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Date: 16th

August 2010

Our Ref: 15928/TR/00043 Your Ref: WO 50

EDF For the attention of Rebecca Calder

Direct tel +44(0)1352 751 761 Direct fax +44(0)1352 751 451 Email: giles.bishop@amec.com

Dear Rebecca,

Subject: WO 50

We are pleased to provide the document ‘Cannington Bypass Associated Development: Cultural Heritage Desk-Based Assessment’. The document is issued in BPE status.

The document has been uploaded to EDF Groupnet in PDF format to the zip file named ‘15928TR00043 Cannington Bypass DBA BPE 160810’, in the following location:

“Folders/WDE-UKE (UK EPR)/07a- SITE DEVELOPMENT HINKLEY POINT/7.4 Deliverables - Outputs/22- EIA/22.4 ES Preparation/22- Archeology & Cultural Heritage/ C- Technical Reports”

Yours sincerely, Giles Bishop Responsible Engineer cc: Jackie Palmer, Isabelle Ducher-Peron, Tom Evans AMEC – Sean Steadman, Jeremy Short, John Leggett, Catherine Grindey, Hilary Drinkwater

A 16.08.10 H Valler S Steadman BPE Final for issue to EDF S Gregson

A 12.08.10 H Valler S Steadman PREL Preliminary for EDF Comment S Gregson

Revision Date Prepared by Checked by Status Reasons for revision Approved by

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DOCUMENT TITLE: Cannington Bypass Associated Development: Cultural Heritage Desk-Based Assessment

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15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

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UK EPR Hinkley Point C

Cannington Bypas s As s oc ia ted Development: Cultura l Heritage Des k-Bas ed As s es s ment

Document Control System Fusion 4

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Document Issue Record (engineering documents)

Document Title Cannington Bypass Associated Development: Cultural Heritage Desk-Based Assessment

Project Reference UKEPR 15928/TR/00043

Purpose of Issue Customer review

Security Classification EDF access

Issue Description of Amendment Author(s) / Originator

Checker Approver Date

01 – PREL A

Preliminary to EDF for comment H Valler S Steadman S

Gregson 12/08/10

02 – BPE A Final issue to EDF H Valler S Steadman S Gregson

16/08/10

Numbers of pages Introductory 7 Text 30 Appendices 4

Number of Tables 0 Number of Figures 5

© AMEC Nuclear UK Limited 2010

This report was prepared exclusively for EDF by AMEC Nuclear UK Limited (AMEC). The quality of information, conclusions and estimates contained herein is consistent with the level of effort involved in AMEC’s services and based on:

i) information available at the time of preparation, ii) data supplied by outside sources and iii) the assumptions, conditions and qualifications set forth in this report.

This report is intended to be used by EDF only, subject to the terms and conditions of its contract with AMEC. Any other use of, or reliance on, this report by any third party is at that party’s sole risk.

Previous issues will be destroyed or marked ‘SUPERSEDED’.

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Contents

Abbreviations and Acronyms v

Executive Summary vi

1 Introduction 11.1 Background 1

2 Methodology 22.1 Aim 22.2 Objectives 22.3 National Monuments Record 22.4 Somerset Historic Environment Record 32.5 Portable Antiquities Scheme 32.6 Historic maps 32.7 Documentary sources 32.8 Field Reconnaissance Survey 32.9 Geophysical Survey 32.10 Limitations and assumptions 4

3 Legislation, policy and guidance 53.1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 53.2 Town and Country Planning Act 1990 53.3 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 53.4 Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment (2010) 63.5 Hedgerows Regulations 1997 63.6 Ancient Woodlands 63.7 Register of Parks and Gardens 73.8 English Heritage Register of Historic Battlefields in England 73.9 Regional and local policies 7

4 Topography, geology and land-use 8

5 Archaeological and historical background 95.1 Lower Palaeolithic (pre 30,000 BC), Upper Palaeolithic (30,000-10,000 BC) 95.2 Mesolithic (10,000 - 3,500 BC) 95.3 Neolithic (3,500 BC - 2,000 BC) 105.4 Bronze Age (2,000 - 700 BC) 105.5 Iron Age (700 BC - AD 43) 105.6 Roman (AD 43 - AD 450) 115.7 Early-medieval (AD 450 - AD 1066) 125.8 Medieval (AD 1066 - AD 1540) 135.9 Post-medieval (AD 1540 - AD 1899) 135.10 Undated 155.11 Summary of the geo-physical, aerial photographic and field reconnaissance survey

165.12 Summary of previous archaeological fieldwork 16

6 Built heritage 186.1 Grade I Listed Buildings 186.2 Grade II* Listed Buildings 196.3 Grade II Listed Buildings 196.4 Unlisted Buildings 21

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7 Historic landscape 22

8 Assessment of impacts 238.1 Impact of previous development 238.2 Impact of the proposed development 238.3 Archaeological potential 248.4 Survival of archaeology 268.5 Impact on built heritage 26

9 Conclusions and recommendations 279.1 Recommendations for further studies 279.2 Mitigation 28

10 References 29

Appendix A Cultural heritage gazetteer A

Appendix B Previous investigations gazetteer B

Appendix C Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) C

Appendix D Maps E

Plates

Plate 1: Cynwit Castle, a Scheduled Iron Age hillfort also known as Cannington Camp (8). 11

Plate 2: Brymore House ‘ride’ (32), part of the landscaped park (31) 14Plate 3: Blackmore Farmhouse and chapel (16), a Grade I Listed Building. 18Plate 4: The Church of St Mary (20), Grade I Listed Building 19Plate 5: Grade II Listed Building of Brymore School (21) 20

Figures in Appendix D Figure 1: Archaeological Site Location Map Figure 2: Historic Landscape Characterisation Map Figure 3: 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map (1889) Figure 4: Geophysical Survey Results Map Figure 5: Western Inner Route Proposed Layout Map

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

AD Anno Domini

AOD Above Ordnance Datum

BGS British Geological Survey

BC Before Christ

DBA Desk-based assessment

FRS Field reconnaissance survey

HER Historic Environment Record

HLC Historic Landscape Characterisation

IfA Institute for Archaeologists

NGR National Grid Reference

NMR National Monuments Record

OS Ordnance Survey

PAS Portable Antiquities Scheme

PPG Planning Policy Guidance

PPS Planning Policy Statement

SCC Somerset County Council

SM Scheduled Monument

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Executive Summary

In July 2009 AMEC was commissioned to carry out a Cultural Heritage Desk-Based Assessment (DBA) on behalf of EDF on land in the immediate environs of Cannington in Somerset. This is in advance of the construction of a proposed bypass to the west of Cannington.

The study area encompasses the proposed route corridor of the bypass, hereafter referred to as “the site”, and a wider area of approximately 1400 hectares (ha) in order to put the cultural heritage present on the site into context. This large study area was initially used in order to cover the eastern and western options for a bypass around Cannington and other possible locations for additional infrastructure.

This detailed Desk-Based Assessment (DBA) uses the original 1400 ha study area, but only those heritage assets within 500 m of the site, or whose setting may be affected by the proposed development, have been included and discussed in the baseline, such as buildings within Cannington Conservation Area.

The study area is predominantly farmland surrounding the village of Cannington with the River Parrett and its estuary situated to the north east.

The investigation has identified 90 known cultural heritage assets located within, or near to, the site boundary. These are mainly medieval and Post-medieval agricultural and industrial sites and Post-medieval houses.

Two Scheduled Monuments are located to the north west of Cannington and consist of an Iron Age/Romano-British settlement (7) and an Iron Age hillfort known as Cynwit Castle (8, also known as Cannington Camp).

An early Christian cemetery (13) of Roman and Early-medieval date was located to the north west of the study area. This was of National importance, but has been destroyed by quarrying during the 20th

There is one Conservation Area within the study area, which encompasses the centre of Cannington village.

century.

There are 31 Listed Buildings within the study area of which three are Grade I, one is Grade II* and 27 are Grade II. Thirteen of these buildings lie within the Conservation Area.

The potential for archaeological remains of Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age date is considered to be low.

The potential for archaeological remains of Iron Age and Roman date within the study area is considered to be medium.

The potential for archaeological remains of Early-medieval date is low to medium, of medieval date is medium to high and of Post-medieval date is high.

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The report concludes that there is a high concentration of known or suspected sites recorded to the west of Cannington, including the two Scheduled Monuments.

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1 Introduction

1.1 Background

EDF Energy (EDF) has commissioned AMEC to carry out a Cultural Heritage Desk-Based Assessment on land in the immediate environs of the nearby village of Cannington for a bypass road around Cannington.

Two proposed route options were originally under consideration: one passing to the east; and one to the west of the village.

This study is specifically looking at the western bypass option. The study area consists of the 1400 ha initially used in order to cover all possible additional infrastructure based at Cannington. However only those heritage assets within 500 m of the site or whose setting may be affected by the proposed development have been included in the baseline.

The proposed western route option runs from the west A39 roundabout northwards to cross the accesses to Brymore School and Withiel Farm. The route continues north east to cross Sandy Lane and Chads Hill and on to join Rodway, to the north of the village (Figure 1).

This report is an assessment of the Cultural Heritage Baseline of the western bypass study area. Known archaeological and historical sites and features are presented in Section 5. All known sites, features and find spots are included in the cultural heritage gazetteer (Appendix A) and are shown on the archaeological site location map, Figure 1 in Appendix D.

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2 Methodology

The assessment has been undertaken in accordance with guidelines set out by the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA), formerly the Institute of Field Archaeologists, Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessments (IfA 2008)1.

Searches of the National Monuments Record (NMR) and Somerset Historic Environment Record (HER) produced a total of 90 known or suspected sites within the study area.

A geophysical survey was undertaken by Stratascan from 18th – 29th January 2010; the preliminary results of which were incorporated into this report (Figure 4 in Appendix D).

Each of the cultural heritage sites was given a unique number and included within a Cultural Heritage Gazetteer (Appendix A). Any records duplicated between the NMR and HER, but clearly relating to the same site have been amalgamated in order to avoid confusion.

2.1 Aim

The aim of this DBA is to identify the cultural heritage resource within the site and the surrounding study area.

2.2 Objectives

The objectives of the assessment are to:

• identify recorded and designated archaeological sites, find spots and areas of archaeological interest within the study area;

• identify designated built heritage assets within the study area;

• identify and describe historic landscape features within the study area;

• assess the potential for previously unrecorded archaeological remains within the site;

• assess the potential for alluvial deposits across the site; and

• assess the potential impacts of the proposed works on known or suspected cultural heritage assets within the study area.

2.3 National Monuments Record

The National Monuments Record (NMR) is maintained by English Heritage and was used to identify the locations of any Listed Buildings, Scheduled Monuments, Registered Parks and Gardens, Battlefields and World Heritage Sites that feature within the study area.

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The NMR provided a list of all Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings and information on additional sites electronically to AMEC on 29th July 2009.

2.4 Somerset Historic Environment Record

A search was carried out of the Somerset Historic Environment Record on behalf of AMEC on 29th July 2009.

Information from the Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) was also gathered from Somerset’s HER. The HLC programme provides a framework for broadening our understanding of the whole landscape. These results are discussed in Section 7.

2.5 Portable Antiquities Scheme

The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) is a voluntary scheme where archaeological objects found in England and Wales by members of the public can be recorded.

The Finds Liaison Officer (FLO) for Somerset was contacted in order to search the database for objects found within the study area. However, no response was received in order to include any relevant PAS data in this assessment.

2.6 Historic maps

The Somerset Record Office was consulted on 25th November 2009 for historical maps and aerial photographs. First and 2nd edition Ordnance Survey maps were viewed on the Somerset Record Office website (http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/).

A review of available historic maps was undertaken to establish past land-use and to identify potential features (e.g. roads, buildings) that may form part of the cultural heritage resource for the site.

2.7 Documentary sources

The Somerset Records Office and Somerset Studies Library in Taunton were visited during the course of this assessment. Documentary sources, such as the Victoria County History Volume 6, were consulted in order to gain information on the archaeology and history of the study area.

2.8 Field Reconnaissance Survey

A Field Reconnaissance Survey (FRS) of the western bypass study area was conducted on the 10th and 11th March 2010 to provide further information regarding the landscape, built heritage and Scheduled Monuments.

2.9 Geophysical Survey

A geophysical survey was undertaken by Stratascan from 18th – 29th January 2010; the preliminary results of which were incorporated into this report (Figure 4 in Appendix D).

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2.10 Limitations and assumptions

Potential archaeological sites or features that have been identified from crop marks on aerial photographs and from the results of the geophysical survey, have not been investigated archaeologically, but have been assigned an unknown importance.

This is because their character, date and state of preservation cannot be quantified until further investigation has taken place.

This report has not identified any ‘important’ hedgerows within the study area. It cannot be ascertained whether any ‘important’ hedgerows exist within the study area as the earliest historic map available is dated 1825. This is after the Inclosure date of 1800; one of the regulation criteria is that an ‘important’ hedgerow can be dated to pre-1800.

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3 Legislation, policy and guidance

This section provides a summary of relevant legislation, policy and guidance regarding development in relation to archaeology or cultural heritage.

Relevant parts of the legislation for the protection of Scheduled Monuments, Conservation Areas and Listed Buildings are discussed. The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 and Planning Policy Statement 5 are also outlined as they should be considered best practice for addressing the archaeological and historic environment resource in relation to development.

3.1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979

Under the terms of this act an archaeological site or historic building of national importance can be designated as a Scheduled Monument (SM) and is registered with the Department of Culture, Media and Sport.

Any development that might affect either the SM or its setting is subject to the granting of Scheduled Monument Consent. English Heritage advises the government on individual cases for consent and offers advice on the management of Scheduled Monuments.

There are two Scheduled Monuments within the study area. These lie to the north west of Cannington and consist of an Iron Age/Romano-British settlement (7) and an Iron Age hillfort known both as Cynwit Castle or Cannington Camp (8).

3.2 Town and Country Planning Act 1990

The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 provides the basis of planning policy in this country. The Act details the whole process of planning permission and the provisions that are made for the protection of archaeology and cultural heritage (following guidance set out in PPS 5).

3.3 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990

This act covers the registration of Listed Buildings which are those buildings that are seen to have a special architectural, historical or cultural significance and Conservation Areas, which are areas worthy of conservation or enhancement due to their special architectural or historical interest.

A Listed Building may not be demolished, extended or altered without Listed Building Consent being granted by the local planning authority. There are three grades of listing (in descending order):

• Grade I: buildings of exceptional interest;

• Grade II*: particularly important buildings of special interest; and

• Grade II: buildings of special interest.

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There are 31 Listed Buildings within the study area of which three are Grade I, one is Grade II* and 27 are Grade II. Thirteen of these buildings lie within the Conservation Area.

There is one Conservation Area approximately 100 m to the east of the west bypass study area boundary. This encompasses the centre of Cannington village and this area is intended to be extended in the near future (Pers. Comm. Kathryn Goodliffe at Sedgemoor District Council).

The majority of the Listed Buildings identified by this assessment are located within Cannington village.

3.4 Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment (2010)

Planning Policy Statement 5 (PPS5) published in March 2010 primarily sets out the Government’s planning Policies on the conservation of the historic environment. PPS5 is supported by a Practice Guide (PPS5 Planning for the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Planning Practice Guide) which is endorsed by Communities and Local Government, the Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) and English Heritage.

PPS5 replaces Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) 15: Planning and the Historic Environment and Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) 16: Archaeology and Planning).

Chapter 3 - Heritage Assets and Significance (Paragraph 20) of the PPS5 Planning for the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Planning Practice Guide specifies that there are no changes to the existing legal framework for the designation of scheduled monuments, listed buildings, conservation areas, registered parks and gardens or protected wrecks.

The existing law also sets out the basis on which scheduled monument consent, listed building consent, conservation area consent or licences to deal with protected wrecks may be required. Nothing in PPS5 changes those requirements, or the interpretation of the phrases and words used. PPS5 covers the planning decisions which concern scheduled monuments and does not cover scheduled monument consent.

3.5 Hedgerows Regulations 1997

‘Important’ hedgerows as defined by The Hedgerows Regulations 1997 enjoy statutory protection.

This report has not identified any ‘important’ hedgerows within the study area.

3.6 Ancient Woodlands

Ancient woodlands consist of land that has been continuously wooded since AD 1600 in England. Areas of ancient woodland can be protected as nationally important Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Special Areas of Conservation or as Wildlife Sites recognised at a local level.

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There are no ancient woodlands within the study area.

3.7 Register of Parks and Gardens

The Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England is maintained by English Heritage and divides the sites into three grade bands similar to that used for listed buildings.

There are no Registered Parks and Gardens within the study area.

3.8 English Heritage Register of Historic Battlefields in England

The English Heritage Register of Historic Battlefields in England presently identifies 43 important English battlefields. Its purpose is to offer them protection and to promote a better understanding of their significance, but it does not offer any statutory protection.

There are no Registered Battlefields within the study area.

3.9 Regional and local policies

Policies relating to the appropriate treatment of archaeology and heritage are included within the following planning documents:

• Regional Spatial Strategy for the South West (incorporating Somerset). Relevant policy proposals include: ENV1 Protecting and Enhancing the Region’s Natural and Historic Environment and ENV5 Historic Environment.

• Somerset and Exmoor National Park Joint Structure Plan 1991-2016 revised and reissued in 2004 as an Alteration in order to extend the life of the Plan until 2016. The relevant policies include: Policy 10 Historic Landscapes; Policy 11 Areas of High Archaeological Potential; Policy 12 Nationally Important Archaeological Remains; and Policy 13 Locally Important Archaeological Remains.

• Sedgemoor District Council Local Development Framework is made up of a number of documents that have not yet been fully implemented. The Core Strategy will be the key strategic document of the Sedgemoor Local Development Framework (LDF) and will set out Sedgemoor's vision and spatial strategy for meeting known and anticipated development requirements up to 2026.

• Sedgemoor District Local Plan covers the period 1991-2011. The relevant policies include: Policy CNE 12; Policy HE 9; Policy HE10; Policy HE 11; Policy HE 12; and Policy HE 13.

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4 Topography, geology and land-use

The study area lies in Cannington Parish within Sedgemoor District in the County of Somerset. It lies just to the north of the A39 and west of Cannington village (which is included in the baseline information). The northernmost point is to the south of Putnell Rhyne which is to the south west of Combwich.

The geology of the study area consists of bedrock of the Mercia Mudstone Group with a band of Otter Sandstone and Rodway Siltstone that starts north of Cannington and extends west to Knoll Green. A large outcrop of Carboniferous Limestone is located to the north west of Cannington and there are also other smaller outcrops of Otter Sandstone and Rodway Siltstone within the study area (British Geological Society 1984)2

The study area is in the Landscape Character Area 146: Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes as determined by Natural England’s Landscape Character Assessment

.

3

The study area is predominantly used for agriculture with the higher areas used for arable and the lower areas used as pasture. The study area also includes Cannington village and several outlying farms.

. The Landscape Character Area is more fully discussed in Section 7.

The A39 runs through the southern half of the study area, but bypasses the village to the south.

A navigable stretch of the River Parrett and its floodplain lies to the north east of Cannington.

Industry in the area is mainly small-scale although quarries and an open Barytes mine are located around the Carboniferous Limestone outcrop, to the north-west of the study area (Ordnance Survey 2008)4.

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5 Archaeological and historical background

A total of 90 cultural heritage sites were identified within the study area. Each site has been assigned a unique number, referred to in the text in bold and listed in the Gazetteer (Appendix A) and shown on the Archaeological Site Location Map, Figure 1 in Appendix D. Any duplicated records clearly relating to the same site have been amalgamated in order to avoid confusion.

The results of previous archaeological investigations that have been carried out within the study area have been incorporated into the relevant sections below by period. A gazetteer of these investigations can be found in Appendix B.

The periods and dates in this section largely follow the terminology included in the Transport Assessment Guidance Unit 3.3.9 The Heritage of Historic Resources (WebTag 2003, Table 2)5

5.1 Lower Palaeolithic (pre 30,000 BC), Upper Palaeolithic (30,000-10,000 BC)

.

The Palaeolithic in Britain was the long period of time from when humans first arrived in Britain to the end of the last Ice Age at about 12,000 BP (Before Present). The earliest evidence of human activity in Britain dates from about 500,000 BP, although there are long periods during the coldest eras when there appears to have been no human presence. Most occupation seems to have occurred in the south of Britain, but evidence is restricted to cave systems, gravel beds and the occasional flint artefact.

There is no evidence that the study area was occupied during this time.

5.2 Mesolithic (10,000 - 3,500 BC)

Human groups returned to Britain at the beginning of the Mesolithic as the climate became warmer, the ice sheets retreated and the habitat changed. As the post-glacial sea level rose parts of the modern Somerset landscape would have been covered by water (Gathercole 2003)6

Evidence for activity during this period within the study area comes from scatters of Mesolithic flint flakes and blades (1) that were found in Cannington Park near Cynwit Castle.

. Britain became an island covered with forests that were populated by groups of sophisticated hunter-gatherers who used spears, harpoons and arrows that incorporated very small sharp blades called microliths.

Other possible evidence comes from an L-shaped cave (2) discovered in Cannington Park during quarrying and since destroyed. Deposits of animal bones, including the now extinct aurochs from inside the cave were determined to be of a likely Mesolithic date, but an investigation by Bristol University Speleological Society in 1964 revealed no evidence of human occupation.

A number of Mesolithic flints (3) allegedly found near Brymore School (21) consist of one core, 17 blades or flakes and one microlith. The HER record

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notes that it is possible that this collection actually derives from a site outside of the study area.

5.3 Neolithic (3,500 BC - 2,000 BC)

The Neolithic is a period when many innovations were introduced including monument building, the use of pottery and, most importantly, the domestication of plants and animals. This led to a remodelling of the landscape as people cleared woodland to create farms and fields.

There is no evidence that the study area was occupied during either the Neolithic or Bronze Age periods.

5.4 Bronze Age (2,000 - 700 BC)

The Bronze Age was the period when metal, particularly copper and bronze, began to be widely used in Britain, possibly as a result of increased contact with Europe. Scattered farming communities formed chiefdoms based around a largely agricultural economy, and metalworking, house building and exploitation of the environment became increasingly more sophisticated.

A residual tanged bronze knife (4) from this period was found at the Cannington Park hillfort known as Cynwit Castle (8). However by itself, this chance find is not indicative of occupation.

5.5 Iron Age (700 BC - AD 43)

The Iron Age was a period of great change, most of which is thought to have been the result of the increasing trade and other contact between Britain and the Roman world. Generally harvests improved with the use of new varieties of barley and wheat, and the increased farming of peas, beans, flax and other crops. Groups lived in relatively varied types of settlements, such as hillforts, and open and enclosed settlements.

The sites and features in the study area that have been dated to the Iron Age are concentrated around the Carboniferous Limestone outcrop at Cannington Park to the north west of Cannington.

An Iron Age enclosed settlement (6) identified as a crop mark was excavated in 1963. This revealed that it was a ditched and palisaded enclosure that was interpreted as an extra-mural farmstead of the adjacent hillfort (8). Two post holes of late Iron Age date (5) that were identified nearby during a watching brief, may be associated with this complex. Both sites have now been destroyed by quarrying.

A Scheduled Iron Age settlement (7) and related field system lies to the south east of the hillfort and Cannington Park. There are two rectangular house sites and a small number of preserved fields with banks and lynchets and Iron Age and Roman pottery has been recorded at the site. This settlement and field system is considered to be predominantly associated with the Iron Age hillfort (8), but could also date from either the Roman or Early-medieval periods.

The summit of the limestone outcrop is occupied by Cynwit Castle (8), also known as Cannington Camp, which is a Scheduled Iron Age hillfort (Plate 1).

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The ditch has been quarried out of the rock and a stone bank built up on the inside. The original entrance lies on the south eastern side though there is a possible second entrance to the north.

Plate 1: Cynwit Castle, a Scheduled Iron Age hillfort also known as Cannington Camp (8)

Several investigations have taken place at the hillfort in the last hundred years or so with excavations occurring in 1905, 1913 and 1963.

The evidence recovered includes a possible Roman structure (12) and indicates that the site was probably reoccupied during the Roman period. There have also been numerous surface finds recovered from across the hillfort site including: worked flints; Iron Age pottery; and a Roman brooch.

The banks of the hillfort are now slight and the walls have been robbed away in places. Further damage has been caused by modern quarrying mainly located to the north and east and most of the site is now densely overgrown with hazel and bramble.

5.6 Roman (AD 43 - AD 450)

The Romans introduced a range of innovations and changes in culture that are far more visible in the archaeological record than for those periods immediately preceding and succeeding it. There was a greater variety of pottery, coins and metal goods, as well as new building materials on those sites that embraced Romanisation.

The site of a probable Roman settlement (10) lies at Ashford Farm in the south west of the study area where approximately 70 sherds of 3rd to 4th

A Roman layer and possible Roman structure (11) were uncovered by an excavation on the outer rampart of the hillfort known as Cynwit Castle (8) in 1963. This indicates that the hillfort was probably reoccupied during the Roman period.

century AD Roman pottery, including Samian, were recovered.

A further concentration of Roman pottery sherds was found within the study area was at Park Farm (12).

A large early Christian inhumation cemetery (13) dating from the late Roman to Early-medieval periods has been identified in Cannington Park Quarry to the north west of Cannington. The cemetery continued in use from 350-800 AD and is important for understanding the Roman/ post-Roman transition period

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(Holbrook 2008, 160)7

5.7 Early-medieval (AD 450 - AD 1066)

. As the cemetery was in use predominantly during the Early-medieval period it has been described in Section 5.7 below.

Following the end of Roman rule in the early 5th century it has been suggested that there was often continuity in the occupation of rural settlements in the South West of Britain from the Roman period through to the 6th and 7th centuries (Rippon 2006, 62)8

This is supported by the continued use of the inhumation cemetery (13) excavated at Cannington Park Quarry to the north west of Cannington. Skeletons have been found during quarrying since 1880 and excavations of the area took place in 1962-3.

.

The 1962-3 excavations recovered more than 400 graves of adults, children and infants cut into the limestone, oriented in an east-west direction and some of which had stone-linings of varying quantity (Webster 2008, 183)9

Two of the excavated graves differed from the rest with each covered by a mound and at least one of which was surrounded by a structure. This latter grave had a well defined path leading to it and other graves appeared to be centred on it. It has been suggested that this may be an Early-medieval shrine.

. There were generally few grave goods, but Roman coins and Early-medieval brooches, pottery and knives were found spanning the period 350-800 AD.

From the known density of excavated burials and the area known to have been previously destroyed by quarrying, it was concluded that the cemetery probably contained over 2,000 burials. It may therefore have been a communal graveyard for several communities in Somerset.

Following the 1962-3 excavations a further 17 skeletons were excavated and earthworks of a possible temple complex were identified near the then quarry edge. These areas have now been destroyed by quarrying and it is likely that the majority, if not all, of the site has been completely destroyed by quarrying.

There are no known settlement sites in the study area of this period, but the presence of the cemetery indicates that a settlement of some kind was nearby. It is likely that a settlement either reoccupied the position of the earlier Iron Age settlement (7) south east of the hillfort and immediately south of the cemetery or that it lies beneath the site of the present village.

A Saxon ‘herpath’ or military road entered the parish via a crossing over the River Parrett at Combwich and reputedly passes to the south of Cannington Hill. The settlement at Cannington may have originated where a road south from Combwich and the ‘herpath’ crossed an east-west route (Victoria County History 1992) 10

No records which would provide further information especially regarding the location of the route are held by the HER for the ‘herpath’. Therefore, an AMEC ID number has not been issued and it has not been included on the Archaeological Site Location Map.

.

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5.8 Medieval (AD 1066 - AD 1540)

The rural landscape and agricultural systems of the South West of England were probably already established by the 11th century and continued in use throughout the medieval period (Rippon and Croft 2008)11

A probable deserted medieval settlement (14) lies at Knoll Green in the west of the study area. This is suggested by the network of green lanes that converge on this area, although only a deserted barton, a manor farm occupies the site at present. Several cottages in the area are recorded on the tithe map and on the Ordnance Survey 1

.

st

There are earthworks and crop marks east of Edbrook in the north west of the study area that indicate a possible shrunken medieval village (15).

edition (c.1890) map.

The Somerset Farm Institute, housed in a large Elizabethan Mansion in the centre of Cannington, is reputed to be located on the site of Cannington Priory, a Benedictine Nunnery founded in 1138 (19). The Nunnery was suppressed in 1536 and the present house was probably built shortly afterwards. A fragment of medieval wall with a late medieval gateway was discovered in Mill Lane and probably represents the boundary of the priory.

Cooks Mill at Brooklands Farm (22) south of the A39 was originally an overshot mill recorded in 1494 as Chilton Mill. Though originally built in the late medieval period, it was used as a fulling mill in the Post-medieval period and to crush spar in the 19th and 20th centuries. At present the site is in use as a cheese factory although the original leat and head pond survive. ‘Cook’s Mills (Flour)’ is shown on the 1st

Four further standing buildings survive that date from the medieval period all of which have Listed Building status and are described more fully in Section 6.

edition Ordnance Survey map of 1889 (Figure 3 in Appendix D).

Blackmore Farm (16) is a Grade I Listed Building approximately 600 m to the south west of the southernmost site boundary.

The outbuilding at Cannington Court (17) is Grade II listed and Cannington Court (18) itself is Grade I listed; both buildings are approximately 700 m to the east of the site boundary and are within the Conservation Area.

The Church of St Mary (20) is a Grade I Listed Building, is approximately 700 m to the east of the site boundary and is also within the Conservation Area.

5.9 Post-medieval (AD 1540 - AD 1899)

The landscape of the region would have changed during the Post-medieval period as a result of enclosure of the open fields. Increased improvement of the land and transport systems led to the intensification of both agriculture and industry in the region.

In 1730 the road between Cannington Bridge and Bawdrip to the east became a turnpike road with the whole road from Nether Stowey to Ashcott turnpiked by 1759 (25). Tolls were collected by the users of the road in order to pay for the improvements to this section of road.

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A lime kiln (29) was located to the north east of Hornhill Farm in the west of the study area. This is marked as ‘old lime kiln’ on the Ordnance Survey 2nd

Lime kilns (39) are also recorded at Cannington Park Quarry on the 1

edition (1904) map and is also shown on an earlier 1826 map.

st edition Ordnance Survey map (1889) (Figure 3 in Appendix D), also on the Ordnance Survey 2nd

The demand for lime as a fertiliser in agriculture soared during the mid-16

edition maps (1904) as ‘old lime kilns’ with ‘Limekiln Cottage’ nearby. These have probably been destroyed by the quarry workings.

th century and the presence of the limestone in the outcrop at Cannington Park became important (Gathercole 2003)6. The limestone needed to be burned in order to produce quicklime which was then spread on the fields. Lime kilns were usually built near to the coast because the coal required as fuel was imported from South Wales. By the 19th century the use of lime declined and the kilns went out of use (Brayshay 2006)12

Blackmore Mill (30) is shown on the 1

.

st

An area of landscaped park (31) originally existed around Brymore House (21 described in Section 6) in the south west of the study area. This is shown on the OS 1

edition Ordnance Survey 1889 (Figure 3 in Appendix D) to the north of Blackmore Farm (16). The buildings have been demolished and leveled and nothing exists above ground.

st

Plate 2: Brymore House ‘ride’ (32), part of the landscaped park (31)

edition map of 1889 (Figure 3 in Appendix D), but is now used as arable farmland. Running through the landscaped park from east to west is the ‘ride’ (32), a route through a tree-lined avenue to the main house (Plate 2).

Brymore House (21) was used during World War Two as a Prisoner of War camp for Italian and German prisoners. In 1943 it became the base for the 535 Automatic Weapons Battalion of the US Army (33). Office buildings built during this time were later used as classrooms and gun emplacements are still visible around the grounds.

A rifle range (34) is shown on the Ordnance Survey 1st edition map (c.1890) with distances measured out to 600 yards from the ‘markers, butts and targets’.

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This is now disused, but a single building is shown on the Ordnance Survey 2008 map.

A Barytes mine (36) is located on the northern side of the limestone outcrop on which Cynwit Castle hillfort (8) is located. This mine is subject to active quarrying and much of the earlier Post-medieval features relating to the mine have been destroyed.

A cemetery and chapel (41) on the High Street, Cannington, are shown on the 1904 Ordnance Survey map with the chapel facing onto the road.

A former late 18th/ early 19th

Town Mill (50) was originally sited on the western outskirts of Cannington village, but only a filled in head pond, relief sluice and leat survives. The mill site has been reused for a house. This mill was recorded as the Priory Mill in 1536 and has also been known as Coles Mill. Before it fell into disuse the mill was used to crush spar from the quarry.

century non-conformist chapel was once located at 37 High Street, Cannington. In 2003, two burials (44) belonging to the chapel were excavated; an adult male in a brick cist positioned inside the north wall of the chapel and an adult female buried outside.

There are 29 standing buildings of historical interest dating to the Post-medieval period, of which 27 have Listed Building status. These are described in Section 6.

5.10 Undated

There are several features that have been identified through previous fieldwork within the study area which remain undated.

Probable ditches to the south west of Cannington are visible as crop marks on aerial photographs. These seem to form parallel curved ditches (72), five rectilinear enclosures (72 to 75) and a probable former field boundary (77).

To the north of Beere Manor Farm there is a large area of crop marks including probable field boundaries (76). Other crop marks of probable field boundaries (80) are recorded on aerial photographs taken in the south of the study area.

Other undated features within the study area include Cannington Park Quarry cave (78) which has now been destroyed, and an area known as “The Warren” (79) situated to the east of Cannington Park Quarry.

The FRS confirmed that an east to west field boundary which was observed on the 1st

An earthwork was observed during the FRS, to the south east of Cannington Park Quarry (89), which although undated was potentially related to field boundaries, with the feature being in a similar alignment to the field to the east (90).

edition Ordnance Survey map (Figure 3 in Appendix D) and was not present on later maps has been removed, although there is evidence that it did exist with the alignment of other boundaries (90).

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5.11 Summary of the geo-physical, aerial photographic and field reconnaissance survey

The assessments of the geophysical survey and aerial photographs have shown areas for potential below ground archaeological resources along the line of the western bypass route.

A Field Reconnaissance Survey (FRS) of the proposed route has subsequently been undertaken and the areas which have been highlighted as having features were observed. Further detail of the remains could not be ascertained from these observations.

The geophysical survey abstraction and interpretation data were supplied by Stratascan (Figure 4 in Appendix D). The geophysical survey was undertaken along a preliminary line of the western bypass route, which has since been updated. Further geophysical survey work will be undertaken to ensure that all areas of the final route have been surveyed.

Although these remains are undated due to them being contained below the surface, it is possible to suggest associations with other features in the landscape nearby. These sites remain titled as undated features. Two aerial photographs (APs) were assessed against the geophysical survey results (Reference 0320 (1971) and Reference 6006 (1981).

A possible curvilinear enclosure and associated features (81) were recorded during the geophysical survey to the east of Cannington Quarry. To the south of the quarry were recorded linear, ditch or bank type features (82).

To the south east of Cynwit Castle (9) further features have been recorded which are probably a ring ditch and associated features (83). Although a definite date cannot be provided the appearance is of prehistoric origin. A faint outline of the features can be observed on the AP (1981).

Additional evidence has been discovered with curvilinear features (84) and possible metal artefacts (85) shown in a field to the north of Withiel Drive.

To the north of the A39, three further areas of archaeological potential have been recorded; linear features with associated feature (86), anomalies of unknown origin (87) and other metal finds (88).

5.12 Summary of previous archaeological fieldwork

There have been 19 recorded archaeological investigations carried out within the study area. They include evaluations, excavations, watching briefs and desk-based assessments.

These are referenced in the Previous Investigation Gazetteer (Appendix B) with a brief overview of these activities summarised below.

A number of excavations (Saga book of the Viking Club 190513, Somerset Archaeology and Natural History 191314 and Britannia Monograph Series 196315) have been undertaken during the 20th century at Cannington Hillfort (8). The area in the vicinity of the quarry from which the remains of the early Christian Roman cemetery (13) was excavated during the 1960s (Rahtz et al

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2000 (Britannia Monograph Series)) 16 and several caves in the same area (2 and 78) have been excavated and recorded (Britannia Monograph Series 1994)17

Several activities have been monitored within Cannington village itself.

.

A watching brief during reflooring of the naves and aisles of St Mary’s Church (20) did not provide evidence for previous archaeological remains (Graham 1998)18

Evaluations were undertaken in Mill Lane (Cotton and Cox 1993)

.

19 and at 37 High Street, the former Irvines Garage (Amour Chelu 2002)20 where 19th and 20th century remains were found. A watching brief was undertaken after the discovery of two inhumations (Robey 2003)21

No evidence for archaeological remains were recorded by a watching brief during construction of the A39 southern bypass around Cannington (Broomhead 1993)

which were originally within the Non-Conformist churchyard (44), as mentioned in Section 5.9.

22.

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6 Built heritage

There are 33 standing buildings or structures within or near to the study area that are of historical or cultural interest, of which 31 have Listed Building status and are protected under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. Of these Listed Buildings three are Grade I, one is Grade II* and 27 are Grade II.

Thirteen of these Listed buildings (17, 18, 20, 54 - 61, 63 and 65) are located within the Conservation Area in the centre of Cannington (Figure 1).

6.1 Grade I Listed Buildings

The three Grade I Listed Buildings are all of medieval origin, though each has been altered during the Post-medieval period. Descriptions have been taken from the NMR and HER records.

Blackmore Farmhouse (16, Plate 3) is a 15th

The two-storey building is constructed of red sandstone rubble and large roughly dressed quoins with a slate roof. The porch is 16

century manor house, with adjoining chapel, lying in the south west of the study area. Externally it is considered to be in good original condition.

th century and there have been 19th

Plate 3: Blackmore Farmhouse and chapel (16), a Grade I Listed Building.

century internal alterations though the house retains the original hall, cross-passage and service wing arrangement.

Cannington Court (18), Church Street, now forms part of the Somerset Farm Institute, but was originally the lay wing of a Benedictine Priory (19, now destroyed) founded by Robert de Courcei in c.1138.

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Cannington Court is constructed of red sandstone rubble with a tile roof but, once the priory had been dissolved in 1536, the building was altered by successive families during the Post-medieval period.

The Church of St Mary (20), Church Street, Cannington, is predominantly 15th century, but has 12th century architectural fragments and a 14th century tower indicating earlier origins. It is built of coarse red sandstone rubble with a slate roof and prominent gargoyles (Plate 4).

Plate 4: The Church of St Mary (20), Grade I Listed Building

It is suggested in the HER record that the Church of St Mary may have been the former church for the Benedictine Nuns who occupied Cannington Court (18) or that it was originally the site of an Early-medieval Minster.

6.2 Grade II* Listed Buildings

Beere Manor Farmhouse and attached barn (28) is located in the north west of the study area.

It is a 16th/17th

The barn is positioned at a right-angle to the frontage.

century manor house constructed of coursed and squared blue lias with a slate roof. The plan of the house is of a cross-passage type with a possible first floor hall and a Tudor-style frontage.

6.3 Grade II Listed Buildings

The majority of the 27 Grade II Listed Buildings are located within the Cannington Conservation area.

Eight Grade II Listed buildings are located within 500 m of the site boundary:

• Brymore School (21), a Post-medieval country house (originally Brymore House) with 15th

• A late 18

century porch (Plate 5); th century walled garden (35) at Brymore School;

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• No. 28, High Street (45), a late 18th

• No. 17, High Street (47), an early 19

century house; th

• Golf Cottage (38), near Cannington Park Quarry, an early 19

century house; th

• Park Farmhouse (46), Park Lane, an early 17

century house;

th

• Bolham Bridge (48), an 18

century farmhouse; th

• A pair of late 18

century road bridge over the South Moor Main Brook, and

th

Plate 5: Grade II Listed Building of Brymore School (21)

century gate piers (49) on the approach to Park Farmhouse from Rodway.

The remaining 19 Grade II Listed Buildings are located more than 500 m away from the site boundary. These include:

• A medieval outbuilding rebuilt in the 19th

• A 16 century (17) at Cannington Court;

th

• Ashford Farmhouse (26) in the south west of the study area, originally a 19 century almshouse (23), High Street;

th

• Palfreys (37), a 16

century dower house for Brymore House;

th

• Ruscombe House (51), High Street, a late 18

century open-hall cruck house near Cannington Park Quarry;

th/ early 19th

• Court House (54), Church Street, a late 18 century house;

th

• No. 1 (55), Fore Street, a mid 18 century house;

th

• No. 5 (56) and No. 8 (57), Church Street, two 17 century house;

th

• The 18 century houses;

th

• No. 7 (59) and No. 19 (66), Fore Street, two late 18

century gate and gates piers (58) at the west end of the Church of St Mary;

th

• William Coles monument (60) in churchyard of Church of St Mary; century houses;

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• No. 9 (61), Fore Street, an early 19th

• Brooklands (63), Brook Lane, an early 19 century house;

th

• 17 century house;

th

• No. 28 (68), East Street, an early 19 century wall (65) at Cannington College;

th

• No. 25 (70) and No. 30 and 32 (69), East Street, three 17 century house; and

th

6.4 Unlisted Buildings century houses.

There are two standing buildings of historic interest that are recorded within or close to the study area that are not listed.

The Congregational Church (42), High Street, was designed and built by Habershon and Brock in 1869 replacing an earlier chapel of 1823.

The War Memorial (53) was built for World War One in Fore Street and consists of a small cross on an octagonal shaft set on a square plinth.

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7 Historic landscape

The historic landscape consists of the patterns of settlements, field systems, roads and other land-uses that make up the diverse attributes of the British countryside. This variety of the historic landscape has resulted from the many different, and often regional, ways in which groups of people have altered the land.

The Somerset Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) has classified the majority of the landscape in the south and east of the study area as Recently Enclosed Land (see Appendix C for HLC codes and Figure 2 in Appendix D for HLC map).

This is land that has been predominantly enclosed during the 18th to 21st centuries, sometimes as early as the 17th

In the north and west of the study area the landscape has been largely classified as Anciently Enclosed Land. This is land that has been enclosed prior to the 17

century. Generally it has been determined that there has been less than 50% boundary loss across this area during the last 100 years.

th century though this has often been modified in the 17th to 19th

There are two areas that have been classified as Historic Landscape Parks.

centuries. Here there has been less than 25% boundary loss in the last 100 years.

HLC 13 covers the area of landscaped park (42) that originally existed around Brymore House (25), but which is at least partially now used for arable farming. On the 1st

HLC 16 is near an area referred to as Cannington Park on historic (1

edition Ordnance Survey map (Figure 3), ‘Brymore Park’ is named and is shown as a large expanse of parkland with the walled garden (35) to the north east of the house shown and wooded areas surrounding the main house (25), with ‘Home Wood’ noted to the north. Open fields are shown further to the north west, west, south and south east of the house and the tree-lined avenue of the ‘ride’ (32) is shown.

st edition Ordnance Survey, Figure 3) and modern maps (Ordnance Survey 2008)4

Other HLC types include the Settlement areas of Cannington (HLC 11); the leisure areas of the Sports Field (HLC 12) and the industrial areas of the Stone Quarry (HLC 8).

.

Natural England has conducted a Landscape Character Assessment across the country. This is more general character assessment than the HLC and the character areas are larger.

The study area is covered by Landscape Character Area 146: Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes. It is described as a lowland, mixed farming landscape, with dense hedges, sparse woodland and scattered villages, hamlets and farmsteads linked by winding lanes (summarised from Natural England’s Landscape Character Assessment Area 146)6.

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8 Assessment of impacts

8.1 Impact of previous development

The greatest impact of previous development upon the cultural heritage of the study area has been the quarrying of Barytes and Carboniferous Limestone deposits at Cannington Park to the north west of Cannington.

The quarrying extends across the northern and eastern sides of the hill with smaller workings on the western slopes. Many of these are still open although the quarry to the east, across the Chad Hill road, is presently filled with water.

These quarry workings have led to the destruction of several of the archaeological sites described in Section 5. The most important site affected was the early Christian cemetery (13) which has been largely, if not totally, removed. The quarry continues to threaten the Scheduled hillfort of Cynwit Castle (8).

The construction of the 1993 Cannington Bypass which routes the A39 around the south of Cannington would have had a major impact on any cultural heritage resource lying along the route. No archaeological sites were recorded during construction of the bypass (Appendix B, Broomhead 199322

The expansion and development of Cannington as a settlement would have created impacts of a varied size and nature. In most cases this is represented by individual or small-scale house construction or development that may have impacted upon archaeological sites or on an extant historical building.

).

The majority of the study area is used for arable agriculture and so successive phases of ploughing will have impacted upon earthworks above ground and shallow archaeological features close to the ground surface. This is recorded as having levelled ridge and furrow and field boundaries within the study area.

8.2 Impact of the proposed development

In this initial assessment section, the route will be assessed for (a) the construction phase and (b) the operational phase.

The detailed design for the proposed bypass had not been finalised at the time of writing this DBA report.

An outline description of the proposed construction has been provided by EDF which provides initial details of the scheme design. For the purposes of this assessment, best practice outlined in Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) Volumes 2-623

The initial proposal for the western bypass route shows that much of the construction would be at grade. However, on the ridge in the centre of the route a cutting is likely to be required. Typical construction width requirement is 35 m with no requirement for importation of fill.

has been assumed.

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There will be a requirement to provide access for cows and bats in the form of a combined culvert beneath a raised embankment which is proposed to be constructed over the Brymore House ‘ride’ (32), the avenue through the landscape park to Brymore House and further pedestrian access to and from Brymore House.

Key construction activities, that may have impacts on the environment, are as follows:

• Site preparation including clearance of vegetation, fencing, etc for the road alignment itself, site compounds, soils storage areas, balancing ponds etc);

• Excavation of ‘culverts’ to allow access for bats and cows to travel along the line of Brymore House ‘ride’ (32);

• Topsoil stripping and transport and placement in stockpile area;

• Installation of ancillary facilities, SUDS, culvert, etc;

• Road pavement construction; and

• Site restoration (soils placement, planting, etc).

The timescale for construction of the Bypass is assumed to begin immediately upon receipt of IPC consent (estimated 2012).

This construction could impact adversely on any archaeology or cultural heritage sites in specific areas which may not presently have been identified. Therefore the importance and potential of the cultural heritage throughout the 500 m corridor along the route has been assessed.

8.3 Archaeological potential

Archaeological potential is the likelihood for archaeological remains of a particular period to survive on the site, based on the known evidence from the site and surrounding study area. The assessment of importance is based on published criteria, including the modified criteria for Scheduled Monuments used in England by the Secretary of State.

There is no evidence that the study area was occupied during the Lower Palaeolithic (pre 30,000 BC) and Upper Palaeolithic (30,000 BC - 10,000 BC) and therefore the archaeological potential for the Palaeolithic is low. If Palaeolithic remains survive within the study area, these would most likely be of national or regional importance.

There is limited evidence for Mesolithic (10,000 – 3,500 BC) activity within the study area with finds recorded at Cannington Park (1 and 2) and at Brymore School (3) and therefore the archaeological potential for the Mesolithic is low. If Mesolithic remains survive within the study area, these would most likely be of national or regional importance.

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There is no evidence that the study area was occupied during the Neolithic period (3,500 BC – 2,000 BC) and therefore the archaeological potential for the Neolithic is considered to be low. If Neolithic remains survive within the study area, these would most likely be of national or regional importance.

There is limited evidence that the study area was occupied during the Bronze Age (2,000 BC – 700 BC) and therefore the archaeological potential for the Bronze Age is low. If Bronze Age remains survive within the study area, these would most likely be of regional importance.

The Scheduled Iron Age/Roman settlement and related field systems (7) and Iron Age hillfort at Cynwit Castle (8) lie to the north west of the proposed west bypass and show the potential for further archaeological discoveries to be made. The archaeological potential for the Iron Age (700 BC – AD 43) is considered to be medium. Surviving Iron Age remains within the study area would most likely be of regional or local importance.

As well as the settlement site (7) which continued into the Roman period as outlined above, there is the site of a another probable settlement (10) which lies to the south west of the study area at Ashford Farm. There was also an early Christian cemetery (13) of Roman and Early-medieval date which is located to the north west of the study area. This was of national importance and was originally a Scheduled Monument, but has been destroyed by quarrying during the 20th

There is evidence, as noted above, that the early Christian cemetery (13) continued in use into the Early-medieval (AD 450 – AD 1066) period. It is likely that this was completely destroyed during the 20

century. The archaeological potential for the Roman (AD 43 – AD 450) period is medium. Surviving Roman remains within the study area would also, most likely, be of regional or local importance.

th

A probable deserted medieval (AD 1066 – AD 1540) settlement (14) is situated in the west of the study area at Knoll Green, with a shrunken village (15) at Edbrook. Cannington Priory in Cannington (19) was founded in 1138, with fragments of the medieval wall and gateway present.

century, but there is the potential that further archaeological remains could exist in the vicinity, therefore the archaeological potential for the Early-medieval period is considered to be low to medium. If Early-medieval remains survive within the study area, these would most likely be of regional importance.

Four Listed Buildings of this period are present within, or near to, the study area including; Blackmore Farmhouse (16), the outbuildings associated with Cannington Court (17), Cannington Court (18) and St Mary’s Church (20). The archaeological potential for the medieval period is considered to be medium to high. Other than the Scheduled Monument, surviving medieval remains within the study area would most likely be of regional or local importance.

There are a number of archaeological records from the Post-medieval (AD 1540 onwards) period including; the Brymore School (21) and the landscaped park (31), Blackmore Mill (30) and late Post-medieval remains of a rifle range (34). There are 29 Listed Buildings dating to the Post-medieval period either within or near to the study area, many of which are within the Conservation Area in Cannington village. The archaeological potential for the Post-medieval

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period is high. Surviving remains of this period on the site would most likely be of regional or local importance.

8.4 Survival of archaeology

Across the majority of the study area it is expected that where archaeological remains occur there will be good survival.

Remains that occur within the top 200 - 300 mm on land used for arable agriculture are likely to have been damaged by modern ploughing techniques. Below this good survival of features and non-organic artefacts is expected.

Where there have been previous impacts such as the quarrying at Cannington Park, sub-surface archaeology has already been removed. The results from the excavations that took place at these locations indicate that there was good survival of archaeology prior to the impact occurring.

The records indicate that there are few surviving earthworks within the study area. These are mainly located in marginal areas that are not suitable for arable agriculture.

The most important above ground remains are the Scheduled sites of the Iron Age/ Romano-British settlement (7) and the Iron Age hillfort (8) located at Cannington Park.

8.5 Impact on built heritage

The Listed Buildings (21, 35, 38, 45, 46, 47 and 48) all lie within 300 m of the proposed route and would have their settings affected by construction and operation of the western bypass route.

The Listed Buildings which are within the Conservation Area in Cannington village centre may have their settings affected by construction and operation but this would be ascertained through further assessment.

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9 Conclusions and recommendations

Construction activities associated with the development of the proposed western bypass scheme have the potential to impact adversely on the known or suspected archaeological remains.

There is a high concentration of cultural heritage sites to the west of Cannington although some of these are recorded as destroyed or impacted upon by either quarrying or agricultural works.

Two Scheduled Monuments have been identified within the study area located to the north west of Cannington (Iron Age/Romano-British settlement (7) and an Iron Age hillfort known as Cynwit Castle (8).

One Conservation Area lies within the study area, which encompasses the centre of Cannington village (Figure 1).

There are 31 Listed Buildings within the study area of which three are Grade I, one is Grade II* and 27 are Grade II. Thirteen of these buildings lie within the Conservation Area and eight are within the 500 m study area around the proposed line of the western bypass.

This assessment has identified known and limited potential cultural heritage sites and has used this information to determine the potential for unknown sites along the western bypass route. However, there remains the possibility that further previously unknown archaeological sites may exist along the proposed route and the study area.

This assessment has not identified any potential impacts along the western route that could not be satisfactorily mitigated.

9.1 Recommendations for further studies

Prior to undertaking this DBA, preliminary consultation with Somerset County Council Historic Environment Service (HES) had indicated that further archaeological evaluation in the form of trial trenching would not be required prior to the DCO application to the IPC.

The results of the non-intrusive geophysical survey and observations of the aerial photographs have shown the potential for significant archaeological remains along the route of the proposed western bypass.

Further consultation with the HES will be undertaken and recommendations would suggest that a staged programme of archaeological investigations would be required should IPC consent be granted. This would include, in the first instance, targeted trial trench investigations to determine the presence or absence of archaeological remains and if present, their nature, date and extent.

Additional assessment is to be undertaken to ascertain the impact that the construction and operation of the proposed western bypass would have upon the settings of the landscape, Conservation Area and Listed Buildings.

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9.2 Mitigation

It is not possible to identify specific mitigation requirements at this stage as the impact on the cultural heritage resource is not fully defined. In the majority of cases, it should be possible to mitigate impacts on the cultural heritage resource by design (e.g. sensitive location of site compounds and access routes, controlled vehicle movements, etc) to ensure preservation in-situ.

Mitigation requirements would need to be agreed with Somerset County Council and English Heritage.

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10 References

1Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) 2008 Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk Based Assessment, Institute of Field Archaeologists, Reading

2British Geological Society (1984) 1:50 000 Taunton Sheet 295 Solid and Drift Edition

3Natural England’s Landscape Character Assessment http://www.countryside.gov.uk/Images/JCA146%20-%20Vale%20of%20Taunton%20and%20Quantock%20Fringes_tcm2-21223.pdf

4Ordnance Survey (2008) Explorer 1:25 000 Map 140 Quantock Hills and Bridgwater (revised 2008, surveyed 2004)

5Transport Assessment Guidance Unit 3.3.9 The Heritage of Historic Resources http://www.webtag.org.uk/webdocuments/3_Expert/3_Environment_Objective/3.3.9.htm

6Gathercole, C. 2003 An Archaeological Assessment of Stogursey English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey: Somerset County Council

7Holbrook, N. (ed.) 2008 ‘Roman’ in Webster, C.J. (ed.) The Archaeology of South West England: South West Archaeological Research Framework Resource Assessment and Research Agenda Somerset County Council 151-161

8Rippon, S. 2006 ‘Landscapes of Pre-medieval Occupation’ in Kain, R. (ed.) England’s Landscape: the South West Collins: London 41-66

9Webster, C. (ed.) 2008 ‘Early Medieval’ in Webster, C.J. (ed.) The Archaeology of South West England: South West Archaeological Research Framework Resource Assessment and Research Agenda Somerset County Council 169-183

10Victoria County History, 1992, A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 6

11Rippon, S. and Croft, B. (ed.) 2008 ‘Post-Conquest Medieval’ in Webster, C.J. (ed.) The Archaeology of South West England: South West Archaeological Research Framework Resource Assessment and Research Agenda Somerset County Council 195-207

12Brayshay, M. 2006 ‘Landscapes of Industry’ in Kain, R. (ed.) England’s Landscape: the South West Collins: London 131-154

13Saga Book of the Viking Club, 1905, 5/1906-07/47-8

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

30

14Somerset archaeology and natural history, 1913, The proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 113/1969/58

15Britannia Monograph series, 1963, Britannia Monographs 11,17-20 17/2000

16Rahtz, P, Hirst, S and Wright, SM, 2000, "Cannington Cemetery" Britannia Monographs 17

17Britannia Monograph series, 1994, Britannia Monographs 11,13-20 17/2000

18Graham, A. 1998, The church of St Mary the Virgin, Cannington, Somerset: archaeological observations during the reflooring of the nave and aisles unpublished note in HER files

19Cotton, J and Cox, P. W. 1993, The archaeological evaluation of a proposed housing development on land at Mill Lane, Cannington. Unpublished AC Archaeology report

20Armour Chelu, R. 2002, Former Irvines Garage, 37 High Street, Cannington, Somerset: Archaeological Field Evaluation. Unpublished Bath Archaeological Trust report

21Robey, T. 2003, 37 High Street, Cannington, Somerset: A report on the discovery of two human burials at the site. Unpublished Bath Archaeological Trust report No: BAT.2003.49.WB.

22Broomhead, R. 1993, A/1993/A39 Cannington Bypass: Report of an Archaeological Watching Brief

23

Highways Agency (2007) ’Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB), Volume 11: Environmental Assessment, Section 3, Part 2, Cultural Heritage’

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

Appendix A Cultura l heritage gaze tteer

AMEC no. NGR Description Period Record type Monument

type Original ref. no.

1 ST 246 405 Mesolithic implements including flakes and blades from Cannington Park Camp

Mesolithic Find spot Find spot NMR191299

2 ST 2461 4066 Cave (site of), Cannington Park, Cannington Mesolithic Monument Cave NMR191292

HER10301

3 ST 2466 3937 Alleged Mesolithic flint find site, Brymore School, Cannington Mesolithic Find spot Find spot NMR191073

HER10296

4 ST 247 405 BA tanged bronze knife Bronze Age Find spot Find spot NMR191293

HER16250

5 ST 2474 4066 Two postholes found during Watching brief, Cannington Quarry, Cannington

Iron Age Monument Posthole HER90099

6 ST 2476 4069 Iron age enclosed settlement, Cannington Iron Age Monument Settlement NMR191281

HER10302

7 ST 248 403 Settlement SE of Cannington Park, Cannington

Iron Age to Early-

Medieval

Scheduled Monument Settlement

NMRSO459, NMR191284 HER10444

8 ST 247 405 Cynwit Castle (Cannington Camp), Cannington Park, Cannington

Iron Age to Roman

Scheduled Monument Hillfort

NMRSO 26, NMR191244 HER10439

9 ST 2478 4012 Earthwork, S of Cynwit Castle, Cannington

Iron age to Roman Monument Earthwork HER10308

10 ST 2363 3903 Probable Roman settlement site at Ashford Farm Roman Find spot Find spot NMR191082

11 ST 2475 4038 Roman structure, Cannington hillfort, Cannington Roman Monument Structure HER12770

12 ST 2553 4003 Roman pottery find, Park Farm, Rodway Roman Find spot Find spot HER10323

13 ST 2511 4039 Roman and post Roman cemetery, Cannington Park Quarry, Cannington

Roman to Early-

medieval Monument Inhumation

Cemetery NMR191207 HER10503

14 ST 2377 3969 Deserted medieval settlement, and pit, Knoll Green Medieval Monument Settlement HER10325

15 ST 2380 4050 Medieval village earthworks, Edbrook Medieval Monument Settlement HER10317

16 ST 2446 3868

Blackmore Farmhouse and chapel, Blackmore Lane (South side), Cannington, Grade I Listed Building

Medieval Listed Building Manor House

NMR268848 NMR191051 HER15698 HER10689

17 ST 2573 3952

Outbuilding at right-angles to frontage of Cannington Court, Church Street (East side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Medieval Listed Building House NMR268854

HER15703

18 ST 2577 3956

Cannington Court (part of Somerset Farm Institute) (formerly listed under General), Church Street (East side), Cannington Grade I Listed Building

Medieval Listed Building

Benedictine Nunnery

NMR268853 HER15702

19 ST 2578 3957 Cannington Priory, Cannington Medieval Monument Benedictine Nunnery HER10300

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

AMEC no. NGR Description Period Record type Monument

type Original ref. no.

20 ST 2579 3952

Church of St Mary (formerly listed under General), Church Street (East side), Cannington Grade I Listed Building

Medieval Listed Building Parish Church

NMER268856 HER15704 HER10307

21 ST 2453 3941

Brymore School (Main Block) (formerly listed as Brymore House (now an Agricultural School) under General), High Street (North side), Cannington, Grade II Listed Building

Medieval to Post-

medieval

Listed Building

Country house

NMR268873 HER15756

22 ST 249 389 Cooks Mill, Brooklands Farm, Cannington

Medieval to Post-

medieval Monument Mill HER10319

23 ST 2562 3965

Almshouse (formerly listed as Rogers' Almshouses), High Street (North side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Medieval to Post-

medieval

Listed Building Almshouse

NMR268872 HER15755 HER10690

24 ST 257 394 Ditches, Mill Lane, Cannington Medieval to Post-

medieval Monument Ditch HER11590

25 ST 1928 3962 ST 4414 3630

Turnpike Road, Nether Stowey to Ashcott

Post-medieval Monument Turnpike

Road HER24588

26 ST 23606 39075 Ashford Farmhouse Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building Dower house NMR268847

27 ST 2363 3902 Well, Ashford Farm, Cannington Post-medieval Monument Well NMR617076

HER10315

28 ST 2405 4141

Beere Manor Farmhouse and attached barn (formerly listed under General), Combwich Road (West side), Cannington Grade II* Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building Manor House NMR268862

HER15725

29 ST 2415 4025 Lime kiln, Horn Hill, Cannington Post-medieval Monument Limekiln HER10312

30 ST 2445 3873 Blackmore mill, Blackmore Farm, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument Mill HERR10297

31 ST 245 391 Landscape park, Brymore School, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument Park HER10203

32 ST 250 393 Brymore House ‘ride’, a tree lined avenue from east to west leading to Brymore School (house) (21)

Post-medieval Monument Road N/A

33 ST 246 394 Second World War use of Brymore School

Post-medieval Monument Prisoner of

War camp HER22810

34 ST 246 402 Rifle range, S of Cannington Hill Post-medieval Monument Rifle Range HER15959

35 ST 2464 3957

Walled garden about 70 metres North-East of Brymore School (Main block), High Street (North side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building

Walled Garden

NMR268874 HER15757

36 ST 24656 40709 Barytes mine, Cannington Park, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument Barytes mine NMR1462027

HER12826

37 ST 248 406 Palfreys Grade II Listed Building Post-medieval

Listed Building Cruck house NMR538207

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

AMEC no. NGR Description Period Record type Monument

type Original ref. no.

38 ST 2502 4032 Golf Cottage, Chads Hill (West side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268852

HER15701

39 ST 2503 4039 Lime kilns, Cannington Park Quarry, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument Lime kiln HER10305

40 ST 2510 4114 Earthwork Enclosure, Putnell Rhyne, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument Enclosure HER24544

41 ST 2526 3958 Cemetery and Chapel, High Street, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument Cemetery HER17945

42 ST 25395 39529 Congregational Church, High Street, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument Congregation

al Chapel NMR1487984

HER17946

43 ST 254 395 19th century garden, former Irvines Garage, 37 High Street, Cannington, Somerset

Post-medieval Monument Garden HER16086

44 ST 2543 3955 Two burials, former chapel, 37 High Street, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument Inhumation HER16945

45 ST 2548 3961 No 28 (The Red House), High Street (North side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268875

HER15760

46 ST 2548 4007 Park Farmhouse, Park Lane (North side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building Farmhouse NMR268877

HER15805

47 ST 2554 3959 No 17, High Street (South side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268876

HER15769

48 ST 2560 4021 Rodway Farmhouse, Rodway (West side), Rodway Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building Farmhouse NMR268879

HER15807

49 ST 2561 4023

Pair of gate piers on an approach road to Park Farmhouse, Rodway (West side), Rodway Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building Gate Piers NMR268878

HER15806

50 ST 2563 3940 Priory Mill, Mill Lane, Cannington Post-medieval Monument Mill HER10311

51 ST 2563 3961 Ruscombe House, High Street (south side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268949

HER15816

52 ST 2568 3985 Folly, Rodway, Cannington Post-medieval Monument Folly HER10313

53 ST 2569 3966 War Memorial, Fore Street, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument WWI War

Memorial HER17652

54 ST 2570 3959 Court House, Church Street (East side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268859

HER15718

55 ST 2571 3966

No 1 (formerly listed as Cottage Home), Fore Street (North side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268867

HER15732

56 ST 2574 3950 No 5 (Priory Cottage), Church Street (East side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268860

HER15720

57 ST 2574 3950 No 8 (Mulberry Cottage), Church Street (East side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268861

HER15724

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

AMEC no. NGR Description Period Record type Monument

type Original ref. no.

58 ST 2575 3952

Gate piers and gates, about 20 metres West of West end of Church of St Mary, Church Street (East side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building Gate Piers NMR268858

HER15707

59 ST 2576 3967

No 7 (formerly listed as The Priory), Fore Street (North side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268868

HER15735

60 ST 2578 3950

William Coles Monument, in the churchyard about 24 metres South of South porch, Church of St Mary, Church Street (East side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building Chest Tomb NMR268857

HER15705

61 ST 2580 3966 No 9 (Cosy Corner), Fore Street (North side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268869

HER15743

62 ST 2581 4002 Meteorological Station, Cannington

Post-medieval Monument Meteorologica

l Station HER17948

63 ST 2582 3949 Brooklands, Brook Lane (East side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268850

HER15700

64 ST 2584 3967 Pound, Fore Street, Cannington Post-medieval Monument Pound HER17947

65 ST 2587 3964

Wall to Cannington College on roadside and bounding churchyard, Church of St Mary, Fore Street (South side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building Wall NMR268866

HER15731

66 ST 2588 3966 No 19, Fore Street (North side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268870

HER15745

67 ST 2589 3938 Bridge, Brook Street, Cannington Post-medieval Monument Bridge HER14403

68 ST 2599 3964 No 28, East Street (South side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268864

HER15730

69 ST 2600 3964

No. 30 and 32 (Frog Cottage), East Street (South side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268865

HER15808

70 ST 2600 3966 No 25, East Street (North side), Cannington Grade II Listed Building

Post-medieval

Listed Building House NMR268863

HER15728

71 ST 2334 3886 Ditched boundaries are visible as uncertain crop marks on aerial photographs.

Unknown Monument Ditches NMR1370147

72 ST 2351 3682 Ditched boundaries, possibly the remains of an enclosure, Unknown Monument Enclosure NMR1370144

73 ST 2405 3976 An incomplete rectilinear ditched enclosure, of uncertain date, Unknown Monument Enclosure NMR1458271

74 ST 241 389 Crop marks, Little Brymore, Cannington Unknown Monument Enclosure NMR1370128

HER12505

75 ST 2412 3883 Possible rectilinear ditched enclosure Unknown Monument Enclosure NMR1370131

76 ST 242 416 Miscellaneous crop marks, Beere Manor Farm, Combwich Unknown Monument Field

boundary HER11032

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

AMEC no. NGR Description Period Record type Monument

type Original ref. no.

77 ST 250 393 Crop mark features, Brymore Unknown Monument Field boundary HER11872

78 ST 2518 4043 Cannington Park Quarry cave, Cannington Park Unknown Monument Cave HER44861

79 ST 253 405 Warren, NW of Rodway, Cannington Park Unknown Monument Park HER10009

80 ST 255 388 Crop marks, E of Rice's Farm, Cannington Unknown Monument Field

boundary HER11892

81 ST 255 405 Possible enclosure and associated features Unknown Monument Enclosure Geophysical

Survey

82 ST 253 403 Linear features Unknown Monument Ditches Geophysical Survey

83 ST 250 401 Ring ditch and associated features inside Unknown Monument Ring ditch Geophysical

Survey

84 ST 250 397 Curvilinear and linear features Unknown Monument Ditches Geophysical Survey

85 ST 250 395 Possible metal objects Unknown Find spot Unknown Geophysical Survey

86 ST 250 .394 Linear features and associated features Unknown Monument Unknown Geophysical

Survey

87 ST 249 394 Possible dispersed features of unknown type Unknown Find spot? Unknown Geophysical

Survey

88 ST 249 391 Possible dispersed features of unknown type Unknown Findspot? Unknown Geophysical

Survey

89 ST 253 403

Possible earthwork to the south east of Cannington Park Quarry. Terracing on the slopes

Unknown Monument Unknown

1st edition Ordnance

Survey and Field Reconnaissance

Survey

90 ST 254 404

Field boundary on 1stUnknown edition

Ordnance Survey map Monument Field boundary

Field Reconnaissance

Survey

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

Appendix B Previous inves tiga tions gaze tteer

Date Original ref. no. Description NGR Reference

1905 NMR635098 Cannington Hillfort excavation ST 247 405 Saga Book of the Viking Club 5/1906-07/47-8

1913 NMR635099 Cannington Hillfort excavation ST 247 405

Somerset archaeology and natural history: the proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 113/1969/58

1962-3 NMR635132 Cannington Park Quarry excavation ST 2514 4046

Britannia monograph series Page(s) 11,17-20 17/2000 and Somerset archaeology and natural history: the proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 113/1969/56-68

1962-3 HER44860

Cannington cemetery excavation, Cannington Park

ST 2512 4046 Excavation report - Rahtz, P, Hirst, S and Wright, SM "Cannington Cemetery" Britannia monographs 17 (2000)

1963 NMR635107 Cannington Hillfort, Site B excavation ST 2478 4068

Britannia monograph series Page(s) 11,17-20 17/2000 and Somerset archaeology and natural history: the proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 113/1969/56-68

1963 NMR635100 Cannington Hillfort, Site C excavation ST 2474 4037

Britannia monograph series Page(s) 11,17-20 17/2000 and Somerset archaeology and natural history: the proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 113/1969/56-68

1963 HER12770 Excavation, Cannington hillfort, Cannington

ST 2475 4038 Britannia monograph series Page(s) 1 17/2000

1963-4 NMR635136 Cannington Park Quarry excavation ST 2514 4046 Britannia monograph series Page(s) 11,13-20

17/2000

1964 NMR1321791

Boulder Cave/Cannington Park Quarry cave excavation

ST 2519 4044 Britannia monograph series Page(s) 11,17-20 17/2000

1964 NMR1321773

Jackdaw Cave/Castle Hill Quarry cave excavation

ST 2461 4070 Britannia monograph series Page(s) 11,13-20 17/2000

1993 NMR1320357 HER90050

Watching Brief A39 Cannington Bypass ST 2611 3865

Broomhead R A/1993/A39 Cannington Bypass: Report of an Archaeological Watching Brief

1993 HER11590 Evaluation, Mill Lane, Cannington ST 257 394

Cotton, J and Cox, PW. "The archaeological evaluation of a proposed housing development on land at Mill Lane, Cannington" unpublished AC Archaeology report (1993)

1998 NMR1332049 HER90099

Watching brief, Cannington Quarry, Cannington

ST 2474 4066

Broomfield, RA. Castle Hill Quarry, Cannington: an Archaeological Watching Brief. Unpublished report (1998) and Somerset archaeology and natural history : The proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Page(s) 197-8 142/1999

1998 HER44711 Watching brief, Cannington church, Cannington

ST 2579 3953

Graham, A "The church of St Mary the Virgin, Cannington, Somerset: archaeological observations during the reflooring of the nave and aisles" unpublished note in HER files

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

2000 NMR1368199

Desk Based Assessment. Cannington Hill (Public Path Diversion Order)

ST 2350 4050

Cotswold Archaeological Trust CAT/2000/Cannington Hill, Somerset (Public Path Diversion Order): Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment (Rep. 001211)

2000 NMR1368201 Assessment and walkover survey. Castle Hill Quarry

ST 246 407 Cotswold Archaeological Trust CAT/2000/Castle Hill, Cannington, Somerset: Cultural Heritage Assessment (Rep. 001215)

2002 NMR1435733 HER16086

Evaluation, former Irvines Garage, 37 High Street, Cannington, Somerset

ST 254 395

Armour Chelu, R Former Irvines Garage, 37 High Street, Cannington, Somerset: Archaeological Field Evaluation Unpublished Bath Archaeological Trust report (2002)

2003 HER16945

Watching Brief, former chapel, 37 High Street, Cannington

ST 2543 3955

Robey, T. 37 High Street, Cannington, Somerset: A report on the discovery of two human burials at the site. Unpublished Bath Archaeological Trust report No: BAT.2003.49.WB. (2003)

2009 HER28246 Castle Hill Quarry Evaluation ST 2440 4050

Holt, R. Castle Hill Quarry, Cannington, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation. Unpublished Cotswold Archaeology report No: 09030. (March 2009)

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

Appendix C His toric Lands cape Charac teris a tion (HLC)

Codes Type Description

No code (Cannington

Park)

Other woodland Other woodland.

HLC 1 Golf course Golf course. HLC 2 Sports field Sports field. HLC 3 Historic Landscape Park Historic Landscape Park. HLC 4 Water treatment works Water treatment works. HLC 5 Stone quarry Stone quarry. HLC 6 Anciently Enclosed Land Anciently Enclosed Land pre-17th century. General field size 3-6 ha.

Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905. HLC 7 Settlement Settlement HLC 8 Anciently Enclosed Land Anciently Enclosed Land modified 17th to 19th century. General field

size 3-12 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 9 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 21st century. General field size 0-12 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 10 Anciently Enclosed Land Anciently Enclosed Land pre-17th century. General field size 3-6 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 11 Settlement Settlement HLC 12 Anciently Enclosed Land Anciently Enclosed Land modified 17th to 19th century. General field

size 3-12 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 13 Anciently Enclosed Land Anciently Enclosed Land modified 17th to 19th century. General field size 6-12 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 14 Anciently Enclosed Land Anciently Enclosed Land modified 17th to 19th century. General field size 3-12 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 15 Mud flats Mud flats. HLC 16 Historic Landscape Park Historic Landscape Park. HLC 17 Historic Landscape Park Historic Landscape Park. HLC 18 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 21st century. General field size 0-12

ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 19 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 21st century. General field size 0-12 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 20 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 21st century. General field size 0-12 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 21 Anciently Enclosed Land Anciently Enclosed Land pre-17th century. General field size 3-6 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 22 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 18th century. General field size 3-6 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 23 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 18th to 21st century. General field size 6-12 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905. Previously wetland.

HLC 24 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 21st century. General field size 0-12 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 25 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 18th to 21st century. General field size 3-12 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 26 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 21st century. General field size 0-12 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 27 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 21st century. General field size 0-12 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

HLC 28 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 21st century. General field size 0-12 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 29 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 18th to 21st century. General field size 6-12 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905. Previously wetland.

HLC 30 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 18th to 21st century. General field size 3-12 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 31 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 21st century. General field size 0-12 ha. Less than 50 % boundary loss since 1905.

HLC 32 Recently Enclosed Land Recently Enclosed Land 18th to 21st century. General field size 3-6 ha. Less than 25 % boundary loss since 1905.

15928/TR/00043 Issue 02 August 2010

Appendix D Maps

26

35

42

23

6

31

10

73

13

2

51

53

76

40

65

43

79

54

30 63

44

25

211922

29

17

47

56

18

60

46

55

24

52

64

6762

70

58

71

4869

50

57

8

9

8

33

2

3

41

78

41

37

80

34

28 75

32

81

72

15

16

77

45

74

11

14

68

7

20

12

38

27

36

3949

61

66

5

90

91

82

83

84

85

86

88

89

87

323000 324000 325000 326000 327000 32800013

9000

1390

00

1400

00

1400

00

1410

00

1410

00

Legend Orientation

Client Name

Project

Title

Cannington Off-Site Associated Development

Figure 1: Archaeological Site Location Map

Drawn

Date

Drawing Number

Checked Approved

Rev Scale

Sheet Size

SE AH SS

04/05/2010 A3

5788001898_ARCH_061 A1

0 200 400100

Meters

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2009. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100043677

AMEC Earth & Environmental UK LtdUnit 1, Trinity Place, 29 Thames Street,

Weybridge, Surrey KT13 8JG, UK 1:15,000

Bath

Yeovil

Hinkley

Bristol

Taunton

Newport

Cardiff

Melskham

Cannington

Barnstaple Bridgwater

Alverdiscott

Burnham-on-sea

Somerset

Devon

Dorset

North Somerset

Bristol

BridgendCardiff

South Gloucestershire

Bath and North East Somerset

Vale of Glamorgan

Study area

Site Boundary

Conservation Area

Archaeological Site

Archaeological Site

Listed Building

Listed Building

Scheduled Monument

HLC 28

HLC 11

HLC 8HLC 14

HLC 9

HLC 18

HLC 6HLC 12HLC 22

HLC 31

HLC 10

HLC 16HLC 13

HLC 23HLC 15

HLC 20

HLC 17

HLC 30

HLC 11

HLC 21

HLC 1

HLC 28HLC 25

HLC 32

HLC 7

HLC 19

HLC 29

HLC 26

HLC 24

HLC 27

HLC 2

HLC 3

HLC 5

HLC 4

323000 324000 325000 326000 327000 32800013

9000

1390

00

1400

00

1400

00

1410

00

1410

00

Legend Orientation

Client Name

Project

Title

Cannington Off-Site Associated Development

Figure 2: Historic Landscape Characterisation

Drawn

Date

Drawing Number

Checked Approved

Rev Scale

Sheet Size

SE HV SS

28/04/2010 A3

5788001898_ARCH_083 A

0 200 400100

Meters

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2009. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100043677

AMEC Earth & Environmental UK LtdUnit 1, Trinity Place, 29 Thames Street,

Weybridge, Surrey KT13 8JG, UK 1:15,000

Bath

Yeovil

Hinkley

Bristol

Taunton

Newport

Cardiff

Melskham

Cannington

Barnstaple Bridgwater

Alverdiscott

Burnham-on-sea

Somerset

Devon

Dorset

North Somerset

Bristol

BridgendCardiff

South Gloucestershire

Bath and North East Somerset

Vale of GlamorganStudy area

Site Boundary

HLCRecently Enclosed Land 18th to 21st century

Recently Enclosed Land 17th to 18th century

Anciently Enclosed Land modified 17th to 19th century

Anciently Enclosed Land pre-17th century

Golf course

Historic Landscape Park

Mud flats

Other woodland

Settlement, post Tithe Map (c1840)

Settlement, pre Tithe Map (c1840)

Sports field

Stone quarry

Water treatment works

322000 323000 324000 325000 326000 32700013

9000

1390

00

1400

00

1400

00

1410

00

1410

00

Legend Orientation

Client Name

Project

Title

Cannington Off-Site Associated Development

Figure 3: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1889)

Drawn

Date

Drawing Number

Checked Approved

Rev Scale

Sheet Size

SE HV SS

28/04/2010 A3

5788001898_ARCH_085 A

0 200 400100

Meters

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2009. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100043677

AMEC Earth & Environmental UK LtdUnit 1, Trinity Place, 29 Thames Street,

Weybridge, Surrey KT13 8JG, UK 1:15,000

Bath

Yeovil

Hinkley

Bristol

Taunton

Cardiff

Melskham

Cannington

Barnstaple Bridgwater

Alverdiscott

Burnham-on-sea

Somerset

Devon

Dorset

North Somerset

Bristol

BridgendCardiff

South Gloucestershire

Bath and North East Somerset

Vale of Glamorgan

Study area

Site Boundary

85 86

84

87

83

82 89

81

90

88

324000 325000 32600013

9100

1391

00

1398

00

1398

00

1405

00

1405

00

Legend Orientation

Client Name

Project

Title

Cannington Off-Site Associated Development

Figure 4: Geophysical Survey

Drawn

Date

Drawing Number

Checked Approved

Rev Scale

Sheet Size

SE HV SS

28/04/2010 A3

5788001898_ARCH_084 A

0 100 20050

Meters

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2009. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100043677

AMEC Earth & Environmental UK LtdUnit 1, Trinity Place, 29 Thames Street,

Weybridge, Surrey KT13 8JG, UK 1:7,000

Bath

Yeovil

Hinkley

Bristol

Taunton

Newport

Cardiff

Melskham

Cannington

Barnstaple Bridgwater

Alverdiscott

Burnham-on-sea

Somerset

Devon

Dorset

North Somerset

Bristol

BridgendCardiff

South Gloucestershire

Bath and North East Somerset

Vale of Glamorgan

Site Boundary

324000 325000 32600013

9100

1391

00

1398

00

1398

00

1405

00

1405

00

Legend Orientation

Client Name

Project

Title

Cannington Off-Site Associated Development

Figure 5: Western Inner Route Proposed Layout

Drawn

Date

Drawing Number

Checked Approved

Rev Scale

Sheet Size

SE HV SS

28/04/2010 A3

5788001898_ARCH_086 A

0 100 20050

Meters

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2009. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100043677

AMEC Earth & Environmental UK LtdUnit 1, Trinity Place, 29 Thames Street,

Weybridge, Surrey KT13 8JG, UK 1:7,000

Bath

Yeovil

Hinkley

Bristol

Taunton

Newport

Cardiff

Melskham

Cannington

Barnstaple Bridgwater

Alverdiscott

Burnham-on-sea

Somerset

Devon

Dorset

North Somerset

Bristol

BridgendCardiff

South Gloucestershire

Bath and North East Somerset

Vale of Glamorgan