Day 2 January 12 Chapter 1 and 2 Spring 2012

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January 12th

Chapter 1 + 2

Turn your clicker on, please!(If you dont have a clicker today willbe one of the four days you can miss

before it counts against you)



Previously.

We talked about

± Textbook, clicker, lab manual, Springboard

±

Signed syllabus page ± Characteristics of scientists

± Course is divided into four units

± What are our exams like?



What are your exams like?

Approximately 60 80 multiple choice questions

NOT straight definition questions

Taken in CBT Center

Should take 60 minutes you have 90.

Taken during a test window (Thur at noon to Fri at 3pm)

Know when the CBT is open and closed! Check wait times!

You will not immediately know the results I have to seehow the class did first.

You can review your exams in my office after class (the exams are hard. You should be reading each chapter,

and studying 2 hours for every hour in class)



Science - Latin = to know

Science is

± a body of knowledge.

± a way of knowing - a process of inquiry and learning.

± a pathway to discover and understand world around us.

± empirical.

±

a human endeavor.

Pages 2 -3





How is Science a

different way of knowing?

Science is empirical. Empirical knowledge is

based on experimentation and observation.Empirical results can be tested again and again

and corrected as needed. Scientists use the

scientific method to produce empirical results. Other ways of knowing historical, ethical,

political, religious.

Page 7



First Clicker Question!

Power it up!

Wait for the question

Press the corresponding

key

Press send



Science and the implications of science

impact my daily life.

1. Strongly agree

2. Agree3. Neutral

4. Disagree

5. Strongly disagree



Scientists

Are curious

Ask questions about how the world works

Seek answers

Does the radiation released by cell phonescause brain tumors?

Are anti-bacterial hand soaps better thanregular soap?

Do large doses of vitamin C reduce thelikelihood of getting a cold?



How do you know that is true?

The single question thatunderlies scientific thinking



the importance of questioning the truth of many scientific claims you see on merchandise packages

or read in the newspaper or on the internet.



Can we trust the packaging

claims that companies make?

clinical drug trials and evidence

CEO says: people are really not scientificallyminded enough to be able to understand aclinical study.



The most important questions in biology:

What is the chemical and physical basis forlife and its maintenance?

How do organisms use genetic informationto build themselves and to reproduce?



The most important questions in biology:

What are the diverse forms that life onearth takes and how has that diversityarisen?

How do organisms interact with eachother and with their environment?



Scientific Literacy

how to think scientifically

how to use the knowledge we gain to

make wise decisions increasingly important in our lives

literacy in matters of biology is especially

essential



Biological Literacy

The ability to:

1. use the process of scientific inquiry to

think creatively about real-worldissues,

2. communicate those thoughts to others,and

3. integrate them into your decision-making.





1.3 The scientific method isa powerful approach tounderstanding the world.

If science proves some belief of Buddhism wrong, then Buddhism

will have to change Dalai Lama, 2005



http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/4588289/The-Vatican-claims-Darwins-the



Understanding How the World Works

Someone wonders about why somethingis the way it is and then decides to try tofind out the answer.

This process of examination and discoveryis called the scientific method.



The Scientific Method

Observe a phenomenon

Propose an explanation for it

Test the proposed explanation through aseries of experiments

Accurate & valid,or

Revised or alternative explanations proposed





Which answer below does not

exemplify knowledge gainedthrough empirical testing?

1. Sugar tastes sweet.2. The sky looks blue during the

daytime.

3.I

can smell freshly poppedpopcorn from a distance.

4. A rabbit s foot can bring good

luck.



Which answer below does not

exemplify knowledge gainedthrough empirical testing?

1. Sugar tastes sweet.2. The sky looks blue during the

daytime.

3.I

can smell freshly poppedpopcorn from a distance.

4. A rabbit s foot can bring good

luck.



What should you do whensomething you believe inturns out to be wrong?

This may be the most important feature of the scientific method:

it tells us when we should change our minds.



1.5 Step 1: Makeobservations.

Look for interestingpatterns or cause-and-

effect relationships.



Does taking echinacea reduce the intensity orduration of the common cold?



Which question below can be

addressed by using the scientificmethod?

1. How do salmon migrate great distances

yet return to spawn and die in thestream/river of their birth?

2. Do antibacterial soaps kill more bacteria

then soap alone?3. Do all living creatures have a soul?

4. Choices 1 and 2 are correct.



Which question below can be

addressed by using the scientificmethod?

1. How do salmon migrate great distances

yet return to spawn and die in thestream/river of their birth?

2. Do antibacterial soaps kill more bacteria

then soap alone?3. Do all living creatures have a soul?

4. Choices 1 and 2 are correct.



1.6 Step 2: Formulate ahypothesis.

A proposed explanation for

observed phenomena



Which statement or question below is ahypothesis for the validity of eyewitnesstestimony?

1. Is eyewitness testimony always

correct?2. Eyewitness testimony is always correct.

3. If eyewitness testimony is always

correct, then DNA and physicalevidence should support the story of the eyewitness.

4. None of the above.



Which statement or question below is ahypothesis for the validity of eyewitnesstestimony?1. Is eyewitness testimony always

correct?

2. Eyewitness testimony is always correct.3. If eyewitness testimony is always

correct, then DNA and physicalevidence should support the story of

the eyewitness.4. None of the above. 1 is a question

2 is a hypothesis and the correct answer

3 is a prediction based on that hypothesis





To be most useful, a hypothesis must accomplish two things:

1. It must clearly establish mutuallyexclusive alternative explanations for aphenomenon.

2. It must generate testable predictions.





1.7 Step 3: Devise atestable prediction.

Suggest that under certainconditions we will make

certain observations.



Devising a Testable Prediction from aHypothesis

Keep in mind any one of several possibleexplanations could be true.



Devising a Testable Prediction from aHypothesis

The goal is to:

Propose a situation that will give a particular

outcome if your hypothesis is true

but that will give a different outcome if yourhypothesis is not true.



Hypothesis: Echinacea reduces the duration andseverity of the symptoms of the common cold.



Which prediction below follows from thehypothesis that ibuprofen decreases

inflammation?

1. If a patient suffers from a fever, thentaking ibuprofen will reduce the fever.

2. If a patient sprains their ankle, then takingibuprofen can decrease the swelling.

3. If a patient suffers from a cut or scrape,

then taking ibuprofen can be used torelieve the pain.

4. If a patient suffers from nausea, thentaking ibuprofen will relieve the nausea.



Which prediction below follows from thehypothesis that ibuprofen decreases

inflammation?

1. If a patient suffers from a fever, thentaking ibuprofen will reduce the fever.

2. If a patient sprains their ankle, then takingibuprofen can decrease the swelling.

3. If a patient suffers from a cut or scrape,

then taking ibuprofen can be used torelieve the pain.

4. If a patient suffers from nausea, thentaking ibuprofen will relieve the nausea.



1.8 Step 4: Conduct acritical experiment.

an experiment that makes it possibleto decisively determine whether a

particular hypothesis is correct









1.9 Step 5: Drawconclusions, make revisions.

Trial and error



Does echinacea help prevent the common cold?

Hypothesis: Echinacea reduces the duration and severity of the symptoms of thecommon cold.



1.10 When do hypothesesbecome theories?

Two distinct levels ofunderstanding that scientists use

in describing our knowledge

about natural phenomena



Hypotheses and Theories

A hypothesis is a proposed explanationfor a phenomenon.

a good hypothesis leads to testablepredictions.



Hypotheses and Theories

A theory is a hypothesis for naturalphenomena that is exceptionally well-supported by the data.

a hypothesis that has withstood the test of time and is unlikely to be altered by any new

evidence



Take-home message 1.10

Theories are hypotheses that have beenso strongly supported by empiricalobservation that the scientific communityviews them as very unlikely to be alteredby new evidence.





Elements Commonto Most Experiments

1. Treatment any experimental condition applied to individuals

2. Experimental group

a group of individuals who are exposed to aparticular treatment 3. Control group

a group of individuals who are treated identicallyto the experimental group with the one exception:they are not exposed to the treatment

4. Variables characteristics of your experimental system that

are subject to change



Clever Hans



Experimental Designs

Blind experimental design

The experimental subjects do not know whichtreatment (if any) they are receiving.

Double-blind experimental design

Neither the experimental subjects nor the

experimenter knows which treatment thesubject is receiving.



If you wanted to test if antibacterial soapworked better than regular soap, which

answer has the strongest experimentaldesign?

1. Have people in the experiment wash with antibacterial

soap first and later with regular soap and compare.2. Have two groups of people wash with either

antibacterial soap or regular soap and compare.

3. Have two groups of people wash with eitherantibacterial or regular soap, without knowing which

type of soap is being used, and compare.4. Have two groups of people wash with either

antibacterial or regular soap, with neither theresearchers nor the groups knowing which type of soapis being used, and compare.



If you wanted to test if antibacterial soapworked better than regular soap, which

answer has the strongest experimentaldesign?

1. Have people in the experiment wash with antibacterial

soap first and later with regular soap and compare.2. Have two groups of people wash with either

antibacterial soap or regular soap and compare.

3. Have two groups of people wash with eitherantibacterial or regular soap, without knowing which

type of soap is being used, and compare.4. Have two groups of people wash with either

antibacterial or regular soap, with neither theresearchers nor the groups knowing which type of soapis being used, and compare.





Making Wise Decisions About Concrete Things

Does having access to a textbook help astudent to perform better in a biology

class? Students who had access to a textbook

scored an average of 81% ± 8% on theirexams

while those who did not scored an averageof 76% ± 7%.



What is the average rangeof scores for students who

do not use textbooks whilestudying?

1. 90 to 100%

2. 95%

3. 5565%

4. 65%



What is the average rangeof scores for students who

do not use textbooks whilestudying?

1. 90 to 100%

2. 95%

3. 5565%

4. 65%



1. Pseudoscience: individuals make

scientific-sounding claims that are not supported by trustworthy, methodicalscientific studies.

2. Anecdotal observations: based on onlyone or a few observations, people

conclude that there is or is not a linkbetween two things.



Four out of five dentists surveyedrecommend sugarless gum for their patients

who chew gum.

How do they know what they know?

Maybe the statement is factually true, but thegeneral relationship it implies may not be.



Anecdotal Observations

do not include asufficiently large andrepresentative set of

observations of theworld

data are more

reliable thananecdotes



Science is a way to call the bluff of thosewho only pretend to knowledge. It is abulwark against mysticism, against

superstition, against religion misapplied towhere it has no business being. If weretrue to its values, it can tell us when werebeing lied to.

Carl Sagan



Can Animals Be Superstitious?



Before Tuesday. . .

Log on to Biologywithtechnology.com

Make sure that you can view the syllabus and clickerregistration guide.

Register your clicker Watch the videos about eyewitness testimony

Make a comment on the todays post. ± What would you like to hear about in a Biology class?

±

Can animals be superstitious? ± Did you get your clicker registered?

± Please use your real name and UA email.

Documents

Day 2 January 12 Chapter 1 and 2 Spring 2012