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April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 1
Human Geography
By James Rubenstein
Chapter 3Key Issue 1Why do people
migrate?
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 2
MigrationA permanent move to a
new location. Emigration is migration from a
location. Immigration is migration to a
location. Net Migration is difference between
Emigration and Immigration.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 3
Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly,
or annually.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 4
Reasons for Migrating
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 5
Push-Pull Factors A Push Factor induces people to move out of their present location.
A Pull Factor induces people to move into a new location.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 6
Types of Push/Pull Factors
Economic Cultural Environmental
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 7
Economic Push-Pull Factors
Job availability The United States and Canada are especially prominent destinations
The relative attractiveness of a region can change
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 8
Cultural Push-Pull Factors
Forced international migration (slavery or political instability)
Internal migration (civil war) Political conditions (lure of freedom)
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 9
RefugeesPeople who have been forced to
migrate from their home and cannot return for fear of
persecution because of their race, religion, nationality,
membership in a social group, or political opinion.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 10
Forced Migration
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 11
Environmental Push-Pull Factors
Pulled toward physically attractive places
Pushed from hazardous places (pollution, disasters, physical deficiencies)
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 12
FloodplainThe area of a river that is
subject to flooding during a specific number
of years, based on historical trends.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 13
Intervening Obstacles
An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 14
Intervening Obstacles
Hostile features in the physical environment (mountains, oceans)
Human interference Local diversity in government and politics (passports, visas)
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 15
Distance of Migration
Internal Migration International Migration
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Internal Migration
Permanent movement within the same country.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 17
Internal Migration Internal migration is less
traumatic Interregional Migration is
movement from one region of a country to another.
Intraregional Migration is movement within a region (rural to urban).
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 18
International Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another.
Voluntary and forced.
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International Migration
Voluntary Migration implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement
Forced Migration the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors.
Migration Transition consists of changes in a society comparable to those in demographic transition.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 20
Migration Transition
International migration is primarily a phenomenon of countries in stage 2 of demographic transition.
Internal migration is more important in stages 3 and 4.
Stage 1 societies are unlikely to migrate.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 21
Stages 3 and 4 Destinations of international
migrants leaving stage 2 countries searching for economic opportunities.
Intraregional migration (moving from cities to surrounding suburbs) is an example .
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 22
Characteristics of Migrants
Gender and Family Status of Migrants
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 23
Gender of Migrants
Historically, males were more likely than females to migrate long distances.
Beginning in the 1990s, women accounted for about ½ of undocumented immigrants to the U.S. from Mexico. - Women joining husbands and brothers already in U.S.
- Women feel more pressure to get a job due to the poor economics in Mexico.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 24
Family Status of Migrants
Historically, long-distance migrants were young adults
Today, young children are accompanying their mothers.
Undocumented Mexicans immigrating to the U.S. have no more than 4 years of school.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 25
Undocumented Migrants
No difficulty finding jobs (require less pay or benefits)
Flow of immigrants varies due to seasonal farm work.
Money earned is the main source of income for many villages.