Deciding Where to Deploy Solid-State Storage Devices_hb_final

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1EDITORS NOTE

2FOUR USE CASES WHEN SSD ARRAYS ARE THE RIGHT SOLUTION

3FIND THE BEST SPOT FOR FLASH SSD STORAGE

4WHEN USING SSD IS A BAD IDEA

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Deciding Where to Deploy Solid-State Storage DevicesSolid state storage can be deployed in a storage array alongside traditional hard disk drives, as an all-flash array, as a separate caching appliance, or in the a server using a PCIe card. Each approach has pros and cons which must be weighed before deploying a solution.

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Four Use Cases When SSD Arrays

Are the Right Solution

Find the Best Spot for Flash SSD Storage

When Using SSD Is a Bad Idea

2 DEC ID ING WHERE TO DEPLOY SOL ID-STATE STORAGE DEVICES

1EDITORS NOTE Where to Deploy Flash

Enterprise-class flash storage iskindofatechWildWestrightnow.Theresalotgoingonandthetechnologyisnotfullymatured.Standardsareemergingnow,butthereisalotofproprietarystuffonthemarket,manyofthevendorsaresmallstart-upsthatmayfailorbeboughtbybiggerstoragecompa-nies,andthereareanumberofplacesyoucandeployflasheachwithitsownbenefitsanddrawbacks.Youcantdomuchaboutthefirsttwoissues

excepttowaitforthingstoshakeout.However,youcanandshouldbestrategicaboutwhereyoudeployflashinyourenvironment.Probablythemostobviouswaytodeploy

flashisusinganHDDformfactorsolid-statedrive.Theseareusedinsomestoragearraystodaythesecanbeall-flasharraysorhybridarrayswithflashalongsidetraditionalhard

drives.AnotheroptionistouseHDDformfactorflashSSDsasTier0storageinamulti-tierNASorstoragearray.Youcanalsodeployflashinacacheappliancethatsitsinfrontofanexistingstoragearray.TheseappliancesmayemployPCIeorHDDformfactorflash.Finally,youcandeployPCIeflashSSDstoragecardsascacheorstorageintheserver,orascacheinastoragesystem.InthisDrillDownonwheretodeploysolid-

statestorage,discovertheprosandconsofalltheseoptions,effectiveusecasesforsolid-statestorage,andexamplesofwhenflashisnottherighttoolforthejob.Ifyouareconsideringinvestinginsolidstatestorage,thisDrillDownisgreatplacetostart.n

Andrew BurtonSenior Site Editor, SearchSolidStateStorage.com

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2FOUR USE CASES Four Use Cases When SSD Arrays Are the Right Solution

SSD arrays are oftencalledTier0,SSDtier,orcachetier.AnSSDarraysolvestheI/Oproblemofaggregatethroughputwithoutre-sortingtomassivenumbersofspindlesandin-efficientlypopulatedHDDs.All-SSDstoragearraysareoftenoverlooked

intheirownright.Thesestandalonedevicesprovideadditionalbenefits,suchasoptimizeddatalocationandtheflexibilityofdevice-independentdeployment.Theydoaddagroupofdevicestobemanaged,sothebenefitsmustoutweightheaddedadministrationandmain-tenance.HerearefourusecaseswhereanSSDarraymightbejusttherightsolution.

nUse case #1: Front end-virtualized for inter-nal cloud storage.Organizationsreducecostsbyincreasinglyusinglower-costTier3(SATA)storage,especiallyforinternalclouds.Unfor-tunately,thethroughputofthesehigh-capac-ity,low-performancedrivesmaynotdeliver

sufficientI/O.Inthesesituations,ITman-agersshouldconsidersolid-statearraysandautomated-tieringsoftwaretomanagethedatamovementbetweentiers.

nUse case #2: Data location for file services.GlobalorganizationsusingcommonfilestocollaboratecanuseSSDarraystopositionthedatageographicallyorsimplyelevateittothefastesttierformaximumthroughput.Largefilestypicallyusedingeographicdispersedcol-laborationthatwouldgreatlybenefitfromSSDaccelerationincludeengineeringdocumentsorvideodevelopmentfiles.ForInternetcontentproviders,thismayincludevideofiles,musicfilesorotherdownloads.

nUse case #3: VDI boot storms.Manyorga-nizationsbootvirtualdesktopinfrastructure(VDI)serversfromnetworkstoragetoensureacommonimage,aswellassimplifyupdatesand

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2FOUR USE CASES maintenance.WithstandardHDDarrays,theresultingtrafficjamduringrushhoursyieldssufficientlypoorperformancethatsomeorga-nizationsshiedawayfromthepractice.SSDsexceptionalrecursivereadperformancemakesitaperfectwaytobeatthebootstorm.

nUse case #4: Hybrid cloud.Hostinginfre-quentlyusedinformationonpubliccloudstor-agecanbeanexcellentwaytoreducethecostofmaintainingthisdata.However,thelatencyofthisconfigurationmaybeunacceptable.BypositioninganSSDarrayinthehomedatacen-tertocachehotdatafromtheremotecloud,ITorganizationscanhavethebestofbothworldson-premiseshigh-performancestor-ageandmassivestoragecapacityoffsite.Ofcourse,thenetworkinterconnectrequiresre-dundancytoensurefullavailability.Inallimplementations,SSDsolvesthe

I/Odata-deliveryproblem.Thetricktoget-tingthedesiredresultsisdeterminingexactlywherethatproblemexists.Moreover,simplyincreasingaggregatedatathroughputwithoutconsideringpossiblecountervailinglatencyin-troducedbynetworkconnectionsmayresultinalotofmoneyspentwithoutalotofgain.IfthepotentialusesofTier0andSSDarrays

soundsimilar,theyare.Thedifferencebetweenthemisdatalocation.Whendevicesarewithinthesamedatacenter,Tier0islikelytofulfilltherequirementswithoutaddingmoredevicestomanage.WhileSSDarrayscanalsomeettheperformancerequirementswithindatacenters,theyaremostapplicableforfacilitatingrapiddataaccesswhendevicesaregeographicallydi-verse.So,itboilsdowntotwoconsiderations:timeanddistance.Addressthosetwoconsider-ationsandyoureonthewaytotherightdeci-sion.Phil Goodwin

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3BEST SPOT FOR FLASH SSD Find the Best Spot for Flash SSD Storage

There are six differentflashSSDstor-ageimplementationstoday.Eachisprimarilyaimedatreducinglatency,improvingperfor-manceinIOPSandthroughput,whilesecond-arilyaimedatreducingstoragetotalcostofownership(TCO).

PCIE FLASH CARDS AS SERVER CACHE OR STORAGEPuttingtheflashSSDPCIecardlocallyintheserveronthePCIebusputsthecacheclosertotheapplication.Therearenoadapters,trans-ceivers,networkcables,switchesorstoragecontrollersinthepath.Theshortdistancere-duceslatency,speedingupallI/Ooperations.Thisiswhythesecardsaretypicallycalledapplicationacceleratorsinsteadofstorageac-celerators.ThistypeofflashSSDisprimarilyblock-based.Whenusedascache,itrequiresadditionalsoftwarethatreliesuponpoliciesto

movedataintoandoutofthecache,suchasfirst-in,first-out.

nPros:Lowestlatenciesbetweenapplicationsandstorageorstoragecaching.Makesasig-nificant,noticeableandquantifiabledifferenceforhigh-transactionalandhigh-performanceapplications,suchasonlinetransactionpro-cessing(OLTP),onlineanalyticalprocessing(OLAP),graphicsrendering,genomeprocessingandproteinanalysis.

nCons:HighCPUresourceuse,rangingfrom5%to25%.Ithasrelativelylowcapacities,althoughtheFusion-ioInc.ioDriveOctalhas10TBpercardinadouble-widePCIedevice.Cardsarenotshareableamongmultiplephysi-calserverswithoutadditionaloptionssuchasSanDiskCorp.sFlashSoftcachingsoftwareorQLogicCorp.sFabricCacheQLE10000FibreChannelhostbusadapter.

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3BEST SPOT FOR FLASH SSD Eachphysicalserverrequiresoneormorecards.Notusefulforvirtualserversexceptascachewithcachingsoftwarebecausevirtualmachine(VM)portabilityandresiliencere-quiressharedstorage.Cachingsoftwarelicens-ingisonaper-physical-serverbasis.Mostofthecachingsoftwareisblockstorage,makingitsomewhatuselessinfilebasedstorageorappli-cations.IntelCorp.sIntelCacheAccelerationSoftwareistheexception.Cardmanagementisonaper-cardbasis,increasingadministratormanagementtasksresultinginahighTCO.

nBest fits:Well-suitedforhigh-performancecomputingclusterswhereperformanceim-provementsinnanosecondstomicrosecondsarehuge.OthersolidfitsincludeOLTP,OLAP,businessintelligence,socialmedia,genomeprocessing,proteinprocessing,graphicsren-dering,security,facialrecognitionandseismicprocessing.

PCIE FLASH CARDS AS SAN OR NAS CACHEPCIeflashSSDstoragecardsprovidestor-agesystemsalower-cost,higher-capacity

andslightlyless-performingextensionofthesystemsDRAM.Itsastorageaccelerator.Al-gorithmsdeterminelessfrequentlyaccesseddata,whichisquicklymovedfromthesystemsDRAMtotheflashPCIeSSDcache.ThePCIeSSDcacheactsasanextensionoftheDRAM.Administratorssetpoliciesforthesecaches,

determiningwhattypeofdatashouldbere-tainedorpinnedinflashcache(datanotevictedfromthecache).TheuseofPCIeflashSSDsascachereduceslatencytoandfromthestoragesystembyreducingdiskI/Owhensat-isfyingreadrequestsand,inthecaseofNAS,metadataaswell.

nPros:Reduceslatenciesfromapplicationstosharedstorage.Itworkswellwithvirtualserv-ers,virtualdesktopinfrastructure(VDI),VMportability,andVMresilience.Itsshareableamongphysicalandvirtualserversandrequiresnoserverresources.

nCons:Flashcacheissize-limitedbyavailablestoragesystemPCIeslots.Usersexperiencein-creasedlatenciesandexcessiveresponsetimesbecausemorefrequentcachemissesrequire

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3BEST SPOT FOR FLASH SSD requeststogetthedatafromtheHDDs.Anygivenstoragesystemsflashcachecannotbesharedbyanyotherstoragesystemwithoutseparatephysicalorsoftwaresolutions.ThemostsevereperformancebottleneckismostoftenthestoragesystemsCPU.AsCPUuti-lizationelevates,sodoeslatencyanduserre-sponsetimes.UsingaPCIeSSDasaSANorNAScachetendstohaveanexpensiveTCO.

nBest fits:Well-suitedforvirtualserversandVDI.Goodatprovidingaboosttoheavytraf-ficapplicationssuchasMicrosoftExchange.Itdoeswellatacceleratingdatabaseswhenin-dexesandhotfilescanbepinnedtothecache.

SSD FLASH AS STORAGE ARRAY CACHEHDDformfactorflashSSDstoragecacheisfunctionallysimilartoPCIeflashSSDstorageascache.Itsastorageacceleratorwithsimilaralgorithms.InsteadofgoingintothecontrollerasPCIeSSDcardsdo,HDDformfactorSSDsgobehindthestoragecontrollerinHDDslots.Sittingbehindthecontrollermeanshigherca-pacitiesbuthigherlatencies.

nPros:Reduceslatencyfromapplicationstosharedstorage.Workswellwithvirtualservers,VMportability,andVMresilience.Itsshare-ableamongmultiplephysicalandvirtualserv-erswhileconsumingnoserverresources.IthaslowerTCOperGBthanthePCIeformfactor.

nCons:CapacitiesarelargerthanPCIeflashSSDs,butlimitedbybothflashSSDcapacitiesanddisk-controllerperformancelimitations.Usersexperienceincreasedlatenciesandexces-siveresponsetimesbecausecachemissesoc-curmorefrequently,redirectingrequeststotheHDDs.Astoragesystemsflashcachecannotbesharedbyanyotherstoragesystemwithoutseparatephysicalorsoftwaresolutions.Themostsevereperformancebottleneckiscom-monlythestoragecontroller,whichincreaseslatencyanduserresponsetimes.

nBest fits:Well-suitedforvirtualserversandVDI.Goodatprovidingaboosttovirtualenvi-ronmentsandheavytrafficapplications,suchasMicrosoftExchange.Itdoesagoodjobatac-celeratingdatabaseswhenindexesandhotfilescanbepinnedtothecache.

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3BEST SPOT FOR FLASH SSD SSD FLASH AS TIER 0 STORAGETier0storageissimilartoHDDformfactorflashSSDstorageascache.ThedifferenceisinhowtheHDDformfactorflashSSDistreated.Itmakesflashfunctionasthehigh-perfor-mancestoragetierorthestoragelocationforthehottestaccesseddata.Itisalsodesignatedasthetargetfordataassociatedwithapplica-tionsrequiringveryquickresponsetimesandlowlatency.AsthedataonTier0agesandac-cessbecomeslessfrequent,auto-tieringsoft-waremovesthedatatoalower-performing,lower-costHDDstoragetier.

nPros:Reduceslatenciesfromapplicationstosharedstorage.Itworkswellwithvirtualservers,VMportabilityandVMresilience.Itsshareableamongmultiplephysicalandvirtualservers.Itrequiresnoserverresources.IthaslowerTCOperGBthanthePCIeformfactor.Itcanredistributeworkloadsinamannerthatre-ducesthetotalnumberofHDDswithoutcom-promisingperformanceorcapacity.CapacityisshiftedtoslowerhighercapacityHDDswhileperformancerequirementsarepointedatTier0HDDformfactorflashSSDs.

nCons:CapacitiesarelimitedsimilarlytoHDDformfactorflashSSDcache.Aswork-ingsetsgrowalongwithgeneraldatagrowth,thereisdiminishingabilityforthatlimitedTier0tokeepupwithdemand.Moreapplica-tionsanduserswillbepointedatslowerstor-agetiers.Usersexperienceincreasedlatenciesandexcessiveresponsetimes.Similartootherimplementations,HDDformfactorflashSSDsonlybenefitthestoragesysteminwhichtheyareinstalled.Themostsevereperformancebottleneckiscommonlythestoragecontrol-ler,increasinglatencyanduserresponsetimes.Auto-tieringsoftware,whichcanbecostly,addstothestoragesystemscontrollerutiliza-tionload,furtherimpingingonperformance.Auto-tieringsoftwaretendstomovedataonlyinadownwarddirection(DellCorp.sCompel-lentAutomaticTieredandX-IOTechnologiesHyperISEaredistinctexceptions).

nBest fits:Well-suitedforvirtualserversandVDI.GoodatprovidingaboosttoheavytrafficapplicationssuchasMicrosoftExchange.TheyaregoodatacceleratingdatabaseswhereindexesandhotfilesarenevermovedoutofTier0.

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3BEST SPOT FOR FLASH SSD SSD FLASH AS ALL-SSD ARRAYImplementingapure-HDDformfactorall-flashSSDstoragesystemprovidesmuchlowerlatencies,andhigherIOPSandthroughputwhileeliminatingcachingortieringrequire-ments.All-SSDstoragesystemshaveenor-mousperformanceandsimplicityappeal.MostleverageSSDperformancetoincludesomeformofdatareduction,suchasdeduplicationandlosslesscompression.Systemandflashspeedarefastenoughthatapplicationsandus-erstypicallydontnoticetheadditionaldatareductionlatency.

nPros:Reduceslatenciesfromapplicationstosharedstorage.Havingonlyonestoragetiereliminatescomplicatedstoragetieringsoft-ware.Workswellwithvirtualservers,VMportability,andVMresilienceandshareableamongmultiplephysicalandvirtualserv-ers,consumingnoserverresources.HDD

eliminationprominentlyreducespowerandcooling.Combiningpowerandcoolingsavingswithdatareductioncapacitysavingsprovidesanet-effectiveGBTCOinlinewithmanyHDDstoragesystems,whereascostperIOPSorthroughputisconspicuouslybetter.

nCons:Scalabilitytendstobelimitedtolessthan500TBrawstorageandsomecases,muchless(SolidFireInc.sstoragesystemisanexcep-tionthatscalestoapetabyteofrawstorage).Thebottleneckwiththistypeofstoragesystemisthestoragecontrollerutilization.Ascontrol-lerutilizationelevates,sodoeslatencyanduserresponsetimes.

nBest fits:Well-suitedforvirtualserverandVDIenvironments.Goodatprovidingaboosttovirtualenvironmentsandheavytrafficap-plicationssuchasMicrosoftExchange.Itdoesagoodjobatacceleratingdatabases.Any

Implementing a pure-HDD form factor all-flash SSD storage system provides much lower latencies, and higher IOPS and throughput while eliminating caching or tiering requirements.

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3BEST SPOT FOR FLASH SSD applicationrequiringalotofperformanceandcapacitythatsmorethancanbefoundineithercachingortieringisagoodfit.Datacenterswithlimitedpowerandcoolingavailabilityarealsoagoodfit.

PCIE CARDS OR SSD FLASH IN A NETWORKED CACHING APPLIANCECachingappliancessitnon-disruptivelyonthestoragenetworklogicallybetweenclientsandthestoragesystems.Cachingappliancesareprimarilyreadand

metadataforNASonly.TheyareloadedupwitheitherPCIeflashcardSSDsorHDDformfactorSSDs.Capacitiestendtobelessthan30TB.Theseappliancesarepurpose-builtforcaching.Therearefourdifferenttypesofcaching

appliances:

1.Dumb(severelylimitedstoragesystemsoftwaresuchassnapshot,thinprovi-sioning,datareduction,replication,etc.)non-appawareblock-basedaccelerationap-proach(ViolinMemoryInc.,TexasMemory

Systems(nowIBM),EMCCorp.Thunder,andAstuteNetworksInc.).

2.File-baseddumbnon-appawarevariation(AvereSystemsInc.).

3.IPnetworkintelligentpacketinspectionthatcachesappropriatedatatotheappli-ance(CacheIQ,nowpartofNetAppInc.).

4.File-basedapplicationreadandmetadataaccelerationcachingappliance(AlacritechInc.sANX1500accelerationapplianceandNetAppsStorageAccelerationappli-ances).Filesarestoredontheappliancebasedonreadfrequency.Asfrequencydeclines,theyreremoved.Metadataisalsokeptontheappliance.Typically,thistypeofcachingproducesthelowestfilelatencies.

nPros:Reduceslatenciesfromapplicationstosharedstorage.Cachingappliancesarethemostleverageableandshareablewithphysi-calservers,virtualserversandmultiplestoragesystems.Thefile-basedapplicationreadand

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1 1 DEC ID ING WHERE TO DEPLOY SOL ID-STATE STORAGE DEVICES

3BEST SPOT FOR FLASH SSD metadataaccelerationapproachreducesNFSandTCP/IPlatencies,makingboththereadsandmetadataalotfaster.Alltheappliancetypesreducecontroller

loadontheback-endstoragesystems,enablingmoreback-endstoragecontrollercyclesformodern-daystoragefunctions,whichimpro-vesoverallperformance.TCOtendstobethelowestwiththistypeofflashSSDwhilethecostperIOPSorthroughputisequivalent.

nCons:Scalabilitytendstobelessthan10TBrawstorageinsomecases.Itisanothersystemthatsitsbetweenserversandstorage,making

troubleshootingabitmorecomplicated.Forfilecaching,itworksbetterwithNFSthanCIFS.

nBest fits:Well-suitedforvirtualserverandVDI.IdealforloweringoverallstoragecostswhileincreasingIOPSandthroughput.GoodfitforHPC(block),rendering(file),genomeandproteinsequencing.

Onefinalnote:Onesizeortypeofflashstor-agedoesnotfitall.Bepreparedtoimplementdifferentflashstoragevariationstosolvedif-ferentproblemsandapplicationrequirements. Marc Staimer

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4BAD SOLID-STATE STORAGE USES When Using SSD Is a Bad Idea

Solid-state storage (SSS) hasestab-lisheditspositioninthedatacenter.NearlyallmajorvendorsspecifyaTier0intheirbest-practicearchitectures.Companiesareusingserver-sidesolid-statedisks(SSDs)toenhanceserverperformance,andstorage-sideSSDseliminatesboot-stormbottlenecks.Aswithmosttechnologies,itsasimportanttoknowwhennottouseitasitiswhentouseit.Herearesomecaseswherenottousesolid-statestorage.

nDont use SSS when applications are not read-intensive.Solid-statestorageisbrilliantforread-accesstimes.ItcanoutperformHDDby10Xormore.Thereisnofreelunch,how-ever,asSSSlosesallitsbenefitsinthewritecategory.Writesnotonlylag,theyalsowearouttheSSSmemorycells.Memorycellshaveanaveragewritelifeafterwhichthecellsbegintoburnout(seeyourvendorfordetailsofits

specificsystem).Ascellsfail,overallperfor-mancedegrades.Eventually,theSSSmustbereplacedtorestorefullperformanceandweallknowSSSisnotcheap.Somevendorsdoofferextensivewarranties.Sowhatisthemagiclineforaread/write

ratio?Thereprobablyisntone,butstartwith90/10asideal.Applicationrequirementsmaydictateacompromiseinthisregard,butknow-ingpermitsITmanagerstomakeaconsciousdecision.Iftheratioisbelow50/50,thenobvi-ouslyanHDDwouldbeabetterchoice.Here,fromanapplicationperformanceper-

spective,theSSSreadperformanceisoffsetbytheinferiorwriteperformance.Finally,ifSSSisneededforreadperformance

butwritesareanissue,considersomeofthevendorsthatemploywear-levelingmecha-nismsandminimizewrite-amplificationtoreducetheimpact.Solid-statestoragesizeisalsoafactor.GoingcheapontheSSSincreases

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4BAD SOLID-STATE STORAGE USES thrashingasitreducesthechancesofarecur-siveread.

nDont use SSS when data access is highly random. SSSissometimereferredtoascache-tierandthenameisapropos.Fundamentally,itisacachethateliminatestheneedtoper-formafetchtoahard-drivewhenthedataiscache-resident.Applicationswithhighlyran-domaccessrequirementssimplywontbenefitfromSSSthearraycontrollerdirectsthereadtotheHDDandtheSSSbecomesanexpensewithlittlebenefit.

nDont use general-purpose SSS in highly virtualized environments.OK,thisonewillgeneratesomecontroversybecausetherearesomereallygoodusecasesforSSSwithvirtualmachines(VMs),suchasbootstorms.However,manyVMsaccessingthesameSSSresultsinhighlyrandomdatapatterns,atleastfromasto-rageperspective.WhenhundredsofVMsare

readingandwritingfromthesamestorage,onemachineisconstantlyover-writingtheother.However,thereareSSSsolutionsdesignedspe-cificallyforvirtualenvironments,whichiswhytheresageneralpurposecaveat.

nDont use server-side SSS for solving storage I/O bottlenecks. Server-sideSSSisfundamen-tallyservercache,whichsolvesaprocessingproblemandevenanetworkbandwidthprob-lem.SpreadingSSSacrosshundredsofphysi-calservers,equippingeachserverwithitsownSSS,mayindeedhelpwithI/Obottlenecks,butitsnotnearlyaseffectiveasthesameaggre-gatecapacityinastoragetier.

nDont use Tier 0 for solving network bottle-necks.Ifthenetworkinhibitsdatadelivery,itsobviousthatoptimizingthestoragesystembe-hindthenetworkdoeslittlegood.Server-sideSSSmayreducetheneedtoaccessthestoragesystemandreducethenetworkdemand.

If the network inhibits data delivery, its obvious that optimizing the storage system behind the network does little good.

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4BAD SOLID-STATE STORAGE USES nDont deploy consumer-grade SSS for enterprise applications. SSDismanufacturedinfourgrades:single-layercell(SLC),multi-layercell(MLC),enterprisemulti-layercell(eMLC)andtriple-layercell(TLC).MLCisconsideredconsumer-gradeflashandfoundinmostoff-the-shelfapplications.Ithasalifespanof3,000-10,000writeoperationspercell.TLCisalsoconsideredconsumer-gradeflash,

butitslifespanisevenshorterthanMLC,withonly800to1,000writeoperationspercell.SLC,orenterprise-grade,hasalifeofupto100,000writeoperationspercell.eMLCattemptstostrikeabalancebetweenpriceandperformance,offeringaround30,000writespercellbutatalowerpricepointthanSLC.Caveatemptor,asyougetwhatyoupayfor. Phil Goodwin

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PHIL GOODWIN is a storage consultant and freelance writer.

MARC STAIMER is the founder, senior analyst and CDS of Dragon Slayer Consulting in Beaverton, Ore. Marc can be contacted at [email protected].

ABOUT THE

AUTHORS

Deciding Where to Deploy Solid-State Storage DevicesisaSearchSolidStateStorage.come-publication.

Rich Castagna | Editorial Director

Andrew Burton | Senior Site Editor

Ed Hannan | Managing Editor

John Hilliard | Associate Site Editor

Todd Erickson | Features Writer

Linda Koury | Director of Online Design

Neva Maniscalco | Graphic Designer

Jillian Abbott | Publisher [email protected]

TechTarget 275GroveStreet,Newton,MA02466

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2013TechTargetInc.Nopartofthispublicationmaybetransmittedorre-producedinanyformorbyanymeanswithoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.TechTargetreprintsareavailablethroughTheYGSGroup.

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