Should “heritage site personnel” (e.g., park rangers, wardens) be categorised under 314 Life science technicians and related associate professionals or in 2134 Environmental protection professionals? For example, what is the appropriate classification for site managers in Canadian National Parks, who often deal protection and biodiversity issues?

Distinct categories for performers and creative artists

Many contributions suggested separating out performers from creators for examples composers from musicians. However, it has been suggested by the ILO that the numbers of creators in individual artistic disciplines such as music or dance probably do not warrant a separate unit group and that the creators would be better grouped with performers in the same discipline rather than grouped all together in a separate unit group.

8

Table 1: Thematic view of cultural occupations

A. Core cultural occupations

ISCO-08 Description Comments

1222 Advertising and public relations managers Advertising agency presidents

134 Culture, education, health and welfare service managers

New: add culture in the title

? 1346 Culture, service managers New unit groupLibrary, museum, gallery and archive managersNewspaper, magazine and book publisher managersPerforming arts and festival managersMedia producers: (broadcasting production and distribution managers)

1431 Sports, culture, recreation and centre managers People managing sports and cultural venues (halls, arenas, etc.) 2151 Building architects Include conservation architects, heritage architects

2152 Landscape architects Include landscape architects (Canadian classification C052) 2153 Product and garment designers Include fashion designers, jewellery designers, costume designers as well as

industrial designers

2155? Town and traffic planners2156 Cartographers and surveyors22157 Graphic and multimedia designers Multimedia designers, graphic designers, illustrators, industrial designers and

artists (of furniture, glass etc.),

2353 Extra-curricula language teachers Need term curricula 2354 Extra-curricula music teachers Music teachers: private, conservatory or studio lessons? 2355 Other extra-curricula Arts teachers New unit group:

Fine arts, dance, drama teachers, elocution teachers, film and creative writing teachers

9

2431 Advertising and marketing professionals Advertising specialists

26 Legal, social and cultural professionals2621 Archivists and curators Archivists; museum/gallery curators2622 Librarians and similar information professionals Librarians; information professionals related to libraries

264 Creative or performing artistsSplit out writers and create a new category in 265

2641 Visual Artists Painters, lithographers, sculptors2642 Musicians, singers and composers Composers, conductors (orchestra & vocal groups), orchestra musicians,

church musicians, opera singers, other singers, musicians (entertainment, pop, rock, etc); chorus

2643 Dancers and Choreographers2644 Film, stage and related directors New unit group: split out directors

Art directors (film/TV/stage), directors of photography, film editors, technical directors, programme directors (TV radio), theatre directors

2645 Film, stage and related actors and storytellers New unit groupActors in theatre, TV, radio, film, dubbing, storytellers

2646 Announcers on radio, television and other media TV announcers and interviewers, radio announcers, disc jockeys2647 Creative or performing artists not elsewhere classified Other live performers (music hall artists, ventriloquists, bull fighters, tap

dancers etc.); community arts worker, clowns, magicians and related workers265? Writers New code, separate out writers from 2642651 Journalists2652 Authors and other writers Authors, essayists, dramaturges, copy editor, critic, multimedia writer,

scriptwriter, advertising writer, playwrights, script writer radio, TV and film; copy writers, book or script editors

3118 Draughtspersons Architectural draughtsperson, architectural technologists and technicians (Canada: C151)

314 Life science technicians and related associate professionals

Where are heritage site personnel (e.g. park rangers, wardens)?

333 Business services agents 3335? Culture & sports services agents New unit group

Agents and promoters related to cultural activities: literary, theatrical, musical performance, theatrical and other culture-related agents and promoters

10

Sport agents

344 Artistic and cultural associate professionals3441 Photographers3442 Interior designers and decorators3443 Gallery, library and museums technicians3444? Performing arts and broadcasting associated

professionalsNew unit group: Production designers and assistants (film/TV/theatre), set designers, stage managers, prompters

3449Artistic associate professionals not elsewhere classified Include sign writer

3531 Broadcasting and sound and vision recording technicians

TV cameramen, film cameramen, film editors, sound recorders and mixers in TV and film, operators of studio equipment in TV and radio, light technician. motion picture projectionist

414 Library clerksRemoved filing clerks to new class 4142

4141 Library clerks5113 Travel guides Museum guides, docents, gallery guides

7 Craft and related trades workers7312 Musical instrument makers and tuners7331 Handicraft workers in wood and related materials7332 Handicraft workers in textile, leather and related

materials (excluding carpet makers)7333? Carpet makers New unit group7339? Artisans and handicraft workers not elsewhere

classifiedNew unit groupHandicraft workers using traditional material such as basketry, weavers (part of 7424 of the Indian classification)

11

B. Cultural occupations hidden within other occupations (non identifiable)

1120 Managing directors and chief executives Include managers of cultural enterprises and institutions and directors of museums

3431 Social work associate professionals Cultural animators5141 Hairdressers Wig dressers5142 Beauticians and related workers Make up artists

2310 University and higher education teachers Include university and higher education arts teachers2320 Vocational education teachers Include vocational education arts teachers2330 Secondary education teachers Include secondary education arts teachers2341 Primary school teachers Include primary education arts teachers 2632 Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals Include archaeologist and conservators7113 Stonemasons, stone cutters and carvers Include stone carver (India’s classification) 7115 Carpenters and joiners 7313 Jewellery and precious-metal workers7321 Abrasive wheel formers, potters and related workers7322 Glass makers, cutters, grinders and finishers7323 Glass and ceramics engravers, etchers and decorators7341 Pre-press technicians Include desktop publishing operators7342 Printers Graphic pre-press trade’s worker, printer assistants, printing machinists,

printing table workers, screen printers and small offset printers7343 Print finishing and binding workers Binder and finisher7522 Cabinet-makers and related workers7531 Tailors, dressmakers and hatters7533 Textile, leather and related pattern-makers and cutters7534 Sewers, embroiderers and related workers7535 Upholsterers and related workers7536 Pelt dressers, tanners and fellmongers7537 Shoemakers and related workers

12

C. Other associated cultural professions that can be considered

25 Information and communications technology (ICT) professionals

The occupations given in this category are considered as mostly IT occupations not cultural. Even though some of these occupations can be done within cultural industries

2512 Software developers2513 Web and multimedia developers2519 Software and multimedia developers and analysts not

elsewhere classified2633 Philosophers, historians and political scientists2637 Religious professionals343 Sports and fitness workers3431 Athletes and sports players3432 Sports coaches, instructors and officials3433 Fitness and recreation instructors and program leaders? 3520 Web and multimedia technicians5154 Pet groomers and animal care workers It includes zookeeper 5241 Fashion and other models

D. Occupations related to traditional and local knowledge

1113 Traditional chiefs and heads of village3238 Traditional and complementary medicine practitioners Includes faith healers

13