Decision to drop bomb 2

War & Society

By Jackie White

ObjectiveObjective

Guiding Question: Why do countries go to war?

Learning Objective: Be able to identify several reasons why America entered World War II in FDR’s address to Congress Request for A Declaration of War.

Guiding Question: Why do countries go to war?

Learning Objective: Be able to identify several reasons why America entered World War II in FDR’s address to Congress Request for A Declaration of War.

Why do Americans fight wars?

Why do Americans fight wars?

Read Rubenstein’s Reasons to Kill: Why Americans Choose War pages 19-22

According to Rubenstein why do Americans fight wars?

Identify several justifications Americans use for war

Read Rubenstein’s Reasons to Kill: Why Americans Choose War pages 19-22

According to Rubenstein why do Americans fight wars?

Identify several justifications Americans use for war

Just WarJust War

American democracy requires that the people be mobilized behind a war.

Idealism must be the focus and not imperialism.

American democracy requires that the people be mobilized behind a war.

Idealism must be the focus and not imperialism.

Reasons why Americans fight wars:


SELF DEFENSE: (So and so) has attacked us. We have a sacred right and collective duty to defend ourselves.

Historical example?

SELF DEFENSE: (So and so) has attacked us. We have a sacred right and collective duty to defend ourselves.

Historical example?



EVIL ENEMY:

(So and so) is an evil aggressor whom we must either appease or defeat; there is no other option.

Historical example?

EVIL ENEMY:

(So and so) is an evil aggressor whom we must either appease or defeat; there is no other option.

Historical example?



UNACCEPTABLE CONSEQUENCES OF APPEASEMENT: If we do not fight, the nation will be weakened, humiliated, and dishonored.

Historical example?

UNACCEPTABLE CONSEQUENCES OF APPEASEMENT: If we do not fight, the nation will be weakened, humiliated, and dishonored.

Historical example?



PATRIOTIC DUTY: We have a moral duty to fight wars when our government asks us to make this sacrifice.

Historical example?

PATRIOTIC DUTY: We have a moral duty to fight wars when our government asks us to make this sacrifice.

Historical example?



HUMANITARIAN DUTY: We have a moral duty to rescue oppressed people when they are helpless to resist atrocious violations of their human rights.

Historical example?

HUMANITARIAN DUTY: We have a moral duty to rescue oppressed people when they are helpless to resist atrocious violations of their human rights.

Historical example?



UNIQUE VIRTUE: We have a moral right to make war because we are disinterested liberators and peacemakers, not selfish imperialists.

Historical example?

UNIQUE VIRTUE: We have a moral right to make war because we are disinterested liberators and peacemakers, not selfish imperialists.

Historical example?

Liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi control 1st Gulf War



WAR AS A LAST RESORT:

There is no peaceful alternative to war, either because the enemy has refused to negotiate in good faith or because “You can’t negotiate with those people.”

Historical example?

WAR AS A LAST RESORT:

There is no peaceful alternative to war, either because the enemy has refused to negotiate in good faith or because “You can’t negotiate with those people.”

Historical example?

Which reason to fight wars do you find most convincing?Which reason to fight wars do you find most convincing?

Stop the “bad guys” ruthless dictators, fascists, Nazis, ruthless demagogues, selfish, sinister, revenge seeking

To stop militaristic expansionProtect American liberties: freedom,

democracy, individual rights,Self defenseWe will look weak, humiliated, dishonored Moral obligation to rescue oppressed peopleCivic duty government requires our sacrificeNo peaceful alternative

Stop the “bad guys” ruthless dictators, fascists, Nazis, ruthless demagogues, selfish, sinister, revenge seeking

To stop militaristic expansionProtect American liberties: freedom,

democracy, individual rights,Self defenseWe will look weak, humiliated, dishonored Moral obligation to rescue oppressed peopleCivic duty government requires our sacrificeNo peaceful alternative

Franklin Delano RooseveltFor A Declaration of War Against

Japan

Franklin Delano RooseveltFor A Declaration of War Against

Japan

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/videos#attack-pearl-harbor

U.S. Enters WWIIU.S. Enters WWIIFDR asked Congress

to declare war.Congress approved,

the U.S declared war on Japan

3 days later Germany & Italy declared war on the U.S.

Americans now supported an all out war effort

FDR asked Congress to declare war.

Congress approved, the U.S declared war on Japan

3 days later Germany & Italy declared war on the U.S.

Americans now supported an all out war effortPresident Roosevelt

Signs the US Declaration of War Against Japan Dec 8,

1941

German Declaration of War Against the United

States

German Declaration of War Against the United

StatesThe Government of the United States having violated in the most flagrant manner and in ever-increasing

measure all rules of neutrality in favor of the adversaries of Germany and having continually been guilty of the most severe provocations toward Germany ever since the outbreak of the European war, provoked by the British declaration of war against Germany on September 3, 1939, has finally resorted to open military acts of aggression. On September 11, 1941, the President of the United States publicly declared that he had ordered the American Navy and Air Force to shoot on sight at any German war vessel. In his speech of October 27, 1941, he once more expressly affirmed that this order was in force. Acting under this order, vessels of the American Navy, since early September 1941, have systematically attacked German naval forces. Thus, American destroyers, as for instance the Greer, the Kearny and the Reuben James, have opened fire on German submarines according to plan. The Secretary of the American Navy, Mr. Knox, himself confirmed that American destroyers attacked German submarines. Furthermore, the naval forces of the United States, under order of their Government and contrary to international law have treated and seized German merchant vessels on the high seas as enemy ship. The German Government therefore establishes the following facts: Although Germany on her part has strictly adhered to the rules of international law in her relations with the United States during every period of the present war, the Government of the United States from initial violations of neutrality has finally proceeded to open acts of war against Germany. The Government of the United States has thereby virtually created a state of war. The German Government, consequently, discontinues diplomatic relations with the United States of America and declares that under these circumstances brought about by President Roosevelt, Germany too, as from today, considers herself as being in a state of war with the United States of America. Accept, Mr. Charg d'Affaires, the expression of my high consideration. December 11, 1941

The Government of the United States having violated in the most flagrant manner and in ever-increasing

measure all rules of neutrality in favor of the adversaries of Germany and having continually been guilty of the most severe provocations toward Germany ever since the outbreak of the European war, provoked by the British declaration of war against Germany on September 3, 1939, has finally resorted to open military acts of aggression. On September 11, 1941, the President of the United States publicly declared that he had ordered the American Navy and Air Force to shoot on sight at any German war vessel. In his speech of October 27, 1941, he once more expressly affirmed that this order was in force. Acting under this order, vessels of the American Navy, since early September 1941, have systematically attacked German naval forces. Thus, American destroyers, as for instance the Greer, the Kearny and the Reuben James, have opened fire on German submarines according to plan. The Secretary of the American Navy, Mr. Knox, himself confirmed that American destroyers attacked German submarines. Furthermore, the naval forces of the United States, under order of their Government and contrary to international law have treated and seized German merchant vessels on the high seas as enemy ship. The German Government therefore establishes the following facts: Although Germany on her part has strictly adhered to the rules of international law in her relations with the United States during every period of the present war, the Government of the United States from initial violations of neutrality has finally proceeded to open acts of war against Germany. The Government of the United States has thereby virtually created a state of war. The German Government, consequently, discontinues diplomatic relations with the United States of America and declares that under these circumstances brought about by President Roosevelt, Germany too, as from today, considers herself as being in a state of war with the United States of America. Accept, Mr. Charg d'Affaires, the expression of my high consideration. December 11, 1941

The Road To WarThe Road To War

http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=185772

8 minshttp://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=185772

8 mins

ObjectiveObjective

Guiding Question: How did the government create consensus for the war?

Understand how propaganda was used to gain support for the war effort and be able to create a piece of propaganda to persuade Americans to support the war.

Guiding Question: How did the government create consensus for the war?

Understand how propaganda was used to gain support for the war effort and be able to create a piece of propaganda to persuade Americans to support the war.

Warm UpWarm Up

What is rhetoric and why is it used?

What is rhetoric and why is it used?

RhetoricRhetoric

Art of persuasionWays to convince people to do,

think, or say what we want

Art of persuasionWays to convince people to do,

think, or say what we want

Rhetorical AppealsRhetorical Appeals

LogosEthos Pathoshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=GKRboUG4yq4

LogosEthos Pathoshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=GKRboUG4yq4

LogosLogos

Appeals to logic or reasonRational argument-statistics, factsInductivedeductive

Appeals to logic or reasonRational argument-statistics, factsInductivedeductive

EthosEthos

Ethical appealsTrustworthinessExpert KnowledgeSpecial KnowledgeSimilarityCredibility

Ethical appealsTrustworthinessExpert KnowledgeSpecial KnowledgeSimilarityCredibility

PathosPathos

Use of emotion to persuade or convince

Appeals to Negative emotions : fear, revenge, discrimination

Appeals to Positive emotions : Love, forgiveness, unity

Uses figurative speech, metaphors, rhetorical questions

Use of emotion to persuade or convince

Appeals to Negative emotions : fear, revenge, discrimination

Appeals to Positive emotions : Love, forgiveness, unity

Uses figurative speech, metaphors, rhetorical questions

Prelude to War: Why We Fight


Identify the justifications or the reasons why Americans are fighting highlighted in the film.

Give examples of how each of the rhetorical appeals are used in the film.

Answer the historical literacy questions in regards to sourcing, context, corroboration.

Identify the justifications or the reasons why Americans are fighting highlighted in the film.

Give examples of how each of the rhetorical appeals are used in the film.

Answer the historical literacy questions in regards to sourcing, context, corroboration.



Sourcing Who created the film? When was the film

created? Who is the intended

audience? Why was the film

created? How does the film build

support for the war? How did the audience

react to the source? Is the source

persuasive?

Sourcing Who created the film? When was the film

created? Who is the intended

audience? Why was the film

created? How does the film build

support for the war? How did the audience

react to the source? Is the source

persuasive?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Tf2r8P214A


Prelude to War: Why We Fight Who created the film? The war Department Special

Service Division, Army Service Forces, & the Office of War Information Bureau of Motion Pictures.

When was the film created? 1942 shortly after America’s entry into World War II.

Who is the intended audience? Members of the armed forces & later released to the American public

Why was the film created? To give factual information as to the causes & events leading up to America’s entry into WWII & define the principles for which we are fighting.

How does the film build support for the war? American’s are defenders of freedom, good vs. evil, protectors,

How did the audience react to the source? Is the source persuasive? It uses fear tactics such as

the end to the American way of life.

Who created the film? The war Department Special Service Division, Army Service Forces, & the Office of War Information Bureau of Motion Pictures.

When was the film created? 1942 shortly after America’s entry into World War II.

Who is the intended audience? Members of the armed forces & later released to the American public

Why was the film created? To give factual information as to the causes & events leading up to America’s entry into WWII & define the principles for which we are fighting.

How does the film build support for the war? American’s are defenders of freedom, good vs. evil, protectors,

How did the audience react to the source? Is the source persuasive? It uses fear tactics such as

the end to the American way of life.



Context: What time period is

represented? What was going on during the

time period? What are the characteristics

used to communicate patriotic ideals?

How is this persuading Americans to go to war?

Why is consensus important during wartime?

Context: What time period is

represented? What was going on during the

time period? What are the characteristics

used to communicate patriotic ideals?


Why is consensus important during wartime?




What time period is represented? 1940’sWhat was going on during the time period?

WWII, militaristic expansionWhat are the characteristics used to

communicate patriotic ideals? Patrick Henry “liberty or death”, freedom of speech, assembly, press


Logos, ethos, pathosWhy is consensus important during wartime?

What time period is represented? 1940’sWhat was going on during the time period?

WWII, militaristic expansionWhat are the characteristics used to

communicate patriotic ideals? Patrick Henry “liberty or death”, freedom of speech, assembly, press


Logos, ethos, pathosWhy is consensus important during wartime?



Corroboration: Does the source confirm or

disconfirm what you thought about life during this time period?

Is this source credible, reliable, valid? Explain why or why not.

Is it biased? If so, what perspective or side is left out? If not biased, why do you think so?

What questions do you have about this source?

Corroboration: Does the source confirm or

disconfirm what you thought about life during this time period?

Is this source credible, reliable, valid? Explain why or why not.

Is it biased? If so, what perspective or side is left out? If not biased, why do you think so?

What questions do you have about this source?


Create a Propaganda Video/Poster

Create a Propaganda Video/Poster

In groups of 3, create a propaganda piece to persuade the American public to support US involvement in WWII.

Include 3 or more reasons why the U.S. should support the war effort/fight.

Utilize persuasive techniques from the video.

In groups of 3, create a propaganda piece to persuade the American public to support US involvement in WWII.

Include 3 or more reasons why the U.S. should support the war effort/fight.

Utilize persuasive techniques from the video.

Propaganda Video/Poster Rubric

Propaganda Video/Poster Rubric

Rules of WarRules of WarEssential Question: When, if

ever, is killing justified?Learning Objective: Evaluate which

military actions, targets, & casualties are justifiable during war time. Create a list of rules or limitations of warfare.

Essential Question: When, if ever, is killing justified?

Learning Objective: Evaluate which military actions, targets, & casualties are justifiable during war time. Create a list of rules or limitations of warfare.

When if ever is killing justified?

When if ever is killing justified?Are there any rules or limitations on warfare?

Individually rate the following military targets, casualties & actions during war time as 1=totally unacceptable or 5= totally acceptable.

Move around the room to indicate your level of agreement with each.

In groups discuss reasons for your response. Select a spokesperson to shares the groups

logic with the class. Create a class list of rules or limitations during

war. This criteria will be used determine whether or

not US actions during WWII were justified.

Are there any rules or limitations on warfare?Individually rate the following military targets,

casualties & actions during war time as 1=totally unacceptable or 5= totally acceptable.

Move around the room to indicate your level of agreement with each.

In groups discuss reasons for your response. Select a spokesperson to shares the groups

logic with the class. Create a class list of rules or limitations during

war. This criteria will be used determine whether or

not US actions during WWII were justified.

Evolution of WarfareEvolution of Warfare

Guiding Question: How has warfare evolved over time as society becomes more civilized?

Identify the key differences between total war and just war and be able to answer the question, “How should civilized nations conduct themselves during war time?”

Guiding Question: How has warfare evolved over time as society becomes more civilized?

Identify the key differences between total war and just war and be able to answer the question, “How should civilized nations conduct themselves during war time?”

A Brief History of WarA Brief History of War

What is total war?Total War in the Ancient World: (3rd Century B.C.E)Fighting extended far beyond the battlefield.Not only were soldiers killed, but women & children

were typically enslaved.The land livestock, & possessions of the defeated were

divided among the victors as war booty.

What is total war?Total War in the Ancient World: (3rd Century B.C.E)Fighting extended far beyond the battlefield.Not only were soldiers killed, but women & children

were typically enslaved.The land livestock, & possessions of the defeated were

divided among the victors as war booty.


Carthaginian Peace= “utter destruction” of the enemy

Carthaginian Peace= “utter destruction” of the enemy

Punic WarsPunic Wars

Roman Republic defeated Carthaginians were stripped of their colonies & their navy & were forced to pay large sums of gold & silver to Rome. Sold the defeated Carthaginians into slavery & plowed the fields with salt.

Roman Republic defeated Carthaginians were stripped of their colonies & their navy & were forced to pay large sums of gold & silver to Rome. Sold the defeated Carthaginians into slavery & plowed the fields with salt.

A Brief History of WarA Brief History of WarWhat is a just war?Just war of the

Middle AgesUnjust war- Private

wars of aggression seeking personal gain

Just War- fought to resist attack, restore peace, punish evil doers, avenge injuries, prevent injustice, or promote the interest of the church.

What is a just war?Just war of the

Middle AgesUnjust war- Private

wars of aggression seeking personal gain

Just War- fought to resist attack, restore peace, punish evil doers, avenge injuries, prevent injustice, or promote the interest of the church.


Just war of the Middle AgesPeace of God Movement (989)- called on Christians

to refrain from attacking priests & livestock as well as women, peasants, merchants, persons on their way to church, mills, vines, seeds, & farm equipment

Just war of the Middle AgesPeace of God Movement (989)- called on Christians

to refrain from attacking priests & livestock as well as women, peasants, merchants, persons on their way to church, mills, vines, seeds, & farm equipment


Truce of God (1017) -prohibited fighting from Sunday afternoon until daybreak on Monday later included Thursdays, Fridays, & church holidays

“A Christian who slays another Christian sheds the blood of Christ” (1054)

Truce of God (1017) -prohibited fighting from Sunday afternoon until daybreak on Monday later included Thursdays, Fridays, & church holidays

“A Christian who slays another Christian sheds the blood of Christ” (1054)

A Brief History of WarA Brief History of WarWhat is chivalry?What does it mean to be chivalrous?

What is chivalry?What does it mean to be chivalrous?

A Brief History of WarA Brief History of War1600’s Dutch scholar

creates the distinction between “combatants” & “Non-combatants”

What are enemy combatants?

Combatants: take direct part in the armed conflict or fighting

Non-combatants: Sick, ill, injured/wounded, disabled, medical personnel, “outside the fight”

1600’s Dutch scholar creates the distinction between “combatants” & “Non-combatants”

What are enemy combatants?

Combatants: take direct part in the armed conflict or fighting

Non-combatants: Sick, ill, injured/wounded, disabled, medical personnel, “outside the fight”

Prior to Napoleonic Wars: (1600-1795)Prior to Napoleonic Wars: (1600-1795)

Small armies staffed by foreign mercenaries. Soldiers more likely to die from disease & poor

sanitation than battlefield action.

Small armies staffed by foreign mercenaries. Soldiers more likely to die from disease & poor

sanitation than battlefield action.

A Brief History of WarA Brief History of WarNapoleonic

Wars: (1796-1815)

Huge national armies of an entire city or kingdom took up arms

Crops & livestock confiscated to support the military

Napoleonic Wars: (1796-1815)

Huge national armies of an entire city or kingdom took up arms

Crops & livestock confiscated to support the military

A Brief History of WarA Brief History of WarPost Napoleonic Wars: Karl Von Clausewitz a

military theorist from Prussia writes an influential book on the military significance of the morale of the civilian population.

Military action is justified if it destroys the will of the enemy.

Post Napoleonic Wars: Karl Von Clausewitz a

military theorist from Prussia writes an influential book on the military significance of the morale of the civilian population.

Military action is justified if it destroys the will of the enemy.

A Brief History of WarA Brief History of WarSt. Petersburg Declaration (1868) certain

bullets are outlawed as inhumane.1899-1907 Hague Conference reinforced

distinction between civilian & military targets.

Article 25: Prohibited the bombardment of towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings that are undefended.

Article 27: All necessary steps must be taken to spare, as far as possible, buildings dedicated to religion, art, science, charitable purposes, & hospitals.

St. Petersburg Declaration (1868) certain bullets are outlawed as inhumane.

1899-1907 Hague Conference reinforced distinction between civilian & military targets.

Article 25: Prohibited the bombardment of towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings that are undefended.

Article 27: All necessary steps must be taken to spare, as far as possible, buildings dedicated to religion, art, science, charitable purposes, & hospitals.

A Brief History of WarA Brief History of WarWhat were new technologies used during

WWI?Submarines, naval blockades, & aerial

bombardments extended fighting beyond the front lines.

World War (1914-1918) Technological advances & new military strategies heightened the death toll on civilians & soldiers.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) outlawed war as a national policy

What were new technologies used during WWI?

Submarines, naval blockades, & aerial bombardments extended fighting beyond the front lines.

World War (1914-1918) Technological advances & new military strategies heightened the death toll on civilians & soldiers.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) outlawed war as a national policy

A Brief History of WarA Brief History of WarRead the U.S. War Department: 1940

Principles of WarWhat assumption was the code based on?What constitutes a “civilized” nation? Who

determines that & how? Should these rules apply to non-civilized nations?

What 3 principles should guide the conduct of U.S. soldiers?

What did you find surprising? Do you agree or disagree with this code of

conduct? Explain why or why not.Should there be any exceptions to the

code? If so, under what conditions & when?

Read the U.S. War Department: 1940 Principles of War

What assumption was the code based on?What constitutes a “civilized” nation? Who

determines that & how? Should these rules apply to non-civilized nations?

What 3 principles should guide the conduct of U.S. soldiers?

What did you find surprising? Do you agree or disagree with this code of

conduct? Explain why or why not.Should there be any exceptions to the

code? If so, under what conditions & when?

U.S. Code of Conduct (1940)

U.S. Code of Conduct (1940)

“Among civilized nations the conduct of war is regulated by certain well-established rules known as the rules or laws of war.”

1. Military necessity-use any force necessary to compel the complete submission of the enemy in the least amount of time with the littlest lost of money and fewest cost.

2. Humanity-prohibits unnecessary violence

3. Chivalry-forbids resorting to dishonorable means or conduct

“Among civilized nations the conduct of war is regulated by certain well-established rules known as the rules or laws of war.”

1. Military necessity-use any force necessary to compel the complete submission of the enemy in the least amount of time with the littlest lost of money and fewest cost.

2. Humanity-prohibits unnecessary violence

3. Chivalry-forbids resorting to dishonorable means or conduct

Exit ticketExit ticket

How should civilized developed nations conduct themselves during wartime?

How should civilized developed nations conduct themselves during wartime?

Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective

Guiding Question: How has warfare evolved as society becomes more civilized?

Identify the differences between total war and just war and be able to explain how civilized nations should conduct themselves during wartime.

Guiding Question: How has warfare evolved as society becomes more civilized?

Identify the differences between total war and just war and be able to explain how civilized nations should conduct themselves during wartime.

U.S. Response to Civilian Bombings

U.S. Response to Civilian Bombings

FDR condemns Nazi bombing raids on civilian centers

“The ruthless bombing from the air of civilians in unfortified centers of populations…has sickened the hearts of every civilized man and woman, and has profoundly shocked the conscience of humanity…I am therefore addressing this urgent appeal to every government which may be engaged in hostilities publicly to affirm its determination that its armed forces shall in no event, and under no circumstances, undertake bombardment from the air of civilian populations.” President Franklin D. Roosevelt

FDR condemns Nazi bombing raids on civilian centers

“The ruthless bombing from the air of civilians in unfortified centers of populations…has sickened the hearts of every civilized man and woman, and has profoundly shocked the conscience of humanity…I am therefore addressing this urgent appeal to every government which may be engaged in hostilities publicly to affirm its determination that its armed forces shall in no event, and under no circumstances, undertake bombardment from the air of civilian populations.” President Franklin D. Roosevelt

DilemmaDilemmaStaging air raids in

daylight hours allowed the Allies to distinguish between military targets & residential areas, but left them vulnerable to German attack.

How should the Allies stage bombing raids at night which is safer for Allied pilots but less accurate and increase the risk of hitting civilian targets?

Staging air raids in daylight hours allowed the Allies to distinguish between military targets & residential areas, but left them vulnerable to German attack.

How should the Allies stage bombing raids at night which is safer for Allied pilots but less accurate and increase the risk of hitting civilian targets?

Strategic BombingStrategic Bombing

Read Strategic Bombing in World War II.

1. What is strategic bombing?2. Why do you think that neither Churchill nor

Roosevelt told their people about the extent or intent of Allied bombing campaigns?

3. What does “uncompromising terms of unconditional surrender” mean?

4. Do you think the Allies could have won the war without bombing heavily populated civilian areas?

Read Strategic Bombing in World War II.

1. What is strategic bombing?2. Why do you think that neither Churchill nor

Roosevelt told their people about the extent or intent of Allied bombing campaigns?

3. What does “uncompromising terms of unconditional surrender” mean?

4. Do you think the Allies could have won the war without bombing heavily populated civilian areas?

Allied DecisionAllied DecisionBritain decided in favor of night time

attacks.Strategic bombing- dropping bombs on

large areas such as cities rather than narrowly defined targets such as military bases.

High explosive bombs- destroy buildings, splinter wood framed structures

Incendiary bombs- start & spread firesFirestorm formula (carpet bombing)=

high explosive bombs + incendiary bombs

Britain decided in favor of night time attacks.

Strategic bombing- dropping bombs on large areas such as cities rather than narrowly defined targets such as military bases.

High explosive bombs- destroy buildings, splinter wood framed structures

Incendiary bombs- start & spread firesFirestorm formula (carpet bombing)=

high explosive bombs + incendiary bombs

Results of Firestorm Bombing in Hamburg Germany

Results of Firestorm Bombing in Hamburg Germany

Temperatures rose to 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, asphalt melted, bodies were shrunken to blackened bundles. 45,000 civilians perished in one night

American newspapers generally did not report the civilian casualties in the Axis countries

Temperatures rose to 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, asphalt melted, bodies were shrunken to blackened bundles. 45,000 civilians perished in one night

American newspapers generally did not report the civilian casualties in the Axis countries

Exit TicketExit Ticket

Is strategic bombing of civilian areas a military necessity or morally unjustified? Explain.

Is strategic bombing of civilian areas a military necessity or morally unjustified? Explain.

Objectives: Objectives:

Guiding Question: Why was the German invasion of the Soviet Union arguably Hitler’s biggest mistake?

Explain the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad as a critical turning point in the war.

Guiding Question: Why was the German invasion of the Soviet Union arguably Hitler’s biggest mistake?

Explain the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad as a critical turning point in the war.

Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Invasion of Soviet

Union

Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Invasion of Soviet

Union

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941

• 3,000,000 German soldiers.

• 3,400 tanks.

Predicting Responses: The Invasion of the Soviet

Union

Predicting Responses: The Invasion of the Soviet

Union• How do you think your country will respond

to the invasion of the Soviet Union?• Students will be assigned to one of six

countries based on row• Read the summary of what happened• Predict how your assigned country

responded• Share predictions with class• Review actual response

• How do you think your country will respond to the invasion of the Soviet Union?

• Students will be assigned to one of six countries based on row

• Read the summary of what happened• Predict how your assigned country


The Axis Powers in 1942

The Axis Powers in 1942

Battle of Stalingrad:1942-1943


German Army

Russian Army

1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men

10,290 artillery guns

13,541 artillery guns

675 tanks 894 tanks

1,216 planes 1,115 planes

Read the Battle of Stalingrad & complete the graphic organizerhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=6gjU3voCEN8&feature=related



Where: Soviet Union When: Aug 1942-Feb

1943 Between: Germany &

Soviet Union Who Won: Soviets # of casualties:

1,100,000 Soviets 750,000 Germans Why Important:

Turning point in the war. The Soviets began to move east towards Germany.

Where: Soviet Union When: Aug 1942-Feb

1943 Between: Germany &

Soviet Union Who Won: Soviets # of casualties:

1,100,000 Soviets 750,000 Germans Why Important:

Turning point in the war. The Soviets began to move east towards Germany.

What Happened: Germany attacked the industrial city named after Stalin.

How Won: The Soviets launched a counter attack & surrounded the German military

What Happened: Germany attacked the industrial city named after Stalin.

How Won: The Soviets launched a counter attack & surrounded the German military

http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-stalingrad/videos#world-war-ii-battle-of-stalingrad

European Theater of Operations

European Theater of Operations

ObjectivesObjectives

Guiding Question: How was Operation Overlord a turning point during World War II?

Explain the significance of Allied D-Day invasion as a turning point in the war.

Guiding Question: How was Operation Overlord a turning point during World War II?

Explain the significance of Allied D-Day invasion as a turning point in the war.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQE8veSWq9khttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQE8veSWq9k

Warm UpWarm UpRead Eisenhower’s

speech & answer the following questions.

Read Eisenhower’s speech & answer the following questions.

Predicting Responses: Operation Overlord

Predicting Responses: Operation Overlord

• How do you think your country responded to the plan to launch Operation Overlord?




• How do you think your country responded to the plan to launch Operation Overlord?




D-Day (June 6, 1944)D-Day (June 6, 1944)Which

countries are involved in the invasion?

Where are they invading?

What body of water do they cross?

How were they going to invade?

Which countries are involved in the invasion?

Where are they invading?

What body of water do they cross?

How were they going to invade?

Normandy Landing June 6, 1944

Normandy Landing June 6, 1944

Higgins Landing Crafts

American soldiers wading through water into Nazi machine-gun fire on the coast of France. (Saving Private Ryan video clip)American soldiers wading through water into Nazi machine-gun fire on the coast of France. (Saving Private Ryan video clip)

What are the soldiers wearing & carrying?

What obstacles do they face?

How might they have felt?

American troops invading German occupied Normandy, France.American troops invading German occupied Normandy, France.

At Utah Beach, members of an American landing party help others whose landing craft was sunk by the Germans off the coast of France.

At Utah Beach, members of an American landing party help others whose landing craft was sunk by the Germans off the coast of France.

Medics help an injured American soldier.

Medics help an injured American soldier.

Crossed rifles in the sand placed as a tribute to this fallen soldier.

Crossed rifles in the sand placed as a tribute to this fallen soldier.

D-Day NoteD-Day Note"Our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone."

"Our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone."

Allied Advance into France

Allied Advance into France

American General Omar Bradley unleashed massive air and land bombardment against the Germany at St. Lo thus creating a gap in the German defense lines.

Young German soldiers, waving white handkerchiefs, surrender to the Americans at St. Lo

American General Omar Bradley unleashed massive air and land bombardment against the Germany at St. Lo thus creating a gap in the German defense lines.

Young German soldiers, waving white handkerchiefs, surrender to the Americans at St. Lo

TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944

Charles De Gaulle in Triumph!

Liberation of France, 1944

Exit TicketExit Ticket

How was Allied D-day invasion a turning point in the war?

How was Allied D-day invasion a turning point in the war?

ObjectiveObjective

Guiding Question: Summarize the key events leading

up to Germany’s surrender and the end of World War II in Europe.

Guiding Question: Summarize the key events leading

up to Germany’s surrender and the end of World War II in Europe.

The long, endless procession of German POWs after the fall of Aachen, Germany October 1944.

The long, endless procession of German POWs after the fall of Aachen, Germany October 1944.

The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive

Dec. 16, 1944to

Jan. 28, 1945

Last German offensive

Broke through American supply lines

German SS captured 120 Americans & shot them with machine guns & pistols

Germans lost 120,00 troops, 600 tanks, & 1,600 planes

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, along with U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and Soviet Leader Josef Stalin

Attend the conference at Yalta. February 1945.

Yalta: February, 1945• Big Three discussed fate of Germany & post war

world• Soviets want harsh treatment of Germany, divided

into 4 Allied occupied zones.• Churchill wants a strong Germany as a buffer

against Soviets • FDR wants quick Soviet

entry into Pacific war.• FDR & Churchill concede • Stalin needs buffer, FDR &

Stalin want spheres of

influence and a weak Germany.• FDR argues for a ‘United Nations’.

Yalta: February, 1945Yalta: February, 1945

Divided Germany into 4 Allied occupied zones (British, French, Soviet, US)

Stalin promised free elections in Poland Soviet occupied countries.

Stalin agreed to join the war in Japan.

Divided Germany into 4 Allied occupied zones (British, French, Soviet, US)

Stalin promised free elections in Poland Soviet occupied countries.

Stalin agreed to join the war in Japan.

Roosevelt’s DeathRoosevelt’s DeathVice

President Harry S. Truman becomes the 33rd President

Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes the 33rd President

April 12, 1945 president Franklin Delano Roosevelt had a stroke while posing for a portrait in Georgia & died.

US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:

April 25, 1945

Italian Fascist Dictator

Benito Mussolini &

His Mistress,Claretta Petacci

Are Hung in Milan, April 29,

1945http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

File:Execution_of_Mussolini_(1945).ogg

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945

The Führer’s Bunker

Cyanide & Pistols

Mr. & Mrs.

Hitler (Ava

Brown)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p92hZ1ye8A

Germany SurrendersGermany Surrenders

• General Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations Staff in the German High Command, signs the document of unconditional surrender at General Eisenhower's Headquarters in Reims, France, May 7, 1945.

• On Jodl's left is Admiral Von Friedeburg of the German Navy, and on his right is Major Wilhelm Oxenius of the German General Staff.

• General Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations Staff in the German High Command, signs the document of unconditional surrender at General Eisenhower's Headquarters in Reims, France, May 7, 1945.

• On Jodl's left is Admiral Von Friedeburg of the German Navy, and on his right is Major Wilhelm Oxenius of the German General Staff.

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

General Keitel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gc5gHEyGdw8

Exit Ticket

The fighting in Europe is over, but the war in the Pacific rages on. The military must decide which soldiers will return to safety in America and which will be sent to fight in the Pacific. What criteria should the military use to determine who gets to come home and who has to continue the fight?

ObjectiveObjective

Guiding Question: What was fighting like in the Pacific?

Guiding Question: What was fighting like in the Pacific?

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Japanese were

depicted as vicious & heartless in the American press, radio, & films

Political cartoons portrayed them as apes, monkeys, & vermin

American hatred of Japanese shaped US policy of total annihilation of Japan.

Japanese were depicted as vicious & heartless in the American press, radio, & films

Political cartoons portrayed them as apes, monkeys, & vermin

American hatred of Japanese shaped US policy of total annihilation of Japan.

Japanese Advances in Asia

According to the map, which countries were conquered by Japan?

Japan attacked Hong Kong, French Indochina, Burma, Thailand, & much of China, Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, etc.

Pacific Theater of Operations

U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,

the Philippines [March, 1942]80,000 American & Filipino troops surrender to the Japanese in the Philippines.

FDR ordered General Douglas MacArthur to leave.

MacArthur vows, “I shall return.”

Bataan Death March: April, 1942

American soldiers who surrendered were treated mercilessly by their Japanese captures.

76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines.

7,000 POWs died

The Burma Campaign

The The ““Burma Burma RoadRoad””

General Stilwell General Stilwell Leaving Burma, Leaving Burma,

19421942

Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942

Battle of the Coral Sea:May 7-8, 1942

American & Australian troops stopped the Japanese advance to Australia

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

Americans broke the Japanese Naval code & knew that they were going to target Midway.

Japanese lost four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, & 250 planes

A turning point in the Pacific War.

Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

What island served as a jumping-off point for several Pacific battles?

How do you think the distances between the Pacific Island affected US naval strategy?

Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the Philippines!

[1944]

US Marines on Mt. Suribachi,

Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]Most heavily defended island with 20,700 troops

More then 6,000 marines dies taking this island.

http://www.pacificwarmuseum.org/flash/intro_low.swf

Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests

The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bombs

By Jackie White

Learning Objective:Learning Objective:

Guiding Question: Was the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki a military necessity or morally unjustified?

Understand the reasons why President Harry S. Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki and the effects.

Objective: Be able to write a five paragraph essay evaluating whether the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki a military necessity or morally unjustified utilizing evidence from the documents to support your claim.

Guiding Question: Was the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki a military necessity or morally unjustified?

Understand the reasons why President Harry S. Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki and the effects.

Objective: Be able to write a five paragraph essay evaluating whether the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki a military necessity or morally unjustified utilizing evidence from the documents to support your claim.

Warm Up: Warm Up:

What did scientist successfully detonate on July 16, 1945?

What were the effects of the testing?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=AcmxLVGd4wE

What did scientist successfully detonate on July 16, 1945?

What were the effects of the testing?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=AcmxLVGd4wE

The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos, NM

Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

“I am become death,

the shatterer

of worlds!”

“I am become death,

the shatterer

of worlds!”

Major GeneralLesley R. Groves

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcmxLVGd4wE

Truman Diary EntryTruman Diary EntryRead the excerpt from Truman’s Diary on

July 25, 1945 What decision did Truman make that day?What was the intended target?Why did he feel it was necessary?How did Truman describe the Japanese?How might that influenced his decision?How might this document answer the

question, “Was the bombing militarily necessary or morally unjustified?

Read the excerpt from Truman’s Diary on July 25, 1945

What decision did Truman make that day?What was the intended target?Why did he feel it was necessary?How did Truman describe the Japanese?How might that influenced his decision?How might this document answer the

question, “Was the bombing militarily necessary or morally unjustified?

Potsdam Conference Potsdam Conference

Potsdam Conference:July, 1945

• FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference.

• Stalin only original.• The United States

has the A-bomb.• Allies agree Germany

is to be divided into occupation zones

• Poland moved around to suit the Soviets.

P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin

Potsdam DeclarationPotsdam DeclarationIn groups of 4 read a process for group document

study in historySelect/assign each group member a roleRead the Potsdam DeclarationAnswer the following questions: Who is we?What do they believe should happen?What do they threaten will happen if the proposal

is rejected?What are two terms of the declaration Is the declaration fair? Why of why not.Does it contain any mention of nuclear weapons ?How does this document help you answer the Q?

In groups of 4 read a process for group document study in history

Select/assign each group member a roleRead the Potsdam DeclarationAnswer the following questions: Who is we?What do they believe should happen?What do they threaten will happen if the proposal

is rejected?What are two terms of the declaration Is the declaration fair? Why of why not.Does it contain any mention of nuclear weapons ?How does this document help you answer the Q?

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam ConferenceWho is we? The US, Soviet Union, China, & Great BritainWhat do they believe should happen? Give Japan an opportunity to end the warWhat do they threaten will happen if the proposal is rejected? “Prompt & utter destruction”

Potsdam Conference

Is the declaration fair? Why of why not.

Does it contain any mention of nuclear weapons ?

No “utter destruction”

How does this document help you answer the Q?

What are two terms of the declaration?Eliminate emperor & Japanese government leadersAllied occupation of Japanese territoryDisarmament of Japanese militaryTrial of war criminalsIndustries to sustain the economyAllied forces will withdraw when Japan creates a new government

The atomic bombsThe atomic bombs

Little boy-HiroshimaFat man-Nagasaki

Enola Gay CrewEnola Gay Crew

Colonel Paul TibbetsColonel Paul Tibbets

Mushroom cloud over Hiroshima

Mushroom cloud over Hiroshima

August 6, 1945

70,000 people killed immediately

48,000 buildings destroyed

100,000 + died of radiation poisoning and cancer

Hiroshima before Hiroshima before

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.greatdreams.com/war/HiroshimaAnimation-before-after.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.greatdreams.com/war/1945.htm&usg=__jt0vVrBMcmuO_KiUmJBct7dLBPk=&h=325&w=586&sz=110&hl=en&start=4&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=_4ZLOCEXnS4JhM:&tbnh=75&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhiroshima%2Bbefore%2Batomic%2Bbomb%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26tbm%3Disch&ei=n1baTd7cNcrZgAfctPhX

Hiroshima afterHiroshima after

White House Press Release Aug 6, 1945


Read the Press ReleaseWhat happened on August 6,1945 day?What important battle did the Americans

win that helped them win the war?How much did the US spend on research

and building the bomb?What does he pledge to destroy?What is missing or left out of this speech?

Read the Press ReleaseWhat happened on August 6,1945 day?What important battle did the Americans

win that helped them win the war?How much did the US spend on research

and building the bomb?What does he pledge to destroy?What is missing or left out of this speech?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wCmzymAbEs

Start at 11:10


• Read the Press ReleaseWhat happened on August

6,1945 day?• America dropped the 1st

atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.

Why does the atomic bombs power need to be explained?

• It had never been used before and no one knew what it was

When did the US & British began developing the atomic bombs?

• 1940 before the US was in the war

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odx8UdlRSvQ&NR=1

Start at 8:56

http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/294914-1


What reasons does Truman use to justify its use?

The Japanese began the war by attacking at Pearl Harbor

What important battle did the Americans win that helped them win the war?

• The battle of the laboratoriesHow much did the US spend on research and

building the bomb? • $2 billion What does he pledge to destroy?• Japan’s docks, factories, & communications

(ability to make war)


What is missing or left out of this speech? •The effects of the bomb on the civilian populationHow does this document help you answer the question, Was dropping the bomb a military necessity or morally unjustified?

Dropping Leaflets on Nagasaki

August 8, 1945What country will join the US in fighting the Japanese?

The Soviet Union

What was the purpose of the leaflets?

To warn the Japanese to evacuate the city & to surrender or else

When delivered? August 8, 1945

When bombed? August 9, 1945

Enough time to evacuate?

How does this document help you answer the question?

Nagasaki August 9, 1945

Nagasaki August 9, 194540,000 killed

immediately60,000 injured100,000’s died of

radiation poisoning & cancer later

40,000 killed immediately

60,000 injured100,000’s died of

radiation poisoning & cancer later

Japanese A-Bomb Survivors

Truman Speech August 9, 1945Truman Speech August 9, 1945

What does Truman tell the American people Hiroshima was? Why?

What does he warn will happen if Japan does not surrender?

What does he urge Japanese civilians to do?

What time was this message delivered? What time would it have been in Japan?

What does Truman tell the American people Hiroshima was? Why?

What does he warn will happen if Japan does not surrender?

What does he urge Japanese civilians to do?

What time was this message delivered? What time would it have been in Japan?http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/mediaplay.php?id=12165&admin=33

Truman Speech August 9, 1945

What time was this message delivered?•10 PM EST What time would it have been in Japan?•10 AM August 10What was the real purpose of this speech?How does this document help you answer the question?

Japan Surrenders August 14, 1945.Japan Surrenders August 14, 1945.

At the White House, President Harry Truman announces the Japanese Surrender.

At the White House, President Harry Truman announces the Japanese Surrender.

V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

Aug 1945

V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

Aug 1945

Celebrating the Japanese surrender with a kiss.

Celebrating the Japanese surrender with a kiss.

V-J Day September 2, 1945V-J Day September 2, 1945

The Japanese envoy signs the Document of Surrender on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo bay.

The Japanese envoy signs the Document of Surrender on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo bay.

The Beginning of the Atomic Age

The Beginning of the Atomic Age

TimelineTimeline February 2, 1945 Big Three Meet at Yalta Conference July -Aug 1945, Potsdam Conference Soviets, US, Great Britain July 16, 1945 Trinity bomb tested in Almagordo New Mexico July 24, 1945 Truman authorized use of atomic bomb July 25, 1945 Truman talks to Stalin about bomb July 26, 1945 Potsdam declaration broadcast to Japan Aug 2, 1945 Japan contacts USSR Aug 6, 1945 US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima Aug 8, 1945 Stalin declares war on Japan Aug 9, 1945 US drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki Aug 10, 1945 bomb surrenders

http://newstalgia.crooksandliars.com/gordonskene/august-10-1945

Aug 14, 1945 bombing of Tokyo Japan surrenders Aug 17, 1945 New atomic bomb ready 1949 Soviets explode atomic bomb & hydrogen bomb 1950 US explodes hydrogen bomb

February 2, 1945 Big Three Meet at Yalta Conference July -Aug 1945, Potsdam Conference Soviets, US, Great Britain July 16, 1945 Trinity bomb tested in Almagordo New Mexico July 24, 1945 Truman authorized use of atomic bomb July 25, 1945 Truman talks to Stalin about bomb July 26, 1945 Potsdam declaration broadcast to Japan Aug 2, 1945 Japan contacts USSR Aug 6, 1945 US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima Aug 8, 1945 Stalin declares war on Japan Aug 9, 1945 US drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki Aug 10, 1945 bomb surrenders

http://newstalgia.crooksandliars.com/gordonskene/august-10-1945

Aug 14, 1945 bombing of Tokyo Japan surrenders Aug 17, 1945 New atomic bomb ready 1949 Soviets explode atomic bomb & hydrogen bomb 1950 US explodes hydrogen bomb

What can we infer from this timeline?

What should we have done?

What should we have done?

1. We should NOT have used any bombs.2. We should have dropped the first bomb

on an unpopulated area to show the Japanese its power and then dropped the second bomb (on a city) if they hadn’t surrendered

3. We should have used 2 bombs as we did.

4. We should have quickly used more of them before Japan had a chance to surrender.

5. Don’t know

1. We should NOT have used any bombs.2. We should have dropped the first bomb

on an unpopulated area to show the Japanese its power and then dropped the second bomb (on a city) if they hadn’t surrendered

3. We should have used 2 bombs as we did.

4. We should have quickly used more of them before Japan had a chance to surrender.

5. Don’t know

Dec 1945 Survey in Fortune Magazine Results

Dec 1945 Survey in Fortune Magazine Results

1. We should not have used any bombs. 4.5%2. We should have dropped the first bomb on

an unpopulated area to show the Japanese its power and then dropped the second bomb (on a city) if they hadn’t surrendered. 13.8%

3. We should have used 2 bombs as we did. 53.5%

4. We should have quickly used more of them before Japan had a chance to surrender. 22.7%

5. Don’t know 5.5%

1. We should not have used any bombs. 4.5%2. We should have dropped the first bomb on

an unpopulated area to show the Japanese its power and then dropped the second bomb (on a city) if they hadn’t surrendered. 13.8%

3. We should have used 2 bombs as we did. 53.5%

4. We should have quickly used more of them before Japan had a chance to surrender. 22.7%

5. Don’t know 5.5%

Debate Dropping the Bomb

Debate Dropping the Bomb

Read the Pro’s and Con’s on dropping the bomb.

http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:_Bombing_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki

Complete the Discussion Web with a small group.

In your opinion was the dropping of the atomic bombs necessary or morally justified? Explain why or why not by using two reasons to support your perspective.

Read the Pro’s and Con’s on dropping the bomb.


Complete the Discussion Web with a small group.

In your opinion was the dropping of the atomic bombs necessary or morally justified? Explain why or why not by using two reasons to support your perspective.

Did Truman regret his decision?

Did Truman regret his decision?

Read Truman’s Letter 1963According to Truman why did her order the dropping of the bombs? Would he do it again?Was his data accurate?What does it appear may also have been a motivating factor in his decision?

Read Truman’s Letter 1963According to Truman why did her order the dropping of the bombs? Would he do it again?Was his data accurate?What does it appear may also have been a motivating factor in his decision?


Teaching the bomb decision

Teaching the bomb decision

Read the two narratives. How should the dropping of the bomb be

taught in American high schools? Why?

Read the two narratives. How should the dropping of the bomb be

taught in American high schools? Why?

Heroic NarrativeHeroic NarrativeThank God for the atomic bomb! The

conventional or traditional narrative that eulogizes the valor and sacrifices of the American soldiers and applauds the use of the bombs for forcing Japan’s surrender and saving American lives. Emphasizes the political and military aspects of the decision to drop the bomb. Believes in the total war strategy that everyone is a combatant, including men, women, and children and therefore are all acceptable targets during war.

Thank God for the atomic bomb! The conventional or traditional narrative that eulogizes the valor and sacrifices of the American soldiers and applauds the use of the bombs for forcing Japan’s surrender and saving American lives. Emphasizes the political and military aspects of the decision to drop the bomb. Believes in the total war strategy that everyone is a combatant, including men, women, and children and therefore are all acceptable targets during war.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odx8UdlRSvQ&NR=1

Start time 2:23-8:56

Tragic NarrativeTragic NarrativeThe modern narrative that focuses

on the ferociousness and atrocities of dropping the bombs. Emphasizes the personal and individual effects of the bomb by humanizing the Japanese civilians that were killed or injured by the bomb.

The modern narrative that focuses on the ferociousness and atrocities of dropping the bombs. Emphasizes the personal and individual effects of the bomb by humanizing the Japanese civilians that were killed or injured by the bomb.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odx8UdlRSvQ&NR=1 survivor stories

Should the United States apologize to Japan for dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

Should the United States apologize to Japan for dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

Decision to Drop Bomb Project

Decision to Drop Bomb Project

Imagine you are the curator of the American History Museum in Washington DC. You are must create a museum display on the end of World War II and the decision to drop the bomb to educate the American public .

Use iMovie or PowerPoint/Keynote Presentation

Include photographs, diary entries, letters, memorobalia, video clips, music to convey the story you feel the world should now.

Imagine you are the curator of the American History Museum in Washington DC. You are must create a museum display on the end of World War II and the decision to drop the bomb to educate the American public .

Use iMovie or PowerPoint/Keynote Presentation

Include photographs, diary entries, letters, memorobalia, video clips, music to convey the story you feel the world should now.

Design a U.S. postal stamp to commemorate the end of

WWII

Design a U.S. postal stamp to commemorate the end of

WWII

RationingRationing

RationingRationing

TiresCarsBicyclesGasolineFuel oil & keroseneSolid fuelsStovesRubber footwareShoes

TiresCarsBicyclesGasolineFuel oil & keroseneSolid fuelsStovesRubber footwareShoes

Sugar CoffeeProcessed foodsMeatsCanned fishCheeseCanned milkfats

Sugar CoffeeProcessed foodsMeatsCanned fishCheeseCanned milkfats

ObjectiveObjective

Guiding Question: How did World War II transform women’s roles in American society?

Guiding Question: How did World War II transform women’s roles in American society?

Objective: Describe women’s roles during World War II and how they changed due to the war.

Objective: Describe women’s roles during World War II and how they changed due to the war.

Women’s Roles During WWII


What are socially acceptable roles for men & women in society?

What is feminine work?

What jobs are traditionally dominated by males?

What are socially acceptable roles for men & women in society?

What is feminine work?

What jobs are traditionally dominated by males?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sam9wP_uMEA

Leave it to Beaverhttp://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB5TOsS5EyI&feature=related

Good Wife’s Guide

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sam9wP_uMEA

Leave it to Beaverhttp://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB5TOsS5EyI&feature=related

Good Wife’s Guide



Should women be subject to a military draft?Should women serve in the armed forces? Should women serve in combat positions?

Should women be subject to a military draft?Should women serve in the armed forces? Should women serve in combat positions?

What was the role of women during World War

II?


II? Just as the shortage of

manufactured goods was a concern, there was a shortage of civilian labor because of the vast number of men who were in the military.

Who would do this work, especially that which was defense related?

Just as the shortage of manufactured goods was a concern, there was a shortage of civilian labor because of the vast number of men who were in the military.

Who would do this work, especially that which was defense related?


II?


II?The federal

government and the war industries sought to solve the problem partly by employing women to fill the gap.

The federal government and the war industries sought to solve the problem partly by employing women to fill the gap.

Women’s Role During WWII


What is the argument the film presents?

How did the official newsreel & government-produced films construct women’s war jobs & the reasons why women worked?

Rosie the Riveter

What is the argument the film presents?

How did the official newsreel & government-produced films construct women’s war jobs & the reasons why women worked?

Rosie the Riveter



http://vimeo.com/18770076

The Life & Times of Rosie the Riveter

According to the poster what type of jobs were women needed in during the war?

Which of these were considered new jobs/roles for women?

http://vimeo.com/18770076

The Life & Times of Rosie the Riveter

According to the poster what type of jobs were women needed in during the war?

Which of these were considered new jobs/roles for women?



According to the poster, how could women support their men?

According to the poster, how could women support their men?



WWII-era photo showing Dora Miles and Dorothy Johnson at Douglas Aircraft Co. plant in Long Beach, CA.

WWII-era photo showing Dora Miles and Dorothy Johnson at Douglas Aircraft Co. plant in Long Beach, CA.

A ‘Wendy-the-Welder’ in 1940s’ shipbuilding at Richmond, CA.

A ‘Wendy-the-Welder’ in 1940s’ shipbuilding at Richmond, CA.



Women’s Role During WWIIWomen’s Role During WWII











WOST 120WOST 120You are ordered to

appear to a government processing center for finger printing & relocation. Your bank accounts & assets are frozen. You may bring only what you can carry. No further information is available.

You are ordered to appear to a government processing center for finger printing & relocation. Your bank accounts & assets are frozen. You may bring only what you can carry. No further information is available.

Executive Order 9066Executive Order 9066Read Executive

Order 9066 & answer the questions.

What is Executive Order 9066?

Who issued it?When was it

issued?

Read Executive Order 9066 & answer the questions.

What is Executive Order 9066?

Who issued it?When was it

issued?

Japanese American Internment


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OiPldKsM5w

Who created this film? When was it created? Who was the intended

audience? What was the purpose? According to the video

what was life like for the Japanese Americans in internment camps?

Is it reliable?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OiPldKsM5w

Who created this film? When was it created? Who was the intended

audience? What was the purpose? According to the video

what was life like for the Japanese Americans in internment camps?

Is it reliable?

Forcible relocation or whole hearted evacuation?



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmxPo8qSwW8

According to the video what was life like for the Japanese Americans in internment camps?

How were Japanese internment camps set up by the U.S. government during WWII similar to/different from concentration camps set up by the Nazis?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmxPo8qSwW8

According to the video what was life like for the Japanese Americans in internment camps?

How were Japanese internment camps set up by the U.S. government during WWII similar to/different from concentration camps set up by the Nazis?



Young Americans of Japanese descent who have just arrived at an assembly center, wait to have their bags inspected.

Young Americans of Japanese descent who have just arrived at an assembly center, wait to have their bags inspected.

Who are the people in this photograph?

What are the people carrying?

What might they be doing?

How might they feel based on their expressions?



The assembly center at Santa Anita, California, where Japanese-Americans stayed before being moved inland to the relocation center.

The assembly center at Santa Anita, California, where Japanese-Americans stayed before being moved inland to the relocation center.



A relocation center seen during a dust storm. A relocation center seen during a dust storm.

Documents

Decision to drop bomb 2