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Data Structures and Algorithms in C++ Michael T. Goodrich Roberto Tamassia David M. Mount. Chapter 1 Basic C++ Programming. Contents. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements 1.2 Expressions 1.3 Control Flow 1.4 Functions 1.5 Classes 1.6 C++ Program and File Organization - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Data Structures and Algorithms in C++
Michael T. Goodrich Roberto Tamassia David M. Mount
Chapter 1Basic C++ Programming
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Contents
• 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements• 1.2 Expressions• 1.3 Control Flow• 1.4 Functions• 1.5 Classes• 1.6 C++ Program and File Organization• 1.7 Writing a C++ Program• 1.8 Exercises
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
1.1.1 A Simple C++ Program#include <cstdlib>#include <iostream>/* Inputs two numbers and outputs their sum */int main( ) {
int x , y;std::cout << “Please enter two numbers: “;std::cin >> x >> y; // inputs x and yint sum = x + y; // compute their sumstd::cout << “Their sum is “ << sum << std::endl;return EXIT_SUCCESS; // terminates successfully
}
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
1.1.2 Fundamental Typesbool Boolean value, either true or falsechar charactershort, int, long short, normal, long integerfloat, double single-, double- precision
floating-point numbervoid nothingenumenum Color {RED, GREEN, BLUE}
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Pointers
char ch = ‘Q’;char* p = &ch;cout << *p;ch = ‘Z’;cout << *p;
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Arrays
double f[3];double* p[10];f[2] = 25.3;p[4] = &f[2];cout << *p[4];
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Strings
#include <string>using std::string;//…string s = “to be”;string t = “not “ + s;string u = s + “ or “ + t;if (s > t)
cout << u;
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
C-Stype Structuresenum MealType { NO_PREF, REGULAR, LOW_FAT,
VEGETARIAN };struct Passenger {
string name;MealType mealPref;bool isFreqFlyer;string freqFlyerNo;
};
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Pointers, Dynamic Memory, and the “new” Operator
Passenger *p;//…p = new Passenger;p ->name = “Pocahontas”;p ->mealPref = REGULAR;p ->isFreqFlyer = false;p ->freqFlyerNo = “NONE”;
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
1.1.4 Scope and Namespaces
Constants and Typedefconst int CUT_OFF[ ] = {90, 80, 70, 60};const int N_DAYS = 7;const int N_HOURS = 24*N_DAYS;int counter [N_HOURS];
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
typedef char* BufferPtr;typedef double Coordinate;BufferPtr p;Coordinate x, y;
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Local and Global Scopes
const int cat = 1;int main ( ) {
const int cat = 2;cout << cat;return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
int dog = cat;
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1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Namespacesnamespace myglobals {
int cat;string dog = “bow wow”;
}The Using Statement
using std::string;using std::cout;using namespace myglobals;
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1.2 ExpressionsMember Selection and lndexing
class_name . member class/structure member selection
pointer -> member class/structure member selection
array [exp] array subscripting
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1.2 ExpressionsArithmetic Operators
exp + exp additionexp – exp subtractionexp * exp multiplicationexp / exp divisionexp % exp modulo(remainder)
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1.2 ExpressionsIncrement and Decrement Operators
var ++post incrementvar - - post decrement++ varpre increment- - var pre decrement
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1.2 ExpressionsRelational and Logical Operators
exp < exp less thanexp > exp greater thanexp <= exp less than or equalexp >= exp greater than or equalexp == exp equal toexp != exp not equal to! exp logical not exp && exp logical andexp || exp logical or
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1.2 ExpressionsBitwise Operators
~ exp bitwise complementexp & exp bitwise andexp ^ exp bitwise exclusibe-orexp | exp bitwise orexp1 << exp2 shift exp1 left by exp2 bitsexp1 >> exp2 shift exp1 right by exp2 bits
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1.2 ExpressionsAssignment Operators
int i = 10;int j = 5;int k = 1;string s = “yes”;i - = 4;j *= -2;k <<= 1;s += “ or no”;
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1.2 Expressions
class_name::membernamespace_name::memberbool_exp ? True_exp : false_expstream >> varstream << exp
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1.2 Expressions1.2.1 Casting in ExpressionsTraditional C-Style Casting
int cat = 14;double dog = (double) cat;double pig = double(cat);
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1.2 ExpressionsStatic Casting
Static_cast < <desired_type> > ( <expression> );
double d1 = 3.2;double d2 = 3.9999;int i1 = static_cast<int>(d1);int i2 = static_cast<int>(d2);
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1.2 ExpressionsImplicit Casting
int = 3;double d = 4.8;double d3 = i / d;int i3 = d3;
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1.3 Control FlowIf Statement
if (<boolean_exp>)<true_statement>
[else if (<boolean_exp>)<else_if_statement>]
[else<else_statement>]
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1.3 Control FlowSwitch Statement
char command;cin >> command;switch (command){
case ‘I’ :editlnsert();break;
case ‘D’ :editDelete();break;
case ‘R’ :editReplace();break;
default :cout << “Unrecognized command\n”;break;
}25
1.3 Control FlowWhile and Do_While Loops
while (<boolean_expression>)<loop_body_statement>
do<loop_body_statement>
while ( <boolean_expression> )
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1.3 Control FlowFor Loop
for ( [<initialization>]; [<condition>]; [<increment>] )<body_statement>
const int NUM_ELEMENTS = 100;float a[NUM_ELEMENTS];//…for (int i = 0 ; i < NUM_ELEMENTS; i++) {
if (a[i] > 0 ) { cout << a[i] << ‘\n’ ;}}
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1.3 Control FlowBreak and Continue Statements
int sum = 0;while (true) {
int x;cin >> x;if ( x < 0 ) break;sum += x;
}cout << “Sum is “ << x << ‘\n’;
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1.4 Fuctionsbool evenSum(int a[ ], int n );int main( ) {
const int listLength = 6;int list[ listLength ] = {4, 2, 7, 8, 5, 6};bool result = evenSum( list, listLength);if (result) cout << “even sum. \n”;else cout << “odd sum. \n”;return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}bool evenSum( int a[ ], int n) {
int sum = 0;for ( int i = 0 ; I < n ; i++ ) sum += a[ i ];return (sum % 2 ) == 0;
}
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1.4 Fuctions1.4.1 Argument Passing
void f(int value, int &ref) {value++;ref++;cout << value << ‘\n’;cout << ref << ‘\n’;
}int main( ) {
int cat = 1;int dog = 5;f(cat, dog);cout << cat << ‘\n’;cout << dog << ‘\n’;return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}30
1.4 Fuctions1.4.2 OverloadingFunction Overloading
void print( int x ){ cout << x; }
void print( const Passenger &pass) {cout << pass.name << “ “ << pass.mealPref;if ( pass.isFreqFlyer ) {
cout << “ “ << pass.freqFlyerNo;}
}31
1.4 FuctionsOperator Overloading
bool operator == ( const Passenger &x, const Passenger &y ) {
return x.name == y.name&& x.mealPref == y.mealPref&& x.isFreqFlyer == y.isFreqFlyer&& x.FreqFlyerNo == y.FreqFlyerNo
}
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1.4 FuctionsUsing Overloading
ostream& operator << (ostream &out, const Passenger &pass) {
out << pass.name << “ “ << pass.mealPref;if ( pass.isFreqFlyer ) {
out << “ “ << pass.freqFlyerNo;}return out;
}
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1.5 Classes1.5.1 Class Structure
class Passerger {private:
string name;MealType mealPref;bool isFreqflyer;string freqFlyerNo;
public://…Passenger( );bool isFrequentFlyer( ) const
{ return isFreqFlyer; }void makeFrequentFlyer(const string& newFreqFlyerNo){
isFreqFlyer = true;freqFlyerNo = newFreqFlyerNo;
}} ; 34
1.5 Classes1.5.2 Constructors
class Passenger {private:
//…public:
Passenger( );Passenger( const string &nm, MealType mpref,
string ffn = “NONE” );passenger( const Passenger &pass) ;//…
};35
1.5 Classes1.5.2 Destructors
class Vect {private:
int* theVect;int vectSize;
public:Vect( int size = 10) {
vectSize = size;theVect = new int[ size ];
}//…~Vect( ){ delete [ ] theVect; }
} ;36
1.5 Classes1.5.3 Classes and Memory Allocation
Vect a(100);Vect b = a;Vect c;
c = a;
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1.5 Classes
Vect::Vect (const Vect &a) {vectsize = a.vectSize;theVect = new int[ vectSize ];for (int i = 0; i < vectSize; i++ ) {
theVect[i] = a.theVect[i];}
}
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1.5 Classes
Vect& Vect::operator = (const Vect &a) {if (this != &a) {
delete [ ] theVect;vectSize = a.vectSize; theVect = new int[ vectSize ];for (int i = 0; i < vectSize ; i++ ) {
theVect[ i ] = a.theVect[ i ];}
}return *this;
}39
1.5 Classes1.5.4 Class Friends and Class Members
class SomeClass {private:
int secret;public:
//…friend ostream& operator <<
(ostream &out, const SomeClass &x);};
ostream& operator <<(ostream &out, const SomeClass &x);{ cout << x.secret; }
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1.5 ClassesNesting Classes and Types within Classes
class Complex {private:
class Node {//…
};//…
};41
1.5 Classes1.5.5 The Standard Template Library
stack Container with last-in, first-out accessqueue Container with first-in, first-out accessdeque Double-ended queuevector Resizeable arraylist Doubly linked listset Setmap Associative array ( dictionary)priority_queue Queue orderde by value
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1.6 C++ Program and File OrganizationCreditCard.h#ifndef CREDIT_CARD_H #define CREDIT_CARD_H #include <string> #include <iostream> using std::string; class CreditCard { private:
string number;string name;int limit; double balance;
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1.6 C++ Program and File Organizationpublic:
CreditCard(string no, string nm, int lim, double bal=0); string getNumber() const { return number; } string getName() const { return name; }
double getBalance() const { return balance; } int getLimit() const { return limit; }bool chargeIt(double price); void makePayment(double payment)
{ balance -= payment; } };std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out,
const CreditCard& c); #endif 44
1.6 C++ Program and File OrganizationCreditCard.cpp#include "CreditCard.h“CreditCard::CreditCard(string no, string nm, int lim, double bal) { number = no;
name = nm; balance = bal; limit = lim;
}bool CreditCard::chargeIt(double price) { if (price + balance > double(limit))
return false; balance += price; return true;
}45
1.6 C++ Program and File Organizationstd::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out,
const CreditCard& c) { out << "Number = " << c.getNumber() << "\n"
<< "Name = " << c.getName() << "\n" << "Balance = " << c.getBalance() << "\n" << "Limit = " << c.getLimit() << "\n";
return out; }
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1.6 C++ Program and File Organization
TestCard.cpp#include <vector>#include "CreditCard.h“using namespace std;void testCard() {
vector<CreditCard*> wallet(10);wallet[0] = new CreditCard("5391 0375 9387 5309", "John Bowman", 2500); wallet[1] = new CreditCard("3485 0399 3395 1954", "John Bowman", 3500); wallet[2] = new CreditCard("6011 4902 3294 2994", "John Bowman", 5000);
for (int j=1; j <= 16; j++) {wallet[0]->chargeIt(double(j));wallet[1]->chargeIt(2 * j);wallet[2]->chargeIt(double(3 * j));}
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1.6 C++ Program and File Organization
cout << "Card payments:\n"; for (int i=0; i < 3; i++) {
cout << *wallet[i]; while (wallet[i]->getBalance() > 100.0) { wallet[i]->makePayment(100.0); cout << "New balance = " << wallet[i]->getBalance() << "\
n"; }
cout << "\n"; delete wallet[i];
} } int main() {
testCard(); return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}48
1.7 Writing a C++ Program
• DesignResponsibilityIndependenceBehaviors
• CodingReadability and Style
• Testing and Debugging
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1.8 Exercises
• R-1.1• R-1.2• R-1.4• R-1.10• R-1.12
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