David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 1 Corporate Perspective

David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 1

Corporate Perspective


Major Regulations

Why Comply

Use of the Intra / Internet for EHS Compliance

‘Coping’ strategies


Development of a rule

Public opinion Environmental PAC’s

CONGRESSCONGRESS

Law

EPA publishesfinal rule

State Implementation

Public discussion

EPA publishesproposed rule


US Environmental Statutes•13 laws enacted by Congress•Generalizations

Associated Laws•Laws enacted related to enforcement•State laws that cover areas not addressed by Federal Laws

Regulations•Issued by agencies to provide for enforceable provisions to meet the Statutes.•Published in the Federal Register and carries the weight of law.•State and Local level regulations•Federal Agencies may mandate enforcement at State Level

Permits•Application of Regulation Specifics to a Facility

Common Law•Typically involve some form of nuisance, trespass or negligence in the form of pollution

Legal Framework


Cooperative Federalism- Federal Government establishes standards. states are delegated the responsibility of developing programs to implement and enforce the standards. Federal government has oversight on state programs and may take over. States may have more stringent requirements.

Health over Economics- The early standards, such as CAA, were primarily health based, with little emphasis on economics or even technical feasibility. The Clean Air Act Amendments, while even broader, do take into consideration the best available technology.

Prevention- Most standards developed with a philosophy of prevention.

Costly- The laws are very expensive to implement. For example the cost of the CAAA is estimated to be $25 billion per year.

Themes of Regulation


History of US Environmental Laws•1899 Rivers and Harbors Act

Regulatory•1970 Clean Air Act•1970 Occupational Health and Safety Act

Remedial•1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Prevention and Management•1990 Pollution Prevention Act

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986Environmental Programs Assistance Act of 1984Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970Federal Water Pollution Control Act, As Amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977Clean Water ActNational Environmental Education ActNational Environmental Policy Act

Noise Control Act of 1972Oil Pollution Act of 1990Pollution Prosecution Act of 1990Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976Safe Drinking Water ActSoil and Water Resources Conservation Act of 1977Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977Toxic Substances Control Act

Other Statutes

History

199648

Star / VPPRev GrdH2O Rules-UPB-Drink Water ChgsInd Hyg MetalsOSHA Fork Lift RegSanitary Sludge RegsCAA CFC ReplacOSHA Fall ProtCAA112RPPE-OSHANew OSHA Rpt.OSHA RecordingCAA-Emis Inv (NC)CAA-PermittingRCRA Land BanCAA-ODC LabelingConfined SpaceLock-Out/Tag-OutSARA 313 (Revised)ERT (1910.119)Proc Safety MgmtBlood BorneIncin EmissionsNC Air ToxicsRad NESHAPSLab SafetyStormwaterNPDES Opr CertEmer ResponseRCRA Haz Waste UpdateDrinking WaterPCB RegsUST RulesGroundwater StdsNPDES PermitOSHA Chem ExpNRC RelicensingNitrosoamine StdHAZCOMAsbestosSARA/EPCRAAir PermitsRCRA Part B HSWATSCA

199754

EPCRA 313R Chg.Other Lower PELsISAMethylene Chloride IH StdOther Potable Water StdsNew Lab RulesStar /VPPRev GrdH2O Rules-UPB-Drink Water ChgsInd Hyg MetalsOSHA Fork Lift RegSanitary Sludge RegsCAA CFC ReplacOSHA Fall ProtCAA112RPPE-OSHANew OSHA Rpt.OSHA RecordingCAA-Emis Inv (NC)CAA-PermittingRCRA Land BanCAA-ODC LabelingConfined SpaceLock-Out/Tag-OutSARA 313 (Revised)ERT (1910.119)Proc Safety MgmtBlood BorneIncin EmissionsNC Air ToxicsRad NESHAPSLab SafetyStormwaterNPDES Opr CertEmer ResponseRCRA Haz Waste UpdateDrinking WaterPCB RegsUST RulesGroundwater StdsNPDES PermitOSHA Chem ExpNRC RelicensingNitrosoamine StdHAZCOMAsbestosSARA/EPCRAAir PermitsRCRA Part AHSWATSCA

199541

CAA CFC ReplacOSHA Fall ProtCAA112RPPE-OSHANew OSHA Rpt.OSHA RecordingCAA-Emis Inv (NC)CAA-PermittingRCRA Land BanCAA-ODC LabelingConfined SpaceLock-Out/Tag-OutSARA 313 (Revised)ERT (1910.119)Proc Safety MgmtBlood BorneIncin EmissionsNC Air ToxicsRad NESHAPSLab SafetyStormwaterNPDES Opr CertEmer ResponseRCRA Haz Waste UpdateDrinking WaterPCB RegsUST RulesGroundwater StdsNPDES PermitOSHA Chem ExpNRC RelicensingNitrosoamine StdHAZCOMAsbestosSARA/EPCRAAir PermitsRCRA Part BHSWATSCA

199439

PPE-OSHANew OSHA Rpt.OSHA RecordingCAA-Emis Inv (NC)CAA-PermittingRCRA Land BanCAA-ODC LabelingConfined SpaceLock-Out/Tag-OutSARA 313 (Revised)ERT (1910.119)Proc Safety MgmtBlood BorneIncin EmissionsNC Air ToxicsRad NESHAPSLab SafetyStormwaterNPDES Opr CertEmer ResponseRCRA Haz Waste UpdateDrinking WaterPCB RegsUST RulesGroundwater StdsNPDES PermitOSHA Chem ExpNRC RelicensingNitrosoamine StdHAZCOMAsbestosSARA/EPCRAAir PermitsRCRA Part BHSWATSCA

199333

RCRA Land BanCAA-ODC LabelingConfined SpaceLock-Out/Tag-OutSARA 313 (Revised)ERT (1910.119)Proc Safety MgmtBlood BorneIncin EmissionsNC Air ToxicsRad NESHAPSLab SafetyStormwaterNPDES Opr CertEmer ResponseRCRA Haz Waste UpdateDrinking WaterPCB RegsUST RulesGroundwater StdsNPDES PermitOSHA Chem ExpNRC RelicensingNitrosoamine StdHAZCOMAsbestosSARA/EPCRAAir PermitsRCRA Part BHSWATSCA

199229

SARA 313 (Revised)ERT (1910.120)Proc Safety MgmtBlood BorneIncin EmissionsNC Air ToxicsRad NESHAPSLab SafetyStormwaterNPDES Opr CertEmer ResponseRCRA Haz Waste UpdateDrinking WaterPCB RegsUST RulesGroundwater StdsNPDES PermitOSHA Chem ExpNRC RelicensingNitrosoamine StdHAZCOMAsbestosSARA/EPCRAAir PermitsRCRA Part BHSWATSCA

199120

Lab SafetyStormwaterNPDES Opr CertEmer ResponseRCRA Haz Waste UpdateDrinking WaterPCB RegsUST RulesGroundwater StdsNPDES PermitOSHA Chem ExpNRC RelicensingNitrosoamine StdHAZCOMAsbestosSARA/EPCRAAir PermitsRCRA Part BHSWATSCA


•Issued 1970

•Ambient Air Quality Standards for Pollutants

•Emissions Permitting

•Best Available Control Technology

•Mobile Sources Regulated

Clean Air Act


•Amendments passed 1990•Requires permitting for smaller sources•Nationwide permit system•‘Air Toxics’ now regulated•Urban smog regulations•Nation divided into attainment 7 non-attainment areas•Controls on users of fossil fuels

•Attainment category influences which regulations apply to a facility•Criteria Pollutants

–NOx (ozone precursor)–SO2

–Particulate Matter–CO–Lead–VOC (ozone precursor)

CAA Amendments


• CWA issued 1972

• Established NPDES permit system

• Permitting required to discharge to sewers or for private waste water treatment systems

• Allowable discharge levels set by industry

• New regulations for testing and control on stormwater runoff

• ‘End of Pipe’ controls - new regulations changing to watershed quality standards

Clean Water Act


• RCRA issued 1976

• Generator responsible for waste indefinitely

• ‘Listed Wastes’ are specifically named

• ‘Characteristic Wastes’ meet one or more categories:– Ignitable– Corrosive– Reactive– Toxic

• Generators must address storage on site, labeling, employee training, record keeping and manifest system to track waste

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act


Toxic Substances Control Act

• TSCA issued 1976

• Designed to list all chemical substances and to track adverse effects

• Before manufacturing, processing or distributing any chemical, must assure chemical on TSCA inventory

• Company must keep records of all allegations of adverse reactions

• Covers PCB’s and asbestos


Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability

Act: Superfund

• CERCLA enacted in 1980 to address past contamination problems

• Covers 400 substances with very low action levels

• Responsible parties perform cleanup or can be sued to recover cost of clean up by the federal government

• Liability is Strict Joint and SeveralRetroactive Perpetual

•Enforcement can include current and past owners, operators, generators and transporters


Superfund Authorization & Reauthorization Act

• SARA passed in 1986 to extend and expand CERCLA

• Increased citizen and state involvement

• Stringent cleanup standards

• 5 year review after cleanup with potential for more remedial action

• New regulatory program SARA Title III (EPCRA)


Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

• EPCRA issued after Bopal, India and Institute, WV. Union Carbide releases

• A way to inform the community of hazardous and toxic chemicals used by local industries

•Planning and Notification in Emergencies

•Thresholds for release notification

•Inventory reporting

•Toxic Release reporting (TRI)


Occupational Safety and Health

• OSHA issued 1970

• Requires employers to furnish places of employment free of hazards

• Covers electrical safety, fire safety, personal exposure limits, HazCom and many other areas

• New/Pending regulations include Process Safety Management, Ergonomics, Reduced Exposure Limits


Worker Safety(OSHA)

Air Standards(CAA)

Waste RegulationsLand Groundwater(RCRA)Water Standards

(CWA)

Raw Materials Product

Waste

Air Emissions

Stormwater

(NPDES)

SolidLiquid

(NPDES)

(TSCA) (TSCA)

Public Information (EPCRA) (CERCLA)(RMP)

(TSCA)

Remediation(CERCLA)


Major Regulations

Why Comply




Goals

• 100+% Compliance with Laws

• Continued Progress toward

Elimination of:– Workplace injuries– Waste and Emissions

• Cost Effective Cleanup of Remedial

Sites

• Proactive Environmental Citizen


Benefits

Tangible• Cost Savings

• Cost Avoidance

• Prevent Civil and Criminal Charges

Intangible• Environmental

Stewardship

• Employee satisfaction

• Community Relations


Costs

Tangible• $ For Fines

• $ For Remediation

• $ For Civil Penalties

• Jail Time

Intangible• Tarnished Brand

Image

• Employee dissatisfaction

• Bad Neighbor Image


Major Regulations

Why Comply




Internet for Compliance

• Information gathering• Data Management /

Analysis• Information

dissemination

• Scheduling tools• Audit finding tracking• Self assessment /

Auditing tools• Measurement

summaries


Major Regulations

Why Comply


‘Management’ strategies


Avoidance

Ignorance

Litigation

Management Strategies

Compliance

Cooperation


Cooperation

VPP - Carolina Star

• Employee / Employer / Regulator Team Approach to Safety

• Invited OSHA Inspection

• Strict Criteria for Program Eligibility

• 19 Safety Program Elements

Bottom LineA Safer Workplace

Documents

David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 1 Corporate Perspective