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Data Resource Management

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Learning Objectives

• Explain the importance of implementing data resource management processes and technologies in an organization.

• Understand the advantages of a database management approach to managing the data resources of a business.

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• Explain how database management software helps business professionals and supports the operations and management of a business.

• Illustrate each of the following concepts:– Major types of databases– Data warehouses and data mining– Logical data elements– Fundamental database structures– Database access methods– Database development

Learning Objectives (continued)3

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Section I

• Managing Data Resources

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Data Resource Management

• A managerial activity• Applies information systems

technology to managing data resources to meet needs of business stakeholders.

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• Logical Data Elements

3 Foundation Data Concepts

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• Levels of data– Character• Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol

– Field• Groupings of characters• Represents an attribute of some entity

3 Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

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Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

– Records• Related fields of data• Collection of attributes that describe an

entity• Fixed-length or variable-length

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– Files (table)• A group of related records• Classified by

– Primary use– Type of data– permanence

Foundation Data Concepts (continued)3

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– Database• Integrated collection of logically related data

elements• Consolidates records into a common pool of

data elements• Data is independent of the application

program using them and type of storage device

Foundation Data Concepts (continued)3

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Types of Databases

• Operational– Supports business processes and

operations– Also called subject-area databases,

transaction databases, and production databases

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Types of Databases (continued)

• Distributed– Replicated and distributed copies or

parts of databases on network servers at a variety of sites.

– Done to improve database performance and security

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• External– Available for a fee from commercial

sources or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Web

• Hypermedia– Hyperlinked pages of multimedia

3 Types of Databases (continued)

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Data Warehouses and Data Mining

• Data warehouse– Stores data extracted from operational,

external, or other databases of an organization

– Central source of “structured” data– May be subdivided into data marts

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Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)

• Data mining– A major use of data warehouse

databases– Data is analyzed to reveal hidden

correlations, patterns, and trends

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Database Management Approach

• Consolidates data records and objects into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs

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Database Management Approach (continued)

• Database Management System– Software interface between users and

databases– Controls creation, maintenance, and use

of the database

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3 Database Management Approach (continued)

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• Database Interrogation– Query• Supports ad hoc requests• Tells the software how you want to organize

the data• SQL queries• Graphical (GUI) & natural queries

3 Database Management Approach (continued)

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– Report Generator• Turns results of query into a useable report

• Database Maintenance– Updating and correcting data

3 Database Management Approach (continued)

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• Application Development– Data manipulation language– Data entry screens, forms, reports, or

web pages

3 Database Management Approach (continued)

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Implementing Data Resource Management

• Database Administration– Develop and maintain the data dictionary– Design and monitor performance of

databases– Enforce database use and security

standards

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Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)

• Data Planning– Corporate planning and analysis function– Developing the overall data architecture

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• Data Administration– Standardize collection, storage, and

dissemination of data to end users– Focused on supporting business processes

and strategic business objectives– May include developing policy and setting

standards

3Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)

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• Challenges– Technologically complex– Vast amounts of data– Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and failures

3Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)

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Section II

• Technical Foundations of Database Management

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Database Structures

• Hierarchical– Treelike– One-to-many relationship– Used for structured, routine types of

transaction processing

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Database Structures (continued)

• Network– More complex– Many-to-many relationship– More flexible but doesn’t support ad hoc

requests well

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• Relational– Data elements stored in simple tables– Can link data elements from various

tables– Very supportive of ad hoc requests but

slower at processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or network models

3 Database Structures (continued)

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• Multi-Dimensional– A variation of the relational model– Cubes of data and cubes within cubes– Popular for online analytical processing

(OLAP) applications

3 Database Structures (continued)

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3 Database Structures (continued)

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• Object-oriented– Key technology of multimedia web-based

applications– Good for complex, high-volume

applications

3 Database Structures (continued)

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3 Database Structures (continued)

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Accessing Databases

• Key fields (primary key)– A field unique to each record so it can be

distinguished from all other records in a table

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Accessing Databases (continued)

• Sequential access– Data is stored and accessed in a sequence

according to a key field– Good for periodic processing of a large

volume of data, but updating with new transactions can be troublesome

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• Direct access– Methods• Key transformation• Index• Indexed sequential access

3 Accessing Databases (continued)

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Database Development

• Data dictionary– Directory containing metadata (data

about data)• Structure• Data elements• Interrelationships• Information regarding access and use• Maintenance & security issues

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Database Development (continued)

• Data Planning & Database Design– Planning & Design Process• Enterprise model• Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)• Data modeling

– Develop logical framework for the physical design

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Discussion Questions

• How should an e-business enterprise store, access, and distribute data & information about their internal operations & external environment?

• What roles do database management, data administration, and data planning play in managing data as a business resource?

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Discussion Questions (continued)

• What are the advantages of a database management approach to organizing, accessing, and managing an organization’s data resources?

• What is the role of a database management system in an e-business information system?

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3 Discussion Questions (continued)

• Databases of information about a firm’s internal operations were formerly the only databases that were considered to be important to a business. What other kinds of databases are important for a business today?

• What are the benefits and limitations of the relational database model for business applications?

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• Why is the object-oriented database model gaining acceptance for developing applications and managing the hypermedia databases at business websites?

• How have the Internet, intranets, extranets, and the World Wide Web affected the types and uses of data resources available to business end users?

3 Discussion Questions (continued)

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References

• James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas. Management Information Systems: Managing Information Technology in the Business Enterprise 6th Ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin,2004

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