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Mr. Sanjay Sinha
Head of DepartmentMr. J.K. Vashishtha
Project Coordinator
Mr. Ashish Pratap Singh
Project Guide
P.C. Interfaced Speed Control of D.C. Motor(Using C++)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE
ROORKEE – 247667 (INDIA)
Submitted By:
i) Karan Kumar ii) Mansi Agarwal iii) Pranav Haldar
Introduction
The aim of our project was to implement a complete speed control system for a DC
motor.
Traditionally, speed control of the DC motors in the industries is implemented by
interfacing the motor through a Micro-controller which at times is a costly affair.
Thus, Our Idea is to use the Computer’s processor to control the speed of a simple
D.C. motor.
The hardware consists of discrete elements such as Darlington Pairs [TIP 122 / TIP
127], resistors[1K and 5.6K], diodes[IN4007] and DC motor[9V 500rpm].
The software comprises mainly the coding for a graphical user interface (GUI) and ‘H-
Bridge Motor Driving Algorithm’ written in C++.
The interfacing of the DC motor with the PC is done through the LPT port, which is
usually known as Printer Port.
D.C. Motors
The Direct Current (DC) motor is one of the first machines
devised to convert electrical power into mechanical power.
Permanent Magnet (PM) direct current converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy through the interaction of
two magnetic fields.
One field is produced by a permanent magnet assembly; the other field is
produced by an electrical current flowing in the motor windings.
These two fields result in a torque which tends to rotate the rotor. As the
rotor turns, the current in the windings is commutated to produce a
continuous torque output.
Inside DC Motor
A simple motor has six parts, as
shown in the diagram below: Armature or rotor
Commutator
Brushes
Axle
Field magnet
DC power supply of some sort
An electric motor is all about
magnets and magnetism: A motor
uses magnets to create motion.
Some Other Parts
Permanent Magnet DC Motor
A simple, permanent- magnet DC motor is an
essential element in a variety of products, such
as toys, servo mechanisms, valve actuators,
robots, and automotive electronics.
When compared to AC or wound field DC motors. PM motors are usually physically
smaller in overall size and lighter for a given power rating.
Furthermore its relationship between torque and speed is very linear, it can provide
relatively high torque at low speeds and PM Field provides some inherent self-breaking
when power to the motor is shut off.
There are several disadvantages through those being mostly being high current during
a stall condition and during instantaneous reversal. Those can damage some motors or
be problematic to control circuitry.
Starting a DC Motor
At the moment a DC motor is started the armature is stationary and there is
no counter EMF being generated. The only component to limit starting current is
the armature resistance, which, in most DC motors is a very low value
(approximately one ohm or less). Thus a very high starting current flows.
In order to reduce this very high starting current, an external resistance must be
placed in series with the armature during the starting period.
While the this approach works well, it generates heat and hence wastes power.
Thus, simple Pulse Width Modulation DC motor control eliminates this problem.
Reversing a DC Motor
Sometimes the rotation direction
needs to be changed.
In normal permanent magnet motors, this rotation is changed by changing the
polarity of operating power (for example by switching from negative power supply
to positive or by interchanging the power terminals going to power supply).
This direction changing is typically implemented using relay or a circuit called “H
Bridge”.
DC Motor Speed ControlMotor speed control of DC motor is nothing new. A simplest method to control the
rotation speed of a DC motor is to control its driving voltage.
The higher the voltage is the higher speed the motor tries to reach.
In many applications a simple voltage regulation would cause lots of power loss on
control circuit, so a Pulse Width Modulation method (PWM) is used in many DC motor
controlling applications.
In the basic Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) method, the operating power to the
motors is turned on and off to modulate the current to the motor. The ratio of “on” time
to “off” time is what determines the speed of the motor.
Pulse Width Modulation
The speed of a permanent magnet DC motor can be altered by varying the voltage
applied to its terminal.
One way of varying the applied voltage is by using the pulse-width modulation (PWM)
technique. Using this technique, a fixed frequency voltage signal with varying pulse-
width is applied to the motor terminal.
The PWM voltage wave forms for the motor can be obtained using a special power
electronic circuit called a DC chopper [Class E].
A DC chopper basically uses power switching devices to switch a constant DC
voltage on and off according to a specified switching scheme in order to obtain the
required voltage and current wave forms.
In this project, we have taken one type of DC chopper configuration called bridge
power converter also known as “H-bridge converter”.
Pulse-width modulation control works by switching the power supplied to
the motor ON and OFF very rapidly.
The DC voltage is converted to a square-wave signal, alternating
between fully ON and zero, giving the motor a series of power “kicks”.
By adjusting the duty cycle of the signal i.e., the time fraction it is “ON”,
the average power can be varied, and hence the motor speed.
PWM Control
PWM Control
Drive and Control Circuitry
A very popular circuit for driving DC motors is called an “H-bridge”. It is called that
because it looks like the capital letter ‘H’ on classic schematics.
The great ability of an H-bridge circuit is that the motor can be drive forward or
backward at any speed, optionally using a completely independent power source.
An H-bridge design can be really simple for prototyping or really extravagant for
added protection and isolation.
An H-bridge can be implemented with various kinds of switching components
(commonly, Bipolar Transistors, FETs, MOSFETs, etc
Simplified Model : H-Bridge
On can alter the states of these four
switches in order to manipulate the
voltage across the motor, and through
that the direction of current flow and
rotation of the motor.
Figure 1: Motor spins freelyFigure 2 : Motor spins freely in
opposite direction
Figure 3 : Active Braking Figure 4 : Short Circuiting
Simplified Model : H-Bridge
PC Interfacing
The original IBM-PC’s Parallel Printer
Port had a total of 12 digital outputs
and 5 digital inputs accessed via 3
consecutive 8-bit ports in the
processor’s I/O space.
8 output pins accessed via the DATA
Port [D0 to D7]
5 Input pins (one inverted) accessed via the STATUS Port [S3 to S7]
The remaining 8 pins are grounded.
Programming
The Coding of the Project has been done in C++.
The coding has been done with the following objective:-
Coding for Graphic User Interface [GUI]
Generation of the PWM output on port pins (2, 3, 4, 5), as well as
Switching of the transistors to change the direction of motor.
The Software is mainly divided into 3 parts:-
Mouse Interfacing
Graphics
PWM Generation
Programming
Figure : PWM Generated through our Software
Basic Circuit Design
This is from where we started.
Final Circuit
Conclusion
The motor can be started / stopped and made to retain a set speed irrespective of
the load.
The motor can be run as low as 100 rpm and as high as 1200 rpm.
Program interface is user-friendly enabling flexible and simple operation.
H-bride controller drives the motor to reach the speed smoothly and within an
acceptable period of time.
Since we control the average armature voltage, speed could be controlled only
below the rated speed.
Though PC was used in controlling due to ease of programming and simplicity, in
particular as a demonstrative prototype, the program is used to generate the signal.
Application & ScopeThis project is hardware cum software application, which controls the speed and direction of a
DC motor through mouse click. Thus this project helps in many real life applications where
variable speeds may be required like, drives for blowers and DC powered fans used in
electronics, telecommunications and industrial equipment applications.
The most recent application of this project was in mars rover (spirit, opportunity) in this
application the movement of vehicle and also the camera provided was controlled by same type
of speed control concept in wireless mode.
We can also design a GPS (Global Positioning System) for unmanned spaced vehicle and
Robots by utilizing the similar principle.
Other applications of this project can be in Internet Rovers, Personal Mobility, Submersible
ROVs, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Machine Control, Animatronics Props, Force-Feedback
Systems.
QUESTIONS ?
Thank You