Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Decentralized Coastal Zone Management in the

Southeast Asian Region: Tales from Three Countries

Hendra Yusran SiryThe United Nations- Nippon Foundation Fellowship 2006 - 2007

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, defenses, transportation, mining, and communication. Decentralization on coastal zone management is required, especially for tropical coastal environment. Community-based management should be encouraged to ensure the proper management of coastal resources.

UNNFF Inaugural Asia-Pacific Alumni Meeting Tokyo, Japan 13-16 April 2009

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

1. Introduction

2. Study Areas

3. Analyses

4. Lessons Learned

Overview of presentation

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Kuala Lumpur

Jakarta

Manila

Tokyo

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Introduction

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Why decentralized CZM?

• local dynamic and uniqueness of coastal zone required local management and solutions • uniform and centralistic approaches for managing coastal zone in many cases did not match with the local coastal issues.• limited capacity and capability of central government to take the same level of management • devolve responsibility, authority and resources

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Source: (Brillantes 2001)

Governance structure changes from the 20th to the 21st century

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

What is decentralized CZM?“combination of decentralization and CZM concepts”

……is an approach intended to maximize performance of delegated authority and responsibility for managing coastal zone through a cooperative process, building trust and common understanding with strong political will, strengthening local government capacity and enhancing upward and downward accountability mechanisms in handling multiple users, interests and stakeholders in coastal zone.

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Study Areas

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

MALAYSIA

PHILLIPPINES

INDONESIA

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

RepublicUnitary republicConstitutional monarchy federation

Type of government

$ 1,300$ 1,280$ 4,960GNI Per capita

80 %60 %70 %Percentage of population on the coast

83.1 million220.6 million25.3 millionTotal population

PhilippinesIndonesiaMalaysia

General

Source: Cicin-Sain and Knecht (1998) and World Bank (2005)

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Regulatory, planning and participatory

Regulatory, planning

RegulatoryType of approach to CZM

IUU fishing, habitat destruction, marine pollution, resources conversion,

IUU fishing, habitat destruction, marine pollution, resources conversion, coral mining

Erosion, mangrove loss, coral reef destruction, land-based pollution

Major coastal issues

First top-down, then bottom-up

Combination top-down & bottom-up

Top-down, bottom-up

Overall approach to CZM

PhilippinesIndonesiaMalaysia

Source: Modified from Cicin-Sain and Knecht (1998)

Coastal zone management overview

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Governance Index

++++++Regulatory quality

++++++Control of corruption

++++++Political stability

++++++Voice and accountability

PhilippinesIndonesiaMalaysia

+++ = betterSource: Based on “Governance Matters V Governance Indicators for 1996-200” by Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Analyses

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

CZM in Malaysia

• Current federal system maintains centralistic system;• Rhetoric federalism policies are common;• Administrative practices are delegated by federal to state and local governments;• Local governments are instruments of centralized authority than independent managers;• Local governments are effectively just provider of federal policies and services; • As result, it is unlikely to see decentralization/devolution as an alternative.

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

CZM in Indonesia

• Political transition, just begin the decentralization process;• Establishment the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF);• By law (32/2004 and 27/2007), coastal zone and small island management become new administrative task for local government; • Asymmetric responses and awareness• Lack of local government’ capacities and capabilities;• Decentralized CZM is vital approach on managing coastal zone and small island

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

CZM in Philippines• Local Government Code (LGC) 1991 provides mandate to devolve CZM to local government• Fairly uncommon devolution of powers and responsi-bilities on CZM to local governments (asymmetric responses and awareness)• 25 years experience on CZM initiatives which much focus on NGO-led community-based program• Exploring and experimenting with the new systems of governance• Challenges and opportunities in decentralized CZM • Delivering CZM as a basic service: big challenge

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Analysis of CZM in three countries

1. Multi sectors in CZM2. Ego-sectoral (stove piping) still exist.3. Law ambiguity and contradiction. 4. Conflict jurisdiction and interest5. Dealing with on-going coastal resources degradation:

· resources degradation · IUU and destructive fishing · over fishing; overexploitation· destruction and mining of coral reefs· erosion and accretion, tsunami, flooding· sand mining, bauxite and tin mining mangrove conversion· oil spill, ballast water, fouling organism· pollution and sedimentation of estuary

6. Necessity to have integrated and decentralized approaches

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Less power influences from upper level. Rely on the initiative and capacity of lower level to manage

One way: bottom-upLocal entrepreneurship

Two ways with more concern to local capacities, resources and solutions. Special treatments apply for experimentation.

Two ways; bottom up and top down

Devolved experimentation

Two ways with the partnership treatment

Two ways; bottom up and top down

Cooperative devolution

Direct from upper level to lower level, but more diverse

One way; treated the lower level as the regulating agents

Coercive devolution

Direct from upper level to lower level of government

One way; top-downClassic deconsentration

Flow of powerLevel of relationshipType

Where we are now?

Malaysia

Indonesia

Philippines

More decentralized

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Lessons Learned

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Lessons Learned (1)

1. Decentralized CZM brings some implications;• institutional changes, • human resources, • financial issues, • policy on resources management

2. Key factors = effective and efficient functioning of government

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Lessons Learned (2)

3. Creating the enabling conditions:• adequate legal and policy framework• improved capacity of law enforcement• building durable institutions beyond leadership change• educating multiple stakeholders at different levels of involvement• avoiding misperception of decentralization (decentralization # jurisdiction)

4. The role of central government is an essential (political will, assistance, partnership, etc)

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Thank you

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management

Further information

Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, transportation, mining, and communication. These multiple uses combined with rapid economic and industrial growth in recent decades have attracted an increasing percentage of population to live in coastal

areas. The increasing number of population with its related consequences has resulted in depleted and degraded coastal and marine resources, like what has happened in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Ignorance of the role of community in implementing integrated coastal management