Day02.Class03.04.ppt

Pipe and Fittings &Pipe Joining, Installing and Testing

Building Services 1

Reference:

Plumbing Practicesby-Syed Azizul Haq, PEng

Week 02: Class 3 and 4

Introduction:

Pipe is a cylindrical element used for conveying fluids and some other materials also.

Various types and different classes of pipes are manufactured to meet the varied condition of services. Pipes may be classified based on following criteria.

1. Material of pipe

2. Process of manufacture.

3. Kind of jointing pipes

4. Strength of pipe

Types of Pipe

Types of Pipe (contd…)Various pipes based on material used in plumbing and drainage system.

1. Ferrous metal pipe

a. Iron pipe

b. Cast iron pipe

c. Steel pipe

2. Plastic pipe

a. uPVC pipe

b. CPVC pipe

c. ABS pipe

d. PP pipe

3. Copper pipe

a. Flexible copper tubing

b. Rigid copper tubing

4. Brass pipe

5. Asbestos Cement pipe

6. Lead pipe

7. R.C.C. pipe

8. Clay pipe

Galvanized Iron (G.I) pipe:

Galvanizing is done by dipping the clean surfaced iron pipes into molten pure zinc. Galvanized iron pipes are used mainly for preventing pipe from corrosion. In aggressive corrosive conditions, galvanized iron pipes should not be used.

GI pipes are connected mostly by threaded joints. Welding of galvanized pipe should be avoided since it results in emission of a toxic gas from the zinc coating.

Cast iron (CI) pipes

Cast iron is defined as iron alloys having 3 to 4 percent carbon and small amount of sulfur, phosphorous silicon and manganese. CI pipes are grouped into two types

01. CI water pipe and 02. CI soil pipe.

Types of Pipe (contd…)


Cast iron soil pipe is manufactured in 4 (four) varieties as shown in the figure. These are as follows.

1. Standard pipe. 2. Single hub (bell).

3. Double hub (bell) 4. Hubless.

Steel pipe:

Steel pipe may be used for water lines, where larger diameter and high pressure resistance is needed. Characterized as high strength, ability to yield without breaking and great resistance to shock.

Steel pipe is subjected to deposits of salt and lime, corroded by alkaline and acidic water.. Protective coating includes paint, coal tar enamel, and wrapping. Interior linings may be either coal tar enamel or cement mortars.

Steel pipes of the larger sizes are made from steel plate bent to circular form; the edges of the plate being either lap welded or butt-welded.

Steel pipes are usually connected by threaded joints and grooved joints.


Plastic Pipe:

Plastics are a family of man-made materials developed from synthetic organic chemicals like oil, natural gas, coal and cellulose (from wood fibers). These raw materials are made into resins. Tests indicated that plastic pipe may last for 30 years under favorable condition.

Broadly plastic pipes are of two types: A. Rigid type and

B. Flexible type.

Rigid type plastic pipe: Various types of commonly used rigid plastic pipes used in plumbing system are as follows.

1. Unplastisized Poly Vinyle Chloride (uPVC) pipe.

3. Clorinated Poly Vinyle Chloride (CPVC) pipe.

4. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) pipe.

5. Poly Propylene (PP) pipe.


uPVC pipe: Manufactured by plastic resins extruded in special machines under closed temperature control and manufacturing process. uPVC pipes are suitable for temperature up to 60ºc ( ºF ). These pipes should not be installed exposed to direct sunlight due to its high co-efficient of thermal expansion which is 7 x 10.5 mm /m/ ºc and loss of strength. Rigidly fixed pipes may deform due to high thermal expansion. As a result joint may start leaking. So provision for pipe expansion should be kept in the piping system.

Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride (CPVC) pipe :CPVC pipes are useful for handing high temperature, corrosives fluids, having a maximum service temperature of 99 ºc (210 ºF). It has good chemical resistance like PVC pipes. These pipes are also recommended for hot and cold water lines and for process piping for the hot corrosive liquids.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) pipe: ABS pipes has high impact strength, is very tough and can be used at temperatures up to 180º F. It has lower chemical resistance and lower design strength than PVC pipes. These pipes are generally used in conveying water for irrigation, gas transmission, draining wastes and venting. Solvent welding and threading are the recommended process for jointing these pipes.


Pipe FittingsPipe fittings are those devices attached to the pipe for following purposes

01. To alter the direction and diameter of pipe.02. To make branching in pipe.03. To connect two pipes, pipe with fixtures, accessories or equipment.04. To close an end of pipe.

Pipe fittings are also classified with different respect as under.01. With respect to material.02. With respect to method of connecting.03. With respect to strength.04. With respect to use for special purposes.

http://www.fittingscn.com/pipe%20fittings/malleable%20iron%20pipe%20fittings/images/malleableiron_06.gif

Uses of various Pipe FittingsPipe fittings are also grouped and classified with respect to their various use as follows.

1. For pipe extension and jointing:

Nipple: Close , Short and Long

Coupling: Coupling and Extension piece

Unions:

Various parts of an Union

2. For reducing or enlarging the diameter of pipes: Reducers: Concentric and Eccentric Bushing.

Eccentric Reducer

Eccentricity between central axis line of lower and higher diameter sides.

Concentric Reducer

No eccentricity between central axis line of lower and higher diameter sides.

Thread inside to join lower diameter pipe

Thread outside to

join higher diameter

pipe

Bushing

Uses of various Pipe Fittings (contd..)

3. For changing direction of pipe run: Elbows Offset.


Long sweep elbow

45 elbow Offset

Elbows

4. For Branching: Tee, Y-branch , Crosses: Side outlet elbows.

Tee(T) Wye (y)

+ =Tee(T)-Wye (y) Upright YDouble T-Y


2” Seal

P-Trap

5. For special purpose use: Trap, Clean out.

Trap: A trap is a device or fittings so constructed as to prevent the passage of sewer gas through it and yet not affect the discharge to an appreciable extent. Trap has a barrier of water column retained between over flow and dip of trap called water seal. Generally water seal is 50 mm (2 inch). Two type of traps are commonly used – P-trap and S-trap, shaped like the letters “P” and “S” respectively.

Clean out: Clean-outs are the fittings used for making the drainage pipe accessible without breaking it up. Clean-outs are made by installing T, Y or T-Y fitting in drainage pipe and capping the unused opening by a removable cap. Clean-outs are provided generally at bends and at 50 ft. intervals in straight piping of more than 50 ft.

Y-CO T-Y CO

Thread outside

to fit into a pipe end

Plug

Thread inside to fit on a pipe end

Cap

1. For shut off or closing a pipe :Plug, Cap, Flange : :

Flange


1. Make the hub (bell) and spigot ends of the pipes dry and clean.

2. Assemble the pipes by inserting the spigot end into the bell to its full depth.

3. Yarn and pack oakum into the annular space around the pipe inserted into the bell, to a depth of 1 inch from the top of bell.

4. In vertical pipe joint, pour the molten lead with a ladle into the remaining space. Fill the space in one pour. In horizontal pipe joint, an asbestos running rope is placed around the pipe and clamped tightly at the top, forming a passage for pouring lead. A wad of oakum is placed under the clamp to retain the lead up to the top of the bell. The lead is then poured into the passage, filling the joint to the top. The running rope is removed when the lead solidifies.

5. As the molten lead gets hardened it is caulked with light taps to compensate for shrinkage of lead as it cools. The neck of excess lead left in the pouring access is cut off with chisel and hammer.

Pipe Joint: CI Pipe Lead Joint

VIRTUALLY NO OR LITTLE GAP

BELL OF CI PIPE

CEMENT MORTER

LEAD OR CEMENT MORTER

BELL ID 5.20”

PIPE ID 4.0”

PIPE OD 4.5”

BEVELLED

CAULKED HEM

0.35” GAP

IMPERFECT JOINT PERFECT JOINT

CI PIPE JOINT

Joints are made taper thread joint for making up tight and leak-proof. The tapering of thread is usually 20 mm per 300 mm of thread length.

1. The pipe shall be cut square by properly securing the pipe in the vise jaw.

2. Ream the inside of the cut to remove the burr often left by the cutting tool.

3. Thread the pipe with a die to the proper length while lubricating the die.

4. After threading remove the die and wipe the thread clean.

5. Apply the pipe joint compound to the male threads only.

6. Twist the fitting onto the pipe thread by hand and then tighten the joint with the help of pipe wrench.

Threaded Joint compound: Pipe thread compounds or sealant is made of filler materials held together by grease, oil, and resinous or plastic binder. Linseed oil is used as a binder in the preparation of some thread compounds. Calcium carbonate, silicates, lead or Barium oxide powder are suitable for many applications. Barium oxide is chemically inert within the compound.

Pipe Joint: Threaded & Tapered

01.Cut pipe squarely using a meter box or a sharp tube cutter with special blade for plastics.

02.Remove all burrs by using debarring tool or knife and make the end smooth.

03. Check for good interface fit and select the ideal fittings.

04. Make the jointing surface of pipe and fittings clean and dry.

05. Apply appropriate primer first to the inside of the fittings and then to the outside of the pipe end portion, which will remain inserted into the fitting.

06.Insert the pipe into the socket immediately before the solvent cement evaporates. While pushing make a quarter turn of the pipe. Next hold the joint together firmly for about 10 seconds.

07. Wipe off the excess solvent cement with a clean rag.

Plastic Pipe Joint: Solvent (Weld) Joint

Supporting Vertical PipesRecommended pipe support spacing for pipes of different materials and various diameters.

SL No.

Pipe diameter, mm (in)

Pipe support spacing, meter (ft)

Steel Copper Brass Plastic

1 40 (11/2) and smaller

3.0 (10 ) 1.8 (6 ) 2.4 (8) 1.2 (4)

2 50 (2) and larger

3.0 (10 ) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10) 1.2 (4)

Riser Clamp

SaddleClip

Bracket

Various horizontal pipe hangers

01. Install bib cocks at the two ends of the piping system to be tested. One for filling water into the piping and other for evacuating air from the piping.

02. Cap and make watertight all openings kept for connecting faucets or fixtures with the piping.

03. Fill the piping by potable water through one bib cock, keeping the other bib cock open. When the system is full of water and all air.?

04. Increase the pressure in the system by a hand pump so that it is not less then the following: a. One and a half times the pressure at which the piping system will be operated. Or b. 125 psi.

05. Sustain the pressure with the system for about three hours. If the pressure remains the same then the system is watertight.

Water Supply Pipe Joint Testing: Water Test

Pressure Developing Instrument for Pipe Joint testing

Bucket containing water

Pressure Gauge

Ball Valve

Reciprocating Pump

Suction endDelivery end Connected to pipe

Pump handle

2nd Week, Fall 09; Assignment:01

Submission: On or before 3rd week class

Show by digital picture three problems related to pipe, fittings and its installation those are existing in the plumbing system on roof of a building

where you reside. Also illustrate the reasons behind arising those problems.

Marks-10

Submitting media: By writing on CD. Mention name and ID on CD

Class test : On 4th WeekSyllabus: Topics covered in lectures of week 01, 02 and 03

Documents

Day02.Class03.04.ppt