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DECISION MAKING

Decision making is an important job of a manager.

Everyday he has to decide about doing or not

doing a particular thing. A decision is the selection

from among alternatives.It is the selection of one course of action from two

or more alternative courses of action.



According to George Terry, Decision making

is the selection based on some crieteria from

two or more possible alternative



DECISION MAKING PROCESS

Defining The Problem.

Analysis Of The Problem.

Alternative Course Of Action. Evaluation Of Alternatives.

Experience.

Experimentation. Taking Decision And Following Up.



DEFINING THE PROBLEM

The first step in decision making is to find out the correct

problem. It is not easy to define the problem. It should be

seen what is causing the problem and what will be its

possible solutions. No problem presents itself in a manner

that an immediate decision is taken. If the problem is notcorrectly defined then the efforts and money spent on a

wrong decision will go waste. Moreover, a wrong

problem may create fresh difficulties instead of solving

them.



ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM

After defining the problem, the managershould analyse it. He should collect allpossible information about the problem and

then decide whether it will be sufficient to takea decision or not. Generally, the managercomplain that they seldom get sufficientinformation which they would have liked to

have. Sometimes, it may be costly to haveadditional information or further informationmay not be possible.



ALTERNATIVE COUSE OF

ACTION

Every problem has a number of solutions. Ifthere is only one solution then there is no needfor decision making. A manager must try to

find out various alternatives in order to getsatisfactory results of a decision. Having morealternatives is not a guarantee against wrongdecisions. It should be kept in mind that

alternative solutions are no guarantee ofwisdom or of the right decision. But atleastthey prevent one making wrong decision.



EVALUTION OF ALTERNATIVES

After developing various alternatives, the next

step is to evaluate them and select the right

one. The pros and cons of different proposals

should be foreseen. The desirable and

undesirable consequences of adopting each

consequence should be tested. This exercise

will enable the manager to see the riskinvolved In each course of action.



EXPERIENCE

The oftenly repeated proverbs like history repeatsitself or experience is the best teacher provide helpin decision making. The past experience acts as aguide. The difficulties faced and problemsencountered earlier can be well judged and correctivemeasures can be taken in advance. The pastexperience should not blindly be relied upon. In case,the situations in the past and at present are similar

then earlier alternative may be selected. But theremay be a change in the situation and the old decisionmay not hold good in future.


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EXPERIMENTATION

Experimentation is used in scientific enquiry. The

alternatives are put to actual practice and the one

giving better results is selected. Experimentation ,

however, is not possible in management. It will becostly to put every alternative to practice. However, it

may be used in a limited way. For example, when a

new product is put in the market, it can be marketed

in a limited area to see the reaction of consumers. Itwill always be better to take decision on the basis of

facts, study, analysis of results etc.



TAKING DECISION AND

FOLLOWING UP

When various alternatives are properly evaluated, then

a final decision is taken. The decision is

communicated to the concerned persons for action.

The implementation of a decision will require thecooperation of subordinates. They should be properly

briefed about various aspects of the decision.

It is not enough to take a decision, it should also be

seen weather it is properly implemented or not.

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