Defamation in Criminal Law

8/18/2019 Defamation in Criminal Law

1/21

CRIMINAL LAW PROJECT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………….. 2

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................3

DEFAMATION UNDER THE INDIAN PENAL CODE..............................................4

INGREDIENTS.......................................................................................................5

1. Make !" #$%&'(e a)* '+#$,a,'!) -!)-e")') a)* #e"!)...............5

Jurisdiction........................................................................................../

Imputation...........................................................................................0

Concerning any person.....................................................................0

Innuendo............................................................................................1

2. S$-( I+#$,a,'!) (!$& (ae +ae %* !" e',(e" #!ke) !"

'),e)e ,! %e "ea !" %* ') !" ''%&e "e#"ee),a,'!).....................1

3. I),e)') ,! -a$e (a"+ !" k)!') !" (a') "ea!) ,! %e&'ee ,(a,

$-( '+#$,a,'!) '&& (a"+6...................................................................11

Reputation.........................................................................................11

E7CEPTIONS.......................................................................................................12

8I8LIOGRAPH9

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………..1/

DEFAMATION UNDER CRIMINAL LAWPAGE : 1


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Acknowedgement

“Put your heart, mind, intellect and soul even to your smallest acts. This is the secret of

success.”

~Swami Sivananda

I would like to take this opportunity to offer my acknowledgements to all those who

helped me during the course of this proect. I thank profusely, !s. Pronami "utta, my

teacher and guide, without whose support and supervision this proect would not have

#een a success. Indeed, the e$perience has #een insightful and most often, thought

provoking. % deeper understanding of such an important topic has enriched our

knowledge.

I also wish to e$press our gratitude to the all li#rary staff for their patience and

cooperation in helping us find the apt research material and #eing generous with thedue dates. !y thanks further e$tend to all my other sources of information and of

course, to my friends and seniors, without whose insightful thoughts and relevant

criticisms, the proect would not have #een complete.

I also hope that I will #e provided with similar opportunities to work on such other

interesting topics in the future.



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INTRO!"CTION

De;a+a,'!) ' ,(e #$%&'-a,'!) !; ,a,e+e), ('-( "e


4/21


#"!-ee') ;!" e;a+a,'!) ' #e",a')') ,! -!+#e)a,'!). W('&e ,(e !%e-,

!; C''& a-,'!) ' ,! ae$a,e&* -!+#e)a,e ,(e #e"!) e;a+e ;!" ,(e

&! !; "e#$,a,'!) %* a+ae ,(e !%e-, !; C"'+')a& #"!e-$,'!) ' ,!

#$)'( ,(e !e)e" %* a* !; '+#"'!)+e), !; B)e !" %!,(. A +a&'-'!$

#"'),') !" "',') !" ') 'a"a+ -a",!!) #'-,$"e !" ''%&e

e#"e'!) %"!a-a, ,e)') ,! ,a")'( ,(e "e#$,a,'!) !; a #e"!) ! a

,! e#!e ('+@(e" ,! #$%&'- (a,"e -!),e+#, !" "''-$&e -!+e $)e"

&'%e&. T(' k') !; a &'%e& ' $$a&&* -a,e!"'e a -''& e;a+a,'!)

a)e"a%&e ') a+ae ,! ,(e #e"!) aa'), (!+ ', ' -!++',,e. I; a

&'%e& #$%&'(e %* a )e#a#e" @ +e'a ,e) ,! ')-',e a "'!, ,(a, !$& %e

a -"'+')a& e;a+a,'!) #$)'(a%&e %* ,(e S,a,e ;!" ,(e #"!,e-,'!) !; #$%&'-a;e,* #$%&'- !!. P$%&'-a,'!) !; !%-e)e e','!$ !" %&a#(e+!$

!" ' #$)'(a%&e $)e" ,(e -"'+')a& &a !; e;a+a,'!).

!e#amation "nder T$e Indian %ena Code

Se-,'!) 400 5 a) 51 !; ,(e I)'a) Pe)a& C!e ea& ',( ,(e ,!#'- !;

De;a+a,'!) ') C"'+')a& La.

Section &'' reads as(

Whoever, by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by

visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning

any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that

such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person, is said, except

in the cases hereinafter expected, to defame that person.

Explanation 1 —It may amount to defamation to impute anything to a

deceased person, if the imputation would harm the reputation of that

person if living, and is intended to be hurtful to the feelings of his family

or other near relatives.

Explanation —It may amount to defamation to make an imputation

concerning a company or an association or collection of persons as such.



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Explanation ! —an imputation in the form of an alternative or expressed

ironically, may amount to defamation.

Explanation " —#o imputation is said to harm a person$s reputation,

unless that imputation directly or indirectly, in the estimation of others,

lowers the moral or intellectual character of that person, or lowers the

character of that person in respect of his caste or of his calling, or lowers

the credit of that person, or causes it to be believed that the body of that

person is in a loathsome state, or in a state generally considered as

disgraceful.

Section )** reads as(

%unishment for defamation —

Whoever defames another shall be punished with simple imprisonment for

a term which may extend to two years, or with &ne, or with both.

T(e ee)-e !; ,(e !e)-e !; e;a+a,'!) -!)', ') ', ,e)e)-* ,! -a$e,(a, e-"'#,'!) !; #a') ('-( ' ;e&, %* a #e"!) (! k)! ('+ ,! %e ,(e

!%e-, !; $);a!$"a%&e e),'+e), !; (' ;e&&! -"ea,$"e a) ,(!e

')-!),')e)-e ,! ('-( a #e"!) (! ' ,(e !%e-, ,! ('-( (e ' e#!e.

A--!"') ,! ,(e E)&'( La ,(e ee)-e !; ,(e -"'+e !; #"'a,e &'%e&

-!)', !; ,e)e)-* ,! #"!!ke %"ea-( !; ,(e #ea-e. U)e" ,(e Pe)a&

C!e e;a+a,'!) (a %ee) +ae a) !e)-e ',(!$, "e;e"e)-e ,! ',

,e)e)-* ,! -a$e a-, !; '&&ea& '!&e)-e. T(e ', !; ,(e !e)-e '

+e),a& $e"') -a$e ,! ,(e #e"!) e;a+e. S#!ke) !" ! )!,

a+!$), ,! a -"'+e $)e" ,(e E)&'( La %$, $)e" ,(e -!e ,(e"e ' )!

$-( ',')-,'!) %e,ee) &a)e" a) a &'%e&. 8e;!"e ,(e I)'a) #e)a& -!e

-a+e '),! ;!"-e e;a+a,'!) a -!)'e"e +e"e&* a a -''& "!).

Ingredients

T(e e-,'!) "e$'"e ,(e ;!&&!') ')"e'e),



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1. Mak') !" #$%&'(') a)* '+#$,a,'!) -!)-e")') a)* #e"!).2. S$-( '+#$,a,'!) +$, (ae %ee) #!ke) !" '),e)e ,! %e "ea !"

aW!" e',(e" #!ke) !" '),e)e ,! %e "ea%S')- ''%&e "e#"ee),a,'!)

3. S$-( '+#$,a,'!) +$, (ae %ee) +ae ',( ,(e '),e),'!) !;

(a"+') !" ',( k)!&ee !" "ea!) ,! %e&'ee ,(a, ', '&& (a"+ ,(e

"e#$,a,'!) !; ,(e #e"!) -!)-e")') (!+ ', ' +ae.1

+, -akes or pu.is$es any imputation concerning any person,

Ee"*!)e (! -!+#!e '-,a,e "',e !" ') a)* a* -!),"'%$,e ,! ,(e

+ak') !; a &'%e&. I; !)e '-,a,e a) !,(e" "',e %!,( a"e $'&,* !; ,(e

!e)-e ;!" (e (! (' a##"!%a,'!) !; (a, (e "',e. S! '; !)e "e#ea,

a)!,(e" "',e a &'%e& a) ,(e ,('" a##"!e !; (a, ' "',,e) ,(e* a&&

a"e ,(e +ake" !; ', a a&& (! -!)-$" a) ae), ,! ,(e !') !; ,(e

$)&a;$& a-, a"e $'&,* a) +$"e"') a +a)= "e#$,a,'!) %* a &'%e& +a*

%e -!+#a"e ,! +$"e"') a +a)= #e"!) ') ('-( a&& ,(!e (! e"e

#"ee), a"e $'&,* ee) ,(!$( ,(e !$) 'e) a %* !)&* !)e #e"!).

2

T(e +e-(a)'- !" ,(e -!+#!e" !; ,(e #"e !e )!, +ake !" #$%&'(= ,(e

+a,,e" ,(a, +a* %e '+#$)e a e;a+a,!"*3

I),e),'!) !) ,(e #a", !; ,(e a--$e ,! (a"+ ,(e "e#$,a,'!) !; ,(e #e"!)

-!)-e")e %e') a) ee),'a& ')"e'e), !; ,(e !e)-e !; e;a+a,'!) ,(e

-(a'"+a) !; a C!+#a)* !') ,(e )e#a#e" ') ('-( ,(e !e)') )e

',e+ ' #$%&'(e -a))!, %e (e& &'a%&e $),'& ', ' (!) (e !+e(! a

-!)-e")e ',( ,(e #$%&'-a,'!) !; ,(e e;a+a,!"* )e ',e+.

1 T. K$)k(a+%$ . A. S!a)a,( 10/0 C" LJ 122 Ke" ;!&&! ,(e 8a&"a K(a))a .

M!,'"a+ 101 C" LJ 111 SC. T(e -!+#&a'), +$, %e +ae %* ,(e #a",*

a"'ee.

2 8ACON= A%"' !&. 4 #45.

3 'unilakhya . (adwet ) * AIR 10/ Ca& 2.

DEFAMATION UNDER CRIMINAL LAWPAGE :


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/%u.is$es06 ,(e e;a+a,!"* +a,,e" +$, %e #$%&'(e ,(a, '

-!++$)'-a,e ,! !+e !,(e" #e"!) !,(e" ,(a) ,(e #e"!) a%!$, ,! ', '

a"ee. I+#$,a,'!) ') -(a"e (ee, ('-( ' e), ,! ,(e e+#&!*ee

',e&; !e )!, a+!$), ,! #$%&'-a,'!).4 8$, (e"e ,(e"e ' a $,* ('-(

;!"+ ,(e "!$) !; #"''&ee !--a'!) ,(e #e"!) ee"-'') ,(e

#"''&ee +a* -!++$)'-a,e +a,,e" ,! a ,('" #e"!) ') !"')a"* -!$"e !;

%$')e.

A !&'-',!" (! '-,a,e ,! (' -&e"k a &e,,e" -!),a')') e;a+a,!"*

,a,e+e), "ea"') a #e"!) ' )!, &'a%&e ;!" e;a+a,'!).5

C!++$)'-a,') ,(e e;a+a,!"* +a,,e" !)&* ,! ,(e #e"!) e;a+e ' )!,#$%&'-a,'!). T(e a-,'!) !; ,(e #e"!) (! ' e), ,! a #$%&'- !-e" %*

#!, ') a -&!e -!e" a )!,'-e -!),a')') '+#$,a,'!) !) ,(e -(a"a-,e" !;

,(e "e-'#'e), %$, ('-( a )!, -!++$)'-a,e %* ,(e a--$e ,! a ,('"

#a",* a (e& ,! %e )!, $-( a +ak') !" #$%&'(') !; ,(e +a,,e"

-!+#&a')e !; a ,! -!),',$,e ,(' !e)-e.

W(e"e ,(e a&&ee e;a+a,!"* !" e"e e), ,! ,(e -!+#&a')a), %*

"e',e"e #!, ', a (e& ,(a, ,(e"e a )! #$%&'-a,'!). T(e"e a

a%e)-e !; ,(e !)e !; ,(e )e-ea"* ')"e'e), !; ,(e !e)-e )a+e&*

#$%&'-a,'!). T(e -!+#&a')a), a &'a%&e ,! %e $a(e./

De;a+a,!"* +a,,e" "',,e) !) a #!,-a" !" #"'),e !) #a#e" ',"'%$,e

!" %"!a-a,0 -!),',$,e #$%&'-a,'!). S! ' B&') ') a C!$", !; a #e,','!)

4 '' 'anyal . +- #air, 10/ C"' LJ 24 Ca&.

5 oxius . /oblet 1/04 1 Q.8. /42.

0ueenEmpress . 'adashiv 2tmaram 1/03 1/ 8!+ 25.

0ueenEmpress . 3aki )ussain, 1//5 ILR A&& 25.

/ #agrathmam . * +alira4an 21 C" LJ 3 Ma.

0 T('aa"a*a . K"'()aa+' 1/02 15 Ma. 214.

DEFAMATION UNDER CRIMINAL LAWPAGE :


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-!),a')') e;a+a,!"* +a,,e" -!)-e")') a #e"!) ',( ,(e '),e),'!) ,(a,

', (!$& %e "ea %* !,(e" #e"!).1

W(e"e a &'%e& ' #"'),e ,(e a&e !; ea-( -!#* ' a ',')-, #$%&'-a,'!) a)

a ;"e( !e)-e a) -!)'-,'!) !" a-$',,a& !) a) ')'-,+e), ;!" #$%&'(')

!)e -!#* '&& %e )! %a" ,! a) ')'-,+e), !; #$%&'(') a)!,(e" -!#*. 11 T(e

#e"!) (! #$%&'(e ,(e '+#$,a,'!) )ee )!, )e-ea"'&* %e ,(e a$,(!"

!; '+#$,a,'!). T(e #e"!) (! #$%&'(e a) ,(e #e"!) (! +ake

'+#$,a,'!) a"e a&'ke $'&,*.12

T(e -!e +ake )! e-e#,'!) ') ;a!$" !; a e-!) !" ,('" #$%&'-a,'!) a

-!+#a"e ',( ,(e B",. I; a -!+#&a'), ' #"!#e"&* &a' ') "e#e-, !; a#$%&'-a,'!) ('-( ' #"'+a ;a-'e e;a+a,!"* ,(e Ma',"a,e ' %!$) ,!

,ake -!)'a)-e !; ,(e -!+#&a'), a) ea& ',( ', a--!"') ,! &a. T(e

#$%&'(e" !; &'%e& ' ,"'-,&* "e#!)'%&e '""e#e-,'e !; ,(e ;a-, (e,(e" (e

' ,(e !"'')a,!" !; ,(e &'%e& !" ' +e"e&* "e#ea,') ',. 13

I) a +a,,e" !; e;a+a,'!) ,(e #!','!) !; )e#a#e" ' )!, ') a)* a*

'e"e), ;"!+ ,(a, +e+%e" !; ,(e #$%&'- ') e)e"a&. T(e "e#!)'%'&',* ')

e',(e" -ae ' ,(e a+e14 ,(e #$%&'(e" !; ,(e )e#a#e" ' "e#!)'%&e ;!"

e;a+a,!"* +a,,e" #$%&'(e ') $-( )e#a#e" (e,(e" (e k)! ,(e

-!),e), !; ,(e #a#e" !" )!,. 8$, ', !$& %e $-'e), a)e" ,! a -(a"e

!; e;a+a,'!) aa'), ,(e e',!" !; a )e#a#e" '; (e #"!e ,(a, &'%e& a

#$%&'(e ') (' a%e)-e a) ',(!$, (' k)!&ee a) (e (a ') !!

;a',( e),"$,e ,(e ,e+#!"a"* +a)ae+e), !; ,(e )e#a#e" $"') ('

1 /reene . 5elannney 1/ 14 WR C" 2.

11 %undit *okund -am 1//3 PR N!. 12 !; 1//3.

12 0ueenEmpress . (anardhan 5amodhar 5ikshit ILR 10 8!+ 3 -ama -ao .

Emperor, AIR 1043 O$(.

13 )arbha4an 'ingh . 3he 'tate 6f %un4ab AIR 101 P H 215.

14 5ongar 'ingh . +rishna +ant, AIR 105/ MP 21.

DEFAMATION UNDER CRIMINAL LAWPAGE : /


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a%e)-e ,! a -!+#e,e), #e"!).15 T(e #"!e-$,'!) !; ,(e -(a'"+a) a)

,(e +a)a') '"e-,!" !; a -!+#a)* !)') ,(e )e#a#e" ;!" ,(e

#$%&'-a,'!) !; e;a+a,!"* a",'-&e ') ,(e )e#a#e" %* "ea!) !; ,(e'"

(!&') ,(!e #!, !$& %e ')a&' $)&e #e"!)a& ')!&e+e), ') ,(e

#$%&'-a,'!) !; ,(e a",'-&e ' e,a%&'(e. 1

W(e"e a )e#a#e" -a""'e e,"a-, ;"!+ a %!!k "',,e) !) !)e !; ,(e

;!"+e" PM !; I)'a -!),a')') '+#$,a,'!) !; -!""$#,'!) ,(e e',!" !; ,(e

)e#a#e" a (e& &'a%&e ,! %e #"!e-$,e. H' #&ea ,(a, (e a !)&* a

#$%&'(e" a) )!, ,(e a$,(!" !; ,(e e,"a-, a (e& ,! %e )!, ,e)a%&e. I,

a a&&ee ,(a, ,(e"e a a -"'+')a& -!)#'"a-* ') ,(e +a,,e" %e,ee)

,(e Ma)a') e',!" "e'e), e',!" a) ee-$,') e',!". A&& !; ,(e+ e"e

&'a%&e ,! %e #"!e-$,e.1

Jurisdiction1(e"e a )e#a#e" -!),a')') e;a+a,!"* +a,,e" '

#"'),e a) #$%&'(e a, !)e #&a-e a) ' -'"-$&a,e !" !& a, a)!,(e" %*

!" !) %e(a&; !; ,(e a--$e "e#!)'%&e ;!" #"'),') a) #$%&'(') ,(e

)e#a#e" ,(e) ,(e"e !$& %e #$%&'-a,'!) !; ,(e e;a+a,!"* a",'-&e ')

a&& $-( #&a-e a) $"''-,'!)a& Ma',"a,e -a) e),e",a') ,(e -!+#&a'), !; e;a+a,'!). I, -a))!, %e a' ,(a, a-, !; e;a+a,'!) -!+e ,! a) e) a

!!) a ,(e )e#a#e" ' "e&eae a, !)e #&a-e.

W(e"e ,(e ')-"e+e),') )e a )!, #$%&'(e ') ,(e )e#a#e" %* ,(e

e',!" k)!') !" (a') !! "ea!) ,! %e&'ee ,(a, $-( +a,,e" a

e;a+a,!"* !; ,(e -!+#&a')a), ,(e e',!" (a )! '&& '&& aa'), ('+ a)

(a e#"ee "e"e, ;!" $-( #$%&'-a,'!) ', a (e& ,(a, ,(e e',!" -!$&

)!, %e (e& "e#!)'%&e ') -!))e-,'!) ',( ,(e e;a+a,'!).1/

15 -amaswami . 7okananda 1// 0 Ma 3/.

1 2. + (ain . 'tate of 'ikkim 1002 C"' LJ /43 S'kk'+.

1 +. . -amesh . ). 8. -amesh 21 C"' LJ 355.

1/ -adhanath -ath . ir4a %rasad -ay 1002 C" LJ 03/ O"'a.



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Imputation1', ' '++a,e"'a& (e,(e" '+#$,a,'!) ' -!)e*e !%&'$e&* !"

')'"e-,&* !" %* a* !; $e,'!) -!)e-,$"e !" e-&a+a,'!) !" %* '"!)*.

T(e !" -!a" '(!)e, +a) a) !+e,(') !", ,(a) e',(e" a)

!" ,! ,(e ee-, ,(a, ,(e -!+#&a')a), a) !,(e" e"e #"e#a"') ,!

%"') a ;a&e -(a"e aa'), ,(e a--$e e"e (e& e;a+a,!"*. Ca&&') a

-!$)e& 8a+a(= ') a) !#e) -!$", a )!, ,! %e e;a+a,!"* ',(') ,(e

+ea)') !; S400. T(e -!$", a' ,(a, ', +'(, -!+e $)e" S 54. T(e

a-$',,a& !; ,(e a--$e $)e" S5 a (e& ,! %e #"!#e".10

T(e a--$e +a""'e ,(e -!+#&a')a), %* e-(a)e !; a"&a) ') a

,e+#&e. He &'e ',( (e" ;!" a ;e a* a) ,(e) ,a",e ,! e+a)

+!)e* a) e-"'%e (e" a $)-(a,a,e !+e) a) )!, e-e), &!!k').

T(e -!$", a' ,(a, ')"e'e), !; S 5 e"e #"'+a ;a-'e +ae !$, a)

,(e a--$e ,(e"e;!"e a &'a%&e ,! %e #"!e-$,e.2

Concerning any person1 T(e !" +$, -!),a') a) '+#$,a,'!)

-!)-e")') !+e #a",'-$&a" #e"!) !" #e"!) (!e 'e),',* -a) %e

e,a%&'(e. T(a, #e"!) )ee )!, )e-ea"'&* %e a ')&e ')''$a&.

W(e"e ,(e a--$e #$%&'(e ') a #a#e" a) a--!$), !; a) !$,"ae !) a!+a) a&&ee ,! (ae %ee) #e"#e,"a,e %* ,! -!),a%&e ,a,'!)e a, a

#!&'-e ,a,'!) ', a (e& ,(a, ') ,(e a%e)-e !; #"!!; ,(a, ', a '),e)e

,! -(a"e a)* #a",'-$&a" a) 'e),'Ba%&e -!),a%&e ',( ,(e a&&ee

!e)-e ,(e a--$e -!$& )!, %e -!)'-,e.21

W(e"e a B&+ ('-( a a&&ee ,! %e e;a+a,!"* !; &a*e" a a -&a

;!"+e a a %a' !; e;a+a,'!) -ae aa'), ,(e #"!$-e" ')-&$')

a",', a) C(a'"+a) !; ,(e C8FC ', a (e& ,(a, ,(!$( ,(e !e)-e !;

e;a+a,'!) -a) %e -!)B"+e ') "ea" ,! a -!+#a)* !" -!&&e-,'!) !;

#e"!) ') 'e !; E#. 2 !; S 400 !; ,(e IPC *e, ', ' )e-ea"* ,! (!

10 'ira4uddin 2li . *u4tiba 2li 21 C" LJ NOC 125 AP.

2 /autam 'ahu . 'tate of 6rissa 1000 C" LJ /3/.

21 /overnment 2dvocate, 96 . /opabandhu 5as 1002 1 Pa, 414.



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,(a, ,(' -!&&e-,'!) !; #e"!) ' +a&& e,e"+')a,e %!* (!e 'e),',*

-a) %e Be. A!-a,e a a -&a a"e ')-a#a%&e !; %e') e;a+e.22

Innuendo1W(e"e ,(e ,a,e+e), !e )!, "e;e" ,! ,(e -!+#&a'), '"e-,&*

,(e !-,"')e !; '))$e)! +a* %e #"ee '),! e"'-e ;!" ,(e #$"#!e !;

(!') ,(a, ,(e -!+#&a')a), a "ea& ,a"e, !; ,(e a,,a-k. He +$, %"')

;!"a" a','!)a& ;a-, (!') (! ,(e !" a"e "e&a,e ,! ('+ ') a

+a))e" ('-( ' e;a+a,!"*. A##&*') ,(e #"')-'#&e ,! ,(e ;a-, !; ,(e

-ae %e;!"e ', T(e S$#"e+e C!$", &a' !) ,(a, a) '))$e)! -a))!, %e

e,a%&'(e %* a)* e'e)-e (!') '),e";e"e)-e !; ,! k'). T(e

e'e)-e !; ,(e a','!)a& ;a-, +$, %e -a#a%&e !; (!') ,(a, ,(e

!" e"e a##&'-a%&e ,! ,(e -!+#&a')a), a) -!+#&a')a), a&!)e.23

2, Suc$ Imputation s$oud $a3e made .y words eit$er spoken or

intended to .e read4 or .y signs or 3isi.e representation,

A) ee),'a& 'e"e)-e %e,ee) ,(e I)'a) Pe)a& C!e a) ,(e E)&'(

La ' ,(a, ,(e ;!"+e" "e-!)'e ,(e 'e"e)-e %e,ee) !" #!ke)=

a a +!e !; e;a+a,'!) a) ,(e &a,,e" !e )!,. 8* ,(e E)&'( &a

e;a+a,'!) ' a -"'+e !)&* (e) ', ' -!++',,e ') "',') #"'),') e),e"

(!ee" a,"!-','e +a* %e '+#$,a,'!) ('-( ,(!e !" -!)e*

(!ee" )$+e"!$ +a* %e ,(e ae+%&* %e;!"e ('-( $-( !" a"e

$,,e"e ;$")'( "!$) !)&* ;!" -''& a-,'!). T(e Pe)a& -!e !) ,(e !,(e"

(a) +ake )!, ',')-,'!) %e,ee) "',,e) a) #!ke) e;a+a,'!).24I)

', ,e"+ e;a+a,'!)= ' $e ,! e+%"a-e %!,( &'%e& a) &a)e".

T(e ',')-,'!) ('-( ,(e E)&'( C"'+')a& La +ake %e,ee) "',,e) a)

#!ke) e;a+a,'!) ' e)e"a&&* e;e)e !) ,(e "!$) ,(a, "',,e)

22 2sha %arekh . 'tate 6f ihar 10 C" LJ 21 Pa,. ee a&! #arottamdas .

*aganbhai 10/4 C" LJ 10 G$. 2runa 2safali . %urna #arayan 10/4 C" LJ

1121 Ga$.

23 *anmohan +alia . :ash, 10/4 3 SCC 400.

24 %arvathi . *annar 1//4 / Ma 15.



12/21


e;a+a,'!) ' &'ke&* ,! %e +!"e 'e&* #"ea a) ,! %e +!"e #e"+a)e),

,(a) #!ke) e;a+a,'!). T(ee -!)'e"a,'!) ! )!, a##ea" ,! %e

e),',&e ,! +$-( e'(,. I) T(e B", #&a-e ', ' %* )! +ea) )e-ea"'&*

,(e ;a-, ,(a, "',,e) e;a+a,'!) ' +!"e e,e)'e&* -'"-$&a,e ,(a)

#!ke) e;a+a,'!). W"',,e) e;a+a,'!) +a* %e -!),a')e ') a &e,,e"

'),e)e ;!" a ')&e e*e. S#!ke) e;a+a,'!) +a* %e (ea" %* a)

ae+%&* !; +a)* ,(!$a).

I) ,(e e-!) #&a-e ', ' )!, )e-ea"'&* ,(e ;a-, ,(a, ,(e (a"+ -a$e %*

e;a+a,'!) ' #"!#!",'!)e ,! ,(e e,e), ,! ('-( ,(e e;a+a,'!) '

-'"-$&a,e. S!+e &a)e"6a) ,(!e &a)e" !; a +!, +a&')a), k')6

-a) #"!$-e (a"+ !)&* ('&e -!)B)e ,! a &',,&e -'"-&e a) !$& %e a,

!)-e "e;$,e '; ,(e* e"e #$%&'(e. A +a&')a), ('#e" a"ee ,! a

')&e (ea"e" a) +ea), ,! ! )! ;$",(e" +a* ')'-a,e "ea,e" e#"a',*

+a* -a$e

5, Intending to cause $arm4 or knowing or $a3ing reason to

.eie3e t$at suc$ imputation wi $arm1

I) ,(' e-,'!) ,(e e#"e'!) (a"+ +ea) (a"+ ,! ,(e "e#$,a,'!) !; ,(ea"'ee #a",*.25 I, ' )!, )e-ea"* ,! #"!e ,(a, ,(e -!+#&a')a),

a-,$a&&* $e"e '"e-,&* !" ')'"e-,&* ;"!+ ,(e -a)a&!$ '+#$,a,'!)

a&&ee ', ' $-'e), ,! (! ,(a, ,(e a--$e '),e)e ,! (a"+ ,(e

"e#$,a,'!) !" k)e !" (a ,(e k)!&ee !" "ea!) ,! %e&'ee ,(a, ,(e

'+#$,a,'!) +ae %* ('+ !$& (a"+ ,(e "e#$,a,'!) !; ,(e -!+#&a')a),. 2

A e,,&e+e), +ae #"'+a"'&* ',( ,(e !%e-, ,(a, ,(e #e"!) +ak') ',

(!$& e-a#e ;"!+ a '-$&,* -a))!, %e +ae ,(e $%e-, !; a -"'+')a&-(a"e +e"e&* %e-a$e ', -!),a') +a,,e" ('-( +a* %e (a"+;$& ,! ,(e

"e#$,a,'!) !; !,(e" #e!#&e.

25 eeda *ene;es . :usuf +han 10 / 8!+ LR 20 SC.

2 /ovinda %rasad %andey . /. 7. /artha I.L.R 2/ Ca& 3.



13/21


Reputation1A +a)= !#')'!) !; ('+e&; -a))!, %e -a&&e (' "e#$,a,'!).2

A +a) (a )! "e#$,a,'!) ,! ('+e&; a) ,(e"e;!"e -!++$)'-a,'!) !;

e;a+a,!"* +a,,e" ,! ,(e #e"!) -!)-e")e e;a+e ' )! #$%&'-a,'!).

A #"!e-$,'!) +a* %e +a'),a')e ;!" e;a+a,'!) !; a e-eae #e"!)

%$, ', (a %ee) "$&e ,(a, )! $', ;!" a+ae '&& &'e ') $-( a -ae.

W(e"e ,(e"e;!"e a $', a %"!$(, %* ,(e (e'" a) ,(e )ea"e, "e&a,'!)

!; a e-eae #e"!) ;!" e;a+a,!"* !" #!ke) !; $-( e-eae

#e"!) %$, a&&ee ,! (ae -a$e a+ae ,! ,(e #&a'),' a a +e+%e"

!; ,(e a+e ;a+'&* ', a (e& ,(a, ,(e $', a )!, +a'),a')a%&e.2/

A) a-,'!) ;!" &'%e& '&& &'e a, a $', !; a) ')-!"#!"a,e ,"a') -!+#a)* ')"e#e-, !; a &'%e& -a&-$&a,e ,! ')$"e ', "e#$,a,'!) !) a a* !; ',

%$')e.20

A -!"#!"a,'!) (a )! "e#$,a,'!) a#a", ;"!+ ', #"!#e",* !" ,"ae. I, -a))!,

+a'),a') a) a-,'!) ;!" a &'%e& +e"e&* ae-,') #e"!)a& "e#$,a,'!). T(e

!" -!+#&a')e !; ,! $##!", a #"!e-$,'!) +$, "e


14/21


"!$# )!" ,(e -!++$)',* a ;!$) ,! %e a eB)',e a) 'e),'Ba%&e %!*

!; #e!#&e a) ,(e '+#$,a,'!) a&! ' )!, "e&a,e ,! ,(e -!+#&a')a),.31

E-e#,'!) T(e e;a+a,!"* ,a,e+e), !e )!, ;a&& ',(') a)* !; ,(e e-e#,'!) %e

"ea!) +e"e&* !; ,(e ;a-, ,(a, ', ' #$)'(a%&e a a) !e)-e $)e" S1/2 !"

a)* !,(e" e-,'!) !; ,(e C!e.

E6ception +1,(' e-e#,'!) a) e-e#,'!) 4 "e$'"e ,(a, ,(e '+#$,a,'!)

(!$& %e ,"$e. T(e "e+a')') e-e#,'!) ! )!, "e$'"e ', ,! %e !. T(e*

!)&* "e$'"e ,(a, ', (!$& %e +ae ') !! ;a',(. W(e) ,"$,( ' e, $# a ae;e)-e ', +$, e,e) ,! ,(e e),'"e &'%e& a) ', ' )!, $-'e), ,(a, !)&*

a #a",* !; ,(e &'%e& ' #"!e ,! %e "!).32

T(e ,"$,( !; ,(e '+#$,a,'!) -!+#&a')e !; (a&& a+!$), ,! a e;e)-e '; ',

a ;!" ,(e %e)eB, !; #$%&'- )$, )!, !,(e"'e. T(e C!$", +a* B) a)

'+#$,a,'!) ,"$e a) +ae ;!" ,(e #$%&'- !! %$, !) -!)'e"') ,(e

+a,,e" !; ,(e #$%&'-a,'!) e. I) a )e#a#e" ', +a* (!& ,(a, ,(e

#a",'-$&a" #$%&'-a,'!) ' )!, ;!" ,(e #$%&'- !! a) ' ,(e"e;!"e )!,

#"''&ee.

E6ception 21ee"* -','e) (a a "'(, ,! -!++e), !) ,(!e a-, !;

#$%&'- +e) ('-( -!)-e") ('+ a a -','e) !; ,(e -!$),"*. I; (e !e )!,

+ake (' -!++e),a"* a -&!-k ;!" +a&'-e a) &a)e". A "',e" ') a #$%&'-

#a#e" (a ,(e a+e "'(, a a)* !,(e" #e"!) a) ', ' (' #"''&ee ';

)eee ', ' )!, (' $,* ,! -!++e), !) ,(e a-, !; #$%&'- +e) ('-(

-!)-e") )!, ('+e&; !)&* %$, ('-( -!)-e") ,(e #$%&'- a) ,(e '-$'!)

!; ('-( ' ;!" ,(e #$%&'- !!. A) (e"e a #e"!) +ake ,(e #$%&'-

-!)$-, !; a #$%&'- +a) ,(e $%e-, !; -!++e), a"e +ae (!)e,&* a)

(e (!)e,&* %e&'ee ,(e ;a-, ,! %e a (e ,a,e ,(e+ a) ,(e"e ' )!

31 ishva #ath . 'hambhu #ath 1005 1 C" LJ 2 A&&.

32 8handrashekhara . +arthikeyan AIR 104 Ke" 2.



15/21


'&;$& +'"e#"ee),a,'!) !; ;a-, !" a)* +',a,e+e), ('-( (e +$, (ae

k)! ,! %e a +',a,e+e), '; (e (a ee"-'e !"')a"* -a"e.33

I) !"e" ;!" a -!++e), ,! %e ;a'" a ', +$, %e %ae !) ,(e ;a-, ,"$&*

,a,e % ', +$, )!, '+#$,e -!""$#, !" '(!)!$"a%&e +!,'e ,! ,(e

#e"!) (!e -!)$-, !" !"k ' -"','-'e e-e#, ') ! ;a" a $-(

'+#$,a,'!) a"e a""a),e %* ,(e ;a-, - ', +$, %e ,(e (!)e,

e#"e'!) !; ,(e "',e"= "ea& !#')'!) +ae ') !! ;a',( a) ', +$,

%e ;!" #$%&'- !!. T(e $e,'!) ,! %e -!)'e"e ') $-( -ae ' !$&

a)* ;a'" +a) (!ee" #"e$'-e (e +'(, %e !" (!ee" eae"a,e !"

!%,')a,e (' 'e +a* %e (ae +ae ,(e -"','-'+.

E6ception 51,(e -!)$-, !; ,(e #$%&'-', (! ,ake #a", ') #!&','- !"

!,(e" +a,,e" -!)-e")') ,(e #$%&'- -a) %e -!++e),e !) ') !! ;a',(.

M a +e'-a& ,$e), a) ,(e e',!" !; a +e'-a& !$")a& a' ') $-(

!$")a& !; a) ae",'e+e), #$%&'(e %* H a)!,(e" +e'-a& +a) ')

('-( H !&'-',e ,(e #$%&'- ,! $%-"'%e ,! a (!#',a& !; ('-( (e a a

$"e!) ') -(a"e ,a,') ,(e )$+%e" !; $--e;$& !#e"a,'!) ('-( (a

%ee) #e";!"+e ,(a, ', a $)#"!;e'!)a&. I, a (e& ,(a, ')a+$-( a

$-( ae",'e+e), (a ,(e ee-, !; +ak') $-( (!#',a& a #$%&'-

$e,'!) M a ',(') ,(e ,('" ',( a) )'),( E-e#,'!).34

E6ception &? W(e"e ,(e"e a"e $'-'a& #"!-ee') %e;!"e a #"!#e"&*

-!),',$,e $'-'a& ,"'%$)a& ee"-'') ', $"''-,'!) ') !#e) -!$", ,(e)

,(e #$%&'-a,'!) ',(!$, +a&'-e !; a ;a'" a) a--$"a,e "e#!", !; (a, ,ake

#&a-e %e;!"e ,(a, ,"'%$)a& ' #"''&ee.35 T(!$( ,(e #$%&'-a,'!) !; $-(

#"!-ee') +a* %e ,! ,(e 'aa),ae !; ,(e #a",'-$&a" ')''$a&

-!)-e")e *e, ', ' !; a, '+#!",a)-e ,! ,(e #$%&'- ,(a, ,(e #"!-ee')

!; ,(e C!$", !; J$,'-e (!$& %e $)'e"a&&* k)!).

33 E. 7. )oward . *. *ull 1// 1 8HC.

34 0ueen Empress . *c7eod 1// ILR 3 A&& 342.

35 +imber . 3he %ress 2ssociation 1/03 1 Q8 5> 11 13.



16/21


E6ception )7 T(e a+')',"a,'!) !; $,'-e ' a +a,,e" !; $)'e"a&

'),e"e, ,! ,(e (!&e #$%&'-. T(e $e+e), !; ,(e C!$", ,(e e"'-, !; ,(e

$"* ,(e -!)$-, !; ,(e #a",'e a) !; ',)ee +a* a&& %e +ae

$%e-, !; ;"ee -!++e),. 8$, ,(e -"','-'+ (!$& %e +ae ') !! ;a',(

a) (!$& %e ;a'". I, +$, )!, a),!)&* aa'& ,(e -(a"a-,e" !; !,(e" !"

'+#$,e -"'+')a&',* ,! ,(e+. 8$, ') -!++e),') !) $-( +a,,e" a #$%&'-

"',e" a +$-( a a #"'a,e "',e" ' %!$) ,! a,,e) ,! ,(e ,"$,( a) ,!

#$, ;!"a" ,(e ,"$,( (!)e,&* a) ') !! ;a',( a) ,! ,(e %e, !; ('

k)!&ee a) a%'&',*. I, ' )!, ,! %e e#e-,e ,(a, ') '-(a"') (' $,*

!; a #$%&'- !$")a&', (e '&& a&a* %e ');a&&'%&e. H' $e+e), +a* %e

%'ae !)e a), !" ,(e !,(e" ',(!$, ,(e &'(,e, "e


17/21


a##e",a')') ,! "e&''!) !" ,! $'e ,(e+ %* ',.3/ W(e"e ,(e -!+#&a')a),

a '+'e ;"!+ e"'-e $#!) ,(e a&&ea,'!) !; ,(e;, !; (' +a,e"=

#"!#e",* a;,e" a ;$&& !+e,'- e)$'"* ') ('-( ,(e -!+#&a')a), a 'e)

a) !##!",$)',* ,! e;e) ('+e&; ,(e B)') !; $-( a e;a+a,'!) -ae a

', ' ;$&&* #"!,e-,e %* E-e#,'!) a) / !; S400 !; ,(e IPC. TO (!&

!,(e"'e !$& a+!$), ,! #a"a&*') ,(e a+')',"a,'!) !; $,'-e.30

E6ception :1I)!"e" ,! e,a%&'( e;e)-e $)e" ,(' e-e#,'!) ,(e

a--$e !$& (ae ,! #"!e ,(a, ,(e #e"!) ,! (!+ ,(e -!+#&a'), a

+ae (a a &a;$& a$,(!"',* !e" ,(e #e"!) -!+#a)'e aa'), ')

"e#e-, !; ,(e $%e-, +a,,e" !; ,(e a--$a,'!).4 T! !%,a') ,(e #"!,e-,'!)

'e) %* ,(' e-e#,'!) 1 ,(e a--$a,'!) +$, %e +ae ,! a #e"!) ')

a$,(!"',* !e" ,(e #a",* a--$e a) 2 ,(e a--$a,'!) +$, %e

#"e;e""e ') !! ;a',(.41

A &e,,e" "',,e) %* a 8"a(+a) ,! ,(e 8"a(+') -!++$)',* !; ,(e

)e'(%!$"(!! ',( a 'e ,! !%,a') ,(e'" e-''!) !) +a,,e" ae-,')

(' !) "e&''!$ '),e"e, a) ,(a, '; ,(e 8"a(+') -!++$)',* -!+e

$)e" ,(' E-e#,'!) a) E-e#,'!) 1. T(e a--$e ') a##ea&') aa'),,(e &e* !; ae+e), %* ,(e -!+#&a')a), (a a-,e ,!a" ,(e

a--$e $)$,&* a) #',e;$&&* ,(a, ') #a') ,(e !"e" a##ea&e

aa'), (e a a-,$a,e %* #e"!)a& '&&?'&& a) +a&'-e ,!a" ,(e

a--$e a) (a ee"-'e (' a$,(!"',* ',( a 'e ,! -a$e (a"a+e),

a) &! ,! ,(e a--$e. I, a (e& ,(a, ,(e a--$e a #"!,e-,e %* ,(e

E-e#,'!) / a) 0 a) a )!, $'&,* !; e;a+a,'!).42

3/ 3he 0ueen . 'ri idya 'ankara #arasimha 1//3 ILR Ma 3/1.

30 2.5.* 'tubbings . 'hella *uthu 102 C" LJ 0/ Ke".

4 +anwal 7al . 'tate 6f %un4ab AIR 103 SC 131.

41 2bdul -a;ak . /auri #ath 100 PWR C"C N!. 4 !; 101.

42 Emperor . 2nandrao alakrishnan 1014 1 8!+ LR /2.



18/21


E6ception '6G!! ;a',( ')''$a& '),e"e, !" #$%&'- !!6T('

E-e#,'!) #!', ,(a, ,(e #e"!) ,! (!+ ,(e -!++$)'-a,'!) ' +ae (a

a) '),e"e, ') #"!,e-,') ,(e #e"!) +ak') ,(e a--$a,'!). 8e'e ,(e

%!)a Be !; ,(e #e"!) +ak') ,(e '+#$,a,'!) ,(e #e"!) ,! (!+ ,(e

'+#$,a,'!) ' -!)e*e +$, (ae a -!++!) '),e"e, ',( ,(e #e"!)

+ak') ', ('-( ' e"e %* ,(e -!++$)'-a,'!). T(e '),e"e, !; ,(e

#e"!) "e;e""e ,! ') ,(' e-e#,'!) (a ,! %e "ea& a) &e','+a,e (e) ,(e

-!++$)'-a,'!) ' +ae ') #"!,e-,'!) !; ,(e '),e"e, !; ,(e #e"!) +ak')

',. T(e #"''&ee e,e) !)&* ,! a -!++$)'-a,'!) $#!) ,(e $%e-, ',(

"e#e-, ,! ('-( ,(e #"''&ee e,e) a) ,(e #"''&ee -a) %e -&a'+e ')

ee"-'e !; ,(e "'(, !; a;e$a"') !; ,(e '),e"e, ('-( -"ea,e ,(e#"''&ee.43 T(' e-e#,'!) #"!,e-, $)e" -e",a') -'"-$+,a)-e

'+#$,a,'!) -!)-e")') ,(e -(a"a-,e" !; a)!,(e". I, "e&a,e ,!

-!++$)'-a,'!) ('-( a #e"!) +ake ') !! ;a',( ;!" ,(e #"!,e-,'!) !;

(' !) '),e"e, !" !; a)* #e"!) !" ;!" ,(e #$%&'- !!. I, ' )!,

$-'e), ,(a, ,(e #e"!) +ak') ,(e '+#$,a,'!) %e&'ee ') !! ;a',(

,(a, (e a a-,') ;!" ,(e #"!,e-,'!) !; a)* $-( ');!"+a,'!) !" '),e"e,.

A)* !" ') ,(e ,"a)a-,'!) !; %$')e ',( a)!,(e" (a a "'(, ,! $e&a)$ae %!)a Be ('-( ' "e&ea), ,! ,(e'" %$')e a) ',( $e "ea"

,! (' !) '),e"e, +ake )e-ea"* ee) '; ', (!$& '"e-,&* !" %* ',

-!)e$e)-e %e ')$"'!$ !" #a');$& ,! a)!,(e". T(e "$&e !; #$%&'- #!&'-*

!) ('-( ', ' %ae ' (!)e, ,"a)a-,'!) !; %$')e a) !; !-'a&

'),e"-!$"e '&& !,(e"'e %e e#"'e !; ,(e #"!,e-,'!) ('-( ,(e* (!$&

e)!*.44W(e"e a +a) (! a a,-(') a -ae !) %e(a&; !; (' #a",)e"

');!"+e ,(e $e ('&e ,(e (ea"') a !') !) ,(a, ,(e -!+#&a')a),a ,a+#e"') ',( ,(e ',)e a) ake ,(a, ,(e -!+#&a')a), +'(, %e

!"e"e ,! ', ') ,(e ') C!$", a) ', a##ea"e ,(a, ,(e -ae ;e&& ',(') ,('

e-e#,'!). T(e "e'!)a& +a)ae" !; a %a)k '$e -!)Be),'a& -'"-$&a" ,!

,(e %"a)-( +a)ae" !; (' "e'!) a'') ,(e+ ,! %e ''&a), ('&e

ea&') ',( #e"!) ')-&$e ') ,(e &', ')-&$') ,(e )a+e !; ,(e

43 8haman 7al . 3he 'tate 6f %un4ab 10 SCR 3 013.

44 0ueenEmpress . E. *. 'later 1/0 15 8!+ 351.

DEFAMATION UNDER CRIMINAL LAWPAGE : 1/


19/21


-!+#&a')a),. T(e -!$", a' ,(a, ee) '; ,(e a&&ea,'!) +ae ')

-!+#&a'), e"e ,"$e )! !e)-e !$& %e +ae $)e" S5.45

E6ception +*1,(' e-e#,'!) #"!,e-, a #e"!) '') -a$,'!) ') !!

;a',( !; ,(e !,(e" !" !; !+e #e"!) ') (!+ ,(a, ,(e !,(e" ' '),e"e,e

!" ;!" ,(e #$%&'- !!. T(e -!+#&a')a), a 8"a(+a) (! (a %ee) #$,

!$, !; -a,e a "ea+',,e %* ,(e ee-$,'e -!++',,ee !; ,(e -a,e

a;,e" #e";!"+') e#'"a,!"* -e"e+!)'e. T(' "e?a+''!) a )!,

a##"!e %* ,(e a--$e ('-( ;!"+e a ;a-,'!) !; ,(e -a,e a) a)

'),e"a& !; ' +!),( ',"'%$,e ') ,(e %aaa" ,! a&& -&ae !; ,(e #$%&'-

#"'),e #a#e" ') ('-( ,(e -!+#&a')a), a e-"'%e a a '))e" ('-(

')'Be ,(a, (e a a #e"!) $)B, ,! %e a!-'a,e ',(. T(e a--$e

e"e -(a"e ',( ,(e !e)-e !; e;a+a,'!). T(e* #&eae #"''&ee a)

', a a+',,e ,(a, ,(e* (a a-,e ',(!$, +a&'-e. I, a (e& ,(a, ,(e

a--$e (a )!, a-,e ') !! ;a',( a) ,(e #$%&'-a,'!) a )!, $)e"

,(e -'"-$+,a)-e #"''&ee a) #"!,e-,e %* ,(' e-e#,'!).4

Section )*+ Reads as(

P"'),') !" e)"a') +a,,e" k)!) ,! %e e;a+a,!"* 6

W(!ee" #"'), !" e)"ae a)* +a,,e" k)!') !" (a') !! "ea!)

,! %e&'ee ,(a, $-( +a,,e" ' e;a+a,!"* !; a)* #e"!) (a&& %e #$)'(e

',( '+#&e '+#"'!)+e), ;!" a ,e"+ ('-( +a* e,e) ,! ,! *ea" !"

',( B)e !" ',( %!,(.

I)"e'e),>

1. P"'),') !" e)"a') a)* +a,,e".2. K)!&ee !" "ea!) ,! %e&'ee ,(a, $-( +a,,e" ' e;a+a,!"*.

45 edurumudi -ama -ao . 8hennuri enkat -ae 100 C" LJ 3/51 AP.

4 3hiagara4a . +rishnaswami 1/02 15 Ma 214.



20/21


Section )*2 Reads as(

Sa&e !; #"'),e !" e)"ae $%,a)-e -!),a')') e;a+a,!"* +a,,e".6

W(!ee" e&& !" !e" ;!" a&e a)* #"'),e !" e)"ae $%,a)-e

-!),a')') e;a+a,!"* +a,,e" k)!') ,(a, ', -!),a') $-( +a,,e" (a&&

%e #$)'(e ',( '+#&e '+#"'!)+e), ;!" a ,e"+ ('-( +a* e,e) ,!

,! *ea" !" ',( B)e !" ',( %!,(.

I)"e'e),>

1. Se&&') !" !e"') ;!" a&e a)* #"'),e !" e)"ae $%,a)-e.2. K)!&ee ,(a, $-( $%,a)-e -!),a') e;a+a,!"* +a,,e".

Bi.iograp$y

Books Reffered:

&. Pillai, P.S.%., Criminal Law, '(th ed.) '*ew "elhi, +).

+. -aur, ."., Criminal Law Cases and Materials '+nd ed.) '/om#ay, &(01).

2. 3all, 4erome, General Principles of Criminal Law 'Indianopolis, &(56).

5. 3uda, Shamsul, Principles of the Law of Crimes '7ucknow, &(0+).

1. 4efferson, !ichael, Criminal Law '7ondon, &((+).

8. !acken9ie, 7ord, Studies in Roman Law '7ondon, &0(0).

6. Perkins, :ollin !., Criminal Law '*ew ;ork, &(8().

0. Turner, 4.


21/21


Websites:

&. www.4stor.org

+. www.manupatra.com

2. www.le$isne$isacademic.com5. www.#ritannica.com

Other Sources:

• Cham"ers #$th Century %ictionary '&(6+).

• &als"ury’s Laws of 'n(land , >ol. 26 '2rd ed.).

• Law Lexicon '&(6&), >ol. II.

• Manu, =h. >III, >erses 250?(.

• The Model Penal Code, '@S%, &(8+).

• The Oxford 'n(lish %ictionary 'A$ford, &(8&)

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Defamation in Criminal Law