Defect passivation in hybrid perovskite solar cells using …€¦ · Supplementary Figure 1: Photocurrent hysteresis and stabilized measurement for devices with Lα-Phosphatidylcholine

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Supplementary Information

Defect passivation in hybrid perovskite solar cellsusing quaternary ammonium halide

anions and cations

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONVOLUME: 2 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 17102

NATURE ENERGY | DOI: 10.1038/nenergy.2017.102 | www.nature.com/natureenergy 1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.102


http://www.nature.com/natureenergy

Supplementary Figure 1: Photocurrent hysteresis and stabilized measurement for devices

with L-α-Phosphatidylcholine passivation. a, Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of

two-step processed MAPbI3 devices with different L-α-Phosphatidylcholine thickness. b, J-V

curves for the MAPbI3 device passivated by L-α-Phosphatidylcholine measured by forward and

reverse scans. c, Steady-state measurement of JSC and PCE for MAPbI3 device with L-α-

Phosphatidylcholine layers.



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION



Supplementary Figure 2: SEM images for MAPbI3 film after quaternary ammonium

halides (QAHs) deposition. No obvious damage to the morphology of the film was observed.
















Supplementary Figure 3: Independent PCE certification of perovskite solar cells by an

accredited PV laboratory of Newport Corporation confirming a PCE of 20.59±0.45% with

negligible hysteresis, which is a record certified efficiency for planar structured perovskite

solar cells.






Supplementary Figure 4: A summary of the photovoltaic parameters of

FA0.85MA0.15Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 devices (20 cells) with different passivation treatments (10 cells

each).

20

22

24

J SC (m

A/cm

2 )

1.05

1.08

1.11

1.14

VO

C

18

19

20

21

Choline chloridePCBM

PCE

(%)

72

76

80

FF (%

)






0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

Cur

rent

den

sity

(mA

/cm

2 )

Voltage (V)

PCBM Choline chloride

on FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.6Br0.4)3

Supplementary Figure 5: Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of

FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.6Br0.4)3 devices with choline chloride passivation.






0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.25

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

Cur

rent

den

sity

(mA/

cm2 )

Voltage (V)

PCBM Choline chloride

on FA1-xMAxPb(I1-xBrx)3

Supplementary Figure 6: Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of two-step

processed FAxMA1-xPb(Br1-xIx)3 devices with choline chloride layers.






-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

Cur

rent

den

sity

(mA

/cm

2 )

Voltage (V)

0.1% 0.01%

Blending with choline cloridewt%

Supplementary Figure 7: Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of

FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 devices with choline chloride blending.






Supplementary Figure 8: Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectra for the perovskite

thin films without (control) and with choline chloride.

650 700 750 800 850 900

PL

inte

nsity

(a.u

.)

Wavelength (nm)

Prinstine With Choline chloride






Supplementary Figure 9: The isosurface plot (yellow area) of the highest occupied band of

the PbI2 surface with Pb-I antisite defect (a) without choline chloride and (b) with choline

chloride. Purple, grey, light blue, brown, light red and green spheres represent I, Pb, N, C, H

and Cl atoms, respectively (same for the following figures).






Supplementary Figure 10: The isosurface plot of (a) the highest occupied band and (b)

lowest unoccupied band of the MAI surface with Pb cluster without choline chloride.






Supplementary Figure 11: The isosurface plot of (a) the highest occupied band and (b)

lowest unoccupied band of the PbI2 surface with Pb-I antisite defect without choline chloride.






Supplementary Figure 12: The local structure of MAI surface with Pb cluster (a) without

and (b) with choline chloride. Pb1 denotes the Pb cluster, and I1 and I2 are the two

neighboring I sites of Pb1.






Supplementary Figure 13: The local structure of PbI2 surface with Pb-I antisite defect after

choline chloride passivation and a schematic draw of the evolution of antisite I. The red dotted

line denotes the immigration of I from its defected site (red dotted circle) to its position after

passivation.






Supplementary Figure 14: Identification of the composition of the degraded perovskite film

by the evolution XRD patterns. XRD patterns of OIHP films without passivation layer

(control), with L-α-Phosphatidylcholine, and with choline chloride, respectively, before and

after exposure to humidity of 90 ± 5% for 2.5 h.






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Defect passivation in hybrid perovskite solar cells using …€¦ · Supplementary Figure 1: Photocurrent hysteresis and stabilized measurement for devices with Lα-Phosphatidylcholine