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Decommissioning of nuclear power plants in Germany:
Overview and Business Opportunities
Germany Trade & Invest
Flérida Regueira Cortizo & Andreas Kessler
www.gtai.com
1. Drivers
2. Status of decommissioning activities in Germany
3. Regulatory framework in Germany
4. Decommissioning and its value creation chain
5. Nuclear R&D centers in Germany
6. Business Opportunities
Agenda
08/10/14 Germany Trade & Invest 1
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Company Tasks
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Federal Republic of Germany
The Agency
8 October 2014 2 Germany Trade & Invest
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Due to the nuclear disaster in Fukushima in
2011, closure of nuclear power plants was
brought forward from 2036 to 2022
8 out of 17 nuclear power plants were
already shut down in 2011
2011: 17.6% nuclear power of total energy
consumption (2010: 22.6%)1
1. Drivers
Germany‘s nuclear power phase-out
Source: 1 BMWi „Die Energiewende in Deutschland“, Februar 2012; 2 DAtF, 2012
08/10/14
Active nuclear reactor with date of scheduled closure 2
Nuclear reactor already closed 2
21.5
4.3
0 0
5
10
15
20
25
2010 2011 2012 2015 2019 2021 2022 2023
Development of installed nuclear power plants
capacity in GW2
7% of electricity
generation (2010) 22.6 % of
electricity
generation
(2010)
Germany Trade & Invest 5
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Main Objectives of Germany’s New Energy Concept (September 2010)
Source: BMU, Energiekonzept 2050 – Meilensteine und Bewertungen, http://www.bmu.de/themen/klima-energie/energiewende/beschluesse-und-massnahmen/energiekonzept-2050-
meilensteine-langfristiger-entwicklungspfad-fuer-ambitionierte-klimaschutzziele-energieeffizienz-und-erneuerbare/, updated last 25/10/2013
1. Drivers
08/10/14
Energy efficiency measures
Increase in energy productivity 2.1% p.a.
Reduction of primary energy consumption -50% (2050 vs. 2008)
Reduction of electricity consumption -25% (2050 vs. 2008)
Building renovation rate 2% p.a.
Reduction of final energy for transportation -40% (2050 vs. 2005)
Climate protection measures 2020 2050
CO2 cuts vs. 1990 -40% -80%
Renewable share of… 2020 2050
Total energy consumption 18% 60%
Electricity consumption 35% 80%
Heat generation 14% 60%
6 Germany Trade & Invest 6
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Source: Deutsches Atomforum e.V., “Stilllegung und Rückbau von Kernkraftwerken“, translated from German, p.4, January 2013
2. Status of decommissioning activities in Germany (1)
08/10/14
Shut down in 2011 due to 13th
amendment of the Atomgesetz (2011)
Decommissioning in process
Decommissioning completed
Research facilities with experimental
reactors and waste treatment plants
Waste treatment plant
Central disposal storage
Final disposal site projects
exploration
construction
Nuclear power plant in operation
Nuclear power plants and disposal facilities
in Germany (status September 2012)
burial finished
Germany Trade & Invest 7
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Decommissioning of nuclear power
plants (NPP):
Decommissioning of three (small) NPP
already completed
Decommissioning of thirteen NPP
already in process
Eight NPP shut down in 2011 and
thus due for decommissioning
Decommissioning of the remaining nine
NPP will follow
Final disposal sites*:
Konrad mine designated as a final
disposal site for low- and
intermediate-level radioactive
waste from nuclear power generation.
Available not until 2019
No final disposal site has yet been
chosen for high-level waste, salt
dome in Gorleben is being explored
2. Status of decommissioning activities in Germany (2)
Source: *FZ Jülich, http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/EN/Research/EnergyEnvironment/NuclearSafety/_node.html, last updated 24/10/2013
08/10/14 Germany Trade & Invest 8
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Concretion of these laws in
Concretion of the above mentioned laws is contained in the subordinate regulations, overview included in:
Guidelines for decommissioning, safe enclosure and dismantling of plants and components according to §7 AtG:
http://www.bfs.de/de/bfs/recht/rsh/volltext/3_BMU/3_73_1109.pdf (German)
3. Regulatory framework in Germany
Overview of laws relevant for nuclear decommissioning
1) Gesetz über die friedliche Verwendung der Kernenergie und den Schutz gegen ihre Gefahren
08/10/14
Law/Document Abbreviation Content
Atomic Energy Law („AtG“) 1
AtG • §7 (3): Approval required for shutdown, safe enclosure and decommissioning of the plant or single components (approval is granted by the according Federal State)
• §9a: Regulations concerning the treatment and reutilization of radioactive substances and components and the disposal of radioactive waste
• Operators in charge of decommissioning
Radiation Protection Act („StrlSchV“)
StrlSchV • Regulation of the handling of radioactive substances; technical and operational measures, procedures and precautions linked to dangerous radiation
Nuclear Licensing Procedure Ordinance („AtVfV“) AtVfV • Specification of the decommissioning procedure; approval process for decommissiong, safe enclosure and dismantling of the plant or single components is based on AtVfV. It contains regulations about the involvement of a third party
Environmental Impact Assessment Law („UVPG“)
UVPG • Regulation of the procedure of assessing environmental impacts; environmental impact assessment is obligatory for the decommissioning of every plant >1kW
Germany Trade & Invest 9
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4. Decommissioning and its value creation chain
Two decommissioning strategies available: immediate dismantling or
safe enclosure
Source: Deutsches Atomforum e.V., “Stilllegung und Rückbau von Kernkraftwerken“, translated from German, p.8, January 2013
08/10/14
So far, operators mostly chose immediate dismantling. Entombment is not feasible in Germany.
Power operation
Operation after shutdown
Immediate dismantling
Dismantling
Use or conventional deconstruction and reinstatement
Operating
licence
Decommissioning
Release out of the
Atomgesetz
Preparation for safe enclosure
Safe enclosure (e.g. 30 years)
Germany Trade & Invest 10
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Example: decommissioning process of the nuclear power plant “Stade“1
Source: Deutsches Atomforum e.V., “Stilllegung und Rückbau von Kernkraftwerken“, translated from German, p.13, January 2013
4. Decommissioning and its value creation chain
08/10/14
dismantling of remaining nuclear components in the hot zone
shutdown
request for decommissioning
Approval of decommissioning Release out of the Atomic Energy Law
Year of decommissioning
Dismantling of non-nuclear components, conventional demolition of buildings
Power operation Operation after shutdown
Dismantling of nuclear components
Licensing and Supervising Procedure
dismantling of primary cooling systems and steam raising unit
dismantling of the most radioactive components, e.g. reactor pressure vessel and biological shield
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
dismantling of some systems in the hot zone that are no longer in use and non-nuclear components as well
Dismantling of
nuclear components
Germany Trade & Invest 11
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Examples for German service providers along the value creation chain
Source: Deutsche Bundesregierung, BMU, Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Sylvia Kotting-Uhl, Hans-Josef Fell, Britta
Haßelmann, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN – Drucksache 17/11756 -
4. Decomissionning and its value creation chain
08/10/14
Value creation chain of nuclear decommissiong and German companies involved
Value-added step Examples for German companies
Post-operational clean-out • Not mentioned in the source
Decontamination • Studsvik GmbH & Co. KG, • Nukem Technologies GmbH, • GNS Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service GmbH
Dismantling • Westinghouse Electric Germany GmbH, • EWN Energiewerke Nord GmbH
De-energising & demolition • Not mentioned in the source
Waste processing, conditioning & passivation • SNT Siempelkamp Nukleartechnik GmbH, • Studsvik GmbH & Co. KG
Waste storage and transport • GNS Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service GmbH
Waste disposal • STEAG Energy Services GmbH, • Nukem Technologies GmbH
Site radiological assessement & material sorting • STEAG Energy Services GmbH, • Brenk Systemplanung GmbH
Environmental remediation • EWN Energiewerke Nord GmbH
Post clean-up release service • EWN Energiewerke Nord GmbH
Germany Trade & Invest 12
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Safety research for nuclear waste disposal
Immobilization of highlevel radioactive waste via vitrification
Reduction of the radiotoxicity of high level radioactive waste (partitioning)
FZ Jülich
Partitioning
Final storage – corrosion of fuel rods
5. Nuclear R&D centers in Germany
Basically two research institutes for nuclear technology: KIT and FZ
Jülich
Sources: KIT, http://www.ine.kit.edu/26.php, FZ, Jülich, http://www.fz-juelich.de/iek/iek-6/DE/home/_node.html, updated last: 18/10/2013
08/10/14 Germany Trade & Invest 13
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Being on the spot is essential:
Foster confidence:
state-of-the-art technologies and highest safety requirements require close collaboration
Establish a network together with:
business partners
the German Federal State authorities (which are in charge of granting the approval for
decommissioning)
Joint attractive R&D programmes
Set benchmarks in decommissioning in Germany
Accrued reserves for decommissioning by operators: €30bn (forecast from Greenpeace and
Forum Ökologisch Soziale Marktwirtschaft (FÖS) expects market volume of €44bn*)
6. Business Opportunities
Companies can profit from Germany‘s nuclear power phase-out
* Source:http://www.greenpeace.de/themen/atomkraft/presseerklaerungen/artikel/akw_entsorgung_atomkonzerne_koennen_sich_langfristig_vor_kosten_druecken/
updated last: 28/10/2013
08/10/14 Germany Trade & Invest 14
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Power of Innovation
An outstanding high-tech infrastructure combined with a dense network of
incentive programs forms the backbone for high-class R&D in Germany.
Power of Innovation
08.10.2014 15
Highly qualified labor market: 500,000 R&D
employees in institutions, universities, and
industry.
High density of renowned research institutions
and 391 universities.
Platform for innovative and competitive
products, processes, and services: EUR 428
billion in exports of research intensive goods.
Research and knowledge-driven sectors account
for 39% of the nation's gross value added.
Infrastructure Incentives
Many R&D incentive programs in the form of
grants, loans, or guarantees designed for
specific topics.
Program budgets are provided by the European
Union, by the national government, and by each
individual state.
Re-application for R&D programs is possible
allowing multiple funding opportunities.
Nationwide full service advisory centers
guarantee efficient application procedures.
Incentives
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Power of Innovation
Depending on the scope of the planned R&D project, there are various
forms of incentive programs available at EU, national, and regional level.
Power of Innovation
08.10.2014 16
EU Level:
National Level:
Regional Level:
Source of R&D Incentive Programs
Research projects require transnational cooperation
Most important program: Horizon 2020
EU publishes periodic calls for proposals, mainly with specified research topics
Research projects usually require cooperation
Most important program: High-Tech Strategy: provides funds in 17 technology-fields
Technology-open programs also available (i.e. ZIM).
Individual research projects
Programs available in all German states
Programs usually technology-open
Forms of R&D Incentive Programs
Grants:
Loans and Guarantees:
Partnerships:
Non-repayable cash incentives
Varying aid intensities depending on: size of company and research category (fundamental or industrial research or experimental development)
Loans with reduced interest rates
Application through investor’s private bank
Public guarantees to reduce lending risks
Provided through venture capital funds or angel investors
Silent or direct partnerships
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Incentives Available to Investment Projects in Germany
Germany offers different incentives packages to reimburse an
investment project’s expenditures.
1 only available in Eastern Germany
Inviting Incentives
Incentives
Operational Incentives Package
R&D Incentives Labor-Related
Incentives
Training Support
Recruitment Grants
Silent / Direct Partnership
Loans
Wage Subsidies
State Investment
Grant
Cash Incentives Interest-Reduced
Loans Public
Guarantees
KfW Loans (National Level)
Investment Allowance1
State Development Bank Loans
Combined State/ Federal
Investment Incentives Package +
17
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