David Lloyd and Ernest L. Rossi (Eds.)

Ultradian Rhythms in Life Processes An Inquiry into Fundamental Principles of Chronobiology and Psychobiology

With 143 Figures

Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg New York Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

D. Lloyd, BSc, PhD, DSc Professor of Microbiology, School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF1 3TL, Wales

E. L. Rossi PhD Clinical Psychologist, C. G. Jung Institute of Los Angeles, 23708 Harbor Vista Drive, Malibu, CA 90265, USA

Cover Illustration: Ch. 12, Fig. 12. Day-chart of sleep-waking behaviour and stereotyped activity of the mentally impaired boy "U\f'.

ISBN-13:978-1-4471-1971-S e-ISBN-13:978-1-4471-1969-2 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-1969-2

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Ultradian Rhythms in Life Processes: Inquiry into Fundamental Principles of Chronobiology and Psychobiology

I. Lloyd, David II. Rossi, Ernest Lawrence 574. 1882

ISBN -13: 978-1-4471-1971-5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ultradian rhythms in life processes: an inquiry into fundamental

principles of chronobiology and psychobiology 1 David Lloyd and Ernest L. Rossi (eds.).

p. cm. includes index. ISBN-13:978-1-4471-1971-5

1. Ultradian rhythms. 2. Life cycles (Biology) [DNLM: 1. Activity Cycles-genetics. 2. Chronobiology-genetic.

3. Circadian Rhythm-genetics. 4. Sleep. 5. Wakefulness. OT 167 U4651 OP84.6.U44 1992 612".022-dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress

92-2298 CIP

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First published 1992

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Preface

Profound progress has been made in the fields of chronobiology and psychobiology within the past decade, in theory, experiment and clinical application. This volume integrates these new developments on all levels from the molecular, genetic and cellular to the psycho­social processes of everyday life. We present a balanced variety of research from workers around the globe, who discuss the funda­mental significance of their approach for a new understanding of the central role of ultradian rhythms in the self-organizing and adaptive dynamics of all life processes.

The years since the publication of Ultra dian rhythms in physiology and behavior by Schultz and Lavie in 1985 have seen a burgeoning realization of the ubiquity and importance of ultradian rhythms within and between every level of the psychobiological hierarchy. The experimental evidence lies scattered through a disparate litera­ture, and this volume attempts, albeit in a highly selective manner, to bring together some of the different strands. The editors are very conscious of the omission of many important current aspects; e.g. we have not included any of the fascinating and indeed long­and well-established experiments with plants (Bunning 1971, 1977; Guillaume and Koukkari 1987; Millet et al. 1988; 10hnsson et al. 1990) that are widely regarded as having initiated the whole field of chronobiology (De Mairan 1729). Neither have we reviewed recent developments on glycolytic oscillations, since a great deal of the seminal work was already completed by 1973 (Chance et al. 1973). Cell signalling systems have been covered by Goldbeter's (1989) multi author volume, as has chaos in biology (the subject of a prescient meeting here in Cardiff in 1986 (Degn et al. 1987)), the evolution of biological complexity (Mosekilde 1991) and self­modifying systems (Kampis 1991).

The common denominator of all the contributors to this volume is their agreement on the evidence for the all-pervasiveness of rhythmic organization, its evolutionary conservation from amoeba

vi Preface

to human, and the continuum of its nature as a hallmark of life itself. In the Epilogue we attempt to utilize this new consensus by outlining an emergent unifying hypothesis of chronobiology and psychobiology.

References

Bunning E (1971) The adaptive value of leaf movements. In: Menaker M (ed) Biochronometry. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp 203-211

Bunning E (1977) Fifty years of research in the wake of Wilhelm Pfeffer. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 28:1-22

Chance B, Pye EK, Ghosh AK, Hess B (eds) (1973) Biological and biochemical oscillators. Academic Press, London

De Mairan (1729) Observation botanique. Histoire de I' Academie Royale des Sciences, Paris, vol 35

Degn H, Holden AV, Olsen LF (eds) (1987) Chaos in biological systems. Plenum Press, New York

Goldbeter A (ed) (1989) Cell to cell signalling: from experiments to theoretical models. Academic Press, London

Guillaume FM, Koukkari WL (1987) Two types of high frequency oscillations in Glycine max (L.) Merr. In: Pauly JE, Scheving LE (eds) Advances in chronobiology, pt A. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 47-57

lohnsson A, Engelmann W, Antkowiak B (1990) Leaf movements in nyctinastic plants as hands of the biological clock. In: Satter RL, Gorton HL, Vogelmann TC (eds) The pulvinus. American Society for Plant Physiology, Rockville, MD, pp 79-100

Kampis G (1991) Self-modifying systems in biology and cognitive science. A new framework for dynamics, information and complexity. Pergamon Press, Oxford

Millet B, Botton A-M, Hayoum C, Koukkari WL (1988) An experimental analysis and comparison of three rhythms of movements in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Chronobiol Int 3:187-193

Mosekilde E (ed) (1991) Complex dynamics and biological evolution. Plenum Press, New York

Schultz H, Lavie P (eds) (1985) Ultradian rhythms in physiology and behavior. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

Acknowledgements

David Lloyd and Ernest L. Rossi Cardiff, Wales, November 1991

The editors acknowledge the loyal assistance of many members of the faculty staff and student body of the School of Pure and Applied Biology and the University of Wales, Cardiff. In particular we recognize the enthusiastic help of Juliette Thomas and Margaret Ryan, who have helped this volume to make its appointed chronobiological rounds.

Contents

List of Contributors ..................................... xi

Part I The Molecular-Genetic-Cellular Level ............. 1

1 Intracellular Time Keeping: Epigenetic Oscillations Reveal the Functions of an Ultradian Clock D. Lloyd ........................................... 5

2 Rhythms of Protein Synthesis and Other Circahoralian Oscillations: The Possible Involvement of Fractals v. Y. Brodsky ....................................... 23

3 A Precise Circadian Clock from Chaotic Cell Cycle Oscillations R. R. Klevecz ....................................... 41

4 Oscillations and Cancer D. A. Gilbert and Heather MacKinnon

5 Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Ultradian Rhythms in Drosophila C. P. Kyriacou, Mary L. Greenacre, M. G. Ritchie,

71

A. A. Peixoto, G. Shiels and J. C. Hall ................. 89

6 Do Ultradian Oscillators Underlie the Circadian Clock in Drosophila? H. B. Dowse and J. M. Ringo ......................... 105

viii Contents

Part II The Neuroendocrinal and Developmental Level ...... 119

7 Endocrine Ultradian Rhythms During Sleep and Wakefulness G. Brandenberger ................................... 123

8 A Parsimonious Model of Amplitude and Frequency Modulation of Episodic Hormone Secretory Bursts as a Mechanism for Ultradian Signalling by Endocrine Glands 1. D. Veldhuis ....................................... 139

9 Ontogenesis of Human Ultradian Rhythms Toke Hoppenbrouwers ............................... 173

10 Phase Plots of Temporal Oscillations A. Garfinkel and R. Abraham ......................... 197

11 Metabolic and Behavioural Long Period Ultradian Rhythms in Endotherms M. Stupfel ....................................... ,.. 207

Part III The Behavioural and Psychosocial Level ........... 241

12 Ultra dian Behaviour Cycles in Humans: Developmental and Social Aspects A. Meier-Koll ....................................... 243

13 Ultradian Cycles in Sleep.Propensity: Or, Kleitman's BRAC Revisited P. Lavie ............................................ 283

14 The Basic Rest-Activity Cycle - 32 Years Later: An Interview with Nathaniel Kleitman at 96 E. L. Rossi ......................................... 303

15 The Sleep-Wake Threshold in Human Circadian Rhythms as a Determinant of Ultradian Rhythms R. A. Wever ........................................ 307

16 Reality, Stress and Imagination in Temporal Isolation Experiments: An Interview with Riitger A. Wever E. L. Rossi ......................................... 323

17 Human Biological Rhythms: The Search for Ultradians in Movement Activity Behaviour Helen C. Sing ....................................... 339

18 The Wave Nature of Being: Ultradian Rhythms and Mind­Body Communication E. L. Rossi and B. M. Lippincott ...................... 371

Contents ix

19 Epilogue: The Unification Hypothesis of Chronobiology­Psychobiology from Molecule to Mind D. Lloyd and E. L. Rossi ............................. 403

Index ................................................. 407

Contributors

R. Abraham Division of Natural Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

G. Brandenberger Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Psychologie Environmentales CNRS/INRS, 21 rue Bequerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France

V. Y. Brodsky Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow 117808, Russia

H. B. Dowse Department of Zoology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA

A. Garfinkel Brain Research Institute, 1804 Life Sciences Building, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1527, USA

D. A. Gilbert Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa

Mary L. Greenacre Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester LEI 7RH, UK

J. C. Hall Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254, USA

xii Contributors

Toke Hoppenbrouwers Rm 9L19, Women's Hospital, 1240 Mission Road, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA

R. R. Klevecz Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA

C. P. Kyriacou Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester LEI 7RH, UK

P. Lavie Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel

B. M. Lippincott John F. Kennedy University, Graduate School of Professional Psychology, 1, West Campbell #67, Campbell, CA 95008, USA

D. Lloyd Microbiology Group, School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales, PO Box 915, Cardiff CFl 3TL, UK

Heather MacKinnon Division of Food Science and Technology, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa

A. Meier-Koll Fachgriippe Psychologie, Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultat, Universitat Konstanz, Postfach 5560, D-7750 Konstanz I, Germany

A. A. Peixoto Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester LEI 7RH, UK

J. M. Ringo Department of Zoology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA

M. G. Ritchie Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester LEI 7RH, UK

E. L. Rossi Psychological Perspectives, 23708 Harbor Vista Drive, Malibu, CA 90265, USA

G. Shiels Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester LEI 7RH, UK

Contributors xiii

Helen C. Sing Department of Behavioral Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Forest Glen Annex Building 189, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA

M. Stupfel Mecanismes Physiopathologiques des Nuisances de l'Environment, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, 44 chemin de Ronde, 78110 Ie Vesinet, France

J. D. Veldhuis Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, and the NSF Science Center for Biological Timing, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA

R. A. Wever Max Planck Institut fUr Psychiatrie, D-8138 Erling-Andechs, Germany