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CIS Department Professor Duane Truex III
Day 3:Modeling and ERP Reference
Architectures
ERP Methodology and Project Management
Air Force Mentor-Protégé Program
Enterprise Reference Architectures
Ronald E. Giachetti,Ph.D.Associate ProfessorIndustrial and Systems EngineeringFlorida International University
Duane P. Truex, Ph.D.Associate Professor
Robinson College of BusinessDepartment of Computer Information Systems
Georgia State University
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“Everything should bemade as simple aspossible, but not simpler”– Albert Einstein
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Agenda Modeling Theory Reference Architectures ARIS Reference Architecture as a
commercial example utilized by SAP
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Definitions Enterprise: a complex set of business
processes that can be designed toaccomplish a specific set of objectives.
Architecture:A description (often graphical) of thestructure of something.A structured plan, a framework on the basisof which a product or an organization ofan enterprise can be constructed
Reference model: a general model that can beused as a base to derive other models from.
Reference Architecture: is a structured set ofmodels which represent the building blocks of thesystem.
FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYAir Force Mentor-Protégé Program
Why we need ERP Reference Architectures ERP systems are complex and difficult to understand how they
operate. A reference architecture is a model that describes ERP
systems – helps people understand how they work. Use of reference architectures for:
Business Process Reengineering (both ‘AS-IS’ and ‘TO-BE’modeling)TrainingConfiguration
Reference architectures capture, standardize, and representthe commonalities found in business process reengineeringand enterprise integration projects (Vernadat 1996).
Characterize the best-in-class management practices andsoftware solutions; i.e. knowledge management.
Inclusion of all elements. Leverage the previous work done in enterprise engineering;
i.e., learning.
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Models An abstract representation of reality
that excludes much of the world’sinfinite detail.
The purpose of a model is to reduce thecomplexity of understanding orinteracting with a phenomenon byeliminating the detail that does notinfluence its relevant behavior.
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Abstraction
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Modeling Point #1 Modeling is the ‘art’ of abstraction,
knowing what to include in modeland what to leave out.
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A model reveals what its creator believes isimportant in understanding or predicting thephenomena modeled
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But…Africa ismore than 10times largerthan Greenland!
Mecator’s Projection
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Peterson’s Projection: Area Accurate
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Modeling Point #2 All models are built with a purpose,
the purpose is determined by themodel creator.
Standard models have built inpurposes (for example, UML activitydiagrams or role activity diagrams).
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Model Views
A
Figure 1. Front view of physical object
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Model Views
A
Possibility 1 Possibility 2
A
Figure 2. Two possible top views for the same front view
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Enterprise System Views
FunctionBehaviorOrganizationor resourceinformation
DataProcessI/O
ControlDataFunctionOrganization
FunctionInformationOrganizationResource
CurtisZachmanARISCIMOSA
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Enterprise Views A Reference Architecture for an ERP system
requires the following views:Information or Data view – describes the datastructure of the entities or objects in the system.Function View – describes the functionssupported by the system (what the system does).Process View – describes how the systemcompletes the functions.Organization View – describes how theenterprise is organized.
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Modeling Point #3 Systems tend to be complex, our
models only abstract limited parts ofthe entire system (called a view).
You need multiple views tounderstand the entire system. We usedecomposition, but instead of ahierarchy into views.
Views must be consistent!
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Enterprise Modeling Enterprise modeling has to fulfill several requirements to
achieve efficient and effective enterprise integration:provide a modeling language easily understood by non-ITprofessionals, but sufficient for modeling complex industrialenvironments.provide a modeling framework which:
• covers the life cycle of enterprise operation fromrequirements definition to end of life.
• enables focus on different aspects of enterprise operation byhiding those parts of the model not relevant for theparticular point of view.
• supports re-usability of models or model parts
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ARIS The Architecture for Information
Systems (ARIS) developed in Germanyand adopted by SAP.
Adheres to enterprise concepts foundin CIMOSA, GRAI, and other RA.
Uses Event Process Chains to modelprocesses.
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ARISExecutivemgmt
Materials mgmt Sales
InventoryDisposition
RequestOffer
Customer
Requestreceived
Requestprocessed
Offerprocessing
RequestRequest
processing
Salesprocessing
Determine delivery
date
RequestprocessingSales Offer
processingCheckCredit
worthiness
Organizationalview
Data view Control view Functional view
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Event Process Chains Event Driven Process Chains (EPC), which
are one of the central components of theArchitecture for Integrated InformationSystems (ARIS) (Scheer 1995).
Used by SAP in modeling business processessupported by their ERP package SAP R/3.
EPC depict several important relationships ina business process.
Control Flow depicted as a sequence of event-function-event linkages.Information flow which specifies where data iscreated, read, updated, or deleted by a function.Organization assignment showing who does thefunction.
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CASE Tool based on EPC
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EPC ConstructsConstruct Symbol Definition
Event
Event name
An event describes a change
of state in the system.
Funct ion
Function
name
A function describes the
transformation from an entry
state to a target state.
Link Operators
XOR
V
V
The link operators describe the
logical connection between
events and functions or
process paths.
Process Path
Process
Name
A process path describes the
link to another process.
Organization Unit
Organization
unit name
An organization unit describ es
who is responsible for
completing the function.
Information Object
Information
object name
An information object
describes a real - world data
structure (e.g. order form)
Information Flow
An information flow describes
either the creation, read,
update, or deletion of t he
information object.
Control Flow
The control flow connects
events and functions to show
the sequence of activities.
Assignment of Organization
U n i t
The organization unit
assignment shows who
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START
Generate
Supply
Request : D
Generate
Inventory
Report : D
V
Supply
Request
Accepted
Inventory
Report
Generated
Generate PIN
Order : S
Generate PO
:M
PO Sent
PIN Order
Generated
Supply
Request
Inventory
Report
Create CD-
ROM with
PINs : PM
(2,3)
(1,3,5)
Supply
Request(1,1,3)
Prototype
Card for
Validation
Order Details
Printing Order
Generated
Generate
Order Details/
Request
Prototype : M
Prototype
Card
Validated
PO
POS PIN
Order
Generated
V
Sales
Information
(2,2,3)
XOR
Supply
Request
Rejected
Review
Supply
Request : S
Supply
Request Sent
(4,5)
V
(5,7)
(2,3)
Generate
Prototype
Card : P
Prototype
Card Ready
Prototype
Requested
(4,5)
Validate
Prototype
Card : M
(5,7)
(1,5,6)
(3,5)
V
(3,5)
Generate
Printing Order
: M
V
(4,6)
CD-ROM with
PINs created
Print Cards :
P
V(5,6)
(5,6)
CD-ROM with
PINs
(1,5,6)
(1,4,5)
(1,3,5)
Printing Order
Printing Order (1,4,6)
(3,5)
Activation/
Deactivaion
PIN Order
Sales Analysis
(2,4,4)
(1,4,5)
V
(1,3,5)
(1,3,5)
Order Details
(1,5,6)
PO
(1,3,5)
Order Details (1,5,6)
EPC for Latin American PrePaid Telephone Cards
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Summary Reference Architectures describe how an
ERP system is organized and operates. SAP makes the greatest usage of reference
architectures, but other vendors use themas well.
The reference architecture is used toconfigure, understand, and drive processredesign efforts.