Databases and Data Warehouses_Group 3

Databases and Data Warehouses*DATABASES AND DATA WAREHOUSESCHAPTER 3

Databases and Data Warehouses

INTRODUCTIONOrganizations need business intelligenceBusiness intelligence (BI) knowledge about your customers, competitors, business partners, competitive environment, and internal operations to make effective, important, and strategic business decisionsDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


INTRODUCTIONIT tools help process information to create business intelligence according to:OLTPOLAPDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


INTRODUCTIONOnline transaction processing (OLTP) the gathering of input information, processing that information, and updating existing information to reflect the gathered and processed informationDatabases support OLTPOperational database databases that support OLTPDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


INTRODUCTIONOnline analytical processing (OLAP) the manipulation of information to support decision makingDatabases can support some OLAPData warehouses only support OLAP, not OLTPData warehouses are special forms of databases that support decision makingDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


INTRODUCTIONDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


THE RELATIONAL DATABASE MODELThere are many types of databasesThe relational database model is the most popularRelational database uses a series of logically related two-dimensional tables or files to store information in the form of a databaseDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASES ARECollections of informationCreated with logical structuresWith logical ties within the informationWith built-in integrity constraintsDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASES COLLECTIONS OF INFORMATIONDatabases have many tablesConsider Solomon Enterprises that provides concrete to home and commercial builders. Tables or files include:OrderCustomerConcrete TypeEmployeeTruckDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASES COLLECTIONS OF INFORMATIONDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASES CREATED WITH LOGICAL STRUCTURESIn databases, the row number is irrelevantNot true in spreadsheet softwareIn databases, column names are very important. Column names are created in the data dictionaryData dictionary contains the logical structure of the information in a databaseDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASES WITH LOGICAL TIES WITHIN THE INFORMATIONLogical ties must exist between the tables or files in a databaseLogical ties are created with primary and foreign keysPrimary key field (or group of fields in some cases) that uniquely describes each recordCan you find primary keys in Figure 3.1 on page 129?Databases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASES WITH LOGICAL TIES WITHIN THE INFORMATIONForeign key primary key of one file that appears in another fileForeign keys help you create logical ties within the information in a databaseDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASES WITH LOGICAL TIES WITHIN THE INFORMATIONDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASES WITH BUILT-IN INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTSIntegrity constraints rules that help ensure the quality of the informationExamplesPrimary keys must be uniqueForeign keys must be presentSales price cannot be negativePhone number must have area codeDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLSDatabase management system (DBMS) helps you specify the logical organization for a databases and access and use the information within a databaseWord processing software = documentSpreadsheet software = workbookDBMS software = databaseDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLS5 software components:DBMS engineData definition subsystemData manipulation subsystemApplication generation subsystemData administration subsystemDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLSDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DBMS ENGINEDBMS engine accepts logical requests from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into their physical equivalent, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage deviceDBMS engine separates the logical from the physicalDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DBMS ENGINEPhysical view how information is physically arranged, stored, and accessed on some type of storage deviceLogical view how you as a knowledge worker need to arrange and access informationWith a database, you only concern yourself with your logical viewDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA DEFINITION SUBSYSTEMData definition subsystem helps you create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a databaseYou must create a data dictionary before entering information into a databaseModule J covers this for Microsoft AccessDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA MANIPULATION SUBSYSTEMData manipulation subsystem helps you add, change, and delete informationThis is your primary DBMS interface as you work with a databaseViewsReport generatorsQBE toolsSQLDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


VIEWSView allows you to see the contents of a database fileMake whatever changes you wantPerform simple sortingQuery to find the location of informationLooks similar to a workbook with no row numbersDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


VIEWSDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


REPORT GENERATORSReport generator helps you quickly define formats of reports and what information you want to see in a reportYou can save report formats and generate reports at any time with up-to-date informationDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


REPORT GENERATORSDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


QBE TOOLSQuery-by-example (QBE) tool helps you graphically design the answer to a questionWhat driver most often delivers concrete to Triple A Homes?Databases and Data Warehouses3-*


QBE TOOLSDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


SQLStructured query language (SQL) standardized fourth-generation language found in most DBMSsPerforms the same task as a QBE toolBut uses a sentence structure instead of point-and-click interfaceSQL is used mostly by IT peopleDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


APPLICATION GENERATION SUBSYSTEMApplication generation subsystem contains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applicationsData entry screen (called forms)Programming languagesUsed mostly by IT specialistsDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA ADMINISTRATION SUBSYSTEMData administration subsystem helps you manage the overall database environmentBackup and recoverySecurity managementQuery optimizationConcurrency controlChange managementDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA ADMINISTRATION SUBSYSTEMBackup and recoveryPeriodically back up informationRecover a database if a failure occursSecurity managementWho has access to what informationWho can perform certain tasks (e.g., add, change, or delete) on informationDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA ADMINISTRATION SUBSYSTEMQuery optimizationRestructure physical view of information to optimize response times to queriesConcurrency controlWhat happens if two people makes changes to the same information at the same time?Databases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA ADMINISTRATION SUBSYSTEMChange managementWhat is the effect of structural changes to a database?What if you add a new column?What happens if you delete a column?What happens if you change a columns attributes?Databases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA WAREHOUSES AND DATA MININGData warehouses support OLAP and decision makingData warehouses do not support OLTPData-mining tools are the tools you use to work with a data warehouseDBMS software = databaseData-mining tools = data warehouseDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


WHAT IS A DATA WAREHOUSE?Data warehouse logical collection of information gathered from operational databases used to create business intelligence that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasksDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


WHAT IS A DATA WAREHOUSE?Databases and Data Warehouses3-*


WHAT IS A DATA WAREHOUSE?MultidimensionalRows and columnsAlso layersMany times called hypercubesWhat are the dimensions in Figure 3.8 on page 142?Databases and Data Warehouses3-*


WHAT ARE DATA-MINING TOOLS?Data-mining tools software tools that you use to query information in a data warehouseQuery-and-reporting toolsIntelligence agentsMultidimensional analysis toolsStatistical toolsDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


WHAT ARE DATA-MINING TOOLS?Databases and Data Warehouses3-*


QUERY-AND-REPORTING TOOLSQuery-and-reporting tools similar to QBE tools, SQL, and report generators in the typical database environmentDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


INTELLIGENT AGENTSUse various artificial intelligence tools such as neural networks and fuzzy logic to form the basis for information discovery and building business intelligenceHelp you find hidden patterns in informationChapter 4 focuses more on theseDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS TOOLSMultidimensional analysis (MDA) tools slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to view multidimensional information from different perspectivesBring new layers to the frontReorganize rows and columnsDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


STATISTICAL TOOLSHelp you apply various mathematical models to the information stored in a data warehouse to discover new informationRegressionAnalysis of varianceAnd so onDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA MARTSData warehouses can support all of an organizations informationData marts have subsets of an organizationwide data warehouseData mart subset of a data warehouse in which only a focused portion of the data warehouse information is keptDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA MARTSDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


DATA MINING AS A CAREER OPPORTUNITYKnowledge of data mining can be a substantial career opportunity for youQuery and Analysis and Enterprise Analytic Tools (Business Objects)Business Intelligence and Information Access tools (SAS)Many in Cognos (the data warehouse leader)PowerAnalyzer (Informatica)Databases and Data Warehouses3-*


CONSIDERATIONS IN USING A DATA WAREHOUSEDo you need a data warehouse?Perhaps database OLAP is sufficientDo all employees need the entire data warehouse?If no, build smaller data martsHow up-to-date must the information be?What data-mining tools do you need?Databases and Data Warehouses3-*


MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCEInformation is an organizational resourceJust like people, capital, and equipmentIt must be managed effectivelyDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCEWho should oversee your organizations information resource?Chief information officer (CIO) oversees an organizations information resourceData administration plans for, oversees the development of, and monitors the information resourceDatabase administration technical and operational aspects of managing informationDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCEIs information ownership a consideration?If you create information, you own itYou will also share it with othersBecause you own it, you are responsible for its qualityDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCEHow clean must your information be?Duplicate information (records) must be eliminatedInaccurate information must be correctedInformation forms the basis of business intelligenceIf your business intelligence is bad, you will make poor decisionsDatabases and Data Warehouses3-*


Databases and Data Warehouses*END OF CHAPTER 3


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Databases and Data Warehouses_Group 3