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• De facto segregation: segregation that exists by practice and custom
• De jure segregation: segregation by law
• De facto segregation is harder to fight
• White flight to suburbs
• 30,000 African Americans to City Hall
• End de facto segregation
• Whites throw rocks
• Harlem• Watts, Los Angeles
–Thirty-four people killed–Millions of dollars of
property destroyed
• “If you think we are here to tell you to love the white man, you have come to the wrong place”
• Self-defense• Nation Islam• Blacks should separate
from white society
• Pilgrimage to Mecca• “I have prayed … with
fellow Muslims whose eyes were the bluest of blue, whose hair was the blondest of blond, and whose skin was the whitest of white.”
• New view on whites• LET US TRY THE BALLOT
• Split with Black Muslims
• Shot and killed while giving speech in Harlem
• 1965
• Black Panthers• Fight police brutality in the
ghetto• Upset that an unfair number
of blacks were drafted to serve in Vietnam
• Self-defense• Created free medical clinics,
assistance to homeless, daycare centers
• Killed in 1968 in Memphis
• James Earl Ray
• Worst urban rioting in United States History
• Affirmative Action: equalize education and job opportunities
• Ended de jure segregation
• Civil Rights Act of 1968: ended discrimination in housing
• African Americans holding political office grew