Upload
blaze-butler
View
221
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Skeletal System Intro 7.1 Constituents of Bone Bone tissue Cartilage Dense Connective Tissue Blood Nervous Tissue
Citation preview
DECEMBER 7 T H , 2015
GET ANYTHING TOGETHER YOU WILL NEED FOR YOU PRESENTATION
Skeletal System
Presentations
Each group will have a maximum of 5 minutes to present about their person
JeremyEleanorMarissa
You are not required to but I would suggest taking some sort of notes while watching the other presentations
Skeletal System Intro 7.1
Constituents of BoneBone tissueCartilageDense Connective TissueBloodNervous Tissue
Skeletal System intro
Functions of BonesPoints of attachment for musclesProtect and support softer tissues
House blood producing cellsStore inorganic saltsForm passageways for blood vessels and nerves
Bone Structure 7.2
Classification of Bones Long Bones – long longitudinal axes and
expanded ends Ex: Femur, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Tibia, Fibula
Short Bones – roughly equal length and width Ex: Carpals and Tarsals
Flat Bones – platelike with broad surfaces Ex: Scapula, Skull bones
Irregular Bones – variety of shapes, usually connected to several other bones Ex: Vertebrae, Facial Bones
Bone Structure 7.2
Classification of Bone Sesamoid Bone or Round Bones
Small nodular bones usually found embedded in tendons adjacent to joints
Ex: Patella
Support and Protection
Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis and backbones support majority of the body’s weight
In general bones provide protection for vital organs Skull – protect eyes, ears, brain Rib Cage – protect heart and lungs Pelvic Girdle – protect lower abdominal and
reproductive organs
Body Movement
Bones and Muscles work together as levers for body movement
Lever components Rigid bar or rod – Bone Fulcrum/Pivot – Joint Object moved against resistance – object
being moved Force to supply energy - Muscle
Blood Cell Formation
Hematopoiesis
process of blood cell formation
Begins in yolk sac outside human embryo
Later in life continues in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
Blood Cell Formation
Bone Marrow Located in medullary cavity of long bones, irregular spaces of
spongy bone and larger central canals of compact bone Mostly red marrow as an infant progressively being replaced by
yellow marrow in adulthood
RED MARROW Formation of red blood cells (erythrocytes) Formation of white blood cells (leukocytes) Formation of platelets
YELLOW MARROW Storage of fats Not active in blood cell production
Storage of Inorganic Salts
Calcium is stored in bone primarily through calcium salts like calcium phosphate Calcium plays role in muscle contraction, nerve
impulse conduction, blood clotting and other physiological processes
Magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate ions are also stored in bones
Harmful metallic elements such as lead, radium or strontium can also accumulate in bones if accidentally ingested
Storage of Inorganic Salts
Calcium Homeostasis Low blood calcium parathyroid hormone
release stimulate osteoclasts to breakdown bone release calcium into blood
High blood calcium inhibit osteoclast activity calcitonin from thyroid stimulates osteoblasts to form bone tissue storing excess calcium
Bone Fractures
Classified by cause of break Traumatic – fracture due to sustained trauma
Spontaneous – fracture in seemingly normal bone with no evidence of blunt force trauma
Pathologic – fracture through bone that has been weakened by underlying disease
Classified by… Simple – does not break through skin Compound - breaks through the skin
Bone Fractures
Classified by nature of break Greenstick – incomplete, occurs on
convex surface of bend in bone
Fissured – incomplete, longitudinal
Comminuted – complete, fragmented
Transverse – complete, right angle to axis of bone
Oblique – complete, angle other than right angle to axis of bone
Spiral – excess twisting of bone
Bone Fractures
What happens when a bone fractures Blood vessels rupture
Periosteum tears
Hematoma – blood clot forms
Vessels from surrounding tissues dilate to swell and inflame the tissues
Bone Fractures
Within days or weeks Developing blood vessels and large numbers of
osteoblasts originating in periosteum invade the hematoma
Osteoblasts rapidly divide in the regions close to new blood vessels building spongy bone
Fibroblasts produce masses of fibrocartilage Phagocytic cells begin to remove the blood clot
and any other dead or damaged cells in affected area
Osteoclasts appear and resorb bone fragments aiding in cleaning up debris
Bone Fractures
Weeks later… Fibrocartilage fills the gap between the
ends of the broken bone called a cartilaginous callus, it is replaced later by a bony callus
More bone is produced at the site than is necessary
Osteoclasts remove the extra to make the bone look very similar to the original
Skeletal Organization
Axial Skeleton Bony and cartilaginous parts that support
and protect the organs of the head, neck and trunk
Include Skull (22 bones) Hyoid Bone (1 bone) Vertebral Column (26 bones) Thoracic Cage (25 bones) Middle ear bones (6 bones)
Axial Skeleton
Skull Composed of cranium and facial bones Contains a total of 22 bones
Hyoid Bone Located in neck between lower jaw and
larynx Supports the tongue and is an attachment
for muscles that help move the tongue
Axial Skeleton
Vertebral Column Consists of vertebrae separated by cartilaginous
intervertebral discs At distal end vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum Several more fused vertebrae for the coccyx
Thoracic Cage Protects organs of thoracic cavity and upper
abdominal cavity Composed of 12 pairs of ribs Includes the sternum the attachment of ribs
anteriorly Vertebral column is the attachment of ribs posteriorly
Skeletal Organization
Appendicular Skeleton Consists of bones of the upper and lower
limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to axial skeleton
Includes Pectoral Girdle (4 bones) Upper Limbs (60 bones) Pelvic Girdle (2 bones) Lower Limbs (60 bones)
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle Formed by the scapula and clavicle on each side
of the body Connects the bones of the upper limbs to axial
skeleton
Upper Limbs Consist of humerus, radius, ulna and hand Humerus, radius and ulna articulate at the elbow
joint Hand consists of 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals and 14
phalanges
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle Formed by two hip bones attached to each
other anteriorly and to the sacrum posteriorly
Connect bones of lower limbs to axial skeleton
With sacrum and coccyx form the pelvis
Lower limbs Consists of a femur, tibia, fibula, patella
and foot Foot contains 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14
phalanges
Section 7.6 Human Skull
Cranium (eight bones) Frontal Bone –
anterior portion of skull above the eyes Marked by
supraorbital foramen
Contains two frontal sinuses
Section 7.6
Cranium Parietal Bones –
located on each side of skull just behind frontal bone Form bulging sides
and roof of cranium Fused at midline
along Sagittal Suture
Meet frontal bone along the Coronal Suture
Section 7.6
Cranium continued… Occipital bone – forms
back of the skull and base of cranium Joins parietal bones
along lambdoid suture Contains large opening
called Foramen Magnum
Allows nerves from brain to travel to spinal cord
Occipital condyles articulate with first vertebra (atlas)
Section 7.6
Cranium continued… Temporal bones – form parts
of the sides and base of cranium Joins parietal bone along
squamous suture Contains external acoustic
meatus that leads into inner ear
Mandibular fossae articulate with mandible
Mastoid process – attachment for certain neck muscles
Styloid process – anchor muscles associated with tongue, pharynx
Zygomatic process – project anteriorly, forms prominence of cheek
Section 7.6
Cranium Continued… Sphenoid Bone –
forms base of cranium, sides of skull and floors and sides of the orbits Contains sella
turcica – an indent where the pituitary gland resides
Contains two sphenoidal sinuses
Section 7.6
Cranium continued… Ethmoid Bone –
located in front of sphenoid bone Two masses on sides of
nasal cavity connected by thin cribiform plates
Crista galli – attachment for membranes that enclose the brain
Perpendicular plate – forms most of the nasal septum
Middle Nasal Conchae Contain ethmoidal
sinuses