Defining and implementing

air quality measures in Lisbon Francisco Ferreira, Nelson Barros

FAIRMODE | 14-15 Feb 2017

Background | Previous Air Quality Plans and Programmes

concluded in: December 2006

due to exceedances of: PM10 & NO2

some major issues: 1) Focus in the TRANSPORT SECTOR 2) Geographical emphasis in measures

in Lisbon (with wider effect) 3) From the overall set of measures the

implementation of a LOW EMISSION ZONE IN LISBON was (perhaps) the most relevant

Background | LEZ Lisbon

stage III (today) started in Jan, 15th 2015 stage I started in ZONA 1 in July, 4th 2011

stage II started in April, 1st 2012

MONDAY to FRIDAY, 7:00AM to 9:00PM

HDVs, BUS, passenger cars (petrol and diesel) included

TECHNOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS ZONE 1 at least Euro 3/III ZONE 2 at least Euro 2/II

EXEMPTIONS:

emergency vehicles, reduced mobility private cars, historical vehicles, city resident vehicles,

NG & LPG powered vehicles, motocycles, police and military vehicles,

taxi fleet (different scheme & calendar)

Geographical limits ZER Lisboa:

(ZONA/ZONE 2) Roughly 1/3 city limits Av. Ceuta, Eixo Norte-Sul, Av. Forças Armadas, Av. EUA, Av. Marechal António Spínola, Av. Santo Condestável, Av. Infante D. Henrique

(ZONA/ZONE 1) “Inner old town”

Background | LEZ Lisbon

ENFORCEMENT METHOD:

Throughout MANUAL FISCALIZATION

Direct observation of the vehicle registry (emissions PM or CO or 1st vehicle register date)

Complemented with the so called “LEZ DAYS” (“DIAS ZER”) in which fiscalization is made in parallel with detailed explanations of the

concept, the objectives and the results obtained to date

Measures decided versus measures implemented

Main traffic related measures (including LEZ, HOV, and others)

Fleet related measures

Public transport promotion

Transport soft modes

Parking management

Environmental Education

Total: 36 measures;

Major: 1 (LEZ)

Air Quality Plan 2017-2020

•Identified AQ critical situations: •Agglomerations: AML Norte and AML Sul •Pollutants: PM10 e NO2

•Diagnosed: •Persistent exceedances: for which pollutants/zones/meteorological years?

•Dominant emission sources? •Trends?

•Act: •Select measures to improve air quality •Quantify their impacts on AQ

AQ Monitoring Data

Emissions Inventory update AQ Modelling

Policies & Measures Emissions scenarios AQ Modelling

AQ Exceedances: PM10

Agglomeration: AML Norte Station: Avenida da Liberdade Daily LV: the most difficult to attain

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Annu

al m

ean

PM10

(ug/

m3)

PM10 Annual basisT - Av. Liberdade

T - Cascais-Mercado

T - Entrecampos

T - Odivelas-Ramada

T - Sta. Cruz Benfica

B - Other stations

PM10 Annual LV(into force since2005)

Air Qual Plan

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

36th

Dai

ly m

ax P

M10

(ug/

m3)

PM10 Daily basisT - Av. Liberdade

T - Cascais-Mercado

T - Entrecampos

T - Odivelas-Ramada

T - Sta. CruzBenfica

B - Other stations

PM10 Daily LV(into force since2005)

Air Qual Plan

T-traffic station B – background station

AQ Exceedances: NO2

Agglomeration: AML Norte Station: Avenida da Liberdade Annual LV: the most difficult to attain

T-traffic station B – background station

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Annu

al m

ean

NO

2 (u

g/m

3)

NO2 Annual basis T Av. Liberdade

T Cascais

T Entrecampos

T Odivelas

T Sta. Cruz Benfica

B Olivais

B Other backgroundstations

NO2 Annual LV (intoforce since 2010)

Air Qual Plan

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

19th

Hou

rly m

ax N

O2

(ug/

m3)

NO2 Hourly basis T Av. Liberdade

T Cascais

T Entrecampos

T Odivelas

T Sta. Cruz Benfica

B Olivais

B OtherbackgroundstationsNO2 Hourly LV(into force since2015)

Air Qual Plan

Air Emissions Inventory

Pollutants: TSP, PM10, PM2.5, NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2, NH3, CO2

Geographic and Temporal coverage: • Lisbon & Tagus Valley region • 2011 - 2014

3 Agglomerations

52 Municipalities

Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region

Sectors: • Road Transport, Navigation, Aviation • Biogenic sources

• Electricity and Vapour Production • Industry

• Commerce/Services • Domestic • Agriculture/ Forestry/ Fisheries

top-down + bottom-up

top-down

bottom-up

Air Emissions Inventory

Lisbon

Road Transport Sector (eg: info collected): • Fleet • Via types • Speed • Annual Average Daily Traffic

• Emi calculated: exhaust + abrasion

(road, tyre, break)

Industrial Sector (eg: sources of info): • Environmental permits • Greenhouse Gas Emission Titles • Annual Environmental Reports • Industrial Emissions Self-Monitoring • Surveys to 57 industrial operators

Air Emissions Inventory

Navigation sector (passengers and maritime)

Aviation sector (LTO cycles)

eg of info collected: • Nr and type of vessels • IMO Nr • Gross Tonnage • Motors (nr, type, power) • Fuel type and consumption • Time of arrival and departure

runway and take-off tracks

Atmospheric Emissions Inventory Emissions in 2014 Sectors:

AQP|Policies & Measures to improve air quality

Already in place or partially implemented measures

E1 Better enforcement of Lisbon's Low Emission Zone (LEZ) rulesE2 Regulation of the touristic related mobility in the city of LisbonE3 Infrastructural changes in Lisbon's intracity mobility supplyE4 Measures related with captive and public fleets E5 Complementary measures for electric mobility promotion

E6Other measures which promote modal shift to Public Transportation based on price changes

Measures proposed in the context of this AQP

AQP|Policies & Measures to improve air quality

P1 Lisbon LEZ stricter standards implementation

P2Introduction of Mobility Plans for companies and relevant trip generator poles in Lisbon, especially inside Lisbon LEZ

P3Framework revision for Lisbon Logistic operations promoting expressly environmental friendly modes/vehicles

P4Promotion of good practices for reducing construction and demolition related air pollution

P5 Dissemination of a Communication Plan on Ambient Air Quality and Mobility

P6 Raising awareness on Air Quality, Environment and MobilityP7 Introduction of an SOS Plan for higher pollution episodes in LVT Region

Policies&Measures | Scenarios and impacts on AQ

Quantification of emissions reduction possible for 4 measures, in 2 scenarios: • LOW: for pre-existing measures or measures in implementation • HIGH: for additional measures

Impacts of measures on emissions estimated regarding:

a) changes in fleet composition (accordingly to the LEZ in Lisbon) b) reductions in average daily traffic

Impacts of (a pack of) measures on air quality estimated with TAPM* for an

adverse meteorological year (worst case scenario)

*The Air Pollution Model, version 4.04 (Hurley, 2008)

Policies&Measures | Scenarios

a) changes in annual average daily traffic (AADT) in each road section

Zones LOW scenario HIGH scenario

Change in AADT % Change in AADT %

Oeste, Vale do Tejo e Península de Setúbal

→ - → -

Setúbal → - → -

AML Sul ↘ 17,5% ↘ 20,0%

AML Norte ↘ 17,5% ↘ 20,0%

LISBON:

LEZ Zone 2 ↘ 24,5% ↘ 34,5%

Rest of Lisbon ↘ 23,0% ↘ 33,0%

Legend: → same level; ↘ reduction

Average Daily Traffic Reference Scenario

Policies&Measures | Scenarios

b) changes in fleet composition

• Total number of vehicles by vehicle category = kept unchanged

• Changes in number of vehicles by technology (EURO Standard) and fuel type

Policies&Measures | Scenarios

HIG

H

Inside Lisbon LEZ Zone 2 Outside Lisbon LEZ

Reference scenario

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

LOW

scen

HIGH

scen

LOW

scen

HIGH

scen

LOW

scen

HIGH

scen

LOW

scen

HIGH

scen

LOW

scen

HIGH

scen

LOW

scen

HIGH

scen

Pass. cars Light-comm Buses Heavy-dutyMotorcycles Mopeds

Electric

Hybrid

CNG

LPG

Gasoline

Diesel

Projected scenarios

TECH

NO

LOG

Y FU

EL T

YPE

b) changes in fleet composition (cont.)

Policies&Measures | Scenarios

Pollutant/ Zone REFERENCE

scenario (t/year)

LOW scen.

EMI reduction (vs REF scen)

HIGH scen. EMI reduction (vs REF scen)

(t/year) (t/year) (%) (t/year) (t/year) (%) NOx

Lisbon LEZ Zone 2 215 139 76 35 110 105 49

Outside LEZ 3 845 2 602 1 244 32 2 238 1 608 42 AML Norte (total) 13 967 10 914 3 053 22 10 273 3 694 26 AML Sul 3 343 2 758 585 18 2 675 669 20 Setúbal 561 561 0 0 561 0 0 RLVT Total 33 279 29 641 3 638 11 28 916 4 363 13 PM10

Lisbon LEZ Zone 2 25 15 10 40 11 14 55

Outside LEZ 412 251 161 39 223 189 46

AML Norte (total) 1 216 909 307 25 858 359 29 AML Sul 257 212 45 18 206 51 20 Setúbal 51 51 0 0 51 0 0 RLVT Total 2 925 2 573 352 12 2 515 410 14

Obtained emissions reductions:

Policies&Measures | Scenarios

NOx emissions reductions

HIGH scenario (t/km) HIGH scenario (reduction %) REFERENCE scenario (t/km)

AQ Modelling | Impacts on AQ

Simulations of air pollutants dispersion in 3 domains: • D1 - Lisbon and Tagus Valley • D2 – Lisbon Metropolitan Area • D3 – LEZ LISBON (zone 2) 2 Emissions scenarios: • LOW (with measures partially implemented) • HIGH (with additional measures) Meteorology: 2006 as an unfavorable meteorological year (according to a previous analysis of synoptic forcing data, from 2003 to 2015)

D1

D2

D3

Domínio 1 Domínio 2 Subdomínio 3

Domain2

Domain1

Domain3

Mesoscale Phtotochemical Transport Model - TAPM

AQ Modelling | Impacts on AQ PM10 concentrations reductions between reference scenario and LOW/HIGH scenario

• Daily exceedances: For LOW Scenario, reductions up to 26% (Domain 2 and Domain 3)

Annual mean

Daily maximum

LOW Scenario HIGH Scenario PM10 (µg.m-3)

• For HIGH Scenario, , reductions up to 26% (Domain 2) and 23% (Domain 3)

• For LOW Scenario, reductions up to 20% (Domain 2) and 13% (Domain 3)

Annual mean

• Daily exceedances: For HIGH Scenario, reductions up to 33% (Domain 2 and Domain 3)

AQ Modelling | Impacts on AQ NO2 concentrations reductions between reference scenario and LOW/HIGH scenario

• Hourly exceedances - For LOW scenario, reductions up to 46% (Domain 2) and 71% (Domain 3)

LOW Scenario HIGH Scenario

Annual mean

Hourly maximum

Annual mean

NO2 (µg.m-3)

• For LOW scenario, reductions up to 21% (Domain 2) and 25% (Domain 3)

• For HIGH scenario, reductions up to 22% (Domain 2) and 34% (Domain 3)

• Hourly exceedances - For HIGH scenario, reductions up to 56% (Domain 2) and 70% (Domain 3)

Policies&Measures | Impacts on AQ

According to the AQ Modelling results and comparing with the concentrations reduction needs: recommended measures in the AQP have a significant impact on AQ

improvement allowing the fulfillment of the limit values for PM10 for NO2:

• compliance with the hourly limit value is achieved • compliance with the annual limit value may not be achieved • the NO2 annual average has been the most critical indicator, with

exceedances to the annual limit value in several stations of the AML Norte Agglomeration, and, in some cases, with annual average concentrations very far from the LV

CONCLUSION

• Improved emission inventory supports better policy

measures

• New selective approach to identify key measures and

their associated implementation

• Measures will be evaluated by the different levels of the

administration and by stakeholders before approval

• Further extension of measures is required for assured

compliance (annual NO2)

Acknowledgments

• Comprehensive study developed by FCT/UNL and UFP

• Preliminary results

• Studies supported by the regional environment authority

CCDRLVT (Commission for Coordination and Regional

Development of Lisbon and Tagus Valley) and the

Municipality of Lisbon

THANK YOU….