Defining and non-Defining and non-defining defining rrelative elative

clauses and pronounsclauses and pronounsZdania względne określające Zdania względne określające i nie określające oraz zaimki i nie określające oraz zaimki

względnewzględne

defining relative clausesdefining relative clausesDefining relative clauses give detailed information defining a general term orDefining relative clauses give detailed information defining a general term orexpression. expression. We don’t use commasWe don’t use commas. .

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and youImagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and youAskAsk somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause definessomebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defineswhich ofwhich of the five girls you mean.the five girls you mean. Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. The boy The boy (who/whom)(who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice. we met yesterday is very nice.

non-defining relativenon-defining relative clausesclauses

Non-defining relative clauses give additional information onNon-defining relative clauses give additional information on something, but something, but dodo

not define it. not define it. We We useuse commas.commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talkingImagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to eachto eachotherother and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relativeand you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relativeclause isclause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl younon-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl youmean.mean. Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

In non-defining relative clauses, In non-defining relative clauses, who/whichwho/which cannot be replaced with cannot be replaced with thatthat..Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

rrelative pronounselative pronouns

Who Who - - subject or object pronoun for peoplesubject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman who lives next door.I told you about the woman who lives next door.

Which Which - - subject or object pronoun for animals and thingssubject or object pronoun for animals and things Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?WhichWhich - - referring to a whole sentencereferring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read which surprised me.He couldn’t read which surprised me.

WhoseWhose - - possession for people animals and thingspossession for people animals and things Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?

rrelative pronounselative pronouns

Whom Whom - - object pronoun for people, especially object pronoun for people, especially inin

nonnon--defining relative clauses defining relative clauses I was invited by the professor whom I met at I was invited by the professor whom I met at

the conference.the conference.

ThatThat - - subject or object pronoun for people,subject or object pronoun for people,animals and things in defining relative clausesanimals and things in defining relative clauses(who or which are also possible)(who or which are also possible) I don’t like the table that stands in the I don’t like the table that stands in the

kitchen.kitchen.

rrelative adverbselative adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plusA relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun pluspreposition. preposition.

This is the shop This is the shop in whichin which I bought my bike. I bought my bike.→ → This is the shop This is the shop wherewhere I bought my bike. I bought my bike.

When When (in/on which)(in/on which) refers to a time expressionrefers to a time expression WhereWhere (in/at which) refers to a place (in/at which) refers to a place WhyWhy (for which) refers to a reason (for which) refers to a reason

difference in meaningdifference in meaning

Mr. Brown has a sister who got divorced twoMr. Brown has a sister who got divorced twoweeks ago.weeks ago.Mr. Brown has a sisterMr. Brown has a sister,, who got divorced two who got divorced twoweeks ago.weeks ago.

In the first sentence Mr. Brown has moreIn the first sentence Mr. Brown has more than than oneone

sister and one of them gotsister and one of them got divorceddivorced..IIn then the second sentence he hassecond sentence he has only one sister only one sister

who gotwho gotdivorced.divorced.

Relative clauses and Relative clauses and pronounspronouns

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