Upload
ifpri-nssp
View
720
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Day 2, Session 4 of the Nigeria Strategy Support Program's 2012 Research Conference
Citation preview
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Thematic study on consumption, food insecurity and vulnerability
Oluyemisi Kuku, Astrid Mathiassen, Amit Wadhwa, Lucy Myles and Akeem Ajibola
NSSP National Conference 2012:“Informing Nigeria’s Agricultural
Transformation Agenda with policy analysis and research evidence”
Abuja, Nigeria – November 13-14, 2012
Introduction
A Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA). Attempt to develop broad-based national indicators on food security and vulnerability of various segments of a population across regions.
Joint report with WFP
Data: Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA).• National bureau of statistics (NBS) and the
World Bank. • Approx. 5000 respondents who are
interviewed every two years. • This analysis relies on post-harvest data
Key Findings
Food insecurity and poverty are intricately linked
The poorest livelihoods are found in agriculture
Households that engage in agriculture and other activities fare better than those in agriculture alone
The vulnerable and food insecure are mostly found in rural areas and the North West and North East regions of Nigeria
High food prices are a major constraint to vulnerable households
Poor households engage in extreme coping strategies to deal with food shortages
What is food security?
“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”
– World Food Summit, 1996
Dimensions of food security
Availability• Domestic production
• Commercial imports
• Reserves and food aid
Access• Household production
• Financial resources to purchase food
• Food prices and markets
• Existence of formal/informal social safety nets
Utilization• Care and feeding
practices
• Food preparation
• Intra-household distribution
• Biological utilization of food consumed
Food Security
Stability
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
DEMOGRAPHICS
Household characteristics
Household head (%) Basic literacy(%)
male household head spouse
Zone North central 89 56 33
North east 97 50 29North West 98 62 45South East 71 61 68South South 77 72 75
South West 79 73 73Sector
Urban 82 78 72Rural 86 55 42
On average about half of the household members are dependents (children or elderly)
male
fem
ale
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
9
8
10
9
26
24
45
51
8
6
age 60+age 15-59age 6-14age 2-5age 0-2
percent
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
Food Consumption Score
The Food Consumption Score (FCS) is a composite score based on dietary diversity, food frequency and the relative nutritional importance of different food groups
The FCS serves as a proxy for current food security
The FCS is calculated by observing the frequency by which households consume various food items over a seven day recall period
Each food item is put into a category and the categories are given a weight based on its relative nutritional value
The FCS was developed and extensively used by WFP in food security assessments
Food Consumption Groups
Food consumption groups are created from the FCS based on
standard thresholds
A FCS of 21 is a minimum. A FCS below 21 assumes a household
does NOT to eat at least staple foods and vegetables on a daily
basis and is thus considered to have a poor diet.
A FCS between 21 and 35 reflects borderline food consumption.
A FCS of 35 assumes daily consumption of staple and
vegetables complemented by consumption of oil and pulses 4
days per week.
Food consumption group Standard threshold
Poor food consumption 0 – 21
Borderline food consumption 21.5 - 35
Acceptable food consumption >35.5
Wealth Index: A proxy indicator of household level wealth
The wealth index is a composite index which attempts to measure wealth without relying on income and expenditure data
The index is created by using a form of data reduction analysis called Principle Component Analysis (PCA)
A number of variables are used collectively to describe the wealth of a household. In Nigeria, 16 variables were used to construct the wealth index
After creating the index, the households are ranked and placed in quintiles to describe wealth groups within the population
Assets Households amenities
• TV• Mobile phone• Iron / sewing machine• Refrigerator / stove• Electricity generator• Car• Sofa / chairs / table
• Improved walls / roof / floor• Improved drinking water• Improved sanitation• Electricity• Cooking fuel
Livelihood groups
Due to the lack of proper income data we rely on time use data to assign household livelihood groups.
Household members reports time spent in income generating activities. Total time spent in each activity is added for all household members.
We assign the household to a livelihood group according to the proportion of time spent in the income generating activities.
Description of livelihood profiles
Livelihood group DefinitionSubsistence farmer, fisherman or hunter only All time use in subsistence activities only
Mixed crop or cash crops only All time use in agricultural activities only
Mainly agriculture with other activities
More than 50 percent of time in agriculture, with other activities
Mainly industrial laborerMore than 50 percent of time use as an industry employee
Mainly small business (craftsman) Mainly self employed artisans and craftsmen
Mainly business/commerceMainly managing a business, involved in sales, and other larger commercial activities
Mainly livestock/poultryMore than 50 percent of time use in animal husbandry
Mainly professionals Salaried workers in public or private sector with professional qualifications.
Mainly service laborersMore than 50 percent of time use in provision of services that require no rigorous qualification
Agricultural & non agricultural mixed activities
Carries out a variety of livelihood activities in agriculture and other sectors
Non agricultural mixed activities
Carries out a variety of activities in the non-agricultural sector.
Percent of total households in each livelihood group
subs
farm
fish
hun
ter o
nly
mixed
crop
or c
ash
crop
s on
ly
mai
n ag
ricul
ture
with
oth
er a
ctivity
mai
nly
indu
stria
l lab
orer
mai
nly
smal
l bus
ines
s (c
rafts
man
)
mai
nly
busine
ss/com
mer
ce
mai
nly
lives
tock
/pou
ltry
mai
nly
prof
ession
al ju
nior
or s
enio
r
mai
nly
serv
ice
labo
rer
agric
utur
e & n
on a
gric m
ix a
ctiviti
es
non
agric
utur
e m
ix a
ctiviti
es
0
5
10
15
20
25
3.8
15.213.3
7.7
5.0
21.4
1.6
11.312.3
4.3 4.0
Perc
en
t
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FOOD SECURITY AND VULNERABILITY INDICATORS
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
WHICH GROUPS ARE MOST VULNERABLE?
Geographic distribution of wealth
North Central
North East
North West
South East
South South
South West
Urban
Rural
Regi
onSe
ctor
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
25.5
36.2
38.2
8.9
6.4
9.4
31.5
25.6
30.4
30.5
16.3
13.4
9.8
7.7
28.1
21.1
17.8
18.4
26.4
21.0
17.4
20.4
19.8
19.1
10.9
9.2
25.4
27.7
25.5
30.1
13.3
8.7
23.1
31.5
37.9
39.4
7.2
poorest poorer moderate wealthier wealthiest
Percent of population in the two poorest wealth quintiles – by region
nort
h ce
ntra
lno
rth
east
nort
h wes
tso
uth
east
sout
h so
uth
sout
h wes
t
0
20
40
60
80
50
6467
2219
16
% hh in the two poorest wealth quintiles
Perc
en
t
• A greater proportion of households are poor in the northern regions
Percent of population in the two poorest wealth quintiles – by livelihood
0
20
40
60
80
100
7770
56
29 26 26
97
2319
44
9
Perc
en
t
• The majority of the poorest households work in agriculture.
• Poor agricultural households are better off if they are also engaged in non-farm activities
Livelihood groups by rural/urban divide
mainly industr
ial laborer
mainly small b
usiness
(craftsm
an)
mainly business/
commerce
mainly professional
mainly service
laborer
non agric.m
ix activities
0
10
20
30
40
10.086.48
30.1
15.2717.33
8.246.14
4.03
15.75
8.64 9.04
1.2
urban rural
Perc
en
t of
hou
se-
hold
s
Wealthy livelihood groups
• Poor livelihoods are more prevalent in rural areas
Vulnerability: High food expenditures
Nat
ion
al
Urb
an
Ru
ral
No
rth
Cen
tral
No
rth
Eas
t
No
rth
Wes
t
So
uth
Eas
t
So
uth
So
uth
So
uth
Wes
t
Sector Zone
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
48%
27%
62%
50%
64%
73%
39% 41%
29%
Food expenditure share >75% by region
Vulnerability: High Food expenditures
% with high food expenditure (> 75%)
subsf
arm fi
sh h
unter o
nly
mixe
dcrop o
r cash
crops o
nly
main
ly agric
with
oth
er act
ivity
main
ly in
dustria
l labore
r
main
ly sm
all busin
ess (c
rafts
man)
main
ly busin
ess/co
mm
erce
main
ly liv
estock
/poultr
y
main
ly pro
fess
ionals
main
ly se
rvice
labore
r
agric &
non a
gric m
ix act
ivitie
s
non agric
mix
activi
ties
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%72% 68% 63%
41% 41% 37%
78%
30%36%
55%
21%
Food expenditure>75% : By livelihood group
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FOOD DEFICITS AND COPING STRATEGIES
Food Sources by geographic area
Nat
ion
al
Urb
an
Ru
ral
No
rth
ce
ntr
al
No
rth
ea
st
No
rth
w
est
So
uth
ea
st
So
uth
so
uth
So
uth
w
est
Sector Zone
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
15% 20% 12% 14% 11% 16% 14% 13% 19%
66%
73%
62% 58% 59%
66% 67% 70%
72%
16%
4%
24% 26% 28%18% 17% 14%
5%
Own production
Purchased
Away from home
Share
of
food
expen
dit
ure
Food sources by wealth quintile
poor
est
poor
mod
erat
e
wea
lthie
r
wea
lthie
st
Natio
nal
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
10% 12% 15% 18% 20% 15%
56%62%
67%72%
75%
66%
31%24%
15%8% 4%
16%
Share of food exp from own prodShare of food exp purchasedShare of food exp away from home
Share
of
food
expen
dit
ure
• Poorer households rely more on own production, but purchased food is the most important category for in all wealth groups
Mean number of days per week food item is consumed at home
National
North Central
North East
North West
South East
South South
South West
Urban
RuralRe
gion
Sect
or
0 10 20 30
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.7
6.1
6.7
6.3
6.4
6.6
2.9
3.0
3.8
2.9
2.3
2.8
2.9
3.1
2.9
4.9
5.1
5.4
5.5
4.1
4.9
4.5
4.9
5.0
3.7
3.9
3.1
2.3
3.8
5.0
4.2
4.3
3.4
2.5
2.6
3.8
3.4
2.5
2.4
5.4
5.7
5.5
5.9
4.9
5.7
4.8
5.3
5.4
cereals and tubers
pulses
vegetables
fruit
meat and fish
milk
sugar
oil
Days
Food consumption categories by wealth quintile
Poorest
Poorer
Moderate
Wealthier
Wealthiest
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
20.4
15.3
12.4
14.3
13.0
71.0
79.7
82.1
82.2
84.8
poor
borderline
acceptable
Causes of food shortages
Civil unrest/riots
Crop pest damage
Drought
Small land size
Lack of farm inputs
Other reasons
Financial hardship
High food prices
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
5.6
2.2
4.7
5.0
3.9
16.1
21.0
35.8
2.6
6.8
9.9
13.8
16.0
7.9
4.8
29.5
RuralUrban
Most frequent coping strategies for dealing with food shortages
poor
est
poor
er
mod
erat
e
wea
lthie
r
wea
lthie
st0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Go a whole day without food
Reduce number of meals eaten in a day
Rely on less pre-ferred foods
• Poorer households use more severe coping strategies
Conclusion
Key message: • Rural/urban differences• Regional differences• Poverty concentrated in the agricultural
sector
Analysis is ongoing – the full report is forthcoming
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
THANK YOU
The role of Nigerian agriculture in West African Food Security
Dr. R.O. BabatundeUniversity of Ilorin, Nigeria
NSSP Report 11
NSSP 2012 National Conference, 13-14 November, 2012, Rockview Hotel Royale, Wuse 2, Abuja, Nigeria.
NSSP Report 11
Identifies Nigeria’s potentials and comparative advantage in the production of main agricultural commodities within the sub-region
Assess the implication of Nigeria’s agricultural production and the potential of its export in enhancing food security in the WA sub-region
Identify the key drivers of food security in WA and the role of Nigeria
This study was commissioned by IFPRI to:
Approach:
Review and analysis of secondary information obtained from ECOWAS, FAOSTAT, CBN and NBS
Specific evidences in different countries
Background• State of food security and agricultural production in West Africa• Significance of Nigeria’s economy in West Africa sub-region
Nigeria’s agricultural potentials• Agricultural resources in Nigeria• Key agricultural commodities and their production level
Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria• Agriculture• Intra-regional trade in agricultural commodities• Agricultural research and development• Peace and security• Technology transfer
Conclusion and policy issues
OutlineNSSP Report 11
NSSP Report 11
West Africa – socioeconomic characteristics
• 15 countries with a total population of 317 million people (2012 estimation)
• Population density ranges from 168/km2 in the forest to 3/km2 in the sahel
• Population growth rate is 2.6% per annum in 2000-2005, expected to grow at 1.2% in 2045-2050 (OECD, 2009)
• Population of WA is expected to exceed 400 million by 2020 and 500 million between 2030 and 2050
• Urban population in WA is 45% and expected to reach 70% in 2050
• Annual urbanization rate of approximately 4% (USAID, 2010)
NSSP Report 11
West Africa – socioeconomic characteristics• Land area of WA is 5,113,000 km2 (2.4 times the size of India and 1.8
times the size of 27 EU countries)
• Nigeria account for 50% of the population of WA
West Africa – economy
• One of the least developed regions in the World, mostly agro-based economies with agriculture contributing 35% of regional GDP and over 15% of export earnings
• Average regional GDP of $391 billion, growing at 5.89% annually for the last 10 years (USAID, 2010)
• Average GNI per capita of $1,198 in 2011 based on 2005 PPP
• Human development index (HDI) ranges from 0.295 in Niger to 0.568 in Cape Verde (average HDI is 0.403) (UNDP, 2012)
• Life expectancy ranges from 47.8 years in Sierra Leone to 74.2 years in Cape Verde (average life expectancy at birth is 56.3 years)
NSSP Report 11
NSSP Report 11
West Africa – agriculture and food security• About 60% of the population is involve in agriculture, but the region as a
whole import 20% of its food need
• Agricultural land make up about 49.7% of the total land area with the highest in Nigeria (81.8%) and lowest in Cape Verde (21.8%)
• The region has about 9 million hectare of irrigable land (OECD, 2009)
• WA has one of the lowest yields in the World and only 30% of growth in agric production is through productivity increases
• Main staple food crops include sorghum, millet, cassava, yam, plantains, maize (maize and livestock being the most traded) (USAID, 2010)
• Major cash crops include cocoa and cotton
NSSP Report 11
Countries Population(millions)
Food supply(kcal/cap/day)
Food insecurity(% of pop)
Stunting(% of children)
Poverty(% of pop)
Benin 9.4 2,510 12 44.7 39.0
Burkina Faso 17.5 2,670 8 35.1 46.4
Cape Verde 0.5 2,550 11 NA 26.6
Cote d’Ivoire 20.6 2,510 14 39.0 42.7
Gambia 1.8 2,350 19 27.6 58.0
Ghana 25.5 2,850 5 28.6 28.5
Guinea 10.5 2,530 16 39.3 53.0
Guinea-Bissau 1.6 2,288 22 28.1 64.7
Liberia 4.2 2,160 32 39.4 63.8
Mali 16.3 2,580 12 38.5 47.4
Niger 16.6 2,310 16 54.8 59.5
Nigeria 166.6 2,710 6 41.0 54.7
Senegal 13.1 2,320 19 20.1 50.8
Sierra Leone 6.1 2,130 35 37.4 66.4
Togo 6.3 2,150 30 26.9 61.7
West Africa 317 2,441.2 17.1 40.5 50.8
Ref. year 2012 2006/07 2008 2010 2009
Profile of West African countries
Source: UNDP, 2012 Africa Human Development Report
NSSP Report 11
In summary ……….. Dietary energy supply (DES) has increased in WA from about 2,000
kcal/capita/day in 1980s to 2,440 kcal/capita/day in 2007• The increase is more in the coastal zone than in the sahelian zone• Protein availability also increase from 45g to 50g per capita/day• Diet quality and diversity has not improve proportionally• Child malnutrition has actually increase (UNDP, 2012)
Prevalence of undernourishment also declines from 22.1% of the population in 2004/05 to 17.1% in 2008 (UNDP, 2012)
• In SSA the prevalence has fallen from 27.2% to 26.5%• Region may not reach the MDG target if prevailing trends persist
Despite improvement, challenges still persist• Conflict in northern Mali • Flooding in Nigeria, Benin has affected more than 1.5 million people• Desert locust in Niger and Mali
NSSP Report 11
Significant of Nigeria’s economy in West Africa sub-region
Largest economy in WA and second largest in Africa• Account for approximately 53% of the population and over 50% of the regional
gross domestic product (GDS, 2010) Largest producer of major agricultural products in the region
• Responsible for 50-60% of total regional cereals production (GDS, 2010) Largest oil producer, followed by Cote d’Ivoire, Senegal and Ghana
• Nigeria accounts for 86% of total WA oil production (OECD, 2009)• Largest combined oil and gas reserves in WA and Africa
Provides fuel, electricity and gas to countries in the sub-region• About 80% of fuel consume in Benin is from Nigeria (IMF, 2012)• Supply gas to Ghana• Supply electricity to Niger• 5% of Nigeria oil is exported to WA countries (OECD, 2009)
NSSP Report 11
Agricultural potentials of Nigeria
Agricultural land area of 79 million hectares• 32 million hectares under cultivation• 30% of arable land in WA is found in Nigeria (GDS, 2010)• 3.14 million hectares of potential irrigable land (Ruma, 2009)• 5-8 million hectares of fadama
Adequate supply of water• 267 billion cubic meters of surface water (Ruma, 2009)• 57.9 billion cubic meters of underground water (Ruma, 2009)• Annual rainfall ranging from 300mm to 4,000mm
NSSP Report 11
Agricultural potentials of Nigeria
Availability of labour• Population of 166 million (2012 estimates)• Close to 70% of the population engage in agriculture
Availability and supply of other inputs• 30,000 tractors available in the country
• To be increased by 10,000 tractors per annum (Ruma, 2009)• 70% of tractors in WA countries are in Nigeria (GDS, 2010)
• One extension agent per 10,000 farmers (Ruma, 2009)• Average fertilizer demand of 3 million tons per year• Establishment of 774 agro service centres (1 stop shop for farmers)• 4% of bank credit lending go to agric sector (2007)
NSSP Report 11
Current agricultural production level in Nigeria Output of major staple crops has continue to increase
• Total output and index of production of staples have continue to increase
Commodities Output in 1000 tons Percent change
1990 2006
Maize 5768 11005 90.7
Millet 5136 7845 52.7
Sorghum 4185 11239 168.5
Rice 2500 4169 66.7
Wheat 554 15 -97.2
Beans 1354 4739 250
Cassava 19043 38254 100.8
Yam 13624 30188 121.5
Cocoyam 731 2633 260.1
Plantain 1215 1317 83.9
Source: CBN Statistical Bulletin, 2007
NSSP Report 11
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
Year
Ou
tput
of
ag
ricu
ltura
l com
mod
ities
(10
00 t
onn
es)
Total output of major staple agricultural commodities in Nigeria, 1970-2006
Source: FAOSTAT
NSSP Report 11
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Ind
ex
of
sta
ple
s, li
vest
ock
an
d f
ish
ery
ou
tpu
t
STAPLES LIVESTOCK FISHERY
Index of production of staples, livestock and fishery in Nigeria (1999 = 100)
Source: FAOSTAT
NSSP Report 11
Current agricultural production level in Nigeria Area under cultivation and productivity of major staple crops has
increase
Source: FMAWR, 2009
Commodities Area under cultivation (1000 ha)
Yield (t/ha) Total output (1000 tons)
Maize 4,460 1.59 7,091
Rice 2,131 1.97 4,200
Cassava 3,261 15.0 48,915
Wheat 150 1.09 163
Millet - 1.3 7,700
Tomato 305 8 2,440
Sugar Cane 296 17.9 5322
NSSP Report 11
Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria
Agriculture Relative share of Nigeria’s agricultural production in the ECOWAS
sub-region and implication for food security• Largest producer of staple crops in WA (GDS, 2010)• Largest producer of Cassava in the World and second largest producer of
Sweet Potatoes (Eboh et al., 2004)• Account for 51% of total food supply in WA (FAOSTAT)• Root and tuber output was 89 million tons in 2008 (69% of WA total)• Account for 53% of Maize, 48% of Rice, 69% of Millet and 58% of
Cowpea regional production (GDS, 2010)• Livestock production in Nigeria is 36% of total for the region
Total food output in Nigeria and WA followed similar trend• Nigerian agriculture is a major component of regional agriculture?• Food output in Nigeria is one of the drivers of WA food security?
NSSP Report 11
Source: Computed from FAOSTAT
West African countries that rank first in average yield, output and cultivated area of selected food crops, 1980-2002
Crops Average yield Production output Cultivated area
Beans Mauritania Cote d’Ivoire Guinea
Banana Cape Verde Benin Togo
Cassava Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria
Rice Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria
Yam Nigeria Benin Nigeria
Millet Nigeria Nigeria Niger
Maize Gambia Nigeria Nigeria
Groundnut Gambia Nigeria Nigeria
Sorghum Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria
Plantain Ghana Nigeria Cote d’Ivoire
NSSP Report 11
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
Year
To
tal f
oo
d o
utp
ut
(10
00
to
nn
es)
NIGERIA WEST AFRICA
Total food output in Nigeria and West Africa, 1970-2007
Source: FAOSTAT
NSSP Report 11
Agriculture
Contribution of Nigeria’s agricultural production to regional food security
• During the 2005 food crisis, Nigeria supplies 60-70% of Niger’s grain import (Diao, 2010), which help to improve food availability in the country
• 80-100 % of markets in Niger are supplied dry grains from Nigeria every week (FEWSNET, 2010)
• Food produce from Nigeria are exported and sold in markets in Benin, Mali and Ghana (GDS, 2010)
• Nigeria herself is a net importer of food such as rice, wheat, meat sugar, milk
• Many of the countries in WA obtain part of their food import from Nigeria• Larger proportion of this food import are smuggled and unaccounted for, example include
grain, garri and yam (GDS, 2010)
• There is re-exportation of food from Nigeria to WA countries, which has contributed to food availability in those countries, e.g. Benin, Ghana (GDS, 2010)
NSSP Report 11
Agriculture
Role of Nigeria in ECOWAS regional agricultural policy (ECOWAP)
• Nigeria supported the establishment of ECOWAP as a regional policy framework for agriculture and food security in 2005
• ECOWAP proposes a common agricultural policy in WA countries• Aims to improve productivity and competitiveness of agriculture in WA• Implement trade regimes within the region and between the region and outsider
• Nigeria facilitated the signing of ECOWAP/CAADP agreement in 2009, when the country is holding the chairmanship of ECOWAS
• Nigeria facilitated the decision by ECOWAS to establish the regional programme for food security (RPFS) as a component of ECOWAP
• Based on the success of the Nigeria’s special programmes for food security (SPFS) (Ruma, 2009)
NSSP Report 11
Intra-regional trade
Role of Nigeria in intra-regional trade in agricultural commodities
• Promote intra-regional trade in ECOWAS countries• 5% of Nigeria export is to WA countries and 2% of import is from WA countries• Important for cross-border trade in agricultural commodities (GTZ, 2010)• Participate in more than 60% of intra-regional trade involving mostly agricultural
commodities• Level of intra-regional trade is still low with export and import within the region making
up 8.4 and 16.7% respectively of the total value of regional export and import• Adopted trade liberalization in 2004
• Facilitate access to agricultural commodities through the cross-border trade (GDS, 2010)
• Net supplier of millet, sorghum, maize to Niger, Chad and Cameroun (GDS, 2010)
Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria
NSSP Report 11
Intra-regional trade
Role of Nigeria in regional trade integration
• Major supporter of the ECOWAS common currency• Reduced her protectionist trade policy and adopted the ECOWAS common
external tariff (CET) regime• Instrumental to the negotiation of economic partnership agreement (EPA) with
the EU in 2007 (GDS, 2010)• Nigeria Banks providing financial services in WA countries e.g. Ghana, Liberia
NSSP Report 11
Agricultural research and development
Role of Nigeria in regional agricultural research and development
• Promotion of agricultural R&D• Has the largest R&D in WA in terms of investment and number of researchers• Investment in R&D doubled from 12 million naira in 2000 to 24 million naira in
2008 (Flaherty et al., 2010)• Nigeria has some of the best agricultural universities and research institutes in the
WA region• Between 2000 and 2008, research capacity increased from 1,300 to more than
2,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers• Agricultural R&D in Nigeria is primarily funded by government and donor• Mainly focus on crops and livestock improvement, with cassava and poultry being
the most heavily researched components (Flaherty et al., 2010)
Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria
NSSP Report 11
Peace and security
Role of Nigeria in regional peace and security
• Maintenance of peace and security in the region• Leading contributor to ECOMOG intervention force to monitor ceasefire in conflict-
stricken countries (GDS, 2010)• Provide support for the establishment of AU parliament and the court of justice• Maintain bilateral agreement for maritime and border security e.g. with Benin
• Resolution of conflicts in the region• Mediate and facilitate conflict resolution in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Cote d’Ivoire• Participate in UN peace keeping operation even beyond WA region e.g. in Sudan,
Chad, Somalia, Angola and Congo (Okunnu, 2010)
Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria
NSSP Report 11
Technology transfer
Role of Nigeria in technology transfer
• Deployment of Technical Aid Corps
• Agricultural experts are deployed to countries in WA to assist in capacity building for improve agricultural production
Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria
NSSP Report 11
Conclusion
At the regional level, agriculture, trade, peace and security, R&D and technology are the main drivers of food security and in these sectors, Nigeria has the greatest potential to contribute to increase food security
Agriculture will guarantee food availability Intra-regional trade can enhances food accessibility Agricultural R&D can improves yield and increase food availability Peace and security can ensure stability of food supplies
Implication is that Nigeria’s agricultural production has the greatest potentials to contribute to food security through intra-regional trade in agricultural commodities
Largest producer and marketer of agricultural commodities in WA
NSSP Report 11
What should be done……….. Support Nigeria’s effort to increase the production of key agricultural
commodities such as cereals, root and tuber where the country has
comparative advantage
• Development of smallholder agriculture• Intensify agricultural R&D to improve yield• Investment in rural infrastructure and storage facilities• Input subsidies for farmers
Strengthen regional integration in trade especially in agricultural
commodities
• Remove barriers to trade and ensure free movement of goods and people• Harmonization of tariffs to the ECOWAS common external tariff• Single currency should be pursued more vigorously like in the EU
Thank you for your attention
NSSP Report 11
Paul Ilona, Country Manager - Nigeria
Making micronutrients accessible in Nigeria through biofortification of staple crops
Background
• The Copenhagen Consensus – 2008 reviewed and identified the best ways to solve the world’s biggest problems
• Of the top 10 solutions 5 are focussed on reducing malnutrition
• Biofortification is one of such interventions. It ranked 5th along with supplementation (1st) and Fortification (2nd)
This is an acknowledgement of a problem that is so widespread, needing more than one set of
solutions or interventions to make impact.
What constitutes malnutrition?
Macronutrients• Carbohydrate• Protein• Fat
Micronutrients• Vitamins (A, B, C etc)• Minerals (Fe, Zn etc)
Inadequate intake of food nutrients required by the body cells to function properly:
• Malnutrition and nutrition related diseases continue to be problems of public health importance in Nigeria
• Nutrition should be considered a critical component of National development which cuts across many sectors
• Malnutrition slows economic growth and perpetuates poverty through direct losses in productivity from poor physical status; indirect losses from poor cognitive function and deficits in schooling; and losses owing to increased health care costs.
24%
20%
17%
13%
11%
10% 3%
2%
NeonatalMalariaPneumoniaDiarrhoeaMeaslesOthersHIV/AIDSInjuries
Malnutrition
53%
Wasting and vitamin A deficiency increase substantially the risk of dying from the listed conditions.
Malnutrition: a contributory cause of half of under-five deaths in Nigeria
Status of micronutrient deficiency in Nigeria
Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)
- 23% among children < 5 yrs- 13% among mothers- 19% among pregnant women
Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA)
- 34% among u-5 children- 24% among mothers- 48% among pregnant women
Iodine deficiency (IDD)
- 13% among children < 5 yrs- 10% among pregnant women- 13% among nursing mothers
Zinc Deficiency
- 20% among u-5 children- 28% among mothers- 44% among pregnant women
Status of Malnutrition in Nigeria by region
Why the attention on Vit A?
• Vision (night, day, colour)
• Epithelial cell integrity against infections
• Immune response
• Red Blood Cell Production
• Skeletal growth
• Embryogenesis and fetal development
• Blindness• Preventable illness• Stunted growth• Lower cognitive ability• Reduced ability to work• Loss in GDP• Premature death
Importance Consequences
A weak and malnourished labour force will contribute less to ATA in Nigeria
Supplementation Commercial
Fortification
“Biofortification”
New and only complementary
Dietary
Diversi
ficatio
n
Strategies employed to fight deficiency
What is biofortification?Biofortification is the process of breeding food crops that are rich in bioavailable micronutrients such as vitamin A, Iron and Zinc
Targeted crops to deliver micronutrients
Target Micro-N Target Release date Target Country
Rice Zinc 2013 Bangladesh / India
Wheat Zinc 2013 India / Pakistan
Millet Iron 2012 India
Bean Iron 2012 Rwanda / DRC
Maize Vit A 2012 Zambia / Nigeria
Cassava Vit A 2011 Nigeria / DRC
Sweet P Vit A 2007 Uganda / Moz / Nig?
Will Biofortification Work?
• Can breeding increase nutrient levels enough to improve human nutrition?
• Will the extra nutrients be bioavailable at sufficient levels to improve micronutrient status?
• Will farmers adopt and consumers buy/eat in sufficient quantities?
Three Vit A cassava varieties were released in Nig in 2011
(1) UMUCASS 36 (2) UMUCASS 37 (3) UMUCASS 38
7 – 8 u/g of TCC
Progress in meeting targets
Progress in meeting targets
Vitamin A maize released in July 2012
7 – 8 u/g of TCC
<2007
2008
2011
2013
2015
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
TMS 30572
TMS 96/1089A
TMS 01/1368, TMS 01/1412, TMS
01/1371
TMS 07/0593, NR 07/0220
???
Total carotene content (ug/g) FW
Next wave of imp. Vit A Cas varieties and target levels
Comparatively higher than in other crops (average of 3-5 units = 1 retinol)
Bioavailability of vitamin A in cassava
Boiled Fried Gari Fufu0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Rete
ntion
(%)
Consumer acceptance study
• This study investigated consumer acceptance of biofortified gari from two yellow cassava varieties (TMS 01/1368 and TMS 01/1371) vs local varieties in Oyo and Imo states
• Consumer acceptance investigated in terms of– Sensory (organoleptic) evaluation – Economic valuation (willingness to pay)
• Some consumers accepted yellow cassava varieties only after receiving information on their nutritional benefits while others accepted these varieties even without any information– Information was received as a simulated radio
message in local languages. – This message explained the importance of Vitamin A
for family health and that yellow cassava contained Vitamin A
Ex ante cost-effectiveness study
• This study estimated the costs and potential benefits of biofortification of cassava with vitamin A in Nigeria
• Benefits of biofortification were estimated in terms of the reduction in Disability Adjust Life Years (DALY) burden of vitamin A deficiency
• Cost per DALY averted as a result of biofortification of cassava with Vitamin A in Nigeria range from $8 in optimistic scenario to $137 in pessimistic scenario
• According to the World Bank (World Development Report, 1993), public health interventions costing less than $196 per DALY averted (in 2004 dollars) are highly cost effective.
• Therefore even in the pessimistic scenario, biofortification is a cost-effective public health intervention for combatting vitamin A deficiency in Nigeria
Over 500 ha planted in 2012
Multiplication and dissemination of stems
100,000 households to receive planting materials in 2013
AdvocacyMalnutrition has severe national consequences and we are all challenged to:
‘Seed a better life’
Conclusion
• Rural health is very important if agriculture is to continue to contribute to GDP
• Agriculture is fundamental for good health through the production of more nutritious foods
• Biofortification will make agriculture deliver necessary nutrients naturally through the foods we eat, more cost efficiently and sustainably
• Therefore agriculture and health policies should not be treated in isolation
• Relevant policies in agriculture, health and perhaps education should be analysed to create synergies