Davars LOM Vol 1

8/9/2019 Davars LOM Vol 1

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LANGUAGEOFMEDICINE

VOLUME I

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INDEX

CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER

1. BASIC WORD STRUCTURE 4 - 28

2. TERMS PERTAINING TO BODY AS WHOLE 29 - 63

3. SUFFI ES 64 - 92

4. PREFI ES 93 - 11!

". PHARMACOLOGY 111 - 133

6. GLOSSARY 134 - 162

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CHAPTER 1 - Basic Word Structure

This chapter is divided into the following sections.

I. Objectives in studying the Medical Language.II. Word nalysisIII. !o"bining #or"s$ %uffi&es and 'refi&esI(. )&ercises(. nswers to )&ercises(I. 'ronunciation of Ter"s(II. *eview %heet

In this !hapter you will

+eco"e fa"iliar with basic objectives to ,eep in "ind as you%tudy the "edical language.

-ivide "edical words into their co"ponent parts$

#ind the "eaning of basic co"bining for"s$ prefi&es$ and%uffi&es of the "edical language and

/se these co"bining for"s$ prefi&es$ and suffi&es to buildMedical words.

O#$%&'()%* (+ *', (+/ '0% M% (& L +/, /%.

T0% % % '0 %% #$%&'()%* ' 5%% (+ 7(+ * , *', 7% (& '% 7(+ / .

naly0e words by dividing the" into co"ponent parts. 1our goal is tolearn the tools of word analysis that will "a,e the understanding of co"ple& ter"inology easier. -o not si"ply "e"ori0e ter"s thin, aboutdividing ter"s into co"ponent parts. This te&t will show you how toseparate both co"plicated and si"ple ter"s into understandable wordele"ents. Medical ter"s are very "uch li,e individual jigsaw pu00les.They are constructed of s"all pieces that "a,e each word uni ue$ but the

pieces can be used in different co"binations in other words as well. syou beco"e fa"iliar with word parts and learn what each "eans$ you will

be able to recogni0e those word parts in totally new co"binations in other ter"s.


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*elate the "edical ter"s to the structure and function of the hu"an body.

Me"ori0ation of ter"s$ although essential to retention of the language$should not beco"e the pri"ary objective of your study. "ajor focus of this te&t is to e&plain ter"s in the conte&t of how the body wor,s in health

and disease. Medical ter"s e&plained in their proper conte&t will also beeasier to re"e"ber. Thus $ the ter" hepatitis$ "eaning infla""ation 45itis6of the liver 4hepat6$ is better understood when you ,now where the liver isand how it functions. 7o previous ,nowledge of biology$ anato"y$ or

physiology is needed for this study.)&planations in the te&t are straightforward and basic.

+e aware of spelling and pronunciation proble"s.

%o"e "edical ter"s are pronounced ali,e but are spelled differently$which accounts for their different "eanings. #or e&a"ple$ iliu" and

ileu" have identical pronunciations$ but the first ter"$ iliu"$ "eans a partof the pelvis 4hip bone6$ whereas the second ter"$ ileu"$ "eans a part of the s"all intestine. )ven when ter"s are spelled correctly$ ter"s can be"isunderstood because of incorrect pronunciation. #or e&a"ple$ theurethra 4u5*)5thrah6 is the tube leading fro" the urinary bladder to theoutside of the body$ whereas a ureter 4/*5e5ter6 is one of two tubes eachleading fro" a single ,idney and inserting into the urinary bladder . F(/ 1-1illustrates the difference between the urethra and the ureters.

(/ 1-1 Urinary system

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W A+ *(* %tudying "edical ter"inology is very si"ilar to learning a new language.The words at first sound strange and co"plicated$ although the" "ay standfor co""only ,nown )nglish ter"s. The ter"s otalgia$ "eaning earache$ andophthal"ologist$ "eaning eye doctor$ are e&a"ples.

1our first job in learning the language is to understand how to divide wordsinto their co"ponent parts. The "edical language is logical in that "ostter"s$ whether co"ple& or si"ple$ can be bro,en down into basic parts andthen understood. #or e&a"ple$ consider the following ter"

9)M TOLO:1 9 ) M T ;O; L O : 1

*oot suffi&

!o"bining vowelThe root is the foundation of the word. ll "edical ter"s have one or "oreroots. The root he"at "eans blood .

The suffi& is the word ending. ll "edical ter"s have suffi&. The suffi&5logy"eans study of.

The co"bining vowel 4usually o6 lin,s the root to the suffi& or the root toanother root. co"bining vowel has no "eaning of its own it only joins oneword part to another.

It is useful to read the "eaning of "edical ter"s starting fro" the suffi& bac, to the beginning of the ter". Thus$ the ter" he"atology "eans study of

blood.

9ere is another fa"iliar "edical ter" %*& (#(+/ % * 7% (&(+%? 7 '0%(7% +(+/* /()%+ #% :.

?. study of urinary tract< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEElogy

2. study of wo"en and wo"en s diseases< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEElogy

3. study of blood< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEElogy

. study of tu"ors< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE logy

8. study of the ,idneys< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEElogy

=. study of nerves< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEElogy

A. treat"ent of children


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D. study of &5rays< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEElogy

F. study of the eyes< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE logy

?H. study of the sto"ach and intestines< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEElogy

??. study of glands that secrete hor"ones< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEElogy

?2. treat"ent of the "ind< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEiatry

?3. study of disease< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE logy

? . study of the heart< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE logy

N. G()% '0% 7% +(+/ '0% ,+ % (+% : ' + '0%7 % (+% '0% '% 7.

?. cerebrovascular accident EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 2. encephalitis EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

3. cystoscope EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

. ane"ia EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

8. transhepatic EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

=. iatrogenic EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

A. hypogastric EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

D. endocrine glands EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

F. osteoto"y EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

?H. neurecto"y EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

O. S% %&' 7 '0% :(+/ '% 7* ' & 7 %'% '0% *%+'%+&%* #% :.

ane"ia nephrologist neuropathy biopsy psychiatrist psychologistoncologist urologist oncogenic

pathogenic thro"bocyte leu,e"ia prognosis thro"bosis diagnosisosteoarthritis

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?. %eventy5two5year5old Ms. !ric, suffers fro" a degenerative joint disease that iscaused by wearing away of tissue around her joints. This condition$ whichliterally "eans infla""ation of bones and joints$ is called EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

2. The EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE sa"ple was re"oved during surgery and

sent to a pathologist to be e&a"ined under the "icroscope for a proper diagnosis.3. 4an6 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEperfor"ed surgery to re"ove Mr. %i"on scancerous ,idney.

. Ms. *ose has suffered fro" hyperglyce"ia for "any years. This condition is also,nown as diabetes and can lead to long5ter" co"plications such as disease of nerves is called EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

8. virus or a bacteriu" produces diseases and is therefore a 4an6 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEorganis".

=. Mr. ordan has a disease caused by abnor"al he"oglobin in his erythrocytes. Theerythrocytes change shape$ collapsing to for" sic,le5shaped cells that can beco"eclots and stop the flow of blood. 9e has a condition called sic,le5cell

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

A. 4an6 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE is a doctor who treatscarcino"as and sarco"as.

D. cell that helps blood to clot is called a platelet or EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

F. -r. %usan 'ar,er told Mr. ones that his condition would i"prove with treat"ent.9er EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE was for total recovery in = "onths.

?H. 4an6 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE is a "edical doctor who treats "entally ill patients and can prescribe "edications for the".

P. S% %&' '0% & %&' '% 7 ' & 7 %'% % &0 *%+'%+&%.

?. Mrs. +rody had a cough and fever. 9er doctor instructed her to go to the4pathology$ radiology$ he"atology6 depart"ent for a chest &5ray.

2. Mrs. Leaf had proble"s holding her urine. %he "ade an appoint"ent with a4gastroenterologist$ neurologist$ urologist6.

3. The doctor told the patient she had lost "uch blood during delivery of her child.%he therefore had 4ane"ia$ leu,ocytosis$ adenitis6.

. Mr. 'reston was having chest pain during his "orning wal,s. 9e "ade anappoint"ent to see a 4nephrologist$ neurologist$ cardiologist6.

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8. fter the s,iing accident$ -r. !urtin suggested 4cystoscopy$ biopsy$ arthroscopy6to visually e&a"ine "y swollen$ painful ,nee.

VIII. R%)(%: S0%%'

This review sheet and the others following each chapter are co"plete lists of theword ele"ents contained in that chapter. The review sheets are designed to pulltogether the ter"inology and to reinforce your learning by giving you the opportunityto write the "eanings of each word part in the space provided and test yourself.!hec, your answers with the infor"ation in the chapter or in the :lossary 4MedicalTer"s G )nglish6 at the end of the boo,.

C 7#(+(+/ F 7*

C 7#(+(+/ F 7 M% +(+/ C 7#(+(+/ F 7 M% +(+/

den;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE gnos;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

rthr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE gynec;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

+i;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE he" ;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!arcin;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE he"at;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!ardi;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE hepat;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!ephal;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE iatr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!erebr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE leu,;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!is;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE log;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!rin;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE nephr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!yst;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE neur;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!yt;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE onc;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

-er";o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ophthal";o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

-er"at;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE oste;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

)lectr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE path;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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)ncephal;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ped;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

)nter;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE psych;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

)rythr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE radi;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE :astr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ren;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

:lyc;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE rhin;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

%arc;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE thro"b;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

%ect;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ur;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

S, ( M% +(+/ S, ( M% +(+/

5ac EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5itis EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5a EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5logy EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5algia EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5o"a EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5cyte EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5opsy EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5ecto"y EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5osis EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5e"ia EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5pathy EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5genic EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5scope EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5gra" EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5scopy EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5ic$ 5ical EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5sis EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5ion EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5to"y EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5ist EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5y EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

P % ( M% +(+/ P % ( M% +(+/

a5$ an5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE hypo5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

auto5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE in5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

dia5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE peri5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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endo5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE pro5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

epi5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE re5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

e&5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE retro5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

CHAPTER 2

Terms Pertaining to the Body As a Who e

This chapter is divided into the following sections .

I. %tructural Organi0ation of the +ody.

II. +ody !avities

III. bdo"inopelvic *egions and uadrants

I(. -ivisions of the +ac, 4%pinal !olu"n6

(. 'ositional and -irectional Ter"s

(I. 'lanes of the +ody

(II. !o"bining #or"s$ 'refi&es$ and %uffi&es

(III. )&ercises

In this Cha!ter yo" #i

-efine ter"s that apply to the structural organi0ation of the body1-11?.

%pace surrounding each lung%pace between the lungs

Muscle separating the abdo"inal and thoracic cavities

Me"brane surrounding the abdo"inal organs

rea below the u"bilicus 4as well as below the sto"ach6

rea above the sto"ach

rea of the navel

reas near the groin

7ervous tissue within the spinal cavity

+one tissue surrounding the spinal cavity

pad of cartilage between each vertebra

?. The hypogastric region is theEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

2. The "ediastinu" is the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

3. The spinal cord is EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

. The diaphrag" is a 4an6 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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8. n intervertebral dis, is EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

=. The pleural cavity is EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

A. The spinal colu"n is EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

D. Inguinal areas are the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

F. The peritoneu" is the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

?H. The u"bilical region is the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

??. The epigastric region is the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

F. N 7% '0% ()% ()(*( +* '0% # &5.

?. *egion of the nec, EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 2. *egion of the chest EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

3. *egion of the waist EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

. *egion of the sacru" EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

8. *egion of the tailbone EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

G. G()% '0% 7% +(+/* '0% :(+/ ## %)( '( +*.

?. LL EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

2. L85%? EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

3. */ EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

. !35! EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

8. *L EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

H. G()% '0% *('%* '0% :(+/ '% 7*.

?. deep EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE . "edial EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

2. pro&i"al EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 8. dorsal EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

3. supine EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE =. superior EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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I. S% %&' 7 '0% :(+/ 7% (& '% 7* ' & 7 %'% '0% *%+'%+&%* #% :.

vertebra pro&i"al frontal

lateral superior inferior 4caudal6

vertebrae transverse

distal sagittal

?. The left lung lies EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEto the heart.

2. The EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE end of the thigh bone joins withthe ,nee cap 4patella6.

3. The EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE plane is a vertical plane that divides

the body into an anterior and a posterior portion.. bac, bone is called a 4an6 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

8. %everal bac, bones are called EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

=. The diaphrag" liesEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE to the organs in thethoracic cavity.

A. The EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

D. The EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE end of the upper ar" bone is at theshoulder.

F. The EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE plane is a hori0ontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions$ li,e a cross section.

?H. The liver lies EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE to the intestines.


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8. nucleic EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

=. epigastric EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

A. intervertebral EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

D. pelvic EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

F. posterior EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

?H. u"bilical EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

=. G()% '0% 7% (& '% 7 '0% :(+/ % (+('( +*. P ''%+'( + '* % (+/

?. %pace below the chest containing the liver$ sto"ach$ gallbladder$ and

intestines< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 2. #le&ible connective tissue attached to bones at joints< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

3. *od5shaped structures in the cell nucleus$ containing regions of -7 < EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

. Muscle separating the abdo"inal and thoracic cavities EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

8. The voice bo&< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

=. (ertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides < EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

A. 'ertaining to the nec,< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

D. Tu"or 4benign6 of cartilage< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

F. !ontrol center of the cell directs the activities EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

?H. 'ertaining to the windpipe< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

L. C 7 %'% % &0 '% 7 7 ('* 7% +(+/ /()%+ #% :.

?. 'ertaining to internal organs< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE al

2. Tu"or of flesh tissue 4"alignant6< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEo"a

3. 'ertaining to the chest< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ic

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. 'icture of the chro"oso"es in the cell nucleus< EEEEEEEEtype

8. %ausage5shaped cellular structures in which catabolis" ta,es place"itoEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

=. %pace between the lungs< "edia EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

A. )ndocrine gland at the base of the brain< EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEarygland.

D. 'ertaining to s,in 4surface6 cells< epiEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

M. S% %&' '0% & %&' '% 7 ' & 7 %'% % &0 *%+'%+&%.

?. -r. !urnen said the 4inguinal$ superior$ superficial6 wound barely scratched

the surface.2. The liver and spleen are on opposite sides of the body. The liver is in the

4*/ $ L/ $ LL 6 of the abdo"inopelvic cavity and the spleen is in the4*/ $ L/ $ *L 6.

3. When a gynecologist e&a"ines a patient s pelvis$ the patient lies on her bac, in the 4ventral$ dorsal$ "edial6 lithoto"y position$ 4Lithoto"y C incision tore"ove a stone G the position also used for re"oval of ureteral or ,idneystones6.

. %ally s pain was around her navel. The doctor described it as 4periu"bilical$epigastric$ hypogastric6.

8. Mrs. ones was told she was carrying a fetus with triso"y52?. The diagnosiswas "ade by analysis of an abnor"al 4urine sa"ple$ thoracoto"y$ ,aryotype6.

=. The 4spinal$ sagittal$ abdo"inal6 cavity contains digestive organs.

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I . R%)(%: S0%%'

Write the "eaning of each co"bining for" in the space provided and testyourself. !hec, your answers with the infor"ation in the chapter or in the:lossary 4Medical Ter"s G )nglish6 at the end of the boo,.

C 7#(+(+/ F 7*

!o"bining #or" Meaning !o"bining #or" Meaning

abdo"in;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE lu"b;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

adip;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE "edi;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

anter;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE nucle;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

bol;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE pelv;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

cervic;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE poster;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

chondr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE pro&i";o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

chro";o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE sacr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

coccyg;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE sarc;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

crani;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE spin;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

cyt;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE thel;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

dist;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE thorac;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

dors;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE trache;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

hist;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE u"bilic;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

inguin;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ventr;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

ili;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE vertebr EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

,ary;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE viscer;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

later;o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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P % ( %*

'refi& Meaning 'refi& Meaning

ana5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE hypo5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

cata5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE inter5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

epi5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE "eta5 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

S, ( %*

%uffi& Meaning %uffi& Meaning

5eal EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5ose EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5ecto"y EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5plas" EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5iac EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5so"es EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5ior EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5to"y EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5is" EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5type EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5o"a EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

7a"e the divisions of the spinal colu"n.

7ec, region 4!?5!A6 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!hest region 4T?5T?26 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Lower bac, 4loin6 region 4L?5L86EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

*egion of the sacru" 4%?5%86 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Tailbone region EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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7a"e the planes of the body

(ertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. EEEEEEEEEEE

9ori0ontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions EEEEEEEEEEEEE

(ertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

#ront of the bodyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

+ac, of the bodyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

way fro" the surfaceEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE On the surfaceEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

#ar fro" the point of attach"ent to the trun, or far fro" the beginning of astructure EEEEEEEEEEEEEE

7ear the point of attach"ent to the trun, or near the beginning of a structure EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

+elow another structureEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

bove another structure EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

'ertaining to the "iddle EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Lying on the bellyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Lying on the bac, EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

G()% '0% 7% +(+/* '0% :(+/ '% 7* '0 ' % ' (+ ' '0% &% .

!hro"oso"es EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Mitochondria EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

7ucleus EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

-7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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)ndoplas"ic reticulu"EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!ell "e"brane EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

!atabolis" EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

nabolis" EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Metabolis" EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Give the term

Me"brane surrounding the lungs EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Me"brane surrounding the abdo"inal viscera EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Muscular wall separating the thoracic and abdo"inal cavities EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

%pace between the lungs$ containing the heart$ windpipe$ aorta EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

bac,bone EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

pad of cartilage between each bac,bone and the ne&t EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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C3APTER & 4

SU00IXES

This chapter is divided into the following sections

I. Introduction

II. !o"bining #or"s

III. %uffi&es and Ter"inology

I(. ppendices

(. )&ercises

-efine new suffi&es and review those presented in previous!hapters

:ain practice in word analysis by using these suffi&es with!o"bining for"s to build and understand ter"s and

7a"e and ,now the functions of the different types of blood!ells in the body.

1. I+' ,&'( + S, ( %* % : %+ (+/*.

This chapter has three purposes. The first is to teach "any of the "ost co""onsuffi&es in the "edical language. s you wor, through the entire boo,$ thesuffi&es "astered in this chapter will appear often.The second purpose is to teach new co"bining for"s and use the" to "a,e wordswith suffi&es. 1our analysis of the ter"inology in %ection III of this chapter willincrease your "edical language vocabulary.The third purpose is to e&pand your understanding of ter"inology beyond basicword analysis. In particular$ e"phasis is placed on learning the na"es andfunctions of different types of blood cells. These ter"s are basic to thevocabulary of a person wor,ing in the allied health field.

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Combining Forms*ead this list and underline those co"bining for"s that are unfa"iliar.

!o"bining #or" Meaning

bdo"in;o abdo"en

cr;o e&tre"ities$ tip$ e&tre"e point

cu;o sharp$ severe$ sudden

den;o gland

gor;a "ar,etplace

"ni;o a"nion 4sac surrounding the e"bryo in the uterus6

ngi;o vessel

rteri;o artery

rthr;o joint

&ill;o ar"pit

+lephar;o eyelid

+ronch;o bronchial tubes 4two tubes$ one right and one left$that branch fro" the trachea to enter the lungs6

!arcin;o cancer

!he".;o drug$ che"ical

!hondr;o cartilage

!hron;o ti"e

!ol;o colon 4large intestine6

!yst;o urinary bladder

)ncephal brain

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9ydr;o water$ fluidInguin groin

Isch;o to hold bac,

Lapar;o abdo"en$ abdo"inal wall

Laryng;o laryn& 4voice bo&6

Ly"ph;o ly"ph Lymph is clear fluid that bathes tissue spaces and iscontained in special lymph vessels and nodes throughout the body .

Ma"";o breastMast;o breast

Morph;o shape$ for"

Muc;o "ucus

Myel;o spinal cord$ bone "arrowContext of usage indicates which meaning is intended.

My;o "uscle

7ecr;o death 4of cells or whole body6

7ephr;o ,idney

7eur;o nerve

Ophthal";o eye

Oste;o bone

Ot;o ear

'ath;o disease

'eritone;o peritoneu"

'hag;o to eat$ swallow

'las;o for"ation$ develop"ent

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'leur;o pleura 4 membranes surrounding lungs and adjacent tochest wall muscles 6

'neu"on;o lungs

'ul"on;o lungs

*ect;o rectu"

*en;o ,idney

%arc;o flesh

%pleen;o spleen

%taphyl;o clusters

%trept;o twisted chainsThorac;o chest

Thro"b;o clot

Tonsil;o tonsils

Trache;o trachea 4windpipe6

(en;o vein.

The following is a list of the "ost co""on noun suffi&es. "edical ter" isgiven to illustrate the use of the suffi&. The basic rule for building a "edical wordis that the co"bining vowel$ such as o$ is used to connect the root to the suffi&$with the e&ception that the co"bining vowel is not used before suffi&es that beginwith a vowel. #or e&a"ple< gastr;it is. 7ot gastr;o;it is.

7u"bers above certain ter"s direct you to an ppendi& that follows this list. Theppendi& contains additional infor"ation that will help you understand theter"inology.

S, ( M% +(+/ T% 7(+ / M% +(+/

5algia pain arthralgiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

otalgiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

neuralgiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

"yalgia EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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5cele hernia rectoceleEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

cystocele EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5centesis surgical puncture to thoracocentesisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE re"ove fluid

This term may be shortened to thoracentesis.

"niocentesisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

bdo"inocentesisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE This procedure is also known as a paracentesis.

5coccus berry5shaped streptococcusEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 4plural


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osteogenicEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE n ostegenic sarcoma is a tumor produced bybone tissue.

5gra" record electroencephalogra"EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

"yelogra" EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE myel!o means spinal cord in this term. This isan x"ray record taken after contrast material isinjected into membranes around the spinal cord.

Ma""ogra"EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5graph instru"ent for electroencephalographEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE recording

5graphy process of recording electroencephalographyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

angiographyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5itis infla""ation bronchitisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

tonsillitisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

blepharitisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5logy study of ophthal"ologyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

"orphologyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5lysis brea,down$ he"olysisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE destruction$separation #reakdown of red blood cells with release of

hemoglobin.

5"alacia softening osteo"alaciaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

chondro"alaciaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5"egaly enlarge"ent acro"egalyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

spleno"egalyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5o"a tu"or$ "ass "yo"a EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE collection of fluid

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This is a benign tumor.

Myosarco"aEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE This is a malignant tumor. $uscle is a type of

flesh %sarc!o& tissue.

Multiple "yelo"aEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE $yel!o means bone marrow in this term. This isa malignant tumor that occurs in bone marrowthroughout the body.

9e"ato"aEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5opsy to view biopsyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

necropsyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE utopsy or post mortem examination.

5osis condition$ usually necrosisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE abnor"al

hydronephrosisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

leu,ocytosisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

ly"phocytosisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5pathy disease condition cardio"yopathyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5penia deficiency erythropeniaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

leu,openiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

thro"bocytopeniaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5phobia fear acrophobiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 'ear of heights.

goraphobiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE n anxiety disorder marked by fear of venturing out into a crowded place.

5plasia develop"ent$ achondroplasiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE for"ation$ growth

5plasty surgical repair angioplastyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE narrowed bleed vessel is opened using aballoon that is inflated after it is inserted intothe blood vessel.

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5ptosis drooping$ sagging$ blepharoptosisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE prolapse

5sclerosis hardening arteriosclerosisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE therosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis inwhich the artery becomes clogged with depositsof fat %ather!o means fatty material&.

5scope instru"ent for laparoscopeEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE visual e&a"ination

5scopy process of visual laparoscopyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE e&a"ination

5stasis stopping$ "etastasisEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Meta5 "eans beyond. "etastasis is thespreading of a "alignant tu"or beyond itsoriginal site to a secondary organ or location.

9e"ostasis EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE #lood flow is stopped naturally by clotting or artificially by compression.

5sto"y opening to for" a colosto"yEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE "outh 4sto"a6

tracheosto"yEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5therapy treat"ent hydrotherapyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

che"otherapyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

radiotherapyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5to"y incision$ to cut into laparoto"yEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE This is called exploratory surgery.

5trophy nourish"ent$ hypertrophyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE develop"ent!ells increase in si0e$ not nu"ber. Musclesof weigh lifters often hypertrophy.

trophyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Cells decrease in si(e. $uscles atrophy whenthey are immobili(ed in a cast and not in use.

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5eal pertaining to laryngealEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5ic$ 5ical pertaining to chronicEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

cute is the opposite of chronic. )t describes a diseasethat is of rapid onset* severe symptoms* and brief duration.'athologicalEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5oid rese"bling adenoidsEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

epider"oidEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE n epidermoid carcinoma is composed of cells that resemble epidermis %outer skin& tissue .

5ose pertaining to$ full of adiposeEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

5ous pertaining to "ucousEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Mucus 4a noun6 is the stic,y secretion produced by"ucous "e"branes.

5tic pertaining to necroticEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

I$ A!!endi)es

A %+ ( A H% +(

hernia is a bulging forth$ or protrusion$ of an organ or the "uscular wall of an organ through the cavity that nor"ally contains it. %o"e e&a"ples of hernias arehiatal hernia 4the sto"ach protrudes upward into the "ediastinu" through the esophagealopening in the diaphrag" F(/ 3-2 and an inguinal hernia 4part of the intestine protrudesdownward into the groin region and co""only into the scrotal sac in the "ale see F(/.3-2.6 rectocele is a protrusion of the rectu" toward the vagina$ and cystocele is a

protrusion of the urinary bladder toward the vagina 4 F(/. 3-1 6. These hernias often occur in wo"en after "any vaginal births. %y"pto"s appear in older wo"en in the

post"enopausal years when estrogen loss wea,ens tissue supports.

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(ig-4-'

(ig-4-,

A %+ ( B A7+( &%+'%*(*

The a"nion is the sac 4"e"brane6 that surrounds the e"bryo 4called the fetus after the

Dth wee,6 in the uterus. #luid accu"ulates within the sac and can be withdrawn4a"niocentesis6 for analysis after the ?3th wee, of pregnancy. !ells of the fetus are inthe fluid and are grown 4cultured6 for "icroscopic analysis. ,aryotype is "ade toanaly0e chro"oso"es$ and the fluid is e&a"ined for high levels of certain che"icals thatindicate defects in the developing spinal cord and spinal colu"n of the fetus 4 F(/.3-3 6.

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(ig-4-4

A %+ ( C P , *

Words ending in Gus co""only for" their plural by dropping the Gus and adding Gi.Thus$ nucleus beco"es nuclei and coccus beco"es cocci 4@O@5si6. guide to for"ationof plurals is found in ppendi& at the end of the boo,.

A %+ ( D S' % ' & &&,* + *' 0 & &&,*

streptococcus is a berry5shaped bacteriu" that grows in twisted chains. One group of streptococci are responsible for such conditions as JstrepK throat$ tonsillitis$ rheu"aticfever$ and certain ,idney ail"ents$ whereas another group cause infections in teeth$ in thesinuses 4cavities6 of nose and face$ and so"eti"es in the valves of the heart. staphylococcus is a bacteriu" that grows in s"all clusters$ li,e grapes. %taphylococcallesions "ay be e&ternal 4s,in abscesses$ boils$ styes6 or internal 4abscesses in bone and,idney6. 4 n abscess is a collection of pus$ white blood cells$ and protein that is presentat the site of infection.6 F(/.3-4 illustrates the pattern of growth of streptococci andstaphylococci.

Other bacteria that are coccal in shape include pneu"ococci 4pneu";oClungs6$ which arethe "ost co""on cause of bacterial pneu"onia in adults$ and gonococci 4gon;oCseed6$which invade the reproductive organs and cause gonorrhea.

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(ig-4-*

A %+ ( E B C% *

%tudy F(/, % 3-" as you read the following to note the differences a"ong the threedifferent types of cells in the blood.

E '0 & '%* > % # &% *?. These cells are "ade in the bone "arrow 4soft tissue inthe center of certain bones6 and are necessary to carry o&ygen fro" the lungs through the

blood to all body cells. The o&ygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy 4catabolis"6. 9e"oglobin 4globinCprotein6 is an i"portant

protein in erythrocytes that carries the o&ygen through the bloodstrea".

L%,5 & '%* >:0('% # &% *?. There are several types of leu,ocytes

Documents

Davars LOM Vol 1