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David B. HannawayForages Program Director
Research, Teaching, Extension, and International Projects
Crop & Soil Science Department
Oregon State University
“Oregon Forages and Beyond”C&SS Seminar – 26 September 2005
Background
Education: • B.S., Plant Science, University of Delaware, 1973• M.S., Plant & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, 1975• Ph.D., Plant Physiology, University of Kentucky, 1979
Family: • Youngest of 3, brother Gordon and sister Beth• 1975: Married to Kimberly Eileen Jones (4
brothers and 4 sisters)• 1989: Kayleen and Kourtney born
(skipped IGC that year)
Childhood and Interests/Activities: • Parents from Norristown, PA
(Irish, Swiss-German decent; Hannaway Ice Cream, Byron K. Hunsberger tutored Latin, Greek, Hebrew)
• Born in Philadelphia, grew up in rural NJ (father was a minister, mother was a teacher, neighbors grew flowers, corn, and raised sheep)
• High School football, baseball & piano; early interest in organic agriculture, horticulture & landscaping
Professional Career – OSU and the world• 1979-1983: Extension Forage Specialist
(Extension & Research; 75/25)
• 1983-1985: Extension Forage Specialist (Extension, Research & Teaching; 50/26/24)
• 1985-1992: Associate Professor, Forage Crops (Research & Teaching; 74/26)
• 1992-1995: Associate Professor, Forage Crops (Extension, Research & Teaching; 39/35/26)
• 1995-2005: Professor, Forage Crops (Extension, Research, Teaching; 35/51/14)
Professional Focus AreasResearch: • Mineral nutrition (hypomagnesemia; soil, plant, animal inter-
relationships: 28Mg, 86Rb, organic acids, K rate and date)• Biological Nitrogen Fixation (alfalfa N nutrition and Tunisia systems)• Agro-ecozones and optimal species selection (GIS-based mapping
for the USA and PRC)
Teaching: • National Forage & Grasslands Curriculum development• Web-based and other media support for teaching and learning
Extension: • Fact sheets and circulars• Grass growth & regrowth
understanding for improved management
• Web-based information system development (FIS)
Introduction To Forages
Forages are grown on: croplands, pasturelands, hill-lands, forestlands, and rangelands
Forages are: grasses, legumes, forbs, shrubs, and crop residues used for livestock and wildlife feed
Forages are unique because: they are consumed by ruminant animals and other livestock and wildlife able to digest cellulose (ruminal microorganisms synthesize the beta 1-4 cellulase enzyme complex, allowing hydrolysis of plant cell walls)
Four divisions of the ruminant stomach: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.
Forages: the Rodney Dangerfield of Agriculture
• Thus, the CSS forages program development strategy has been to find ways to contribute in a meaningful way without a significant budget; encouraging global collaboration, using computer-based tools, and reducing the duplication of effort nationwide.
Sadly, despite their enormous
importance, forages “get no respect.” Cash crops, with strong political support dominate the public funding arena and forages are without a political voice……
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Outline
This presentation will describe: • the importance of forages, • a bit of program philosophy, • some current activities, and • future ideas and recommendations.
Importance of forages to Oregon• Forages are consistently first in
field crops value; second only to Nursery & Greenhouse products.
• In Oregon, forage value exceeds $500 million per year for hay, silage, and pasture* (greater than cattle and calves, grass seed, wheat, or potatoes).
* Reference for value by commodity (2003 data):
http://oregon.gov/ODA/docs/pdf/pubs/ff.pdf
Alfalfa is Oregon’s #1 hay crop.
Key Oregon Forages
Legumes:• Alfalfa
• White clover
• Sub clover
Grasses:• Ryegrasses (annual & perennial)
• Orchardgrass
• Tall fescue
Commodity Values ($ Millions)
779
594
430
292
198
113
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
NurseryCrops
AllForages*
Cattle &Calves
GrassSeed
All Wheat Potatoes
*See following chart for forage value components.
Forage value components ($Millions)
250
116
13
12195
594
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Alfalfa Hay
Other Hay
Corn Silage
CroplandPasture
Hill-landPasture
AllForages
323
136
21 4.5
485
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Cattle &Calves
Dairy (Milk) Horses Sheep &Lambs
Total
Forages contribution to livestock values
Cattle & calves: Oregon’s #1 livestock commodity.
75%
50%
90%80%
Commodity Values ($ Millions)
779
594485
1079
292198
113
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
NurseryCrops
AllForages
LivestockValue
Forage+Livestock
GrassSeed
Wheat Potatoes
Green BenefitsForages provide substantial environmental benefits: • Wildlife feed and habitat• Filtering and purifying water• Creating oxygen and filtering
impurities from the air• Reducing soil erosion and
recycling nutrients• Beautifying the landscape
Additional information: http://www.forages.oregonstate.edu/posters/foragefundy.jpg
Oregon Forages - SummaryHere’s a summary of what we’ve covered to this point ….
http://www.forages.oregonstate.edu/posters/foragefundy.jpg
Relevance to OSU’s Mission and Emphasis Areas
• Mission: OSU is Oregon’s principal source of knowledge relating to agricultural and food systems and a major source of knowledge for environmental quality, natural resources, and
life sciences…*
• Emphasis: Integrated management systems that help assure economically sustainable, environmentally sound agriculture….
• ForagesForages are a key part of Oregon’s agricultural and natural resource systems.
*http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/about/CAS-mission.html
Personnel Involved
On-Campus DepartmentsAgricultural & Resource Economics
Animal Sciences
Bioengineering
Botany & Plant Pathology
Crop & Soil Science
Fisheries & Wildlife
Rangeland Ecology & Management
Off-Campus UnitsCounty Extension Offices
Branch Experiment Stations and Centers
http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/depts.html
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/
Small portions of FTE from related departments:
collaborating with other projects to make it work.
Project Support and Rationale for Choices
What could/should be done with limited support? How to determine?
• Historical OSU planning documents
• Research & extension workers
• Farmers & ranchers
• Oregon Hay Growers’ Association
• CAST report
• Winrock reports
Project Support and Rationale for Choices
Initial projects: Applied agronomic trials (alfalfa variety trials) Hay quality & testing
(Klamath Falls, Ag. Chemistry Department) Alfalfa N2 fixation
(USDA Limiting Factors Grant, Tunisia) Extension fact sheets for forage species
(answered routine questions for years)
Project Support and Rationale for Choices
• Loss of technician
• Need to extrapolate across the landscape
• Desire to increase collaboration
Led to program re-evaluation using Grassland & Range National Goals as a guide. Areas chosen were: Electronic technologies for
improved communication, organization and dissemination of information
GIS/spatial data for modeling and mapping
Current Projects • Teaching
• Research
• Extension Outreach
• International Projects
Teaching
University Classroom:OSU Corvallis
• CSS 310
Distance Education:National Forage & Grasslands Curriculum
• Grant supported projectOUS E-campus
• CSS 310Additional forage-related activities:
• GIS Integration with Forages• Pastoral Themes Class Developed
Research
Field-based:• Branch Experiment Stations
Computer-based:• Information systems• Decisions Support Systems• Expert Systems• GIS mapping
International ProjectsOregon Seed Council:• USDA MAP, EMP, RSEP
Field-based Computer-based Workshops and seminars
OSU International Programs and USTDA:• People’s Republic of China• Africa, SE Asia• Republic of Georgia
Global cooperation:• Collaborators worldwide for
teaching, research, and outreach projects
Optimal Forage Species Selection
State-of-the-Science Computer Tools:• Addressing practical agricultural questions• Fundable and important problems
Problem solving using new techniques: GIS “Spatial Data Layers”
Forage Species Tolerances
Drought, heat, cold pH, drainage, salinity Insects, diseases, & nematodes Fertilization, defoliation severity
& intensity
Climate Spatial Data Layers
Process developed over 13 years
USA mapping for NRCS using 8600 climate stations
PRISM software uses point data, DEM, and expert knowledge to create gridded estimates of climate elements
Applied to China with OSC
USA Climate Data Stations
USA Annual Precipitation
USA Mean Minimum Temperature
USA Mean Maximum Temperature
PRC Species Evaluation Project(USDA FAS MAP / Oregon Seed
Council)
Project Support and Rationale for Choices
USDA FAS EMP Grant of <$700K to support
OSC species suitability/marketing objectives
7,000
180,000
360,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
AES + ES Nationalave/SY
USDA FASEMP
National average $320,000 total support;
$225-$495K range
$722,425/2
PRC Data Acquisition
PRC Digital Elevation Model
PRC Mean Annual Precipitation
PRC January Mean Minimum Temp.
PRC July Mean Maximum Temp.
Climatic Quantitative TolerancesSpecies Max. Temp
(°C)Min. Temp.
(°C)Annual Precipitation
(mm)
Well Adapted
Tall Fescue 22 - 32 -10 625
Orchardgrass 22 - 31 -7.5 625
Perennial Ryegrass 22 - 30 -5 625
Moderately Adapted
Tall Fescue 20 - 34 -15 450
Orchardgrass 20 - 33 -12.5 490
Perennial Ryegrass 20 - 32 -10 525
Marginally Adapted
Tall Fescue 18 - 36 -20 300
Orchardgrass 18 – 35 -17.5 375
Perennial Ryegrass 18 - 34 -15 450
PRC Tall Fescue Suitability Mapping
Similar Work for Oregon?
• Oregon has a diversity of climates, soils, and many farming, ranching, and forestry systems
• Climate, soils, species suitability, economics, sociological factors could/should be mapped
• Some components available
• Need funding for development and integration
Extension Outreach
Oregon outreach:• County Extension Offices / Programs
Regional outreach:• PNW Forage Workers Group• Western Alfalfa Conference
Global outreach:• Forage Information System
Extension Outreach
Forage Information System:• Re-design of the FIS• Tall Fescue On-line Monograph• Alfalfa Information System• Orchardgrass Information System• Tall Fescue Information System• Oregon Forage Information System• Comprehensive, peer-reviewed, global
information resource for forages
Traditional approaches:• Numbered / printed and web-based pubs.• County-based educational programs• Routine response to information requests
Future Plans • Northwest Forage and Livestock Systems
Research & Education Center 1980 Dean’s White Paper Recommendation Multiple disciplines, integrated approach
• GIS Applications Center Idea Agriculture & Natural Resource Management
Future Plans: Specific Projects
• Pasture Land Management System (integration with NRCS “ToolBox”)
• Alfalfa Modeling of types, cultivars, production, and economics (North America and PRC)
• Orchardgrass Vendors Application• Announcement of FIS re-design
Future Plans: Specific Projects
• Pasture Land Management System (integration with NRCS “ToolBox”)
Combining aerial photos, soil maps, pasture and animal production information.
http://maps.google.com
Future Plans: Specific Projects
• Alfalfa Modeling of types, cultivars, production, and economics (NA and PRC)
Combining crop simulation modeling techniques with spatial suitability, production, and economic mapping.
Future Plans: Specific Projects
• Orchardgrass Vendors ApplicationUsing FIS database structure and combining it with mapping
technologies to help market Oregon-grown seed.
Future Plans: Specific Projects
• Announcement of FIS re-designSuperstructure is created, content revision
and addition needed prior to announcement.
http://forages.oregonstate.edu/new/index.cfm?
Summary
http://forages.oregonstate.edu/new/index.cfm?
Provided an overview of:• The importance of forages to Oregonians• Philosophy and guiding principles • Current programs and activities• Future plans
Key Activities and Recent Publications• Forage Information System (http://forages.oregonstate.edu/) and
dozens of subsections (1993-present) Re-design (2005) http://forages.oregonstate.edu/new/index.cfm?
• China – related Activities Visiting scholars GAO and HU (1982), first trip to China (1984) Forage Resources of China book (1982-1992) [Pudoc] Oregon Seed Council’s USDA FAS MAP Project (1993-2003) USDA FAS EMP Grant (2001-2005)
“Visualizing China’s Future Agriculture” (2005, China Map Atlas) “Forage Suitability Mapping for China Using Topographic, Climatic,
and Soils Spatial Data and Quantitative Plant Tolerances” (2005, Agricultural Sciences in China Journal)
• Invited Publications and Presentations International Grasslands Congress (2005, Dublin) “Computer-based
Forage Management Tools: Historical, Current, and Future Applications”
FAO Book Chapter (2005) “GIS-Based Forage Species Adaptation Mapping”
4th International Symposium on the Tibetan Plateau (2004, Lhasa) 2nd World Congress of Computers in Agriculture (2004, Bangkok) Victoria / New South Wales Grasslands Conference (2003, Albury)
