Decentralised Sanitation- Tiyali Bose

Decentralized Sanitation

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U N D E R T A K I N G

I, Tiyali Bose, the author of the independent assessment paper titled Decentralized Sanitation: A

Study of Some of the Selected Slums in Varanasi, hereby declare that this is an independent work

of mine, carried out towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award

This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any degree/diploma.

Tiyali Bose

Date:

Place:


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CONTENTS

Content Page Number

Acknowledgement 3

List of Figures 4

List of Maps 5

Introduction 7

Objectives 8

Methodology and Data Sources 9

Limitation 9

Sanitation 11

Varanasi 18

Slums of Varanasi 28

District Urban Development Agency 29

Case Study 43

Conclusion 44

FMFE Recommendation 47

References 48


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would first like to take this opportunity to thank the GIZ authorities, Dr. Regina Dube, Aparna

Das, Saswat Bandhopadhyay, Jessica, Anja, and Sweta for giving me an opportunity to participate

in this youth exchange programme.

I am sincerely grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Rana Pratap Bahadur Singh, the BHU co-

coordinator of the programme, Prof. R. S. Upadhyay and my mentor, Mr. P. K. Das and all the

officials of DUDA, Mrs. Anjali Shyamal, Mr. L.K. Malviya and Mr. Shukla.

I would also like to thank my friends who have supported and helped me at various stages of the

preparation of this independent assessment paper- Pathik Ray, Nibedita Banerjee, Shrestha Saha,

Debapriya, Anju, Mohan, Dipankar, Atanu, Swati, Ruchi, Abhirup and Shobha.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my parents and all the slum dwellers of Sweeper‘s

Colony, Durgakund and Harijan Basti, Nariya.


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LIST OF MAPS

Map 1- Location Map of Varanasi

Map 2- Physiographic and Drainage Map of Varanasi

Map 3- Slum Map of Varanasi

Map 4- Satellite Imagery Showing the Location of the Two Surveyed Slums

Map 5- Satellite Imagery Showing the Sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund

Map 6- Satellite Imagery Showing the Harijan Basti, Nariya

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1- Line Graph Showing the monthly Maximum And Minimum Temperature of

Varanasi

Fig.2- Line Graph Showing the Monthly Wind Velocity in Varanasi

Fig.3- Bar Graph Showing the Mean Monthly Rainfall of Varanasi

Fig. 4- Line Graph Showing the Monthly Relative Humidity in Varanasi

Fig. 5- Chart Showing the Administrative Structure of DUDA

Fig. 6- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Types of Houses in the Surveyed Slums

Fig. 7-Composite Bar Graph showing the number of Rooms Per House

Fig. 8- Layout of a House in Sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund

Fig. 9- Layout of an House in Harijan Basti, Nariya

Fig. 10- Pie Chart Showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Households at

sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund

Fig. 11- Pie Chart Showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Households at Harijan

Basti, Nariya

Fig. 12- Composite Bar Graph showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Types of

Houses

Fig. 13- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Kind of Toilet Facility Available in the

Surveyed Slums

Fig.14- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Type of Toilet Facilities in Various Types of

Houses in the Slums


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INTRODUCTION

Development of an area with the span of time is a natural process and thus inevitable is the

migration of people from the less advanced to the more advanced areas in search of better job

opportunities, education facilities, living conditions. The rapid urbanization and industrialization

process has resulted a huge influx of migrants to the cities which not only adds to the ‗spilling‘

population woes of the city, but also leads to one of the major side- effects of urbanization-

SLUMS.

‗A slum connotes an extreme condition of blight in which the housing is so unfit as to constitute a

menace to the health and morals of the community‘ (R.E. Dickinson). According to the Slum

Areas Improvement and Clearance Act, 1957, enacted by the Central Government, slums are

defined as, ―any pre- dominantly residential area, where the dwellings by reason of dilapidation,

over- crowding, faulty arrangement of design, lack of ventilation, light or sanitary facilities or any

combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morals.‖ Even though the above

two definitions gives a detail accounting of the nature and characteristics of slums, they fail to

point the reason for formation of slums. High amount of rural to urban migration is one of the

major reasons for the formation of slums. Large number of the rural inhabitants migrate to the city

in search of job and better living conditions (which they lack in their villages), but when they do

arrive in the city, most of them fail to afford the high cost of living in a city and thus form small

enclaves along the road or encroach upon any waste and empty land available.

The major problem faced by slum dwellers all over the world and that especially in India are

related with sanitation issues. According to WHO, "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of

facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. Inadequate sanitation is a

major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant

beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word 'sanitation' also

refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and

wastewater disposal.‖

India is urbanizing at a very fast pace and along with this, the slum population is also increasing.

India's urban population is increasing at a faster rate than its total population. The slum population

is constantly increasing: it has doubled in the past two decades. The current population living in

slums in the country is more than the population of Britain. India's slum-dwelling population rose

from 27.9 million in 1981 to over 40 million in 2001.

As per the 2001 census of India, 640 towns spread over 26 states and union territories have

reported existence of slums. This means one out of every four persons reside in slums in our cities

and towns. The NSSO survey in 2002 has identified 51,688 slums in urban areas of which 50.6%

of urban slums have been declared as "notified slums."


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Among the urban poor, the slum dwellers are the poorest. The very definition of slums points at

the acute drinking water and sanitation crisis for the slum dwellers. A slum in India is defined as

'a cluster inside urban areas without having water and sanitation access'.

The National Sample Survey Organization survey conducted in 2002 found that in 84% of the

notified slums the main water source is through tap water supply. But these numbers mask

differences across the states of India. In Bihar none of the slums get water via the tap.

In Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh less than 35% of slums get tap water. Nearly 44% of

non-notified slums do not have a drainage system of any type whereas only 15% of notified slums

do not have a drainage system.

A similar picture emerges in the case of latrines. Nearly half of the non-notified slums do not

have a latrine of any type. In contrast only 17% of notified slums do not have a latrine. However,

the past few years have seen significant improvements in water and sanitation situation in slums.

But, that is not a source of solace as there is still a vast number of slum dweller to be provided

these basic facilities. This growing slum population and the lack of basic facilities will badly

impact on India‘s overall target achievement in water and sanitation sector.

The city Varanasi is just no exception. The major problem of most of the slums of Varanasi is

access to toilet, disposal of solid as well as waste water disposal and proper housing facilities. As

per the JNNURM CDP report on Varanasi, the key issues that need to be addressed in the slums

of Varanasi are:

1. Open defecation by the slum population due to lack of provision of CTCs and IHHLs.

2. Lack of piped water supplies in the slum areas leading to high dependence on ground

water and other sources.

3. Lack of means of waste disposal leading to open dumps which leads to clogging of drains

and act as breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

4. Lack of sense of ownership among the residents due to which facilities are looked down

upon as something that has been provided by the government and that it is the

government‘s responsibilities to ―run‖ the CTCs.

5. Provision of CTCs and water supply lines to slum dwellers.

This assessment paper deals with the major problems with special emphasis on the sanitation

related problems of two selected slums of Varanasi, Sweeper‘s Colony and Harijan Basti, located

at Durgakund and Nariya respectively.


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OBJECTIVES

Slums are a very serious issue to the present governing system especially now in this 21st century

when slogans like ―Slum Free Cities‖ are being used. Slums can never be easily done away with

instead these backward areas can be worked upon, developed and the basic facilities available (if

any) to the inhabitants can be improved. The major objectives for taking up this topic for studying

are as follows:

i. Nature and Extent of the slums in the area.

ii. To study and examine the present sanitation conditions of the slum dwellers

iii. To suggest some remedies that will help in improving the present living conditions of the

slum dwellers.

METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES

The complete study may be divided into three phases:

i. Prior to field survey- The phase prior to field survey dealt mainly with studying of

literature for background study of the topic. It involved the studying of various published

and unpublished articles on this topic, reading various Acts and policies formulated and

executed by the administration and their various reports like the JNNURM report,

Detailed Project Report of Varanasi. This phase also included the period of collection of

secondary data from various sources like the Census of India and also from various

government agencies like the District Urban Development Agency (DUDA). The area to

be studied, the sample size, the parameters to be taken into account for conducting the

study was also decided during this period.

ii. The Field Survey- During the field survey, a questionnaire was prepared for individual

household survey after which a household survey was conducted. Also, a layout map was

prepared for both the surveyed slums.

iii. Post- field survey- Finally, the post field survey phase included the evaluation of the

collected field sample, its comparison with the published data; preparing a detailed report

and the formulation of a simple, do- able proposal for the studied area.


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LIMITATIONS

Inadequacy of data- Especially due to time constraint, one of the major limitations faced

was lack of complete information or data. Often, the data available was either too old or if

a recent data, it was incomplete or not properly classified as per the requirements of the

survey.

Hesitation among slum dwellers to answer questions- This has been one of the biggest

problem while conducting the field survey. The slum dwellers often refused to answer

questions like those related to income especially. Also, the politically- powerful and the

higher income grouped slum inhabitants suppressed the views of the less powerful. These

people often tried to influence the views of the less powerful and tried to impose their own

personal view upon the others.

Time and resource constraint- The sample size of the survey had to be kept small and the

result of the data analysis may thus fail to reflect the final perspective.


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SANITATION

The Earth was home to 6 billion people in 2000: 1.1 billion of them lacked safe water and 2.4

billion lacked adequate sanitation. As a consequence, water- and sanitation-related diseases are

widespread. Nearly 250 million cases are reported every year, with more than 3 million deaths

annually—about 10,000 a day. Diarrheal diseases impact children most severely, killing more

than 2 million young children a year in the developing world. Many more are left underweight,

stunted mentally and physically, vulnerable to other deadly diseases, and too debilitated to go to

school.

Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with

the hazards of wastes. Hazards can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of

disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes,

domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, and greywater), industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes.

Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage and

wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal

hygiene practices (e.g. simple hand washing with soap).

According to National Foundation of USA, ―Sanitation is a way of life‖. World Health

Organization, 1970, defines environmental sanitation as the control of all those factors in man‘s

physical environment which exercise or may exercise deleterious effect in his physical

development, health and survival. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic

conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human

urine and faeces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving

sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and

across communities. Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization has generated a series of complex

problems ranging from housing, sanitation and environmental pollution, the quality of life

affecting the moral and social attitudes and urban life. Urban sanitation includes:

Water Supply

Safe disposal of Human Waste

Disposal of Waste Water and Solid Waste

Control of Vector of Diseases

Domestic and Personal Hygiene

Food

Housing

The problems of unsanitary conditions emerged more seriously only after 1960‘s due to fast

growth of urban population in the developing countries. Rural to urban drift for the sake of better

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_promotion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_prevention

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_washing


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income and standard of life is rapid due to which urban services face the challenge with one

additional 1085 million people requiring access to sanitary services by 2015(WHO, UNICEF,

2000).

The World Bank estimates that almost 26% of the global urban population, over 400 million

people, lack access to the simplest latrines (World Bank, 2000).

At the same time many low income settlements lack adequate drainage and solid waste collection

services. The legal sanitation problems have drawn our attention to the environment of untreated

urban waste which pollutes ground water and surface water.

Importance of Sanitation:

Health- Good sanitation is a pre- requisite of healthy cities, protecting people from a range

of excreta related diseases, which are likely to be chronic in some areas, and have the

potential to reach epidemic proportions in the absence of adequate household waste

disposal arrangements.

Convenience and Privacy- People living in poor or unserviced areas are likely to value the

increased convenience and privacy associated with improved sanitation.

Livelihood- Healthy people are stronger and less likely to be absent from work because of

sickness and therefore benefit from increased earnings and reduced expenditure on health

care.

Environment- Discharge of untreated excreta into the environment causes widespread

pollution. A failure to develop effective solutions to excreta disposal stores up massive

environmental problems for the future which once started are difficult and expensive to

reverse.

Economy- The positive impact of improved sanitation on individual livelihoods and the

environment helps to maintain wider economy so that improved sanitation has potential

economic for both individual households and economy as a whole.


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VARANASI

Varanasi (popularly called Banaras or Kashi), records a settlement history since 800 BC.

However, the present city has grown mostly during the early 18th

century. Varanasi acquired the

status of a million plus city in 1991 and recorded a population of 1,231,220 in 2001, thus ranked

23rd

in the hierarchy of million plus cities in India. There are 3000 Hindu sanctuaries, 1350

Muslim shrines. Existence of 6 universities and 300 similar institutions makes the place a ―City of

Learning‖.

The city has two remnants of a holy past: the first being Rajghat plateau, where the archeological

findings of wares date back to the period of very existence of urban settlement and the second is

Sarnath, where Buddha gave his first sermon, ―Turning the wheel of law‖ in 528 BC. Later during

3rd century King Ashoka built a monastery township there, which continued its existence till 12th

century and was later destroyed. Since ancient times the natural and cultural landscapes of the city

have retained an active social role in contemporary society closely associated with the traditional

way of life. The city is a place of pilgrimage and thus a major tourist spot all over the world.

According to the Tourist Bureau of Varanasi, approximately 680.5 thousand tourists visited the

city in the year 2010. The city still survives with all its traditions in spite of several downfalls and

upheavals. Being the holiest city of Hinduism, the impact of the religion is found everywhere in

the city – the clanging of the bells, the chant of Sanskrit hymns, and the colored powders that are

sold in a myriad roadside shops which later decorate the foreheads of the devotee gives the city an

aura of its own. Apart from these, silk weaving and sari making, metal, wood and terracotta

handicrafts, toy making, particular painting forms, etc., comprise the continuity of historical and

cultural tradition. Varanasi is famous for its fairs and festivals with respect to variety, distinction,

time, sacred sites, performers, viewers and sideshows.

The vividness and multiplicity, diversity and unity are easily envisioned in its religion, culture,

society and economy- altogether making a cultural mosaic, in which festivities and performances

play a major role in maintaining its intangible heritages.


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Location and Extent

Varanasi city located in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India lies between the 25015‘ to 25

022‘ North

latitude and 82057‘ to 83

001‘ East longitude. The River Ganga flows south to North having the

world famous Ghats on its left bank.

Map 1- Location Map of Varanasi

Source- JNNURM Report

The highest flood level of river Ganga was 73.90m (1978) and the lowest river water level is

approximately 58m. It is at an elevation of 80.71 meters above mean sea level.


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Physiography and Drainage

Geologically it is situated in the fertile alluvial Gangetic plains and is under laid with sediments

deposited in successive stages. Layers of clay, fine sand, and clay mixed with kankar and stone

Map 2- Physiographic and Drainage Map of Varanasi

Source, James Princep, 1879

bazari is met with during drilling operations. A ridge runs almost 200m to 400m away from the

western bank of Ganga and the area between the river and the ridge slopes towards the river

Ganga. The general ground level varies from RL 71 m to 80m. The city is 76.21m above the sea

level. The highest level is found in the north- eastern position over the area known as the Rajghat

plateau with a height of 83.29m above the mean sea level. The city has three typical high points

almost like the three prongs of Shiva‘s ‗Trishula‘. The opposite bank of Ganga is characterized by

low lying area. So, thus there is very little possibility of the expansion of Varanasi on the opposite

banks of Ganga further the abnormality in the physiographic of the city poses many problems in

the planning and development of the city particularly with regard to water supply and drainage.


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With vast expanse of gently undulating plain, most of the area beyond the ridge slopes towards

the river Assi in the South and towards Varuna River in the North. Ganga is the main river

flowing along the city of Varanasi, and is joined by two tributaries namely, Varuna and Assi.

Varuna continues to flow but river Assi has turned into a nalla and very little water flow through

it except during the rainy season. There are numerous streams that join these rivers at different

places; many of which appear near Main River and flow only as a sub-surface flow.

Climate

Though latitudinal situated in sub-tropical continental interior region, the climate of Varanasi as

that of entire India is mainly controlled by monsoon which indicates a seasonal rhythm of

weather. This seasonal change in atmospheric conditions results in availability of ground and

surface water condition and also the quality of drinking water.

Table 1- Climatic condition of Varanasi, 2005

Month

Temperature

(in degree Celsius) Relative Humidity (%)

Wind

Velocity

(in knots)

Rainfall

(in mm) Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum

January 20.85 9.4 72.87 45.24 4.01 4.61

February 25.54 12.08 64.00 55.62 4.30 3.74

March 32.26 19.24 48.03 42.11 3.86 0.31

April 39.45 21.34 38.38 24.21 4.42 0.01

May 42.04 29.87 40.09 26.61 4.72 0.01

June 43.34 28.45 57.83 39.66 5.97 2.58

July 35.36 25.85 83.43 63.20 6.86 57.69

August 33.36 24.87 90.18 68.19 5.03 76.97

September 33.62 25.60 74.33 62.10 5.69 51.42

October 32.40 19.60 67.99 44.21 3.02 1.36

November 28.01 15.95 66.58 44.81 2.73 16.64

December 25.62 10.67 71.74 36.08 3.54 8.73

Source- Unpublished Data from BHU Observatory


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The climate is of moderately extreme type with an annual range of temperature about 32°C. The

climate of the town is of tropical nature with temperature varying from 5°C in winter to 45°C in

summer. While the winter is characterized by

Fig. 1- Line Graph Showing the monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature of

Varanasi

westerly and the monsoon are by easterly humid winds. The mean monthly temperature of rainy

Fig.2- Line Graph Showing the Monthly Wind Velocity in Varanasi


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Fig.3- Bar Graph Showing the Mean Monthly Rainfall of Varanasi

season is about 25 degree. By mid June rainy season sets in and continue till September. The

annual rainfall varies from 680mm to 1500mm with large proportion (about 85 %) is occurring

Fig. 4- Line Graph Showing the Monthly Relative Humidity in Varanasi

during the months of July to September. The relative humidity in Varanasi varies from 9.4% in

January to 90.18% in August.


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Population

The city spreads over an area of 84.55 sq. km. supporting a population of 1.23 million as per the

2001 Census with a growth rate of 25.57%. Varanasi city has shown a constant increase in the

population with varying rate of increase from decade to decade. In last seven decades the

population has grown almost six folds, with increase in population from 207,650 in 1931 to

1,202,443 in year 2001. Yet, it must be stated that the growth of the city has been quite a slow one

compared to the growth of the other large cities of the country. The city ranks 23rd

among the

metropolitan cities of India and it entered the million plus cities group in the year 1991.

At present the Varanasi Urban Agglomeration spreads over 144.96 sq. km. with a density of 7081

persons/ sq. km. According to the 2001 Census, of the total population of the city, only 26% was

employed, in which industry and manufacturing recorded 10.72%, trade and commerce- 6.8%,

and other services- 5%. Also, it must be noted that 46% males and only 9% females were found to

be employed under the category of working population.

As per the 2001 Census, the sex ratio of the city is 908 females per 1000 males which are lower

than the national average of 933 females per 1000 males.

The literacy rate in urban agglomeration is 61.6 percent, while in municipal area it is 61 percent

according to 2001 census. There has been wide difference in male and female literacy rate. About

67 percent males are literate while only 54 percent of females are literate in the city of Varanasi.

One of the inevitable results of urbanization is slums and the cities slum population stands at 462,

701 which is 37.58% of the cities total population. The city has 210 slum pockets spread all over

the city.


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Slums of Varanasi

Varanasi has 227 slums spread all over the city, both on government and private lands. Total

population in slums is about 457,613, which is about 38% of the total population.

Map 3- Slum Map of Varanasi

Source- JNNURM Report, 2005


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Sl.No. Name of the Slum Name of the

CDC Unit

Number of

Households

Total

Population

1 Sigra Harijan Basti Chandua Harijan Basti

Vama

232 1271

2 Lahartara Baliya 847 4216

3 Lahartara Nayi Basti Kabirmath 307 1441

4 Lahartara Misirpur 300 1682

5 Chittupura 555 2959

6 Chittupur Dayanagar

Mangalmay

74 281

7 Chandua 1182 4014

8 Madhopur 342 2068

9 Shivpurwa Jayprakashnagar 83 492

10 Lakhrao

Jodhishakti

571 2533

11 Chhoti Patua 307 1470

12 Bari Patua 458 2209

13 Tulsipur Harijan Basti 325 1760

14 Shivratanpur 829 4145

15 Goenka Gali

Gyanvapi

150 775

16 Nariya Harijan Basti Saketnagar 1477 8473

17 Bhogavir 383 1975

18 Bhikharipur

Alakananda

15 96

19 Chitipura 72 509

20 Newada Nat Basti Patel Basti Madhurpur 465 3023

21 Bajardiha

Varanasi

1208 5728

22 Murgiya 230 1052

23 Sarainandan 857 5557

24 Farooqinagar 335 1934

25 Jolha 615 3784

26 Makdumbaba 52 359

27 Sundarpur Ma Saraswati 235 1139


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Sl.

No.

Name of the Slum Name of the

CDC Unit

Number of

Households

Total

Population

28 Sundarpur Harijan Basti

Ma Saraswati

150 745

29 Batuapura 200 976

30 Sarainandan Khurd 140 719

31 Sarainandan Shukulpura 251 1226

32 Guddarpur 220 1182

33 Jiwadhipur 110 575

34 Tadia Sundarpur 101 480

35 Sarainandan A B C D E 806 4033

36 Ranipur

Sabla

1062 4928

37 Tulsipur Harijan Basti Panch Pandav 174 758

38 Shivpurwa 435 2199

39 Jokha 358 1790

40 Adityanagar I

Shivangi

469 1888

41 Adityanagar II 518 2043

42 Karmajitpur 448 1928

43 Karaundhi 801 4049

44 Ghasiari Tola

Ma Durga

217 1230

45 Durgakund 354 1973

46 Nababganj 617 2524

47 Shukulpura 907 4742

48 Nagwa

Alka

987 5058

49 Tahirpur Nagwa 42 196

50 Sonbhadra Shiwala 626 3284

51 Bhadauni Daoriabir 527 2854

52 Mallahi Tola 35 227

53 Birdopur Rani

Lakshmibai

376 1908

54 Bari Gaibi 504 2591

55 Vinayaka Harijan Basti 200 945


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Sl.

No.


CDC Unit

Number of

Households

Total

Population

56 Shankuldhara

Rani

Lakshmibai

108 615

57 Manikpur 110 515

58 Sudamapur 403 2237

59 Khojawa 453 2505

60 Jodhipur 442 2128

61 Tadia Chakbihi Gadighat

Sarang Talab

400 2117

62 Mawaiya 421 2433

63 Sarang Talab 126 663

64 Singhpur Harijan Basti 135 738

65 Khajuhi 328 1955

66 Baripur 237 1447

67 Dhurhupur 230 1474

68 Pahariya 429 2206

69 Haveliya 197 1269

70 Pagalkhana Chamroiya

Vamangi

101 473

71 Pandeypur 340 1738

72 Lalupur Pisanhariya 66 310

73 Ramrepur 303 1682

74 Taktakpur 233 1077

75 Daulatpur 263 1332

76 Aktha 543 2664

77 Parshurampur 297 1708

78 Benipur 340 1747

79 Sariya Uttari

Vishal

563 3158

80 Sariya Dakshini 1061 3707

81 Saraiya Bharoti 600 3452

82 Saraiya Malibagh 976 3395

83 Rajbhandar 770 2692


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Sl.

No.


CDC Unit

Number of

Households

Total

Population

84 Gilatbazar Khatikana

Gangotri

122 654

85 Ambedkar Mahaldithori Mahal Ardali

Bazar

120 631

86 Kahjuri Pakkibazar 327 1841

87 Suarbadwa Sigraul 132 714

88 Goldhar Kachehri Kasai Basti 410 2268

89 Nadesar Chamrotia Rajabazar 1129 5963

90 Pulkohna

Sarnath

278 1552

91 Rasulgar 214 1119

92 Dayanagar 250 1346

93 Dindayalpur 440 2463

94 Ruppanpur 240 1433

95 Pulkohna Rajbhar Basti 497 1914

96 Konia

Bania

1261 6976

97 Konia Satti 525 2944

98 Palangshahid 355 2081

99 Konia Mahmoodpura 147 865

100 Dalhigarhi

Chaman

417 2415

101 Amanullapura 622 3205

102 Kamalgarha 635 4401

103 Oripura 576 3209

104 Phulbaria Dhobiana 311 1681

105 Indrapur

Utthan

305 1842

106 Indrapur Harijan Basti 61 372

107 Kadipur 218 1273

108 Lakshmanpur 271 1357

109 Kathvatia 188 1040

110 Shivpur Harijan Basti Muslim Basti 246 1343


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Sl.

No.


CDC Unit

Number of

Households

Total

Population

111 Chuppepur

Utthan

261 1331

112 Ustarpukha 83 455

113 Tarna 90 474

114 Chhatripur 103 530

115 Sheopur Koth Panchkoshi 487 2575

116 Bharlai 406 2154

117 Shuddipur 284 1657

118 Bhagatpur 122 677

119 Hukulganj

Akshay

400 2406

120 Hukulganj Lachhipura 349 2109

121 Dhelvaria 1301 6782

122 Mallahi Tola Ghosabad 380 2191

123 Nakshighat

Aman

1148 5816

124 Amarpur Batlohia 1666 9742

125 Shakkar Talab 1210 7078

126 Shailputri 986 5043

127 Sarsauli

Kalyan

466 2327

128 Anaula 261 1540

129 Narayanpur 577 2787

130 Mirapur Bashi 724 3859

131 Navalpur 708 3176

132 Parmanandpur 106 534

133 Maheshpur 164 930

134 Gilatbazar Kushpal 280 1321

135 Nayi Basti Hukulganj

Jagriti

611 3258

136 Bandhvanala 1120 6875

137 Nanhupur 79 396

138 Paigampur 515 2717


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Sl.

No.


CDC Unit

Number of

Households

Total

Population

139 Bakrabad

Nari Seva

637 3304

140 Rasulpura 850 4805

141 Kazi Shaddullahpura 1500 6696

142 Teliabagh Bari Maldahiya

Vijyoti

547 2740

143 Jagatganj 850 3848

144 Lakshmighat 293 1412

145 Varunapul 220 1125

146 Nadesar 823 4173

147 Pathani Tola Chottha Lal Khan

Azad

1244 6576

148 Alampura 379 2066

149 Sugga Garai 379 2337

150 Chandupura 118 685

151 Ansarabad Teliana

Sagar

240 1162

152 Kajjakapura 64 303

153 Jalalipura Alaipura 1028 6219

154 Lat Bhairav Saraiya 475 2660

155 Kazipura Khurd Jwahir Nagar

Kal Bhairav

896 4920

156 Pitarkunda Matakund 310 1789

157 Lallapura Muslim Basti Lahangpura 232 1324

158 Sonia Best Sonkar Basti 565 2833

159 Trilochan Bazar

Ma Ganga

94 510

160 Prahladghat Kayasth Tola 285 1595

161 Phatak Taki Ali Khan Pucca Ghat 108 660

162 Naya Mahadev Bhaisasur 289 1508

163 Rajmandir Uchva Gali 29 144

164 Rajghat 94 450

165 Bhadau Ghasiari Tola 612 3605

166 Telianala 101 576


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Sl.

No.


CDC Unit

Number of

Households

Total

Population

167 Golaghat Kameshwar Mahadev Ma Ganga

372 2026

168 Bachui Tola Lalghat 150 1012

169 Manikarnika

Vishwanath

173 811

170 Khadi Talab 100 614

171 Sarai Gobardhan 97 578

172 Lahangpura Aurangabad 232 1952

173 Jangambari Dashashwamedh 474 2286

174 Ramapura 352 1843

175 Sonapura 301 1480

176 Mirbagh Khatikan 200 843

177 Beniabagh Harijan Basti 140 848

178 Faridpur 182 894

179 Matakund Lallapura Khurd

Vindhyavasini

219 1221

180 Sonia Best Amarnagar Harijan Basti 105 608

181 Lallapura Muslim Basti Nayi Pokhri 624 3471

182 Lallapura Bara Chakra 625 3633

183 Kazipura Khurd Sonia 457 2455

184 Machhodri Park

Baba Sheikh

95 482

185 Salempura 400 2911

186 Hasanpura 444 3348

187 Kudman Shahid 938 5067

188 Katuapura 542 3039

189 Koyla Bazar 102 633

190 Kameshwar Mahadev Trilochan Bazar 120 612

191 Ausanganj Rajapura

Ma

Dhupchandi

273 1450

192 Piyariya Pokhri 176 945

193 Bunkar Colony Nayi Basti Nati Imli 315 1588

194 Senpura 395 2495


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Sl.

No.


CDC Unit

Number of

Households

Total

Population

195 Teliabagh

Ma

Dhupchandi

382 2161

196 Chhoti Maldahiya 173 1831

197 Nawapura Daranagar 360 1798

198 Narharpura 128 740

199 Labour Colony (Dhupchandi) 278 1588

200 Adampura

Benazir

86 455

201 Omkaleshwar 385 2044

202 Chhittanpura 650 4161

203 Nawapura 126 727

204 Phulwaria 192 1181

205 Bandhu Kachhibagh

Kashi

487 2429

206 Usmanpura 309 1994

207 Bakriakund 489 3084

208 Khwajapura 380 2072

209 Jainpur Chohra 549 3533

210 Salarpur 647 2843

Source- DUDA, 2006

The total population of the slums is concentrated mainly in the central city and peripheral

development. 50% of total slums are located in central city while 37% in peripheral area. The

population in slums varies from 200 to almost 9000 people with varied densities. The number of

BPL families comprises nearly 20% of the total slum population while the number of

Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) households is more in Central city than peripheral areas.

Nearly 59.5% of the population in these slums belongs to the SC category. The total number of

households is nearly 57.02 covering approximately 1372.6 hectares of land (approximately 17%)

in the city. The average gross density in slum areas is approximately 330 persons/ hectares in the

city area. The average household size in slums is approximately 8 as compared to the city‘s

average of 7.3. this is comparatively high. The average income of a slum household ranges from

Rs. 100- 150 per day. The table below provides an overview of slums in Varanasi


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URBAN SLUMS IN VARANASI

Indicators Numbers

Total Slum Population (Census 2001) 457613

Average Household Size (Census 2001) 8

Total Number of Households (Census 2001) 57202

Total BPL Population (SUDA) 96344

Total Number of BPL Households 12043

Source: Census 2001; SUDA, Varanasi

These 227 slums have formulated 21 Community Development Centre (CDC), where one CDC

consists of 2000 families or 10,000 population, which are responsible for the overall development

of the slums along with SUDA. Rapid growth of slums in Varanasi has put a lot of pressure on the

existing land resources and infrastructure and has led to deterioration of its physical environment.

Factors that have contributed to slum development in Varanasi include migration of people in

search of jobs, availability of cheap living alternatives such as outside temples where they get

good food from the offerings of the pilgrim or tourists. The existing tourist base of the city creates

opportunities for employment generation, especially for unskilled labour.

Majority of the slums have poor water supply and sanitation facilities; most are either unsewered

or partially sewered, with disposal of household waste water and solid wastes taking place

directly into open drains. This phenomenon has adversely affected drainage system in these areas

and has led to extensive water- logging. The poor environmental conditions within the slum areas

have adversely affected the health of the residents. Financial constraints on the part of civic

authorities and unauthorized nature of the slums have also contributed to non- delivery and partial

delivery of basic amenities.


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District Urban Development Agency

The institutional responsibility for slum improvement vests with the State Urban Development

Agency (SUDA), the apex policy- making and monitoring agency for urban areas in the state. It

executes various government schemes for urban renewal like- Balmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna,

Integrated Urban Sewerage Plan, National Slum Development Program, etc. SUDA executes all

its programs using beneficiaries for prioritization of needs and execution of schemes.

Fig. 5- Chart Showing the Administrative Structure of DUDA

District Urban Development Agency (DUDA) has been constituted for effective execution of the

SUDA undertakings in all the districts of the state, which includes the respective districts of the

state, which includes development of slum communities, construction of community toilets,

assistance in construction of household latrines, creation of awareness etc. The main aim of

DUDA is poverty alleviation through employment generation. DUDA also works for provision of

sewers, tube- wells etc in slum localities. DUDA has also taken up a series of activities for

infrastructure improvement in slums. DUDA coordinates with CDSs for community participation

in various initiatives undertaken by DUDA in these communities.


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The Slums: Sweeper’s Colony and Harijan Basti

As stated earlier, Varanasi has 210 slums divided into 36 Community Development Samities. Of

these 210 slums, two slums were surveyed- The Sweeper‘s Colony and Harijan Basti located at

Durgakund and Nariya respectively.

Map 4- Satellite Imagery Showing the Location of the Two Surveyed Slums

Source- Google Earth

The Sweeper‘s Colony located at Durgakund in ward Assi has a total of 354 households housing

1973 persons. The slum located within a residential area in built on a private land owned by the

Raja of Amethi. About 84% of the surveyed houses of the slum are semi- permanent in


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Map 5- Satellite Imagery Showing the Sweeper’s Colony, Durgakund


nature i.e., bricked walls with thatched, tiled or plastic and tin sheets used as roofs. The slum

lacks any proper drainage system as well as permanent roads. The roads of the slum are

permanent in nature made of clay and stones mostly. The roads become muddy and suffer from

water logging during the rainy season. Most of the slum dwellers work as permanent or as

temporarily employed sweepers in Varanasi Nagar Nigam (VNN) or at Banaras Hindu University

(BHU). Some of them are also employed as waste collectors at a private waste collection agency,

A2Z.

Harijan Basti in Nariya like the Sweeper‘s Colony is also located within a residential area but on a

municipal land which was left for waste dumping purposes. All the houses in the slums are

permanent houses. Some houses are even two to three storied. The roads

Map 6- Satellite Imagery Showing Harijan Basti, Nariya



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are permanent in nature made of cement tiles and the slum has its own drainage and sewer system

joined with the city‘s main drainage system. The total population of the slum is 8473 residing

in1477 households.

Housing Conditions

Housing, one of the basic needs of every individual is mainly semi- permanent and permanent in

nature at the Sweeper‘s Colony and Harijan Basti respectively. About 90% of the houses in

TYPE OF HOUSES

House Type Sweeper‘s Colony Harijan Basti

Permanent 6 38

Temporary 2 2

Mixed 43 2

Source- Field Survey

Harijan Basti are permanent houses while about 84% of the houses in Sweeper‘s Colony belong

to the mixed type i.e. permanent brick wall with a temporary roof composed mainly of tiles, tin

and plastic sheets. The permanent houses in Harijan Basti have been built under the Swarna Awas

Yojna, a slum housing policy implemented by the Uttar Pradesh government.

Fig. 6- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Types of Houses in the Surveyed Slums



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Most of the houses in Harijan Basti are single storied with some having 2 to 3 stories too while all

Average Number of Rooms Per House

Number of Rooms Sweeper‘s Colony Harijan Basti

One Room 27 6

Two Rooms 15 11

Three Rooms 9 9

More than Three Rooms 0 16


the houses in Sweeper‘s Colony are single storied except two houses which are two storied. The

Fig. 7-Composite Bar Graph showing the number of Rooms Per House

Source- Field survey

total number of rooms per house is unity for about 52% of the surveyed household in Sweeper‘s

Colony while the number is just 14.28% in Harijan Basti. Not a single surveyed household in

Sweeper‘s Colony had more than 3 rooms in their house. The average number of persons living

per room in the Sweeper‘s Colony is 1 while that in Harijan Basti is 3.

The layout of the houses of the two slums is also different with the only common factor being that

there is no space between two adjacent houses. The houses of the Sweeper‘s Colony lack

House in Sweeper’s Colony


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ventilation. Most of the single roomed houses do not have any windows or ventilator. The only

source of air and light circulation within the houses is the main entrance of the house.

Fig. 8- Layout of a House in Sweeper’s Colony, Durgakund

The ventilation conditions in Harijan are just certain degrees better than its counterpart at

Durgakund. Every house in Harijan Basti has at least a single window other than the main

House in Harijan Basti


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Houses in Sweeper’s Colony, Durgakund

Houses in Harijan Basti, Nariya


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Fig. 9- Layout of an House in Harijan Basti, Nariya

entrance. Most of the houses in the slum have two entrances one main and the other a back door

usually opening to another lane.

Income Pattern

Most of the slum dwellers are employed as sweeper‘s in the Varanasi Nagar Nigam or at the

Banaras Hindu University. Some are also employed as solid waste collector‘s in the NGO A2Z.

But it has been observed that most of them are employed are on a contract basis. Some of them

especially the women are involved in the handicraft industry, where they make baskets, bead

necklaces.

If one looks at the income structure, then one sees that about 29.41% of the surveyed households

in Sweeper‘s Colony have an income of less than Rs. 3000 per month though the proportion is


[Type text] Page 36


high in case of Harijan Basti where 43.24% of the surveyed households have an income of less

than Rs. 3000 per month.

Water Facilities

The municipal corporation of the city is the main water supplier to both the slums. However

presence of community wells and hand- pumps also serve as a source of water supply. 75% of the

surveyed households in Sweeper‘s Colony depend on community

Fig. 10- Pie Chart Showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Households at sweeper’s

Colony, Durgakund

Source- Field survey


[Type text] Page 37

water facility like tube wells, wells and roadside water taps for their daily water related needs.

Only 1 household out of every 4 households have their own personal water facilities.

Almost 61.9% of the households have their personal water connection and that 1 household out of

every 3 household depend on community water facilities like well, hand

Fig. 11- Pie Chart Showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Households at Harijan

Basti, Nariya


pumps, etc. Just 38.09% of the households in Harijan Basti depend on community water supply.

We find an almost complete reversal of the situation Of the Durgakund Sweeper‘s Colony in

Nariya Harijan Basti.

Fig. 12- Composite Bar Graph showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Types of

Houses



[Type text] Page 38

Taking into account both the slums together, it has been observed that 61% of the households

having permanent houses have water facilities at their home. About 3 houses out of every 5

houses are of semi- permanent in nature and that all the temporary houses do not have any

individual toilet. They all depend on community toilet services.

The income pattern reveals that there is an inverse relation between the income pattern and use of

Water Facility

Income (in rupees) Personal (in %)

Community (in %)

< 2500 0 13

2500- 6500 22 36

6500- 10,500 12 2

10,500- 14,500 5 3

>14,500 6 2


community water facility. One can observe that with increasing income people have their own

personal water facility. Persons with income less than Rs. 2500 do not have their own personal


water facility and depend on community water sources. But with people earning more than Rs.

6500 the dependence on community water supply decreases and more owning of personal water

facilities shows an increase.

Toilet Facilities

Toilet facility is one of the major problems faced by most of the slums in Varanasi and it is also a

major problem for Sweeper‘s Colony too. 76.47% of the surveyed households in Sweeper‘s


[Type text] Page 39

Toilet Type Sweeper's Colony

Harijan Basti

Attached Toilet 12 42

Community Toilet 39 0


Colony depend on community toilet facility which is the Sulabh Sauchalay but each and every

Individual Toilet in Harijan Basti

household in Nariya Harijan Basti have individual toilet. However, the community toilet do not

provide 24 hours service.

Fig. 13- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Kind of Toilet Facility Available in the

Surveyed Slums


The toilet services are available from 6:00 a.m. in the morning to 10:00 a.m. at night, and as a

result, most of the slum dwellers prefer to openly defecate in the non- functioning hours of

Community Toilet In Sweeper’s Colony


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the community toilet. Also, it has been observed that most of the children openly defecate either

on the road or even during the working hours of the community toilet.

Two households out of every three households residing in a semi- permanent form of house,

depend on community toilet out of which, most of them being in the Sweeper‘s Colony.

A look at the income pattern shows that similar to water facility, use of toilet facilities also

changes with increasing income. Persons having higher income have individual water facility

while those with lower income depend on community toilets. This relationship is more prominent

in the Sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund because DUDA has constructed individual toilet in Harijan

Basti, Nariya. It is seen that most persons having monthly average income of more than Rs. 2500

have individual toilets.


Fig.14- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Type of Toilet Facilities in Various Types of

Houses in the Slums



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About 93% of the surveyed permanent houses have personal toilet facilities, of which, 95%

belong to the Harijan Basti.

SOLID WASTE AND WASTE WATER DISPOSAL

Disposal of solid waste and waste water is a major issue of both the slums. Presence of garbage in

small as well as large amounts is found in many parts of both the slums. The solid waste is not

collected regularly by the municipality but even though one finds garbage clogging some of the

drains of in the Harijan Basti, Yet they are more regularly cleaned by the municipality. Due to the

clogging of drains, both of the slums suffer from water logging when there is a heavy rainfall and

the situation worsen during the monsoon season.


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CONCLUSION

Drinking water and sanitation facilities are very important and crucial for achieving the goal for

achieving the goal of "HEALTH FOR ALL". Safe drinking water supply and basic sanitation are

so intrinsically linked to human and ecosystem health that they, along with proper hygiene form

the most essential components of a safe and healthy life.

The Urban Sanitation Programme of India has considered the following activities to improve the

sanitation conditions in the urban locales of India:

Providing reasonable level of sanitation facility to a large population.

Total elimination of dry latrines and manual scavenging.

Low cost on-site sanitation in unsewered parts of cities parts of cities, small and medium

towns.

Technological innovations to improve the re-usability of the recycled waste.

"Polluter paying" principle should be applied to finance waste disposal programmes.

Involvement of NGO's, private sector and community.

Converting all existing Dry Latrines to Low Cost Sanitary Latrines.

Recycling the treated effluents for horticulture, irrigation, and water harvesting and

transport system for solid waste disposal.

The study of the two slums of Varanasi reveals that, the serious problem of both the slums is

disposal of waste. However, the sanitation condition in Harijan Basti of Nariya stands at a far

better position than that of the situation at Sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund. Many of the surveyed

households in Durgakund have electronic appliances like refrigerator, DVD player, and almost all

posses a television set and a mobile, yet they are reluctant to pay for the use of community toilet

and prefer openly defecating. Construction of decentralized individual toilet for every household

in Sweeper‘s Colony is not a feasible idea due to lack of space in the slum. The slum itself is very

congested and any form of newer construction within it would require a complete re- modeling of

the slums which again is not an economical idea for the inhabiting slum dwellers.

However, it becomes apparent that sanitation issues are improving rather than deteriorating. Apart

from a few outliers, most parts in Varanasi have lowered the percentage of their population

without bathroom-access since the last decade. Construction works in the form of better housing,

transport, toilet and water facilities in many parts of the city are in progress and one can be quite

hopeful that the sanitation problems in the city‘s slums are expected to lessen further in the near

future.

Though attempts are being made by the government authorities to upgrade the living environment

in the slums, the general living conditions in the most slums need seminal improvement. The lack

of formal solid waste collection facilities leads to littering and open roadside dumping of waste

and water- logging due to lack of sewerage and drainage facilities, which leads to health hazards.

So, along with all the construction work that DUDA is carrying out in the slums of Banaras, it can

also design an awareness campaign to prevent people from littering the streets.


[Type text] Page 43

FMFE Recommendation

Every slum can have their own representative at the Community Development Samities

for better representation of the problems faced by every slum community.

Self- help groups may be formed among the slum dwellers so that factors like the

cleanliness of the roads, community toilet, etc of the slums can be met by themselves,

without depending on any higher authority.

Peepoo bags - A Swedish firm has come out with a solution for the perennial problem of

toilet access in the slums - Peepoo, a biodegradable toilet bag that can be used to solve the

problem of toilet in Varanasi.

Peepoo Bag

The toilet bag, which has recently undergone field trials in India, Bangladesh and Kenya,

is expected to help mitigate the dreadful situation for millions, especially the women in the

slum areas, says its developer Anders Wilhelmson, an architect and professor in

Stockholm. "Peepoo is not just a toilet bag, it's a solution to human waste disposal

problem, the biggest obstacle to sanitation and public health in developing countries like

India," Wilhelmson told PTI in an email interview from Stockholm.

"It will be of great help particularly for women, who often wait all day until it is dark to go

to the toilet, increasing their chances of infections."

Camilla Wirseen, one of the founders of the Peepoo project, said the bag is designed in a

way that it is easy to use and hygienic.


[Type text] Page 44

Use of Peepoo Bags

"The Peepoo is clean from the beginning and doesn't smell after use and very importantly,

it makes collection of waste very easy," Camila Wirseen said.

The innovation will prove highly beneficial to control the situation, Wilhelson said,

adding that his organization (Peepoople AB) has carried out a small ground test in Bihar

and "the response was overwhelming". Megh Pyne Abhiyan, an NGO, has carried out the

trial in three flood-hit districts of Bihar- Supaul, Khagaria, and Saharsa last year.

Once used, the 14x38 cm slim elongated bag can be knotted and buried under the earth.

With a layer of urea crystals, the waste can turn into fertilizer, killing off disease-

producing pathogens found in feces.

"Not only is it sanitary, they can reuse this to grow crops," Wilhelmson said.

"You can use it directly in a small container or Garden-in-a-Sack. It can also be processed

and mixed with topsoil and loam (clay+sand) creating a soil filled with nutrients."


[Type text] Page 45

About the cost of the bag, the officials said, it will be comparable to the price of

polythenes used to collect garbage.

The market for low-cost toilets in the developing world is about a trillion dollars,

according the World Toilet Organization, a sanitation advocacy group, which has been

organizing World Toilet Summit every year since 2001. Peepoo can be a solution to the

problem of inaccessibility to toilet.


[Type text] Page 46

REFERENCES

i. Chandna R.C., 2001, Population Geography, Kalyani Publishers

ii. Chatterjee, M. Searle, 1981, Reversible Sex Roles, The Special Case of Benaras

Sweepers, Pergamon Press, Oxford UK

iii. Dwivedi Amrita and Kumra, V.K., Solid Waste Management in Varanasi City,

National Geographical Journal of India, September, 2009

iv. Feedback Venture, New Delhi (2006), City Develoment Plan for Varanasi

(JNNURM) Municipal Corporation, Varanasi

v. Jha Pushpita, Unpublished Dissertation, Problem of Urban Poverty in Varanasi

District, A Study of Rajghat Area

vi. Kaish Mohd. And Singh, Abha Lakshmi, A Comprehensive Vulnerability

Assessment of the Slums of Aligarh, National Geographical Journal of India, June,

2009

vii. Khullar, D.R., 2008, Geography of India, Kalyani Publishers

viii. Kumar Pravin, Unpublished Dissertation, A Geographical study of Durgakund

Slum

ix. Mishra Preeti, Unpublished Dissertation, Urban Sanitation- A Case Study of

Nagwa Ward in Varanasi City

x. Philip Susan, Unpublished dissertation, Slums of Varanasi, A Case Study of

Bajardiha Slum Area

xi. Singh, Bhagya Lakshmi, Unpublished Thesis, Socio- Economic Conditions of

Slum Dwellers: A Case Study of Varanasi District

xii. Singh Deepti, Unpublished Dissertation, Socio- economic Condition of Manduadih

Ward of Varanasi District

xiii. Singh, Rana P. B., (2010), Varanasi, The Heritage City of India: Growth of Urban

Fabric, Visions and Strategies for Future Development, Asian Profile

xiv. Wright, Richard T. and Boorse, Dorothy F., 2010, Environmental Science,

Towards a Sustainable Future, PHI Learning Private limited, New Delhi

xv. Zorbough, H(1929), The Gold Cost and the Slums, Chicago University Press, New

York

xvi. http://hsproindia.asp?SF=19&KI=OT=5, 27/02/2011

xvii. http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/times-of-india-

the/mi8012/is20100308/urban-poor-roof-head-varanasi/ain52388753/, 27/02/2011

xviii. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation, 29-04-2011

xix. http://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ 29-04-2011

xx. http://www.sulabhenvis.nic.in/sanitation%20and%20environment.htm 29-04-2011

xxi. http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/new-solution-slum-sanitation, 28-04-2011

xxii. http://www.wastetohealth.com/odorless_public_toilet.html, 29-04-2011

xxiii. http://www.wateraid.org/india/what_we_do/7518.asp, 29- 04-2011

xxiv. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India, 29-04-2011

xxv. http://greenupgrader.com/7230/improving-sanitation-with-the-peepoo-bag/, 29-

04-2011

xxvi. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/57469/peepoo-bag-could-solve-indias.html

29-04-2011

http://hsproindia.asp/?SF=19&KI=OT=5

http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/times-of-india-the/mi8012/is20100308/urban-poor-roof-head-varanasi/ain52388753/

http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/times-of-india-the/mi8012/is20100308/urban-poor-roof-head-varanasi/ain52388753/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation

http://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/

http://www.sulabhenvis.nic.in/sanitation%20and%20environment.htm

http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/new-solution-slum-sanitation,%2028-04-2011

http://www.wastetohealth.com/odorless_public_toilet.html,%2029-04-2011

http://www.wateraid.org/india/what_we_do/7518.asp,%2029-%2004-2011

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India,%2029-04-2011

http://greenupgrader.com/7230/improving-sanitation-with-the-peepoo-bag/

http://www.deccanherald.com/content/57469/peepoo-bag-could-solve-indias.html


[Type text] Page 47

APPENDIX

Field Survey of the Slums

Sweeper's Colony

Harijan Basti

Total Population 282

288

Male 133

154

Female 149

134

No. of School going children

Male 23

29

Female 12

19

No. of Households 51

42 Households based on Religion

Hindu 46

23

Muslim 1

19

Christian 4

0

Kind of House

Kuchha 2

2

Pucca 6

38

Mixed 43

2

Ownership of the House

Owned 37

38

Rented 14

4

Kind of Roof

Permanent 6

38

Temporary 45

4

No. of Rooms in the House

One room 27

6

Two rooms 15

11

Three rooms 9

9

More than 3 rooms 0

16

Average 3

3

Kind of Toilet

Attached Toilet 12

42

Community Toilet 39

0

Water Facility

Personal 13

26

Community 39

16

No. of Employed Persons

Male 56

71

Female 36

2


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Documents

Decentralised Sanitation- Tiyali Bose