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Database Systems I Week 2: The Entity-Relationship Model. Overview of Database Development. Requirements Analysis / Ideas. High-Level Database Design. Conceptual Database Design / Relational Database Schema. Physical Database Design / Relational DBMS. Similar to software development. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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DATABASE SYSTEMS I
WEEK 2: THE ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL
22
OVERVIEW OF DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
Requirements Analysis / Ideas
High-Level Database Design
Conceptual Database Design / Relational Database Schema
Physical Database Design / Relational DBMS
Similar to software development
33
OVERVIEW OF DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
Requirements Analysis What data are to be stored in the enterprise? What are the required applications? What are the most important operations?
High-level database design What are the entities and relationships in the
enterprise? What information about these entities and relationships
should we store in the database? What are the integrity constraints or business rules that
hold?ER model or UML to represent high-level design
44
OVERVIEW OF DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
Conceptual database design What data model to implement for the DBS?
E.g., relational data model Map the high-level design (e.g., ER diagram) to a
(conceptual) database schema of the chosen data model.
Physical database design What DBMS to use? What are the typical workloads of the DBS? Build indexes to support efficient query processing. What redesign of the conceptual database schema is
necessary from the point of view of efficient implementation?
55
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL Short: ER model. A lot of similarities with other modeling languages
such as UML. Concepts
Entities / Entity sets, Attributes, Relationships/ Relationship sets, and Constraints.
Offers more modeling concepts than the relational data model (which only offers relations).
Closer to the way in which people think.
66
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAMS
An Entity-Relationship diagram (ER diagram) is a graph with nodes representing entity sets, attributes and relationship sets. Entity sets denoted by rectangles. Attributes denoted by ovals. Relationship sets denoted by diamonds. Edges (lines) connect entity sets to their attributes and
relationship sets to their entity sets.
lotdname
budgetdid
sincename
Works_In DepartmentsEmployees
ssn
77
ENTITIES AND ENTITY SETS Entity: Real-world object distinguishable from
other objects e.g. employee Miller. Entity can be physical or abstract object.
An entity is associated with the attributes describing its properties.
Attribute values are atomic e.g. strings, integer or real numbers. Contain a single piece of information
Ex: first name Age or date-of-birth?
Entity set: A collection of similar entities. E.g., all employees.
88
ENTITIES AND ENTITY SETS
All entities in an entity set have the same set of attributes. (At least, for the moment!)
Each entity set has a key, i.e. a minimal set of attributes to uniquely identify an entity of this set. Key attributes are underlined.
Each attribute has a domain, i.e. a set of all possible attribute values.
Employees
ssnname
age
99
ENTITIES AND ENTITY SETS
A key must be unique across all possible (not just the current) entities of its set.
A key can consist of more than one attribute. There can be more than one key for a given
entity set, but we choose one (primary key) for the ER diagram.
Employees
firstnamelastname birthdate
salary
1010
RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATIONSHIP SETS
Relationship: Association among two or more entities. E.g., Miller works in Pharmacy department.
Relationship set: Collection of similar relationships among two or more entity sets.
agedname
budgetdidname
Works_In DepartmentsEmployees
ssn
1111
RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATIONSHIP SETS
An n-ary relationship set R relates n entity sets E1 ... En.
Each relationship in R involves entities e1Î E1, ..., en Î En.
Binary relationship sets most common.
Same entity set can participate in different relationship sets, or in different “roles” in same set. Reports_To
age
name
Employees
subor-dinate
super-visor
ssn
1212
RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATIONSHIP SETS
Entity object that is distinguishable from other objects Ex: your home address, CMPT 354
Entity Set All home addresses Collection of CMPT courses
Each entity set has 1-to-many entities Each entity can belong to multiple entity sets
Relationship Joe lives at 45 Main St. Mary lives at 89 Wood Ave.
Relationship Set Person lives at home address
1313
RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATIONSHIP SETS
Relationship sets can also have attributes. Useful for properties that cannot reasonably be
associated with one of the participating entity sets.
agedname
budgetdid
sincename
Works_In DepartmentsEmployees
ssn
1414
INSTANCES OF AN ER DIAGRAM
Entity set contains a set of entities. Each entity has one value for each of its attributes.
No duplicate instances.
ssn name age12345678 “John
Miller”30
14789632 “Paul Li” 25. . . . . . . . .
Employees
1515
INSTANCES OF AN ER DIAGRAM
Relationship set contains a set (no duplicates!) of relationships, each relating a set of entities, one from each of the participating entity sets.
Components are entities, not attribute values.
Employee (ssn) Department (did)12345678 114789632 156756322 2. . . . . .
Works_In
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RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATIONSHIP SETS
Multiway relationship sets (n > 2) are used whenever binary relationships cannot capture the application semantics.
TasksWorks_For
name
Employees
ssn age
Projects
pid pbudget
descriptiontid
Infrequent.
1717
RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATIONSHIP SETS
Works_For
name
Employees
ssn age
Projects
pid pbudget
Employee (ssn)
Tasks (tid) Project (pid)
12345678 1000 10112345678 1500 10656756322 1500 106. . . . . . . . .
Works_For
Tasks
descriptiontid
1818
MULTIPLICITY OF RELATIONSHIPS An employee
can work in many departments; a dept can have many employees.
Each dept has at most one manager, who may manage several (many) departments.
dname
budgetdid
since
age
name
ssn
ManagesEmployees Departments
agedname
budgetdid
sincename
Works_In DepartmentsEmployees
ssn
1919
MULTIPLICITY OF RELATIONSHIPS The different types of (binary) relationships
from a multiplicity point of view: One to one One to many Many to one Many to many
many-to-manyone-to-one one-to-many many-to-one
2020
KEY CONSTRAINTS A key constraint on a relationship set
specifies that the marked entity set participates in at most one relationship of this relationship set.
Entity set is marked with an arrow.
dname
budgetdid
since
age
name
ssn
ManagesEmployees Departments
Key constraint
2121
PARTICIPATION CONSTRAINTS
A participation constraint on a relationship set specifies that the marked entity set participates in at least one relationship of this relationship set.
Entity set is marked with a bold line.
agename dname
budgetdid
sincename dname
budgetdid
since
Manages
since
DepartmentsEmployees
ssn
Works_In
Participationconstraint
2222
WEAK ENTITIES A weak entity exists only in the context of another (owner)
entity. The weak entity can be identified uniquely only by considering
the primary key of the owner and its own partial key. Owner entity set and weak entity set must participate in a one-to-many
relationship set (one owner, many weak entities). Weak entity set must have total participation in this supporting
relationship set.
Ex: If there is no employee, there cannot be a dependent.
age
name
agename
DependentsEmployees
ssn
Policy
cost
2323
SUBCLASSES Sometimes, an entity set contains some
entities that do share many, but not all properties with the entity set hierarchies.
A ISA B: every A entity is also considered to be a B entity. A specializes B, B generalizes A.
A is called subclass, B is called superclass.
A subclass inherits the attributes of a superclass, may define additional attributes.
Contract_Emps
Employees
ISA
Hourly_Emps
2424
SUBCLASSES
Contract_Emps
namessn
Employees
age
hourly_wagesISA
Hourly_Emps
contractid
hours_worked
Hourly_Emps and Contract_Emps inherit the ssn (key!), name and age attributes from Employees.
They define additional attributes hourly_wages, hours_worked and contractid, resp.
2525
SUBCLASSES
Covering constraints: Does every Employees entity have to be either an Hourly_Emps or a Contract_Emps entity?
NO. Unless Hourly_EmpsAND Contract_EmpsCOVER Employees
Overlap constraints: Can Joe be an Hourly_Emps as well as a Contract_Emps entity?
YES. Hourly_Emps OVERLAPS Contract_Emps
2626
SUBCLASSESThere are several good reasons for
using ISA relationships and subclasses: Do not have to redefine all the attributes. Can add descriptive attributes specific to a
subclass. To identify entitity sets that participate in a
relationship set as precisely as possible. ISA relationships form a tree
structure (taxonomy) with one entity set serving as root.
2727
DESIGN PRINCIPLES Faithfulness
Design must be faithful to the specification / reality.
Relevant aspects of reality must be represented in the model.
Avoiding redundancy Redundant representation blows up ER diagram
and makes it harder to understand. Redundant representation wastes storage. Redundancy may lead to inconsistencies in the
database.
2828
DESIGN PRINCIPLES Keep it simple
The simpler, the easier to understand for some (external) reader of the ER diagrams.
Avoid introducing more elements than necessary. If possible, prefer attributes over entity sets and
relationship sets. Formulate constraints as far as possible
A lot of data semantics can (and should) be captured.
But some constraints cannot be captured in ER diagrams.
2929
HIGH-LEVEL DESIGN WITH ER MODEL
Major design choices Should a concept be modeled as an entity or an
attribute? a relationship? What relationships to use: binary or ternary?
Should address be an attribute of Employees or an entity (connected to Employees by a relationship)?
Depends upon the use we want to make of address information, and the semantics of the data:
If we have several addresses per employee, address must be an entity (since attributes cannot be set-valued).
3030
ENTITY VS. ATTRIBUTE
Works_In2 does not allow an employee to work in the same department for two or more periods (why?).
We want to record several values of the descriptive attributes for each instance of this relationship.
3131
ENTITY VS. RELATIONSHIP
This ER diagram o.k. if a manager gets a separate discretionary budget for each dept.
But what if a manager gets a discretionary budget that covers all managed depts? Redundancy of dbudget, which is stored for each
dept managed by the manager. Misleading: suggests dbudget tied to managed
dept.
Manages2
name dnamebudgetdid
Employees Departments
ssn lot
dbudgetsince
3232
ENTITY VS. RELATIONSHIP
What about this diagram?
Employees who are not managers will have dbudget=null?
The following ER diagram is more appropriate and avoids the above problems!
Each manager now has a budget.
3333
BINARY VS. TERNARY RELATIONSHIPS
If each policy is owned by just one employee: Key constraint on Policies would mean policy can only
cover 1 dependent! (only 1 combination of Employees and Policies can be in Covers)
Bad design!
agepname
DependentsCovers
name
Employees
ssn lot
Policies
policyid cost
ER diagram says Employee can own several policies Each policy can be owned by several employees Each dependent can be covered by several policies
3434
BINARY VS. TERNARY RELATIONSHIPS
This diagram is a better design. Policy can only exist for employees. Dependents
only exist if they are covered by a policy.
Beneficiary
agepname
Dependents
policyid cost
Policies
Purchaser
name
Employees
ssn lot
3535
BINARY VS. TERNARY RELATIONSHIPS
Previous example illustrated a case when two binary relationships were better than one ternary relationship.
An example in the other direction: a ternary relation Contracts relates entity sets
Parts, Departments and Suppliers, and has descriptive attribute qty. No combination of binary relationships is an adequate substitute:
S “can-supply” P, D “needs” P, and D “deals-with” S does not imply that D has agreed to buy P from S.
How do we record qty?
3636
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN:ER TO RELATIONAL
How to represent Entity sets, Relationship sets, Attributes, Key and participation constraints, Subclasses, Weak entity sets. . . ?
3737
ENTITY SETS Entity sets are translated to tables.
CREATE TABLE Employees (ssn CHAR(11), name CHAR(20), lot INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (ssn));
Employees
ssnname
lot
3838
RELATIONSHIP SETS
Relationship sets are also translated to tables. Keys for each
participating entity set (as foreign keys).The combination of these
keys forms a superkey for the table.
All descriptive attributesof the relationship set.
CREATE TABLE Works_In( ssn CHAR(11), did INTEGER, since DATE, PRIMARY KEY (ssn, did), FOREIGN KEY (ssn) REFERENCES Employees, FOREIGN KEY (did) REFERENCES Departments);
3939
KEY CONSTRAINTS Each dept has
at most one manager, according to the key constraint on Manages.
Translation to relational model?
many-to-manyone-to-one one-to-many many-to-one
dname
budgetdid
since
lot
name
ssn
ManagesEmployees Departments
4040
KEY CONSTRAINTS Map relationship
set to a table: Separate tables
for Employees and Departments.
Note that did is the key now!
Since each department has a unique manager, we could instead combine Manages and Departments.
CREATE TABLE Manages( ssn CHAR(11), did INTEGER, since DATE, PRIMARY KEY (did), FOREIGN KEY (ssn) REFERENCES Employees, FOREIGN KEY (did) REFERENCES Departments)
CREATE TABLE Dept_Mgr( did INTEGER, dname CHAR(20), budget REAL, manager CHAR(11), since DATE, PRIMARY KEY (did), FOREIGN KEY (manager)
REFERENCES Employees)
4141
PARTICIPATION CONSTRAINTS We can capture participation constraints
involving one entity set in a binary relationship, using NOT NULL.
In other cases, we need CHECK constraints.
CREATE TABLE Dept_Mgr( did INTEGER, dname CHAR(20), budget REAL, manager CHAR(11) NOT NULL, since DATE, PRIMARY KEY (did), FOREIGN KEY (manager) REFERENCES Employees, ON DELETE NO ACTION)
4242
WEAK ENTITY SETS A weak entity set can be identified uniquely
only by considering the primary key of another (owner) entity set. Owner entity set and weak entity set must
participate in a one-to-many relationship set (one owner, many weak entities).
Weak entity set must have total participation in this identifying relationship set.
lot
name
agepname
DependentsEmployees
ssn
Policy
cost
4343
WEAK ENTITY SETS Weak entity set and identifying relationship
set are translated into a single table. When the owner entity is deleted, all owned weak
entities must also be deleted.
CREATE TABLE Dep_Policy ( pname CHAR(20), age INTEGER, cost REAL, ssn CHAR(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (pname, ssn), FOREIGN KEY (ssn) REFERENCES Employees, ON DELETE CASCADE)
4444
SUBCLASSES If we declare A ISA B, every A entity is also
considered to be a B entity. Attributes of B are inherited to A. Overlap constraints: Can Joe be an
Hourly_Emps as well as a Contract_Emps entity? (Allowed/disallowed)
Covering constraints: Does every Employees entity either have to be an Hourly_Emps or a Contract_Emps entity? (Yes/no)
Contract_Emps
namessn
Employees
lot
hourly_wagesISA
Hourly_Emps
contractid
hours_worked
4545
SUBCLASSES ER style translation
One table for each of the entity sets (superclass and subclasses).
ISA relationship does not require additional table. All tables have the same key, i.e. the key of the
superclass. E.g.: One table each for Employees, Hourly_Emps
and Contract_Emps. General employee attributes are recorded in
Employees. For hourly emps and contract emps, extra info recorded in the respective relations.
4646
SUBCLASSES
Queries involving all employees easy, those involving just Hourly_Emps require a join to get their special attributes.
CREATE TABLE Hourly_Emps( ssn CHAR(11), hourly_wages REAL, hours_worked INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (ssn), FOREIGN KEY (ssn) REFERENCES Employees, ON DELETE CASCADE)
CREATE TABLE Employees( ssn CHAR(11), name CHAR(20), lot INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (ssn))
4747
SUBCLASSES Alternative translation
Create tables for the subclasses only. These tables have all attributes of the superclass(es) and the subclass.
This approach is applicable only if the subclasses cover the superclass.
E.g.: Hourly_Emps: ssn, name, lot, hourly_wages,hours_worked. Contract_Emps: ssn, name, lot, contractid.
Queries involving all employees difficult, those on Hourly_Emps and Contract_Emps alone are easy.
Only applicable, if Hourly_Emps AND Contract_Emps COVER Employees
4848
BINARY VS. TERNARY RELATIONSHIPS
The key constraints allow us to combine Purchaser with Policies and Beneficiary with Dependents.
Participation constraints lead to NOT NULL constraints.
CREATE TABLE Policies ( policyid INTEGER, cost REAL, ssn CHAR(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (policyid). FOREIGN KEY (ssn) REFERENCES Employees, ON DELETE CASCADE)CREATE TABLE Dependents ( pname CHAR(20), age INTEGER, policyid INTEGER NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (pname, policyid). FOREIGN KEY (policyid) REFERENCES Policies, ON DELETE CASCADE)
4949
SUMMARY High-level design follows requirements
analysis and yields a high-level description of data to be stored.
ER model popular for high-level design. Constructs are expressive, close to the way
people think about their applications. Basic constructs: entities, relationships, and
attributes (of entities and relationships). Some additional constructs: weak entities,
subclasses, and constraints. ER design is subjective. There are often many
ways to model a given scenario! Analyzing alternatives can be tricky, especially for a large enterprise.
5050
SUMMARY There are guidelines to translate ER diagrams
to a relational database schema. However, there are often alternatives that
need to be carefully considered. Entity sets and relationship sets are all
represented by relations. Some constructs of the ER model cannot be
easily translated, e.g. multiple participation constraints.