DATA-RECOVERY REPORTportation Department. Data-recovery efforts were limited to the existing highway right-of-way, from the highway to the fence lines, or to the width of the legally

DATA-RECOVERY REPORT

ON SITES LA 86735, LA 86736, LA 86737, AND LA 120,979

ALONG U.S. HIGHWAY 54 BETWEEN TULAROSA AND

CARRIZOZO, OTERO COUNTY, NEW MEXICO

NMSHTD Project Nos.TP-(NI-I) 054-2 (12) 84, CN TP-(NH) 054-2 (13) 92, CN

NMSHTD Technical Series Report No. 2002-2

Prepared for The New Mexico State Highway andTransportation Department by

Karl W. Laumbach, Helen B. Shields,Robert L. Miller, and Delton Estes

Contributions byRichard HoUoway, Phd.,

Brian Knight,Toni Sudar Laumbach,

Wenda Trevathan, Phd.,and David V. Hill

Performed UnderState Permit Number NM-01-005

NMCRIS Project Activity No. 71393

Submitted byHuman Systems Research, Inc.

Post Office Box 1225Tularosa, New Mexico 88352

HSR Report No. 9946C

January 2002

ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY

On May 15, 2000, archaeologists withHuman Systems Research, Inc. (HSR),began data recovery at four archaeo-logical sites located on the U.S. Highway54 right-of-way between Tularosa andCarrizozo, New Mexico. ArchaeologicalSites LA 86735, LA 86736, and LA 86737are on New Mexico State Highway andTransportation Department land acquiredfrom private sources, and Site LA 120,979is on State Trust land. The data-recoveryplan was approved by both the HistoricPreservation Division, State of NewMexico, and in the case of Site LA 120,979,the State Land Office. Data recovery atthese four sites was conducted to mitigatethe adverse effects of federally fundedhighway construction proposed by theNew Mexico State Highway and Trans-portation Department. Data-recoveryefforts were limited to the existinghighway right-of-way, from the highwayto the fence lines, or to the width of thelegally recognized highway right-of-way.

The data-recovery effort consisted oftaking sample surface collections in thehighway rights-of-way, systematic auger-ing of the right-of-way to search forsubsurface features at Sites LA 86735 andLA 120,979, excavation of trenches andareas scraped by mechanical equipmentat Sites LA 86736 and LA 86737, andexcavation of units in areas of artifactconcentrations or where augering, trench-ing, or scraping produced evidence ofsubsurface cultural materials. Archivalresearch and oral history interviewssupplement the recovery of historicartifacts.

Site LA 86735 is the remains of theTemporal Station, a railroad siding on theE1 Paso and Northeastern Railroad. Theproposed highway construction will notimpact the structural remnant andimmediately associated artifact con-centrations as these features are outsidethe highway right-of-way. A grid systemwas placed on the site and it was surfacecollected. Fifteen 1-by-l-m excavationunits and a series of auger transects wereplaced in the site. Only limited numbersof artifacts were recovered from theexcavation units and all but one of theauger holes, which located an extensivedeposit of artifacts dating to the periodof occupation. Recovered artifacts, oralhistory interviews, and archival sourcesnow provide increased insight into thelifeways of the Temporal Stationcommunity.

Site LA 120,979 consists of twocinder piles and one slag pile, withassociated historic artifacts locatedbetween the highway and the right-of-way fence. A grid system was placed onthe site and surface diagnostic artifactswere collected. Excavation units wereplaced in features as well as in areas withno surface artifacts. An auger transectwas placed in the site to determine ifsubsurface deposits were present. Nosuch deposits were found. Data arelimited to the observations made on thesurvey, excavation of the features, and thefew artifacts found on the surface. Thelimited data suggest that the site wascreated by multiple railroad- andhighway-related activities over a periodof many years.

HSR 9946C, pg. i

Site LA 86736 was an extensive albeitlow-density scatter of prehistoric artifactscharacterized by a preponderance ofMimbres white ware ceramics. Severalsmall concentrations of artifacts werepresent in the area between the highwayand the fiber-optics line. The surveyreport suggested that subsurface depositsmight exist. A grid system was placed onthe site and it was surface collected.Thirty-three excavation units were placedin areas with and without surfaceartifacts. Seven shallow hearth featureswith associated Mimbres white ware werefound on the east side of the right-of-wayand excavated, yielding a suite of sevenradiocarbon dates. A partial infant burialwas found directly beneath a hearthfeature. Eleven trenches excavated bymechanical equipment were syste-matically placed on both sides of theright-of-way. Two shallow hearths and ametate were located in the trenches. Uponcompletion of excavation and trenching,large areas of the site were scraped withmechanical equipment. The scrapingidentified one shallow hearth feature.Sufficient data were recovered to addressthe issues of chronology, function,seasonality, and regional relationships.

Site LA 86737 is an extensive scatterof prehistoric artifacts and a limitednumber of historic artifacts associatedwith a nearby historic homesteadfoundation. Prehistoric Late CeramicPeriod artifacts are scattered within theproject area and the historic artifactsextend from the historic structure into thehighway right-of-way. A grid system wasplaced on the site, artifacts were pinflagged, and the site was surfacecollected. In the process of markingartifacts, it was found that the siteextended 280 m further south to the bankson the south side of an arroyo. These

additional materials were included in thedata-recovery project. Twenty-seven1-by-l-m excavation units were placed atvarious locations on both sides of theright-of-way. Excavations in the northernportion of the site yielded only limitednumbers of artifacts and no features fromeither the historic or prehistoric com-ponents. The historic component hadbeen previously disturbed by highwayconstruction and provided little insight tothe homestead occupation. Excavations atthe newly discovered southern concen-tration yielded a great number andvariety of prehistoric artifacts as well asflecks of charcoal. No features werefound. In an attempt to find subsurfacefeatures, trenches were systematicallyplaced on both sides of the right-of-way.After excavations and trenching werecompleted, these areas were scraped withmechanical equipment. No additionalfeatures and a limited number of artifactswere located. Charcoal recovered fromthe stratigraphic profiles yielded aradiocarbon date and limited macro-botanical information. Although the lackof prehistoric and historic features wasdisappointing, sufficient data wererecovered to address research issues ofchronology, function, and regionalrelationships.

Fieldwork was completed on July 19,2000. This report describes the fourarchaeological sites, with emphasis on theportions located within the existinghighway right-of-way. It further presentsmethodological detail and the results ofdata recovery specific to the right-of-wayat each of the four sites. Research themesaddressed through excavation andlaboratory analysis, archival research, andoral-history interviews are chronology,site function, and interregionalrelationships.

HSR 9946C, pg. ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1Description of Proposed Action ...................... ................... 4Project Personnel ................................................ . .... 4Environmental Setting .................................................. 4Cultural History ...................................................... 5Data,Recovery Activities .............................................. 5

General Field Methods ............................................. 5General Analytic Procedures ........................................ 6

THE HISTORIC SITES: LA 86735 AND LA 120,979 ............................. 9Historic Artifact Analysis .............................................. 9

Historic Artifact Typologies .......................................... 10SITE LA 86735 ........................................................ 12

Original Site Description ............................................ 12HSR Pre-field Site Visit Notes on the Right-of-way through Site LA 86735 14Potential Archival Sources .......................................... 14Historic Context: Temporal in Historical Perspective of Railroad History ..15Research Themes .................................................. 15Data Recovery at Site LA 86735 ...................................... 17Excavation Units at Site LA 86735 .................................... 19Auger Transects at Site LA 86735 .................................... 19Features at Site LA 86735 ........................................... 20

Feature 1, Refuse Pit ............................................ 20Historic Foundation Feature ..................................... 21Circular Foundation Feature ..................................... 21

Archival Records .................................................. 21Oral Recollections ................................................. 23Historic Artifacts .................................................. 24Artifact Types ..................................................... 28

Glass .......................................................... 28Bottles ........................................................ 29Glass Fragments ................................................ 34Ceramics ...................................................... 35Diagnostic Ceramics ............................................ 37Metal and Metal Fragments ...................................... 38Diagnostic Metal ............................................... 39Leather ........................................................ 40Bone .......................................................... 41Shell ........................................... ............... 42Miscellaneous .................................................. 42

Functional Categories ............................................ ~. 42Clothing ....................................................... 42Communication ................................................ 45

HSR 9946C, pg. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)

Food .......................................................... 46Household ..................................................... 47Medicine ........... ........................................... 47Personal ....................................................... 49Railroad ....................................................... 49Ranching ...................................................... 50Toys .......................................................... 51Transportation ....................................... .......... 52Unidentified ................................................... 52

Comparison of Data with Similar Sites ................................ 52Macrobotanical Remains ..................................... ....... 53Faunal Remains .................................................. . 54Discussion of Site LA 86735 ......................................... 56

Community Structure ........................................... 56Community Composition ........................................ 59Community Lifeways ........................................... 62Summary ...................................................... 70

SITE LA 120,979 ...................................................... 72Original Site Description ............................................ 72HSR Pre-field Site Visit Notes on the Right-of-way through

Site LA 120,979 ................................................. 73Historic Context, Data Potential, and importance of Cultural Materials

at Site LA 120,979 ................................................ 73Data Recovery of Site LA 120,979 .................................... 73Features at Site LA 120,979 .......................................... 75

Feature I ...................................................... 75Feature 2 ...................................................... 76Feature 3 ...................................................... 77

Artifact Analysis ................................................... 78Glass .......................................................... 79Metal ......................................................... 80Tin Cans ....................................................... 80Wood, Rubber, and Stone ........................................ 81

Functional Categories .............................................. 81Food., ........................................................ 81Household .......................................... .... ....... 81Liquor ........................................................ 83Transportation ............. .................................... 83Miscellaneous .................................................. 83

Discussion of Site LA 120,979 ........................................ 84Chronological Discussion ........................................ 84

HSR 9946C, pg. iv


THE PREHISTORIC SITES: LA 86736 AND LA 86737 ........................... 87Prehistoric Artifact Analysis ........................................... 87SITE LA 86736 ........................................................ 92

Original Site Description ............................................ 92HSR Pre-field Visit Notes on the Right-of-way through Site LA 86736 .....93Historic Context and Importance of Cultural Materials at Site LA 86736 ...93Data Recovery at Site LA 86736 ...................................... 95Excavation Units at Site LA 86736 .................................... 97

Locus A ....................................................... 97Locus B ........................................................ 97

Trenches at Site LA 86736 .......................................... 101Scraped Areas at LA 86736 ......................................... 102Features at Site LA 86736 .......................................... 103

Feature I ..................................................... 103Feature 2 ..................................................... 105Feature 3 ..................................................... 106Feature 4 ..................................................... 106Feature 5 ..................................................... 107Feature 6 ..................................................... 108Feature 7 ..... . ............................................... 109Feature 8 ..................................................... 110Feature 9 ..................................................... 111

Analyses of Recovered Data ........................................ 111Analysis of Prehistoric Ceramic Artifacts ............................ 112

Mimbres White Ware .......................................... 112San Andres Red-on-terracotta ................................... 115E1 Paso Bichrome .............................................. 116Red Washed Ware ............................................. 116E1 Paso Brown ................................................. 118Jornada Brown ................................................ 118Rim Sherd Indices for E1 Paso Brown and Jornada Brown ........... 120Stratigraphic Context ........................................... 120Prehistoric Ceramic Summary ................................... 121

Lithic Artifacts ................................................... 122Materials and Cortex .......................................... . 122Debitage Size and Type ......................................... 126Lithic Tools ................................................... 126Stratigraphic Context ............................................ 128Lithic Summary ............................................... 129

Ground Stone Artifacts ...................... ...................... 130Ground Stone Summary ........................................ 132

HSR 9946C, pg. v


Macrobotanical Remains ........................................... 133Features ...................................................... 133Excavation Units .............................................. 133Discussion .................. .- ................................. 134Summary .......................................... ........... 136

Faunal Remains ....... , .......................................... 137Human Remains .................................................. 141Radiocarbon Dating ............................................... 141

Locus A ...................................................... 143Locus B ................................................ ....... 144Summary of Radiocarbon Dating for Site LA 86736 ................. 146

Historic Artifacts ................................................. 146Historic Ceramics .............................................. 146Discussion of Site LA 86736 , .................................... 146

SITE LA 86737 ....................................................... 150Original Site Description ........................................... 150HSR Pre-field Visit Notes on the Right-of-way through Site LA 86737 ....151Historic Context, Data Potential, and Importance of Cultural Materials

at Site LA 86737 ............................................... 151Data Recovery of Site LA 86737 ............... . ..................... 153Excavation Units at Site LA 86737 ................................... 153Locus A ......................................................... 155Locus B ......................... ................................. 155Trenches at Site LA 86737. ......................................... 159Scraped Areas at Site LA 86737 ..................................... 161Analyses of Recovered Data ........................................ 162

Ceramic Artifacts .............................................. 162Modified or Worked Sherds ..................................... 172Stratigraphic and Spatial Contexts ............................... 172Ceramic Summary ............................................. 173

Lithic Artifacts ....... ............................................ 175Materials ..................................................... 175Debitage Size and Type ......................................... 180Stratigraphic Context ........................................... 181Lithic Tools ................................................... 183Lithic Summary ............................................... 185

Ground Stone Artifacts ............................................ 185Ground Stone Summary ........................................ 188

Macrobotanical Remains ........................................... 189Discussion ................... , ....... ......................... 189

Faunal Remains .................................................. 190Radiocarbon Dates ............................................. 191

HSR 9946C, pg. vi


Historic Artifacts ................................................. 192Metal ........................................................ 193Glass ......................................................... 193

Porcelain/Ceramics. .......................................... 193Leather ....................................................... 193Discussion of Historic Artifacts .................................. 193

Discussion of Site LA 86737 ........................................ 194SUMMATION ........................................................... 197REFERENCES CITED ...................... . .............................. 199APPENDICES: ........................................................... 207

Appendix A. Cultural History of the Tularosa Basin ...................... A-1Appendix B. Soft Stratigraphy at Sites LA 86736 and LA 86737 ............. B-1Appendix C. Radiocarbon Analysis .................................... C-1Appendix D. Petrographic Analysis of Ceramics at Sites LA 86736

and LA 86737 .................................................... D-1Appendix E. Time Book for Temporal Station, March 1920 ................ E-1

HSR 9946C, pg. vii

HSR9946C, pg.viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.Figure 6.Figure 7.Figure 8.Figure 9.Figure 10.Figure 11.Figure 12.Figure 13.

Figure 14.Figure 15.Figure 16.Figure 17.Figure 18.Figure 19.Figure 20.Figure 21.

Figure 22.Figure 23.Figure 24.Figure 25.Figure 26.Figure 27.Figure 28.

Figure 29.Figure 30.

Figure 31.


General location of the project area ............................... 2Tularosa 1:100,000 land-status map showing the location of

Sites LA 86735, LA 86736, LA 86737, and LA 120,979 ............ 3Location of Sites LA 86735 and LA 120,979 on the Tularosa

NE, N. Mex. USGS quadrangle map ........................... 8Right-of-way in front of Temporal Station, looking north.

Vehicle is on edge of slope, looking north ...................... 13Overview of Site LA 86735, looking east. ......................... 13Site map of Site LA 86735 ........................................ 18Field sketch of historic concrete foundation at Site LA 86735 ......... 17Feature I at Site LA 86735, looking west. ......................... 20Historic concrete foundation, looking west ........................ 22Circular concrete foundation, .................................... 22Distribution of glass artifacts at Site LA 86735 ..................... 29Distribution of glass bottles at Site LA 86735 ...................... 29Rendering of glass Florida water bottle, Cat. No. 299.

Note Spanish label ......................................... 30Rendering of A.S. Hind’s prescription bottle, Cat. No. 376 .......... 31Historic glass bottles from Site LA 86735 .......................... 32Historic glass bottles from Site LA 86735 .......................... 33Historic glass bottles from Site LA 86735 .......................... 33Glass cake plate base (Cat. No. 514) found at Site LA 86735 ......... 34Distribution of ceramics on Site LA 86735 ......................... 36Distribution of earthenwares at Site LA 86735 ..................... 37White ware saucer fragment showing maker’s mark, from

Site LA 86735 .............................................. 37Distribution of metal artifacts at Site LA 86735 ..................... 38Toy cast iron horse (Cat. No. 45) from Site LA 86735 ................ 39Baseball shoes (Cat. No. 455) from Site LA 86735 ................... 41Distribution of clothing items at Site LA 86735 ..................... 45Distribution of food-related items at Site LA 86735 ................. 46Distribution of household items at Site LA 86735 ................... 47Porcelain plate with transfer print of Japanese scene

(Cat. No. 344) from Site LA 86735 ....... ...................... 48Distribution of medicine bottles at Site LA 86735 ................... 47Hamlin’s Wizard Oil glass medicine bottle (Cat. No. 370)

from Site LA 86735 .......................................... 48Mr. Winslow’s Soothing Syrup glass medicine bottle

(Cat. No. 192) from Site LA 86735 ............................. 48Distribution of personal items at Site LA 86735 .................... 49Fragment of a copper bracelet (Cat. No. 306) found

Site LA 86735 .............................................. 50

HSR 9946C, pg. ix

Figure 34.Figure 35.Figure 36.Figure 37.Figure 38.Figure 39.

Figure 40.

Figure 41.

Figure 42.

Figure 43.

Figure 44.

Figure 45.

Figure 46.

Figure 47.


Figure 50.

Figure 51.

Figure 52.

Figure 53.Figure 54.Figure 55.

Figure 56.Figure 57.Figure 58.Figure 59.Figure 60.Figure 61.Figure 62.

laST OF FIGURES (COm.)

Distribution of railroad-related items at Site LA 86735 .............. 49Railroad work crew at Temporal, circa 1923 ....................... 50Distribution of ranching-related items at Site LA 86735 ............. 51Distribution of toys at Site LA 86735 ............. ................. 51Ceramic doll body from Site LA 87635 ........................... 51The section foreman’s house at Temporal Station, where the

Watson family lived ........................................ 56Map of Temporal Station, circa 1920s, based on recollections

of Mary NoweU ..................................... ....... 57Luther Watson and his dog, Bobby, on north side of section

house ........... .......................................... 58Mary Watson (right) and friend (last name Thompson)

front yard of section house .................................. 58Handcart racks extended from the main railroad tracks to

the workshop, where repair work was also performed .......... 59Mary Watson playing in front yard of section house at

Temporal, circa 1920-1924 ................................... 60Mary Watson and friend at Temporal. Note peach tree and

water pump in background ..... ............................. 60Distribution of male-specific artifacts collected at

Site LA 86735 .............................................. 61Distribution of female-specific artifacts collected from

Site LA 86735 .............................................. 61Luther Watson, taking care of animals at Temporal ................ 63Luther and Mary, with dog Bobble, at a pumpkin harvest at

Temporal, circa 1921 ........................................ 64

Gebhardt’s Chili bottle (Cat. No. 370) found at Site 86735 ......................................................... 64Railroad tanker car left on siding at Temporal for water

supply, with Mary and dog "Bobby" .......................... 65Reproduction of the cover of the foreman’s Time Book used

at Temporal Station for the month of March 1920 ............... 67Mary Watson at Temporal, with chicken for dinner, ca. 1924 ........69Site map of Site LA 120,979, the "Clinker" Site ..................... 74Feature 1 (Site LA 120,979), with associated 7-Up bottle,looking northeast. ............................................. 76Feature 2 at Site LA 120,979, looking west_ ........................ 77Distribution of glass artifacts at Site LA 120,979 .................... 79Distribution of metal artifacts at Site LA 120.,979 ................... 80Distribution of food items at Site LA 120,979 ...................... 81Distribution of household items at Site LA 120,979 ................. 81Distribution of liquor items at Site LA 120,979 ..................... 84Location of Sites LA 86736 and LA 86737 on the Three Rivers

HSR 9946C, pg. x

LIST OF FIGURES (CONT.)

Figure 63.Figure 64.Figure 65.Figure 66.Figure 67.Figure 68.Figure 69.Figure 70.Figure 71.Figure 72.Figure 73.Figure 74.Figure 75.Figure 76.Figure 77.Figure 78.Figure 79.

Figure 80.Figure 81.Figure 82.Figure 83.Figure 84.Figure 85.Figure 86.Figure 87.Figure 88.Figure 89.Figure 90.Figure 91.Figure 92.Figure 93.Figure 94.


Figure 98.


Right-of-way east of U.S. 54 at Site LA 86736, looking north ......... 94Right-of-way west of U.S. 54 at Site LA 86736, looking north ......... 94

Site map of Site LA 86736 ....................................... 96Locus A at Site LA 86736 ........................................ 98

Locus B at Site LA 86736. ........ 99

Schematic profile view of excavation units in Locus B ............. 100Feature i at Site LA 86736, looking north ......................... 105Feature 2 at Site LA 86736, looking north ........................ 106Feature 4 at Site LA 86736, looking west. ........................ 107Feature 5 at Site LA 86736 ...................................... 108Feature 6 at Site LA 86736, looking north ......................... 109Profile of Feature 6 at LA 86736 ................................. 109Profile of Feature 7 at LA 86736 ................................. 109

Feature 8 at Site LA 86736, looking north. 110Mimbres White ware sherds recovered from Site LA 86736 ......... 114Distribution of Mimbres Black-on-white at Site LA 86736 .......... 115Distribution of San Andres Red-on-terracotta at

Site LA 86736 ............................................. 115San Andres Red-on-terracotta sherds from Site LA 86736 ........... 116Distribution of Red Washed Ware at Site LA 86736 ................ 117Distribution of E1 Paso Brown ceramics at Site LA 86736 ........... 118Distribution of Jornada Brown ceramics at Site LA 86736 ........... 119Lithic materials from Site LA 86736 ............................. 122Distribution of sfltstone at LA 86736 ............................. 124Distribution of quartzite at LA 86736. 125Distribution of basalt at LA 86736 ............................... 125Distribution of chert and chalcedony ............................ 125Distribution of lithic tools at Site LA 86736 ....................... 127Cores from Site LA 86736 ...................................... 127Slab metate at Site LA 86736, looking west. ...................... 130Distribution of ground stone artifacts at Site LA 86736 ............. 131Bone awl recovered from Site LA 86736 (actual size) ............... 138Comparison of radiocarbon dates at two standard

deviations ................................................ 142Mexican red ware sherds from Site LA 86736 ..................... 147Glazed stoneware coffee cup from Site LA 86736 .................. 147Right-of-way on west side of U.S. Hwy 54 near Site

LA 86737, looking north .................................... 152Right-of-way on east side of U.S. Hwy 54 near Site LA 86737,looking north towards Locus A ................................. 152Site map of Site LA 86737 ...................................... 154Locus A, Site LA 86737, looking north ........................... 155Map of Locus A at Site LA 86737 ................................ 156

HSR 9946C, pg. xi

Figure 102.Figure 103.Figure 104.Figure 105.Figure 106.Figure 107.Figure 108.Figure 109.

Figure 110.

Figure 111.Figure 112.Figure 113.Figure 114.Figure 115.Figure 116.Figure 117.Figure 118.Figure 119.Figure 120.Figure 121.Figure 122.Figure 123.Figure 124.Figure 125.Figure 126.

Map of Locus B at Site LA 86737 ................................ 157Overview of Locus B at Site LA 86737, looking east. ............... 158Excavation units, Locus B at Site LA 86737, looking east ........... 158

Chupadero Black-on-white sherds from Site LA 86737 ............ 165Distribution of Chupadero Black-on-white at Site LA 86737 ........ 166Ceramic sherds from Site LA 86737 ............................ 165Distribution of E1 Paso Polychrome at Site LA 86737. .............. 166Distribution of Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta at Site

LA 86737 ................................................. 167Distribution of San Andres Red-on-terracotta at Site

LA 86737 ................................................. 167Distribution of Lincoln Black-on-red at Site LA 86737 .............. 168Distribution of E1 Paso Brown ceramics on Site LA 86737 ........... 170Distribution of Jornada Brown ceramics on Site LA 86737 .......... 170Distribution of Seco Corrugated at Site LA 86737 .................. 171Worked sherds from Site LA 86737 .............................. 172Selected lithic materials from Site LA 86737 ...................... 177Distribution of sfltstone at Site LA 86737 ......................... 178Distribution of sandstone at site LA 86737 ........................ 178Distribution of quartzite at Site LA 86737 ........................ 179Distribution of basalt at Site LA 86737 ........................... 179Distribution of chert and chalcedony at Site LA 86737 ............. 180Cores and large flake from Site LA 86737 ....................... 184Drill and flake tools from Site LA 86737 ......................... 184Shaft straightener (Cat. No. 251) from Site LA 86737 ............... 186Distribution of ground stone artifacts at Site LA 86737 ............. 187Distribution of historic artifacts at Site LA 86737 .................. 192

Chart. 1.Chart 2.

LIST OF CHARTS

inm.llll i i. i u i!

Percentages of Ceramic Types at Site LA 86736 ......................Percentages of Ceramic Types at Site LA 86737 ......................

113164

HSR 9946C, pg. xii

Table 1.Table 2.Table 3.Table 4.Table 5.Table 6.Table 7.Table 8.Table 9.

Table 10.

Table 11.

Table 12.

Table 13.Table 14.Table 15.Table 16.Table 17.

Table 18.Table 19.Table 20.Table 21.Table 22.Table 23.Table 24.Table 25.Table 26.Table 27.Table 28.Table 29.Table 30.Table 31.Table 32.Table 33.Table 34.Table 35.Table 36.Table 37.Table 38.

LIST OF TABLES

Auger Transects at Site LA 86735 ................................... 19Total Artifacts Collected at Site LA 86735 ............................ 25Whole Artifacts at Site LA 86735 .................................... 26Glass Artifacts from Site LA 86735 .................................. 27Cartridges from Site LA 86735 ...................................... 27

Artifact Frequency by Material Type ................................ 27Artifact Frequencies within Functional Categories at Site LA 86735 ......43Faunal Remains Recovered from Temporal Station (Site LA 86735) ......55Summary of Gender-specific Artifacts from Site LA 86735 by

Functional Category ........................................... 61

Summary of Gender-specific Artifacts from Feature I byFunctional Category ........................................... 62

Chart of Hours and Wages Paid from March 1-16, 1920 atTemporal .................................................... 66

Chart of Hours and Pay for Track Repair from March 1-16, 1920at Temporal .................................................. 66

Auger Transects at Site LA 120,979 .................................. 75Features at Site LA 120,979 ......................................... 75Total Number of Artifacts at Site LA 120,979 ......................... 78Breakdown of Artifacts at Site LA 120,979 by Type and Material ........ 78Artifact Frequencies by Material Type within Functional Categories

at Site LA 120,979 .............................................. 82Lithic Definitions ................................................ 88Features at Site LA 86736 (Mimbres) ................................ 104Artifacts Collected from Site LA 86736. 112Ceramic Types by Level at Site LA 86736 ............................ 113Ceramic Types by Level at Locus A, Site LA 86736 ................... 121Ceramic Types by Level at Locus B, Site LA 86736 .................... 121Lithic Materials by Cortex Placement at Site LA 86736 ................ 123Lithic Material by Cortex at Locus A, Site LA 86736 .................. 123Lithic Material by Cortex at Locus B, Site LA 86736 ................... 124Lithic Material by Size at Site LA 86736 ..... ........................ 126Lithic Material Types by Level at Site LA 86736 ...................... 128Lithic Materials by Level at Locus A, Site LA 86736 ................... 129Lithic Materials by Level at Locus B, Site LA 86736 ................. .. 129Ground Stone by Material Type at Site LA 86736 ..................... 130Ubiquity of Selected Taxa from Site LA 86736 ....................... 135Faunal Species Represented at Site LA 86736 ........................ 138Faunal Remains from Site LA 86736 ................................ 139Historic and Prehistoric Artifacts Collected at Site LA 86737 ........... 163Ceramic Type by Level at Site LA 86737 ............................ 163Ceramic Types by Level at Locus A, Site LA 86737 ................... 174Ceramic Types by Level at Locus B, Site LA 86737.... ................ 174

HSR 9946C, pg. xiii

laST oF TA~LFS (CONT.)

Table 39.Table 40.Table 41.Table 42.Table 43.Table 44.Table 45.Table 46.Table 47.Table 48.Table 49.

Lithic Debitage by Cortex Placement at Site LA 86737 ........... . .... 175Lithic Material by Cortex at Locus A, Site LA 86737 ................... 176Lithic Material by Cortex at Locus B, Site LA 86737 ................... 176Lit/tic Material by Size at Site LA 86737 ............................. 181Lithic Materials by Level at Site LA 86737 ........................... 182Materials by Level at Locus A, Site LA 86737 ........................ 182Lithic Material by Level at Locus B, Site LA 86737 .................... 183Ground Stone by Material Type at Site LA 86737 .................. . .. 186Faunal Species Represented at Site LA 86737 ........................ 190Faunal Remains from Site LA 86737 ................................ 191Artifacts by Type at Site LA 86737 ................................. 192

HSR 9946C, pg. xiv

INTRODUCTION

.i i |

From May 15 to July 19, 2000,archaeologists with Human SystemsResearch, Inc. (HSR), conducted data-recovery program of fourarchaeological sites located on the U.S.Highway 54 right-of-way betweenTularosa and Carrizozo, Otero County,New Mexico (Figures 1 and 2). The data-recovery program was implemented tomitigate the adverse effects of highwayconstruction. Data-recovery efforts werelimited to the existing highway right-of-way.

The purpose of the data-recoveryprogram was to mitigate the potentialadverse effects of the proposed highwayconstruction at these sites. Thedata-recovery effort was limited tosample surface collections in the highwayright-of-way, systematic augering of thatright-of-way to locate any subsurfacefeatures, and excavation of units withinareas of artifact concentrations or whereaugering produced evidence of sub-surface cultural materials. These methodswere supplemented with the use ofmechanical equipment on two of the sites.Data derived from archival sources andoral-history interviews supplement therecovery of historic artifacts.

The four archaeological sites areLA 86735, LA 86736, LA 86737, situatedon New Mexico State Highway andTransportation Department land acquiredfrom private sources, and LA 120,979,situated on State Trust land. Site LA 86735is the remains of the Temporal Station, arailroad siding on the El Paso andNortheastern Railroad. The proposed

highway construction will not impact thestructural remnant or observable artifactconcentrations located outside thehighway right-of-way and these featureswere not included in the data-recoveryeffort. Two excavation units wereinadvertently placed within and adjacentto the foundation. Data recovered fromthose units is included in the artifactcatalog and analysis. Site LA 86736 is anextensive scatter of prehistoric artifacts.Several small artifact concentrations werepresent in the area between the highwayand the fiber optics line. Site LA 86737consists of an extensive scatter ofprehistoric artifacts and a historic housefoundation with associated artifacts.Prehistoric artifacts were scattered withinthe project area and a concentration ofhistoric artifacts extended from thehistoric structure into the highwayright-of-way. Site LA 120,979 consists oftwo small cinder pries with associatedhistoric artifacts located between thehighway and the right-of-way fence.

This data-recovery report describesthe data-recovery efforts at the fourarchaeological sites and providesdocumentation of the results of that work.Research themes addressed throughlaboratory analysis, archival research,and oral-history interviews includechronology, site function, and inter-regional trade. Sufficient data has beenrecovered to address the identifiedresearch themes. The research potential ofthose portions of all four sites locatedwithin the highway right-of-way isconsidered to have been exhaustedthrough documentation.

HSR 9946C, pg. 1

Data-Recove on Four Sites alon US H .54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

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Figure 1. General location of the project area.

HSR 9946C, pg. 2

HSR 9946C, pg. 3

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION

The New Mexico State Highway andTransportation Department acquired theright-of-way from private sources, withextensions into the Southern PacificRailroad right-of-way and private land.They propose to reconstruct a portion ofU.S. Highway 54 between Tularosa andCarrizozo, in Otero County, New Mexico.Reconstruction includes resurfacing,restoration, and rehabilitation, and mayinclude extensive earthwork. Highway 54will not be widened in the process, andreconstruction will be limited to thecurrent roadbed and its existing slopeplus 3 m.

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Karl W. Laumbach sei’ved as theprincipal investigator, Helenl Shields wasthe project director, and Robert L. Millerwas crew chieL Heather Blanton, ReneeEricson, Delton Estes, Dean Hood, andSue Ruth served as crew and labmembers. Sara Eidenbachi served asdraftsperson, and Gaff Wimberly editedand formatted the report.

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The project area is located north ofTularosa, in Otero County, New Mexico,beginning 12 km (7.5 mi) north of theTularosa overpass at Temporal andending immediately south of the ThreeRivers Trading Post at Site LA 86737. Thesites are situated on an alluvial plain ofthe Tularosa Basin, approximately 4 km(2_5 mi) west of the foothills of theSacramento Mountains. The averageelevation at the sites is 1,372 m (4,500 ft).

The climate in the area is arid tosemiarid. Winters are clement, whilesummer days are hot with cool nights.The average annual temperature is 16degrees C (61 degrees tO, with extremes of-32 degrees C (-25 degrees F) in the winterand 44 degrees C (112 degrees F) in thesummer. Winds blow predominantlyfrom the west-southwest and arestrongest in March and April. Annualprecipitation ranges from 20 to 22 cm (8 to9 in.), and falls primarily from Julythrough September (Neher and Bailey1976).

There is no perennial drainage in theimmediate vicinity of the sites. ThreeRivers, Boone Draw, and Temporal Creekare the nearest named drainages. TheTularosa Basin drains internally and,during heavy rains, runoff may bedeposited in shallow depressions, playas,or constructed earthen tanks. All of thesites are subject to alluvial sheet wash andlocalized ponding.

The types of vegetation observed inthe project area include an overstory ofmesquite (Prosopis juliflora), four-wingsaltbush (Atriplex canescens), andcreosotebush (Larrea tridentata), with anunderstory of various desert grasses,low-growing forbs, and cacti. Yucca, cacti,mesquite, creosotebush, and saltbush aresome of the plants that may haveprovided food, construction, andmedicinal resources in the past. There areseveral disturbed areas within thehighway right-of-way that would supportplants, such as silverleaf nightshade( Solanum elaeagnifoIium) and tumbleweed(SaIola kali), that invade and prosper indisturbed areas.

HSR 9946C, pg. 4

Introduction

The soils in the project area are deepalluvial silts classed as AlamogordoGypsum land complex and Prelo-Tome-Largo complex (Derr 1981:11, 40, 104-105).The surface layer is a light- to reddish-brown, very fine, sandy or silty loamabout 17.8 cm (7 in.) thick over a sub-stratum of pinkish-white to reddish-brown silty or sandy loam with somegypsum content. Below that is a very lightbrown to reddish sandy clay loam with agypsum content decreasing with depth.

An in-depth discussion of the soilstratigraphy at the two prehistoric sites(LA 86736 and LA 86737) is provided Appendix B. The depth of the excavationunits and trenches at these sites allowed amore detailed description of the soilstratigraphy at various locations through-out the sites.

CULTURAL HISTORY

The cultural history for the projectarea is varied, spanning more than 10,000years. A summary of the cultural historyof the Tularosa Basin is presented inAppendix A.

DATA-RECOVERY ACTIVITIES

At the request of New Mexico StateHighway and TransportationDepartment, HSR visited the affected sitesand evaluated the potential for culturalmaterials within the right-of-way prior topreparation of the Data-Recovery Plan(Laumbach 2000). The original sitedescriptions, HSR’s evaluation of theirimportance, and the research potential formaterials recovered from the affectedright-of-way are presented with each sitediscussion. General field methodology as

approved in the data-recovery plan isdescribed below.

General Field Methods

Areas within each of the four siteslocated in the highway right-of-way wereexcavated using the following data-recovery procedures.

The right-of-way contained withineach site was surface mapped using a gridsystem with a datum placed at 500mNorth/1000m East. The datum andbaseline were placed along the easternhighway right-of-way. Excavation grids,diagnostic surface artifacts, features, andrelevant contour points within the gridsystem were mapped in the field using atransit. Excavation units were establishedwithin the grid system relative to theirsouthwest corner, whereas trenches andscraped areas were established relative totheir northeast corner. In addition to a siteplan map, the transit data was developedon TerraModel mapping software and theresulting maps entered into an ArcViewGeographic Information System.

Prior to excavation, an intensive,controlled, sample surface collection wasconducted to recover any temporally orfunctionally diagnostic artifacts that mayhave become exposed on the two historicsites, LA 86735 and LA 120,979. Allsurface artifacts found on the twoprehistoric sites, LA 86736 and LA 86737,were collected.

To identify potential subsurfaceremains, the right-of-way wassystematically augured on both historicsites (LA 86735 and LA 120,979), andmechanically excavated trenches and

HSR 9946C, pg. 5

Data-Recovery on Four Sites a_lon~ US Hw~. 54 between Tularosa and C .ar~izozo, NM

surface scrapes were systematicallyplaced at the two prehistoric sites (LA86736 and LA 86737). A trainedequipment operator used mechanicalequipment to conduct the excavation oftrenches and surface scrapes. An HSRarchaeologist monitored all mechanicalexcavation.

Placement and depths of thetrenches and surface scrapes wasdetermined by different factors, including1) the presence of artifacts located on themodern ground surface; 2) areas wherefeatures were identified on the surface orthrough excavation units; and 3) thepresence of a possible culturally modifiedlandform (mounded areas or clearings).

Depths of the trenches and surfacescrapes varied throughout the sitesaccording to three factors: 1) softcomposition; 2) presence of subsurfacecultural material; and 3) their location onmounded or dunal areas that containedpotentially deeper cultural deposits thanin other more level areas.

Placement and depth of excavationunits was determined by the same threefactors used in the placement and depthof trenches and surface scrapes.

The basic excavation unit was a1-by-l-m square. These units were used tosample artifact concentrations and toexcavate features identified on or belowthe surface in a highly controlled manner.The surface of each excavation unit wasphotographed and all observed artifactswere recorded and collected. A completelist of collected artifacts is on file at HSRin Tularosa.

The depth of each level in theexcavation unit varied according to thesame factors mentioned above. Someunits were dug at 10-cm increments andothers at 20~cm increments. All fill fromwithin the units was screened through a1/8-in. mesh screen.

All of the cultural materialsrecovered were placed in field envelopesor bags and marked with the appropriateinformation, including site number, HSRproject number, grid location number,excavation unit number, level informa-tion, and a brief description of thecontents.

Although finding buried humanremains during this project was notanticipated, human remains were foundat Site LA 86736. Following the discovery,the appropriate procedures werefollowed as outlined in State of NewMexico Burial Permit ABE-335.

Records of the data-recoveryexcavations include level records andmaps, site and locus maps, diagrams offeatures, stratigraphic profiles of trenchesand excavation units, and photographswith accompanying photographic logs.

General Analytic Procedures

A computerized artifact catalog wascreated prior to analysis. Artifactproveniences, typologies, descriptions,and functional categories were entered tocreate an analytic data base. Artifactswere washed, sorted by material andartifact type, cataloged, and stored inlabeled plastic bags as per Museum ofNew Mexico Laboratory of Anthropology

HSR 9946C, pg. 6

Introduction ......

curation standards. All artifactual datawere tabulated using an Excel data baseprogram. These data were entered into anArcView Geographic Information Systemto facilitate distributional analyses ofartifact types and functional categoriesagainst the background of the transit-generated site maps.

Samples or artifacts requiringspecialized analyses were immediatelycataloged and sent to appropriateconsultants. Dr. Richard Holloway,Quaternary Services, analyzedmacrobotanical remains. Radiocarbonspecimens were sent to Beta Analytic,Inc.. David I-Till at the University of Texas,Austin, performed petrographic analysisof selected ceramics. Brian Knight,graduate student at New Mexico StateUniversity examined the faunal remains.Dr. Harry Shafer, Texas A&M University,supervised the neutron activationanalysis of selected sherds of MimbresBlack-on-white. Dr. Wenda Trevathan,New Mexico State University, analyzedthe human remains from LA 86736.

HSR 9946C, pg. 7

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THE HISTORIC SITES: LA 86735 AND LA 120,979

Two historic sites, LA 86735 and LA120,979, were excavated (Figure 3). Thesetwo sites are very different in character.Site LA 86735 was the Temporal SectionStation and the varied artifact assemblagereflects both railroad work activities and along-term domestic occupation by bothfamilies and railroad workers. In contrast,Site LA 120,979, the Clinker Site, wasinterpreted on survey as representing aseries of short-term activities related tothe adjacent railroad and highway.

Historic components are also presenton Sites LA 86736 and LA 86737, althoughhistoric materials within the right-of-wayon these sites were minimal. The historicmaterials at LA 86736 were incidental andreflect highway activity. Although ahomestead foundation is located outsideof the right-of-way at LA 86737, thematerials recovered from within theright-of-way were limited in number andclearly out of context due to previousdisturbance from construction activities inthe highway right-of-way.

This section of the report providesgeneral laboratory methods for analysisof collected artifacts from the two historicsites, LA 86735 and LA 120,979. Alsoincluded is a discussion of the physicalsetting, specific field methods, detaileddescription of features and excavationunits, and the quantities and types ofitems recovered from the sites.

HISTORIC ARTIFACT ANALYSIS

The analysis of historic artifacts is anintegral part of behavioral reconstructionof site activities and interactions. Artifact

analysis provides information on thetypes, quality, and amounts of goodsavailable to a site’s occupants. Thecondition of artifacts reflects theenvironmental conditions before and/orduring deposition. Diagnostic artifactmanufacturer’s marks, sizes, styles, andtypes provide exact dates and date rangeswhich, in turn, provide temporal infor-mation or corroborate information onexisting site chronology. Particular typesof artifacts (such as toys or indulgenttoiletries) indicate the presence of specificgenders or age groups. The location ofartifacts in relation to one another, toarchitectural features, and to otherfeatures provides information about siteformation processes, dumping patterns,and general behavior. Historic artifactanalysis provides basic information abouta site’s occupants and the economic,social and political environment for thetime period. The artifact analysis andinterpretation of the data followed pro-cedures used in the study of the McSweenHouse in Lincoln (Kirkpatrick and Hart1989), the Rayado Ranch at PhilmontScout Ranch (Kirkpatrick and Hart 1993),and the Valmont Railroad Station (Shieldsand Kirkpatrick 2001) in New Mexico.

Analysis began with the descriptionof all artifacts by material size, and coloras appropriate for the artifact class. Forinstance, all whole bottles were measuredand their embossed labels noted.Cartridges were described by caliber andhead stamp. Ceramic analyses included adescriptive statement as to portion (rim,body, foot ring, etc.), decoration (presenceor absence), and probable function, ifdeterminable.

HSR 9946C, pg. 9

Data-Recover~, on Four Sites alon~ US Hw~. 54 between Tularosa and Camz ozo, NM

Historic Artifact Typologies

Historic artifacts were analyzed intwo phases, descriptive and analytical(Duran and McKeown 1980:1,027). Thedescriptive phase involves describing theartifacts using either technological/material criteria or functional criteria. Theanalysis of Temporal Station (SiteLA 86735), Homestead (a component Site LA 86737), and Clinker Site (LA120,979) focused first on technological/material criteria. Following the des-criptive phase, the analyses focused onthe function(s) of both the individualartifacts and artifact classes.

A typology based on material andtechnological criteria was used for thisanalysis. Initially, artifacts were sorted bymaterial type (e.g., ceramic, glass, metal,etc.) and technology (e.g., drawn vs.rolled metal, etc.). Diagnostic character-istics (e.g., color, size, design elements,etc.) were noted in the descriptions.Twenty-two basic material types wereidentified in the assemblage from LA86735, which included ceramic, glass,metal, leather, plastic, rubber, paper,wood, stone, shell, bone, botanicalremains, marble, earthenware, carbon,brick, cloth, lead, organic, porcelain,stoneware, lithic and multiple-class itemssuch as metal/paper. The bone materialtype denotes modified bone, such as bonehandles or buttons, as well as faunalremains. Multiple-class artifacts are thosemade from several material types, such asa pocket knife with a bone handle(bone/metal), a shoe made of leather andmetal (leather/metal), or a pencil made wood, metal, and graphite. Subsistenceremains, such as corn kernels and cut cowbone, are cataloged in botanical and

faunal categories. In contrast to LA 86735,only six basic materials were recoveredfrom LA 86736: metal glass, porcelain,wood, and lithic.

Functional categories were assignedin order to combine artifacts of differentmaterials into meaningful units. Forexample, the food category includescanning jars and tin cans. Plates,silverware, and lamps would be includedin a household category. A branding ironwould be in the ranching category, whileother metal items might be in the railroadcategory. Functional categories identifiedwere automotive, construction, electrical,food, household, liquor, medicine,ranching, transportation, railroad, toys,personal, clothing, hunting/defense, andrailroad. Many artifacts could not beassigned a specific function. Given thevery different nature of their use andoccupation, LA 86735 had a greatervariety of functional categoriesrepresented than did LA 120,979.

Other categories defined andmonitored during the analysis weregender, age, and ethnicity. Gender wasdetermined by those artifacts that weredistinctly male and female (e.g.,cosmetics, clothing etc.). Age wasgenerally determined by size (e.g., smallshoes) or toys. Ethnicity was found to bemuch more difficult to determine andrelied on less dependable artifactattributes such as foreign language labels.

The analytic phase of analysisinvolves the use of descriptive andfunctional data to address specificresearch questions. Topics for researchquestions usually include artifact use,acculturation, trade networks, lifeways,

HSR 9946C, pg. 10

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979

and comparison with historic descriptionsof the site (Kirkpatrick and Hart 1989:74).Once material, descriptive, and functionaldata were entered into the data base,tables and charts were generated to aidanalysis and discussion. In like manner,the distribution of materials andcategories of function, gender, and agewas plotted on the site maps usingArcView Geographic Information System,

Chronological problems, such astime lag and recycling, were considered.Errors resulting from time lag andrecycling are always considered a factorwhen attempting to assign specific datesor date ranges to artifacts and sites. Timelag involves the various delays betweenthe manufacture of an item and itsultimate deposition. Transportation,storage, sale, use, and discard are thecomponents of time lag, while reuse andrediscard are components of recycling.Considering that building materials, such

as nails, screws, tools, wood, etc., areprime candidates for recycling, suchrecycled, temporally diagnostic artifactscannot be relied upon to date theircurrent archaeological context.

Likewise, ceramics and glass tend tobe the types of artifacts used until theirdestruction. In cases where breakage isintermittent and preferably at aminimum, as with fine china passed fromgeneration to generation, ceramics fromthe early 1900s could still be in use today.If an item from a situation like this wereto be recovered from a modem trashdump, the dump may incorrectly beassumed to date to the earlier time period.Therefore, definitive temporal assignmentfor a site, grid unit, or level should not beattempted without an awareness of timelag and recycling, and without an artifactassemblage from multiple diagnosticartifact classes or the support ofchronometric dating.

HSR 9946C, pg. 11

Data-Recoverj¢ on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

SITE LA 86735

Site LA 86735, Temporal SectionStation, is located 9 mi (14.5 km) north Tularosa, New Mexico, east of U.S.Highway 54 and west of the Union PacificRailroad (Figure 3). Temporal Station, likemany other old stops along the currentSouthern Pacific Railroad, served as asection station for the El Paso andNortheastern Railroad. Section stationswere set-up by the railroad for thepurpose of track maintenance. Eachsection foreman and crew wereresponsible for approximately 10 miles oftrack in either direction. In addition,section stations provided water, fuel andsupport for railroad traffic as well ascreating a community center for travel,distribution of goods, and communicationfor the rural community of ranches andhomesteads that surrounded the stations.Nearby stations included Salinas, ThreeRivers, North, Oscuro, and Polly. Some ofthe stations, like Valmont located south ofAlamogordo, became the nucleus of smallcommunities that ultimately supportedstores and schools. Oscuro, located northof Temporal became a favored railheadfor herds of beef cattle. Others not onlyremained isolated from the larger world,they had limited contact with thesurrounding rural population. Based onarchitectural remains, artifacts recordedduring the survey, and oral recollections,Temporal Station seems to fit the lattermodel.

Originai Site Description

Site LA 86735 was described byCody Browning in Michalik (1998) follows:

This site consists of adismantled railroad siding, theTemporal Station. It is located on acreosote fiat adjacent to theexisting Southern Pacific tracks onthe east side of US 54. The site wasoriginally recorded in 1991 on asurvey for a buried fiber opticscable. The site measures approxi-mately 150 meters north-south by30 meters east-west (4,500 squaremeters) and is located on privateland and State Highway ROW. Thesite is situated between thepavement of US 54 and a dirtmaintenance road that parallels thetracks. The site has been impactedby the maintenance of both therailroad access road and US 54[Figure 4].

Artifacts number in the highhundreds and include glass,historic ceramics, metal andrailroad related items. The trash isscattered across the site but theheaviest concentration of materialis located along the west side ofthe station foundation. Themajority of the artifacts consist ofbottle glass including purple, aqua,brown, green, and clear glass. Theceramics include white glazedearthenware, transfer ware, andsome fragments of decoratedMexican pottery. The majority ofthe metal present is badlydecomposed and appears torepresent fragments of cans andrailroad spikes.

Very little exists on the site interms of structural remains. Only a

HSR 9946C, pg. 12


Figure 4. Right-of-way in front of Temporal Station,looking north. Vehide is on edge of slope, looking north.

Figure 5. Overview of Site LA 86735, looking east.Concrete foundation is on top of mound.

HSR 9946C, pg. 13

concrete foundation con-structed on a raised mound ofdirt [see Figure 5] remains fromthe old station building. Thefoundation is rectangular inshaped [sic] measuring 15meters north-south by 15meters east-west.

The site appears to be arailroad siding dating to theperiod of A.D. 1899 to 1930based on the artifacts presentand the construction date of therailroad. The site has thepotential to yield informationregarding the early history ofthe railroads in the TularosaBasin. The site is eligible to theNational Register of HistoricPlaces under Criterion d of 36CFR 60.4 Avoidance of the siteis recommended. Additionalrecording and excavation isrecommended in the areas ofpotential impact if the site willbe affected by the proposedhighway construction.(Michalik 1998)

HSR Pre-fieId Site Visit Notes onthe Right-of-way through Site LA 86735

The pre-field inspection of Site LA86735 conducted on January 13, 2000,revealed that the majority of theartifactual data would be from surfacecollections and formal excavations locatedbetween the current bar ditch and thearea located within the fiber opticsright-of-way. The fiber optics line haddisturbed a 10-m-wide path through thesite, churning the surface and subsurfaceto an unknown depth. A wide range of

historic artifacts occurred in that area, andat least one concentration existed. Thisarea is outside the highway right-of-wayboundary as it appears on the mapaccompanying the Laboratory ofAnthropology (LA) Site Record. It shouldbe noted that the Historic PreservationDivision determined Site LA 86735ineligible to the National Register ofHistoric Places on July 10, 1998, probablydue to effects resulting from theconstruction of the fiber-optics line.However, given the variety of relatedhistoric materials present both within andoutside the highway right-of-way, thedetermination of ineligibility should bereconsidered. Also, the computer database of the Archaeological RecordsManagement System (ARMS) lists the siteas "Tuscarora" Station rather thanTemporal Station.

Potential Archival Sources

The primary archival source wasconsidered to be the Edward O. WilliamsCollection at the DeGolyer ManuscriptsLibrary, Southern Methodist University,Dallas, Texas. Mr. Williams worked formany years on the E1 Paso andNortheastern, E1 Paso and Southwestern,and Southern Pacific routes. He hascontributed numerous articles to the NewMexico Railroader, especially about the E1Paso and Northeastern Railroad.

Additional archival data was soughtfrom the National Archives in the ICCRailroad Valuation Records files. Theserecords include engineering field notes,equipment and machinery schedules, andrailroad valuation maps. Of specialinterest are the detailed land maps thatshow the layout of the track and locations

HSR 9946C, pg. 14


of buildings and other structural features.Mr. Vernon Glover of Manassas, Virginia,was also contacted about information onthese railroads and Temporal. Mr. Glovermost recently published an article on thelocomotives of the E1 Paso andNortheastern Railroad (Glover 1999).

Historic Context: Temporal in HistoricalPerspective of Railroad History

In 1878, the first Santa Fe Railroadlocomotive entered New Mexico underthe charter of the New Mexico andSouthern Pacific Company, afterovercoming the physical barrier of RatonPass and a small railroad war with theDenver and Rio Grande Railroad (D&RG)for right-of-way through the pass. BySeptember 1879, the line was movingthrough the Raton tunnel on itssouthward destination to El Paso, Texas(Williams 1986:123). The Santa eventually linked New Mexico to thePacific and the Midwest, and was theonly rail system to completely traversethe state in both north-south andeast-west directions.

The second railroad to enter theterritory was the Southern Pacific, whichproceeded southeastward from SanFrancisco, California, through southernArizona to E1 Paso, Texas. In October1880, the Southern Pacific reachedLordsburg, New Mexico, and entered E1Paso by April 1891, a month before theSanta Fe did (May 1881).

Temporal Station was located on theE1 Paso and Northeastern Railway, whichbegan in 1888 as the Kansas City, E1 Paso,and Mexican Railway (KCEP&M).However, construction stopped after the

first 10 mi and did not resume untilCharles Eddy bought the KCEP&M in1896. Since coal was in high demand andthe cheapest coal was in White Oaks,New Mexico (150 mi north of El Paso), theline was built to supply that demand(Wilmer and Ackerly 1990:6). disagreement between the railway andthe citizens of White Oaks caused the lineto end at Capitan, New Mexico. By 1908,the E1 Paso and Northeastern Railwayhad become part of the SouthwesternRailroad Company’s eastern division,consisting of 405 mi of rail from E1 Paso,Texas, to Santa Rosa, New Mexico, andfrom Tucumcari to Dawson, New Mexico(Wilmer and Ackerly 1990:6).

Peak maifl-line mileage in NewMexico occurred around 1914 (3,124 mi).An extensive abandonment of unprofit-able lines began in 1925 and continuedthrough the Depression years (1930s),when Southern Pacific discontinuedservice on all connections between theformer E1 Paso and Southwestern routeand its existing main line throughDeming (Williams 1986:125). With thegrowth of the automobile, highways wereconstructed, making maintenance of thetrack accessible from larger centers. It wasno longer economical to keep a foremanand crew every few miles along the track.Temporal lost status as a maintenancepoint and was no longer needed.

Research Themes

Research themes addressed throughlaboratory analysis, archival research, andoral-history interviews are communitystructure, community composition, andcommunity lifeways.

HSR 9946C, pg. 15

Data-Recover~/on Four Sites alon[~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Communlty Structure

The community structure researchtheme is addressed using artifactual datarecovered from the eastern portion of thesite, oral-history interviews, and archivaldocuments. The types of artifactsrecovered often identify areas of specificactivity. China, toys, shoes, and bottleswere found during both the survey andprefield check at Temporal Station, indi-cating that the site included a familydwelling that is no longer evident. Theartifactual data recovered during excava-tions was compared with the materialculture recovered from other railroadcommunities of this time period. Theseinclude the Valmont Station (Kirkpatrick2001); the Malpais Section Station (Site 54880; Kirkpatrick et al. 1994); VictorioSection Station of the E1 Paso and South-western Railroad between E1 Paso, Texas,and Douglas, Arizona (Williamson 1998);and Escondido Station of the E1 Paso andNortheastern Railroad (Hart 1994).

Community Composition

Information on community compo-sition relied upon the development of acensus based on oral-history interviewsand archival documents. The UnitedStates Census records were consulted tolearn about the residents of Temporal andtheir occupations. The Otero CountyCourthouse records were also reviewed.These data are integrated with oral-history accounts from informants wholived and worked at Temporal.

Community Lffeways

Community Lifeway topics includesubsistence, economic status, and daily

life patterns. Subsistence studies utilizedartifacts such as tin cans, bottles and jars,faunal and floral remains, and other foodremains. Railroads frequently hadcommissaries from which workers couldorder supplies. Workers at MalpaisSection Station for the E1 Paso andSouthwestern Railroad (later SouthernPacific) often had supplies delivered fromE1 Paso (Kirkpatrick et al. 1994).Homogeneity of certain artifact types,such as specific-size food cans, mayindicate the use of the railroad com-missary as opposed to grocery stores,which probably had a greater selection ofcanned goods. Various types and relativequantities of bottles and jars that heldfoods and sauces provide data on thedaily diet. Similarly, beverage bottles pro-vide insight into the use of soft drinks,beer, wine, and hard liquor. Faunalremains reflect sources of protein frombeeL pork, chicken, turkey, and wild-game animals and birds. A comparativestudy of butchering techniques providesinsight into the purchase of meat from acommercial store versus home butcheringof range animals.

Inferences regarding the economicstatus of the Temporal occupants aremade from the different types of foodeaten. For example, an abundance ofcanning jar remains may indicate relianceon home canning of fruits and vegetables,as opposed to purchasing these foods atthe grocery stores in Alamogordo and/orE1 Paso. Inferences on economic statuscan also be made from the variety or lackthereof in the ceramic and glassassemblages. Certain patterns and typesof ceramics and glass are more costly thanothers. Artifacts commonly manufacturedin other areas both in and out of the

HSR 9946C, pg. 16

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Figure 6. Site map of Site LA 86735.


Three series of auger transectscomprising 22 auger holes were systemat-ically placed within the right-of-way. Allartifacts recovered from the auger tran-sect and excavation units were collected.

The right-of-way contained withinthe site was surface mapped using a gridsystem baseline of 500 North/1000 East(see Figure 6). Mapping activities werebased on a datum and a baseline placedalong the eastern highway right-of-way.Excavation grids, diagnostic surfaceartifacts, features, and relevant contourpoints in the grid system were mapped inthe field using a transit. Excavation unitswere established in the grid systemrelative to their southwest corner.

Excavation Units at Site LA 86735

Of the 15 excavation units located atSite LA 86735, most of those locatedwithin the highway right-of-waycontained primarily surficial artifacts. Agroup of excavation units located 40 ft tothe west of the foundation produced alarge number of artifacts below the

surface (to an average depth of 25 cm).The excavation units at the southern endof the site, south and west of the refusepit, yielded very few subsurface artifacts,with the exception of the units located inand around the refuse pit. Thus, sub-surface artifact density was higher withinthe immediate vicinity of the rectangularfoundation and the refuse pit, whereas amoderate amount of surficial artifactswere dispersed throughout the site.

Auger Transects at Site LA 86735

A series of auger transects wereplaced within high concentrations ofsurficial artifacts to the north, west, andsouth of the foundation located on theeast side of Site LA 86735. Auger holeswere spaced at I m intervals within eachtransect. The depth of the auger holesranged from 30 to 60 cm below thesurface (Table 1). Sterile soil was found 60 cm or above in all auger holes, with theexception of Auger Hole 515N/984E. Thisauger hole produced a high density ofcharcoal and artifacts, and was laterdesignated as Feature 1, the refuse pit.

Table 1. Auger Transects at Site LA 86735. ......Grid Location Depth ColZullerlts Grid Location De~h COE[E~ent$

Unit Number Unit Numberli

510N/984E 30 cm no artifacts/features found 540N/996E 60~ no artifacts/features found

511N/984E 30 an no artifacts/features found 544N/996E 60o11 no artifacts/features found

512N/984E 30cm_ no artifacts/features found 548N/996E 60 till slag at 10 can

513N/984E 30 c11-t no artifacts/features found 552N/996E 60 OB’L no artifacts/features found

514N/984E 30 cm no artifacts/features found 552N/985E 6OcIn rocks at 60 cm

515N/984E 30 an historic refuse pit identified 556N/985E 60 on light ash and glass at 50 cm

516N/984E 30om no artifacts/features found 556N/984E 60~ ash at6Ocm

517N/984E 30an no artifacts/features found 560N/985E 60o11 no artifacts/features found

518N/984E 30 on no features found 562N/985E 60 on glass, ash, wood at 40-50 cm

519N/984E 30 till no artifacts/features found 566N/985E 60011 no artifacts/features found

536N/996E 60 (::E~ no features found 562N/986E 60 (~,t chunk of lead at 20 cm

HSR 9946C, pg. 19

Data-Recover~ on Four Sites alon~.Us. H .w.’.~. 54 betw..een Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Features at Site LA 86735

Three features were documented atthe Temporal Station. Of these, onlyFeature I (a refuse pit) was located withinthe right-of-way and was totallyexcavated. The rectangular foundationand an associated circular foundationwere located outside the right-of-way, sono feature numbers were assigned. Thesefeatures were visually inspected andsurface mapped. However, prior todetermining its location outside of theright-of-way, two 1-m units in and nearthe rectangular foundation were partiallyexcavated.

below the surface. The feature was thenexcavated within Units 514N/983E,514N/984E, 515N/983E, and 515N/984E,and the top of the pit was defined at adepth of 54 cm below the surface. Thisfeature was excavated in 20 cm levels.

Excavation revealed the basic planand depth of the feature, which wasdefined by a circular area of dark ashysoil and a high density of charcoalchunks. The plan was a nonuniform,circular area measuring 91 cm north-south by 85 cm east-west. In profile, thefeature was 64 cm in depth with a fairlyuniform rounded shape.

Feature 1, Refuse Pit

Feature 1 (Figure 8) is a historicrefuse pit that was first identified byAuger Hole 515N/985E. The auger holeproduced charcoal and 21 pieces ofhistoric glass at a depth of 15 to 30 cm

The fill within the feature consistedof a loosely to moderately compacted,silty loam with an extremely high densityof charcoal chunks and a high density ofhistoric artifacts. This density of charcoalwas observed to a depth of 80 cm belowthe surface.

Figure 8. Feature I at Site LA 86735, looking west.

HSR 9946C, pg. 20

The Historic Site si,,LA 86735 and LA 120,979

Below the dense charcoal the fillwithin the feature consisted of a moderateto high density of charcoal mixed withsilty loam. Numerous artifacts weremixed throughout the feature. Althoughcharcoal was present within the feature,artifacts and some large cobbles foundwithin it were not thermally altered inany way, and no oxidation was observed.As a result, the feature was classified as arefuse pit and not a thermal feature.

Historic Foundation Feature

The foundation is located outside ofthe highway right-of-way. Two 1-m gridswere partially excavated, which tookplace before an accurate measurement ofthe right-of-way distance had beenestablished. This feature was visuallyinspected and surface mapped (see Figure7) and consists of an exposed concretefloor that measures 59 ft-5 in. north-southby 15 ft east-west (Figure 9). At the northand south ends of the floor are areas thatare part of the foundation, but are notcovered with concrete. These may havebeen porch areas that were originallycovered with wood. Excavation unitsplaced adjacent to the foundation withinthe possible porch area on the south siderevealed wooden beams 10 in. below theground surface and placed along the sideof the foundation. These beams may havebeen steps leading up to a porch or part ofa wooden foundation below the concretefoundation. Numerous artifacts weredispersed on the surface and subsurfacein association with the foundation.

Circular Foundation Feature

Also associated with the foundationis a circular foundation (Figure 10). This

foundation consists of a circular ring ofconcrete and may have been thecommunication building (Mary Nowell,personal communication 9/26/01). Thecommunication building had a telephonethat was used each day by the sectionforeman to call E1 Paso, Texas, to obtainthe train schedule or schedule changes.This feature was observed on the groundsurface 45 ft south and 9 ft east of thehistoric foundation, outside of thehighway right-of-way. No excavations orsurface collections were conducted withinor in the immediate vicinity of thisfoundation.

Archival Records

Archival records were researched atthe Alamogordo Public Library, theTularosa Historical Museum, and theInterstate Commerce Commission.Additional information was not found forSite LA 86735.

Railroads provided access to manyof the homestead lands during the 1880sand 1890s, and into the twentieth century.The Homestead Act of 1862 was initiatedto promote settlement of the frontier andin 1880, a Bureau of Immigration wasformed to further promote the flow ofimmigrant farmers to the west. A settlercould acquire up to 1,120 acres per family:160 acres by homestead residence; 160acres by preemptive claim; 160 acresof timber land; and 640 acres of landjudged to be desert (acquired withoutmeeting a residency requirement)(Williams 1986:126).

The Goforth family had a homesteadlocated west of Temporal (Mary Nowell,personal communication 9/26/01);

HSR 9946C, pg. 21

Data-Recove~ on Four Sites alonl~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

:!:i:¸ x i::i::::i+,

Figure 9. Historic concrete foundation, looking west.

Figure 10. Circular concrete foundation,, looking north.

HSR 9946C, pg. 22

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979....... II ]

however, a computer search of the Bureauof Land Management General LandOffice Records did not yield a personalland patent near the sites. One entry inthe records for February 8, 1902, is for theState of New Medico listed as patentee for49,847.44 acres of land, which includesSection 14, Township 13 South, Range 9East. This land was assigned forAutomation.

The DeGrolyer Library at SouthernMethodist University, Dallas, Texas, hasthe papers of Mr. E. O. Williams, whoworked for the El Paso and NorthwesternRailroad (later E1 Paso and Southwestern,and Southern Pacific Railway). Williamshas published a few anecdotes andhistorical observations about theserailroads in the New Mexico Railroader, thenewsletter of the Railroad Club of NewMexico, Inc. An archivist for theDeGroyler Library furnished severalhundred pages that had beenmicrofilmed. A copy of the microfilm wasreviewed, but it did not contain anyinformation on Temporal Station (SiteLA 86735).

Much information about TemporalStation was found in the Otero CountyPioneer Family Histories (Tularosa BasinHistorical Society 1985:543-553). Thehistory of Luther and Helen Watson byMary Virginia Nowell provided details ofdaily life at Temporal and documentsfamilies living there.

Mary Nowell, Luther Watson’sdaughter, provided his Time Book forMarch 1920. Luther Watson was sectionforeman at Temporal Station from1920-1924 (Tularosa Basin HistoricalSociety 1985:546-547). One of his duties

was to keep the Time Book for the E1 Pasoand Southwestern Railroad. A copy of theTime Book is provided in Appendix E.The book lists the workers names, thetype of work, and the paid hours of theforeman and laborers for the month ofMarch 1920. It also gives details on thetypes of labor required for the main-tenance of the tracks. This informationadds considerably to the artifactual datacollected during this project.

Oral Recollections

On December 15, 2000, Delton Esteswith HSR conducted an interview withMary Virginia Nowell. Following is theinformation collected from that interview:

Mary Virginia Watson Nowell, theadopted daughter of Luther and HelenJane Watson, came to live with Lutherand Helen in April 1920. Luther was thesection foreman of the railroad crew atTemporal, New Mexico. He had taken theposition in July or August 1920. Helenand Mary Watson had been living atDuran, New Mexico, to complete the timerequired to prove up on a homestead. InAugust 1921, they moved into the sectionforeman’s house at Temporal Station.They stayed there until August 1925,when they moved to a farm in Tularosa,New Mexico.

Mary described Temporal from herchildhood memories and from herknowledge of the history of the TemporalStation acquired after she left. She hasremained in nearby Tularosa until thepresent time.

She describes the station as being afive-room structure, with one of the

HSR 9946C, pg. 23


rooms serving as a commissary. The frontof the house faced the east and therailroad tracks were very near the frontyard. The kitchen was to the back of thestructure and there was a nice coveredporch. There was a corral and cow shed tothe southwest of the house, and a gardenarea was east of the corrals. The road rannorth-south and was to the west side ofthe siding housing area. North of theforeman’s house were two bunkhouses,one in front of the other and parallel tothe tracks. The bunkhouses were dividedinto apartments, which housed tencrewmen. Most of them were fromMexico, and some had wives andfamilies. One of the railroad workers,Fred King, came from Germany afterWorld War L His wife Louise anddaughter Selma lived with him in one ofthe bunkhouses. There was a workshopnorth of the bunkhouses near the tracks.

From photos and recollections, itwas determined that the main house hadwood siding and boasted a fenced yardwith grass, bordered with flowers. Apeach tree grew in the front yard.

Mary played with the children of thework crew and learned to speak Spanishfrom them before she moved in 1924.

Helen canned food from the garden,raised chickens and gathered eggs, had amilk cow for milk and butter, and cookedon a wood or coal-burning stove. Waterwas delivered to the siding in large tankrailroad cars that were parked on thesecond track siding east of the house. Atleast one outhouse was used by the mainhouse, which was located west of thestructure. There was probably at least onemore for the bunkhouses.

The work crew used handcars totravel to areas for work; they used thetrain for transportation and to go aftersupplies in Tularosa. Later, a Model TFord was purchased and was used tomake trips to town. There was no otherindustry at the station other than therailroad maintenance. Cattle were notloaded here, but railroad materials andsupplies were loaded and unloaded here.Personnel and occasional visitors traveledvia this siding, but it was not usedcommercially.

Mary reviewed the artifactsrecovered from the excavations and wasable to discuss some of them. Hercomments are included in the artifactdescriptions.

Historic Artifacts

This section presents the results ofthe analysis of historical artifactsrecovered during the excavationsconducted as part of the archaeologicalinvestigations at Site LA 86735.

A total of 1,697 artifacts-includingtoys, ceramic and metal fragments,bottles, shoes, cartridges, a pocket knife,and numerous other miscellaneoushistoric artifactswas recovered fromboth the surface collection and subsurfacewithin excavation units and the augertransect (Tables 2-6). The majority of theartifacts collected came from Feature 1, arefuse pit discovered by an augertransect, and the surface collection in thevicinity of the rectangular-shapedfoundation.

The variety of artifacts found atTemporal Station was a direct result of

HSR 9946(2, pg. 24


Table 2. Total Artifacts Collected at Site LA 86735.

Type Surface Excavation Total,|m,

Bone 0 45 45

Brick 0 1 1

Carbon 1 0 1

Cer~c 4 7 11

Charcoal 0 1 1

Cloth 0 1 1

Ear~enw~ 10 15 25

Glass 119 761 880

Lead 0 1 1

Leather 0 46 46

Lithic 1 0 1

Metal 20 343 363

Metal/Paper 0 1 1

Mineral 0 1 1

Organics 0 7 7

Plastic 0 1 1

Porcelain 6 52 58

Rubber 0 6 6

Shen 3 15 18

Stoneware 50 176 226

Wood 0 l 3 3

TOTAL 2O9 1,488 1,697

HSR 9946C, pg. 25

D~ on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Table 3. Whole Artifacts at Site LA 86735.

Type

BaRe~

Sl~ace Excavation

1

Total

1

Bead, wooden 1 1

Bottles 13 13

Bottle stopper, glass 1 1

Button, metal 1 1

Button, porcelain 1 1

Button, shell 1 8 9

Cartridge case 3 127 130

Chisel 1 1

Corn cob 1 1

Glove, leather work 1 1

Horseshoe 1 1

Insulator, glass 1 1

Insulator disk, ceramic 3 3

Knife, pocket 1 1

Marble, glass 1 1 2

Nail, metal 5 5

Nut, metal 1 1

Nut and bolt, metal 1 1

Rail fastener 2 2

Railroad marker 1 1

Railroad spike 1 5 6

Saucer, porcelain 1 1

Screw 1 1

Shoe leather 2 2

Staple, fence 2 2

Washer, metal

TOTAL

2

17714 191

HSR 9946C, pg. 26


Table 4. Glass Artifacts from Site LA 86735.

Type TotalH,.. ̄

Whole bottle 13

Bottle base 23

Bottle neck (some fragmented) 4O

Bottle stopper 2

Canning lids 2

Mirror 8

Lamp globe 6

Light bulb 4

Light bulb filament 1

Drinking glass 1

Jar mouth 4

Jar glass 2

Milk glass 2

Insulator 2

Marble 2

Assorted glass fragments 767

TOTAL 880i

Table 5. Cartridges from Site LA 86735.

T y.pe ,Total

.22 long Henry 47

.22 long Union 40

.22 short Henry 12

.22 short Union 15

30-30 Union Centerfire 3

.32 Colt Auto Centerfire 1

.32 Union Centerfire 2

.32 Winchester Centerfire 2

.38 Union Centerfire 1

.45 Colt Winchester Centerfire 1

12-gauge Shotgun, Winchester Rival 2

12-gauge Shotgun, Peters 2

.410 Shotgun 2

TOTAL 130

Table 6. Artifact Frequency by Material Type.

Type Number Percent

Glass 880 51.89

Ceramic/Miscellaneous 11 65

Stoneware 226 13.33

Porcelain 58 3.42

Metal-Metal and Paper 363 21.34

Leather 46 2.71

Bone 45 2.65

F_,~r th~ware 25 1.47

Shell 18 1.06

Miscellaneous* 25 1.48

TOTAL 1,697 100

* wood 3, rubber 6, plastic 1, organic 7, mineral 1, lithic 1, lead chunk 1,brick 1, carbon rod 1, doth 1, charcoal 1, metal/paper 1.

HSR 9946C, pg. 27

Data-Recover~/on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

the railroad. Not only did theconstruction of the railroad in 1898 givebirth and growth to communities likeTemporal and Aiamogordo, it alsoprovided a means of receiving goods andmaterials. Fruits and vegetables could beshipped from California through Arizonaand New Mexico to points beyond.Seafood became available to those whocould afford it. Household and workitems could also be ordered from mail-order catalogs, with advertised freedelivery to rural areas. Sears, Roebuckand Co. and Montgomery Ward offered awide variety of merchandise. Trains alsoallowed travel to larger communities, likeE1 Paso, to purchase needed supplies.

Artifact Types

The total of 1,697 cultural artifactscollected during the project includefragments of glass, metal, ceramics,leather, bone and shell. Some historicsites, like Temporal Station, which aredated in the historical record, are ofrelatively short duration; thus, thechronological information does not needto come from the artifacts. However,dates obtained from the artifacts collecteddo reflect the period of occupation. Thefollowing is a brief summary of the

classes and types of artifacts recoveredfrom Site LA 86735.

The artifacts were sorted by materialtype as part of the initial analysis. Theseare presented in Table 6.

which to analyze site use, activity areas,and economic status of its occupants.

Silica is the major component inglass. In its pure state, it can be meltedand formed into glass (Jones and Sullivan1985:10). The required high temperatureto create glass from pure silica prohibitedcommercial use. Alkali was added to thesilica to serve as a flux so that the meltingtemperature could be lower. When purerraw materials came into use to create aconsistently higher quality of glass, it wasdiscovered that a non-alkaline additivewas needed to act as a stabilizer. Withoutthe stabilizer, glass suffered fromcrizzling, which is a condition found onsome early and late eighteenth-centurytumbler and stemware (Jones andSullivan 1985:10)

The fluxes and stabilizers mixedwith silica, in various combinations, havebeen used to define the main differenttypes of silicate glasses. Soda-lime glass,potash-lime glass, potash-lead glass, andlime glass are the types that remained inproduction into the twentieth century.With the continuing development of othertypes of glasses, large amounts ofinexpensive glass and jars were made inthe mid 1840s, but not commonly broughtinto New Mexico until the first railroadswere constructed in the state (Kovacik2000:106). Several references were used todetermine the types of glass andmanufacturers (Fike 1987; Jones andSullivan 1985; Zumwalt 1980).

Glass

The glass artifacts, combined withceramics, constitute the largest number ofitems; providing a large database with

Household glass includes a widerange of shapes and uses. Among theglass items are bottles (usually containersfor foodstuffs), dishes, and mirror/window/kerosene lamp glass (Figure 11).

HSR 9946C, pg. 28


¯S¯ $

Feature 1

e

m

0

!:i:iiii~

N

U).X

i-

Pi

n,

Figure 11. Distribution ofglass artifacts at Site LA 86735.

Glass sherds were described by colorand bottle or jar part where possible.There was a total of 13 whole unbrokenbottles recovered from the refuse pit. Inaddition, there were fragments that couldbe reassembled to make 12 complete oralmost complete bottles. The types ofbottles include medical prescription andover-the-counter drugs, extract, beverage,food, cleaning fluid/bleach, spices andsauces (Figure 12). Other glass artifacts

include fragments of canning jars andmilk glass lid liners, milk glass cold creamglass, dishes, mirror, window, coal-offlamp globe, light bulbs, two glassstoppers, and two glass marbles.

In

f~

.i2;06

O

e:@ °

Featu~l

o¯ ¯

!ii.i~iii

N

2

Figure 12. Distribution ofglass bottles at Site LA 86735.

Bottles

Seventeen of the 25 complete ornearly complete bottles had temporal andfunctional diagnostic attributes thatpermitted a date range for manufacture of1858 to 1958 (see the following list).

HSR 9946C, pg. 29


Fifteen of these bottles appear in Figures13-17. One half of the bottles fall withinthe 1900-1930 range, which corroboratesthe historical record and oral recollectionsfor the occupation dates of Temporal. Theprimary function of the bottles were ascontainers for medicines, food, andbeverages.

Cat_ No. 138: Glass bottle base fragment;light blue; "W F & S MIL" mark on base;estimated 3 in. diameter; William Franzen& Son, Milwaukee, Wis., 1900-1929(Toulouse 1972:537).

Cat. No. 139: Glass bottle base fragment;clear; "I" within diamond mark; IllinoisGlass Co, 1916-1929 (Rosenberg andKvieotok 1982:29).

Cat- No. 186: Glass bottle fragments; clearwith patination; Illinois Glass Co. markon base; medicine bottle with sidemeasures in cubic centimeters (cc) andfluid ounces; 6 in. x 2 in. x 11/4 in.; widemouth external thread neck finish; hub orGolden Gate oval base profile; plainsides/panels; tapered ribbed neck;measures on edge panels (Fike 1987:14-15,112); circa 1900-1916 (Toulouse 1972:264).

Cat. No. 187 (Figure 16): Glass bottle;aqua with patination; "Charles H.Fletcher’s" Castoria; 53/8 in. x 17/8 in. x15/16 in.; double ring neck finish;excelsior, Windsor oval or roundcornered Blake base profile; indentedpanels; vertical embossing on both sides,some script; 1890s (Fike 1987:162).

Cat. No. 192 (Figure 17): Glass bottle;aqua with patination; "Success to Curtis& Perkins Proprietors" Mrs. Winslow’sSoothing Syrup; Anglo-American Drug

Co.; 5 in. x 13/16 in. diameter; globularflare neck finish; round base profile; plainsides, vertical embossing; circa 1858 (Fike1987:231).

Cat. No. 299 (Figures 13 and 15): GlassFlorida water bottle; aqua withpatination; with Spanish label "Agua deFlorida/Murray Y Lanman/ Droguistas/New York;" 7 in. x 11/2 in. diameter (Notesize variation); ring or oil neck finish;round base profile; plain sides/panels;vertical embossing; New York; 1836-1901(Fike 1987:244).

, ...,

¯ . ,.’,..

¯/"~ .ii~

~;~i!i

Figure 13. Rendering of glass Florida water bottle,Cat. No. 299. Note Spanish label (75% reduction).

HSR 9946C, pg. 30


Cat.. No. 343 (Figure 16): Glass bottle,clear with patination; "C" on base; 4y 2 in.x 2 in. x 11/4 in.; prescription neck finish;Blake (variant 1) base profile; possiblemanufacture Cunninghams & Co., Pitts-burgh; circa 1879-1909 (Toulouse 1972:99).

Cat. No. 346/388 (Figure 15): Glass bottle;light green; "Dr. J. H. McLean’sStrengthening Cordial and Blood Purifier,3114 Franklin Av., St Louis, Mo," Adv.1865 GG. 1929-1930; 8 in. x 3 in.; doublering neck finish; slender handy baseprofile; plain sides/panel; horizontalembossing; circa 1948 (Fike 1987:204). 1865 advertisement states that it is a"product to tone and strengthen thesystem" (Fike 1987:204).

Cat. No. 349: Glass bottle base fragment;clear; Blake (variant 1) base profile; 11/2in. diameter; Illinois Glass Co., 1916-1929(Rosenberg and Kvieotok 1982:29).

Cat. No. 374 (Figure 17): Glass bottle,whole; clear; "9-09’ on base (probably1909 manufacture); ring or oil neck finish;round base profile (Fike 1987:8-10).

Cat. No. 375 (Figure 15): Glass bottle,whole; clear; no date and no mark;medicine prescription bottle withmeasures in cc and fluid ounces; 53/8 in. x17/8 in. x 11/4 in.; tapered ribbed neck;stove pipe neck finish; hub or GoldenGate oval base profile; plain sides/panels;measures on edge panels [Fike 1987:112).

Cat. No. 376 (Figures 14 and 17): Glassbottle, whole; clear; A. S. Hind’s PortlandMe" embossed on front panel withsymbol; 53/8 in. x 23/8 in. x 13/8 in;prescription neck finish; excelsior baseprofile; indented panel on front; taperedneck; 1875-1907 (Fike 1987:92).

Cat. No. 370 (Figure 16): Glass bottle,whole; clear; "Hamlin’s Wizard OiLChicago, Ill., U.S.A.," Early Variant; 61/2in. x 25/8 in. x 11/8 in.; double ring neckfinish; Blake (variant 1) base profile; indented panels; vertical embossing frontand sides; copyright 1902 (Fike 1987:193).

Cat. No. 371 (Figure 15): Glass bottle,clear; round with round top; embossedwith "Welch’s Junior;" 2 in. x 5 in.

Cat. No. 372 (Figure 17): Glass bottle,whole; light purple; Gebhardt ChiliPowder; 31/2 in. x 11/8 in. x 11/8 in.; widemouth external thread neck finish; Blake(variant 1) base profile; 4 indented panels;vertical embossing both sides; circa1894-present (Zumwalt 1980:164), before1914 (Jones and Sullivan 1985:13).

Figure 14. Rende~_ng of A.S. Hind’s prescriptionbottle, Cat. No. 376 (70% reduction).

HSR 9946C, pg. 31

Data-Recoverer on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM ........

Cat. No. 377 (Figure 17): Glass bottle withpartial broken neck; clear; Illinois GlassCo. mark; 1916-1929 (Rosenberg andKvieotok 1982:29). Medicine prescriptionwith measures in cc and fluid ounces;65/16 in. x 23/8 in. x 11/2 in.; taperedribbed neck; stove pipe neck finish; hubor Golden Gate oval base profile; plainsides/panels; measures on edge panels(Fike 1987:14-15, 112).

base profile; 4 indented panels (Fike1987:9-11).

Cat. No. 380: Glass bottle, two parts; clear;diamond C-98 mark, "Ballard Snow/Liniment Co/St. Louis, Mo’; 41/4 in. x111/16 in. x 11/8 in.; fiat or patent neckfinish; Blake (variant 1) base profile; indented panel; vertical embossing; 1889(Fike 1987:133).

Cat. No. 378 (Figure 16): Glass bottle,whole; clear; no date and no mark;medicine prescription with measures in ccand fluid ounces; 6 in. x 2 in. x 11/4 in.;tapered ribbed neck; stove pipe neckfinish; hub or Golden Gate oval baseprofile; plain sides/panels; measures onedge panels (Fike 1987:14-15, 112).

Cat. No. 379 (Figure 16): Glass bottle,whole; clear; no marks or date; medicine;53/8 in. x lS/16 in. x 7/8 in.; fiat or patentneck finish with spool; Blake (variant 1)

Cat. No. 393/395 (Figure 16): Glass bottle,small; prescription or extract type; clear;no marks; ball neck finish; indented panel41/5 in. x 11/5 (Fike 1987:16). Extracts suchas vanilla, along with elixirs, liniments,nervines, pectorals, remedies and syrups,were medicinal. Syrups were oftenbottled in containers with indented panelball or spool necks, and kickup base.These features were functional, since theycould conceal small amounts of sedimentand also reduce volume, saving thecompany money (Fike 1987:16).

Figure 15. Historic glass bottles from Site LA 86735: (l-r) Cat. Nos. 375, 371, 346/388, and 299.

HSR 9946C, pg. 32


Figure 16. Historic glass bottles from Site LA 86735: (l-r) Cat. Nos. 379, 370, 378, 187, 343, and 393/395.

Figure 17. Historic glass bottles from Site LA 86735: (l-r) Cat. Nos. 192, 374, 377, 376, and 372.

HSR 9946(2, pg. 33


Glass Fragments

Not all glass fragments found havediagnostic information other than thatgiven in the general catalogue. Those onwhich research information could befound are submitted in the followingnotes and listed by catalogue number.Again, manufacture dates range withinthe historically documented dates of1989-1930s, with at least 45 glassfragments dating to pre-1920. Beer, wine,machine oil canning, and ointment aresome of the identifiable uses for thesefragments. One glass item is a cake platebase (Cat. No. 514; Figure 18) similar one listed in the 1897 Sears, RoebuckCatalogue (Israel 1993:686).

Cat. No. 1: Brown beer bottle neck; crownneck finish (Fike 1987:8; Jones andSullivan 1985:79).

Cat. No. 6: Clear/exposure frosted glassbottle neck; large 13/8 in. diameter; widemouth patent/extract (Wilson 1981:111).

Cat. No. 12: Aqua corner square glassbottle base; Blake (variant 1) base profile;"..ne Oil Co" on the indented side panel;most probably Machine Oil Co. (Fike1987:10).

Cat. No. 15: Milk glass canning lid liner,reads "...for Ma ....... Gen ..... ,"most likely"Genuine .... for Mason," developed priorto 1869 (Jones and Sullivan 1985:160).

Cat. No. 17: Milk glass fragment; portionof circular base reads "Imperial" aroundedge, and "Mark" surrounded by raisedoval in base center. Most likely ointmentjar. No information or date found.

Cat. No. 21: Brown beer bottle neck;crown neck finish (Fike 1987:8).

Cat. No. 31: Purple bottle neck fragment;wine or brandy neck finish; predates1920s (Jones and Sullivan 1985:13; Wilson1981:111).

Cat. No. 37: Two purple bottle side panelfragments; read "...DER" and "DT EA"and "Gebhardt Eagle/Chili Powder;"indented panels; vertical embossing; circa1894-present (Zumwalt 1980:164); before1914 (Jones and Sullivan 1985:13).

Figure 18. Glass cake plate base(Cat. No. 514) found at Site LA 86735.

Cat. No. 41: Aqua bottle base; reads "A. B.CO./A18" horizontally across base.American Bottle Co., 1905-1916 (Toulouse1972:37).

HSR 9946C, pg. 34

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979m i H.|ll

Cat. No. 47: Aqua bottle base fragment;letters A and B (diphthong) combined form mark. Adolphus Bush GlassManufacturing Co., Bellevi!le, Ill.,1886-1907; St_ Louis, MO, 1904-1928(Toulouse 1972:26).

Cat. No. 51: Purple glass fragment;vertical panel reads ".HILI POW...’; ChiliPowder bottle; pre-1920 (Jones andSullivan 1985:13; Walski 1989; Zumwalt1980:164), before 1914 (Jones and Sullivan1985:13).

Ayres 1989; Zumwalt 1980:164); before1914 (Jones and Sullivan 1985:13).

Cat. Nos. 77, 91, 95, 99, 104, 112, 116, 121,123, 125, 140, 141, 151, 157, 158, 159, and169: Purple glass fragments; no dates ormarks; pre-1920 (Jones and Sullivan1985:13).

Cat. No. 138: Clear glass bottle basefragment; "W. F. & S/12/Mil;" WilliamFranzer & Son, Milwaukee, Wis., 1900-1929 (Toulouse 1972:536).

Cat. No. 53: Clear glass bottle neck, lipsimilar to oil bottles (Rosenberg andKvietok 1982:23).

Cat_ No. 139: Clear glass bottle fragment;"I" in a diamond; Illinois Glass Co., AltonIll., 1919-1929 (Toulouse 1972:264).

Cat_ No. 54: Purple glass base fragments;reads "purity," pre-1920 (jones andSullivan 1985:13).

Cat. No. 64: Purple glass bottle neckfragment; wine or brandy neck finish;pre-1920 (Jones and Sullivan 1985:13).

Cat. No. 71: Purple glass bottle basefragment; "F" mark on base; unable toidentify manufacture; pre-1920 (Jones andSullivan 1985:13).

Cat. No. 73: Aqua glass base and panelfragment, reads "...N’s ......... D OIL."Same as Hamlin’s Wizard Oil bottle(similar to Cat. No. 370); 61/2 in. x 25/8 in.x 11/8 in.; double ring neck finish; Blake(variant 1) base profile; 4 indented panels;vertical front/sides embossing; copyright1902 (Fike 1987:193).

Cat_ No. 215: Clear glass fragment; reads"NYAL QUA..." (Nyal Quality) "Externaluse only, lotion for destroying parasiteswhich infest the hair;" Nyal Co. Distrib-utors, Detroit, Mich., 1906 (Fike: 161).

Cat. No. 311: Aqua glass base fragment;marked with diamond and numbers"744" inside; Diamond Glass Co., after1.924 (Toulouse 1972:550).

Cat. No. 354: Clear bottle base fragment;"F" mark on base; Fairmont Bottle andGlass Co. ,1930-1945 (Toulouse 1972:201).

Cat. No. 514 (see Figure 18). Clear glasscake plate (salver) base fragment, 4.4 in.diameter x 6 in. tall; stem has cutdecoration.

Ceramics

Cat. No. 101: Purple glass fragment; sidepanel "...GLE" (same as bottle Cat. No.372); 1894-present (Hull-Walski and

The majority of ceramics made in theUnited States up to the nineteenth centurywere limited to coarse earthenwares and

HSR 9946C, pg. 35

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 be~een Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

stonewares, and the finer wares camefrom England. When the British ceramicsbegan to be characterized as coarse andheavy in the mid-1850s, the Americanpotteries experienced a growth into thewhite ware field. Although type namesare often used interchangeably, thefollowing outline adapted from A Guide toHistoric Artifacts (Rosenberg and Kvietok1981:53-55) gives a brief description ofpottery types. The following descriptionswere used to name and identify theceramics recovered at Temporal Station.

Coarse Earthenwares are ceramicsfired at a low temperature and are veryporous. They are opaque and, whenbroken, have a granular earthyappearance. Paste color ranges frompinkish buff to brown. Earthenwares aregenerally ceramics with little or no glazeas "flower pot"-type pottery.

Fine Earthenwares are thosecommonly referred to as ironstone/whiteware, refined whiteware, orsemi-porcelains. They are fired at a highertemperature than the coarse earthenwaresand are not as porous. These wares aremost often factory produced tablewares.

Stonewares are usually utilitarianpieces such as crocks, jugs, jars, andmugs. They have a wide range of pastecolors (i.e., buff, mustard, yellow,reddish-brown, and black-brown).Stoneware ceramics are hard-baked andimpervious to water, and can be used ascrocks or jugs.

Porcelains are those ceramicsexhibiting a thin, fine, glass-like surfacewith a translucent quality. Porcelainoccurs both with and without a pattern.

Eleven pieces of ceramics wereplaced in a ceramic/miscellaneouscategory (Figure 19). These items consistof ceramic doll parts, marble, tile, electricinsulators, and prehistoric ceramic sherds.The two prehistoric sherds are one bowlsherd of Mimbres white ware and onesherd of E1 Paso brownware. Theinhabitants of Temporal Station probablycollected both sherds from one of severalnearby prehistoric sites.

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Figure 19. Distribution of ceramicson Site LA 86735.

HSR 9946C, pg. 36


Diagnostic Ceramics

Both coarse and fine earthenwareswere collected from the site (Figure 20).The whiteware is a higher quality thanthe Mexican-style earthenware found,suggesting an economic and culturalrange for residents of Temporal Station.White ware can be plain white or deco-rated. The Mexican style generally has ared paste, fired at a lower temperatureand thinly glazed, usually with somedecoration.

One white ware saucer fragment(Cat. No. 421; Figure 21) is a dish madefor hotel or railroad dining. The maker’smark indicates that it was made inFrance for Bufley and Company, Chicago,Hotel Department. It is possible thatthe saucer was broken and discarded withtrash from the train. This artifact isthe only item collected that can definitelybe called restaurant ware.

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Figure 20. Distribution of earthenwaresat Site LA 86735.

Figure 21. White ware saucer fragmentshowing maker’s mark, from Site LA 86735.

Each manufacturer of restaurant/hotel tableware seems to have a uniquecombination of distinctive characteristics,such as body material, colors, shapesthickness, type of edge, style ofdecoration, and degree of quality. There

are, however, common characteristics,which include form or shape that is bothfunctional and aesthetic. The tablewaremust be easy to handle, store, clean, and

HSR 9946(2, pg. 37

Data-Recover~ on Four Sites alon~ US H wy:..54.be~een Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

serve, but still be attractive. As a result,most restaurant ware is commonlyheavier and more durable than domesticdinnerware (Conroy 1998:7).

The date range for the ceramics withhallmarks found at Temporal Station isconsistent with the dating of the site from1898 to the 1930s. The following is a list ofceramic sherds that could be dated bymaker’s marks or some other means.

Cat. No. 18: White ware, Homer LaughlinChina Co, Newell, W. Va., circa 1900(Lehner 1988:247-248).

Cat. No. 19: White ware, West EndPottery Co., East Liverpool, Ohio, circa1920s (DeBolt 1988:77).

Cat. No. 133: White ware, D. E. McNicolPottery Co., Clarksburg, W. Va., circa1920 (DeBolt 1988:50).

Cat. No. 232: White ware saucer basefragment with mark showing lion andunicorn on either side of a crownedshield, C. C. Thompson Pottery Co., EastLiverpool, Ohio, circa 1915 (DeBolt1988:104).

Cat. No. 246: White ware saucer basefragment with mark, Thompson, circa1910-1930s (DeBolt 1988:72).

Cat. No. 421 (see Figure 21): White waresaucer base fragment with mark, reads"Burley & Company/Chicago/HotelDepartment/ laurel leaves design," with"GDA/ Limoges, France," Charles FieldHaviland, 1900-1940 (Terry and Kovel1953:180).

Metal and Metal Fragments

Metal artifacts recovered from theTemporal Station include: cartridge cases,rivets, buttons, toy, lids, stove parts, clockparts, nails, screws, coal-oil lamp parts,jewelry, knife parts, razor logo, railspikes, rail spacer, railroad hose coupling,nuts and bolts, washers, fence staples,horseshoe, bridle parts, chisel, file, metaldishes, chain clevises, battery and batteryparts, wire, and other metal fragments ofunknown use (Figure 22). There is notable absence of "tin" cans in thisassemblage. Not all metal and metalfragments recovered have diagnosticinformation other than that given in thegeneral catalogue. Those items on whichinformation could be found are describedand discussed.

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Figure 22, Distribution of metal artifactsat Site LA 86735.

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HSR 9946(2, pg. 38


Diagnostic Metal

The date ranges of 1897-1921 and1921-present for the temporallydiagnostic metal artifacts (toy, battery,and cartridges) agree with those of glass,ceramics, and other datable materialsfound at Temporal Station.

Toys

A metal (cast iron) horse toyfragment (CaL No. 45; Figure 23) is simi-lar to one in the Guiard collection,"American Village" 19th Century, at theFolk Art Museum, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Battery

One whole battery (Cat. No. 336),and the eroded posts and parts (Cat. Nos.

309, 458, and 256) of a similar battery wererecovered from Feature 1 (the refuse pit).The whole battery is cylindrical in shape,measuring 6 in. long and 21/2 in. indiameter. In the 1897 Sears, RoebuckCatalogue, batteries of this type were soldas "dry" batteries to be used in severalways. The electro medical battery wasused as a curative agent for nervoustrouble and partial paralysis. Two of thissize of dry battery were used in the long-distance Bell telephone. They were alsoused for silver and gold plating smallarticles (Israel 1993:471-473).

Cartridges

All of the cartridges were found inFeature 1 (the refuse pit). The calibers the cartridges range from .22 caliber(n=99) to .32 (n=7), .45 (n=2), 30-30 and 12-gauge shotgun (n=2). The .22caliber cartridges would have been usedin guns for target practice and shooting ofsmall game; whereas, the .32 and .45caliber cartridges were more likely used inguns designed for protection. The 30-30caliber would have been used in rifles forlarger game, and the shotgun shells wereprobably for game birds. The followinglist gives manufacturer (when possible)and number of cartridges found (inparentheses at end of paragraph).

U: Union Metallic Cartridge Company(1867-1911), Remington Arms-UnionMetallic Cartridge Company(1911:1921), and Remington ArmsCompany, Inc. (1921 to date), allfrom Bridgeport, Connecticut. Usedon rimfire cartridges (White andMunhall 1977:31). Includes .22 shortU (15 ea.); .22 long U (33 ea.); extra long U (6 ea.);

HSR 9946C, pg. 39

........ Data-Recover~ on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

H: Winchester Repeating Arms Co.,New Haven, Connecticut, andsuccessors. On rimfire cartridges(White and Munhall 1977:23).Includes .22 short H (11 ea.); .22 longH (43 ea.); .32 H (1 ea.)

REM. UMC WIN 30-30 Remington:Union Metallic Cartridge Co.,manufactured after merge in 1911.WIN denotes suitable for model 1894Winchester lever-action rifle.Includes .30-30 REM UMC WIN30-30 (3 ea.).

UMC .32 WCF:Union Metallic CartridgeIncludes .32 UMC ECF (2 ea.).

Co.

WCF WRA Co..32:In 1882, Winchester introduced its.32 WCF for Winchester Model 73lever-action rifle. The model 05 wasespecially made for the .32 WCF andthe .35 WCF (Sanders 1996:18).Includes .32 WCF WRA Co. (1 ea.).

AC WRA Co .32:The .32 Automatic Colt wasdesigned by John Browning for hisfirst successful automatic pistolintroduced in Belgium in 1899 and inthe United States in 1903.Manufactured prior to 1940 (Sanders1996:16). Includes .32 AC WRA Co.(2 ea.).

WRA Co..45 Colt:The Colt .45 WRA was the firstcartridge manufactured in thiscaliber. The Winchester Co. andUMC produced much of theammunition at the turn of the

century. One of the most famousAmerican hand-gun cartridges andstill a favorite with big-boreadvocates, the .45 Colt has beenaround for well over 120 years. It isextremely accurate and has moreknock-down and stopping powerthan nearly any common handguncartridge. The .45 Colt was one ofthe cartridges that helped civilizeand settle the American West.(Barnes 1997:271). Includes WRA Co..45 Colt (1 ea.).

Shotgun Shell Casings:Two 12-gauge Peters centerfirecartridge caps were recovered (Cat.No. 473) dating to the early 1900s(Sanders 1996:32). One "WinchesterNew Rival No. 12" 12-gaugecenterfire cartridge cap wasrecovered (CaL No. 276). No datewas found for this shell; however,the 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catalogue(Israel 1993:584) shows the "Rival"Winchester 12-gauge shell. The NewRival was probably produced in theearly 1900s.

Leather

The refuse pit (Feature 1) Temporal Station contained leathermaterials, including shoes and shoefragments, gloves, and straps. The men’sathletic shoes and the women’s shoefragments are similar to those found in the1897 Sears, Roebuck Catalogue (Israel1993:190-206). Although no date could beassigned to work-style shoe fragments andgloves, their function as work items isevident. All the leather recovered wasfrom Feature 1.

HSR 9946C, pg. 40


Cat. No. 364: Fragments of a pair of workshoes, which have been resoled.

Cat. No. 435: A heel fragment from awoman’s shoe.

Cat. No. 454: The soles and parts of twopairs of women’s shoes, approximatelysize 6, are very similar to ones pictured onpage 197 of the 1897 Sears, RoebuckCatalogue (number 3930). The shoes areadvertised as made of "crack proof’leather. They had a Goodyear welt andcame in sizes 6 to 11, widths C, D, E, andEE. They sold for $3.45 (Israel 1993:197).

Cat. No. 455: A complete pair of lace-upshoes, probably for baseball (Figure 24).

Figure 24. Baseball shoes (Cat. No. 455) fromSite LA 86735.

The heels are missing and the toes haveworn spikes. These shoes are very similarto baseball shoes shown in the 1897 Sears,Roebuck Catalogue (Israel 1993:596).

Cat. No. 456: A baseball shoe similar toCat. No. 455.

The athletic-style shoes found atTemporal are likely baseball shoes. Rail-roading seemed to be a full-time life,especially in an isolated section stationlike Temporal. Even when off duty,workers’ spare time was spent withfellow railroaders. Baseball was a popularsport in the early 1900s. Many railroadersformed their own baseball teams andplayed against other railroad teams

(Wheeler 1975:186). In an arealike the Tularosa Basin, smallcommunities also formedbaseball teams. The work crewat Temporal Station may havejoined or played against thesecommunity teams.

Bone

Forty-five bone frag-ments were collected from thesite. These include cut bonesfrom pig and cattle, such asround steak and roast bones(see "Faunal Remains," p. 54).Cut marks on the bonescollected at Temporal Stationindicate conventionalbutchering techniques. Eventoday in rural areas likeTularosa, butchering is a fullday of gathering friends andneighbors to help slaughterone or more animals. Usually,one person in the group is

HSR 9946C, pg. 41


good at cutting the meat into steaks,roasts, ham, chops, and ribs with someknowledge of appropriate technique.

SheU

The shell artifacts consist of buttonsand oyster half shells. Shell buttons aremade from the inner layers of abaloneand other sea creatures. Fresh-watershells are not as iridescent or brilliant asdeep saltwater species (Gfllio, et al.1980:21-24). Fresh-water shells aregenerally used for utilitarian purposes.Commercially made shell buttons wereintroduced into the United States fromFrance in 1855. All types of holes, shanks,shapes, decorations, and sizes are usedfor shen buttons.

Button sizes are expressed in lines.Forty lines equal one inch diameter. In1908, Sears, Roebuck and Company usedthe following scale to correlate lines andinches. Smaller buttons are usually fromshirts and dresses (Lines 10-20) and thelarger buttons from jackets, vests, andcoats (Lines 24-36). The buttons collectedfrom Site LA 86735 are one each of size16, 22, 24, 26, 28, and two size 20. Five ofthe buttons are shirt size, two arecoat/jacket size, one is dress size, and twoare child size.

Lines 12 14 16 18 20Inches 1/2 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2

Lines 22 24 26 28Inches 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8

Before 1900, shell buttons weresmoothed and polished on the back side.All of the buttons collected at TemporalStation are polished on both sides.

Oysters, a seafood delicacy, becamegenerally available and were madepopular with the arrival of the railroad inNew Mexico. What a treat to have oystersin the desert. A special occasion inAlamogordo on February 20, 1899, wasthe visit to Otero County by GovernorMiguel A. Otero. "Scalloped Oysters"were listed on the banquet menu entrees,along with "Salmi of Game a la Chasseur"(Gilbert 1988:100).

Miscellaneous

Twenty-five artifacts were classifiedunder miscellaneous items. They includepeach pits, cork, egg shell and a mineralsample. Photographs and the oralrecollections of Mary Nowell document apeach tree in their yard at TemporalStation. The egg shell reflects that raisingchickens for eggs and meat was standardfor rural families.

Functional Categories

Further analysis placed the artifactsinto functional categories. These categoriesare clothing, communication, food,household, hunting/defense, medicine,personal, railroad, ranching, toys,transportation, and unidentified. The totalnumber of artifacts in each of thesesfunctional categories are provided inTable 7.

Clothing

Sixty-three items were placed in theclothing category. Leather, metal andshell are clothing materials found duringthe project. Figure 25 illustrates thedistribution of these items on Site LA86735.

HSR 9946C, pg. 42


Table 7. Artifact Frequencies within Functional Categories at Site LA 86735.5. i, alm.l=

Functional Category and Items Number Percentagei i ,|m

CLOTHING

Leather shoe fragments (men) 31

Leather shoes (men’s athletic) 2

Leather shoe fragments (women’s) 11

Leather glove fragments (6 pieces) 1

Metal (rivet button fasteners, eye hook) 6

Shell buttons and button fragments 11

TOTAL 62 3.7i Ill

COMMUNICATION

Glass insulators 6

TOTAL 6 .4ill i,

FOOD

Bone 4O

Glass bottle fragments (chili powder, juice, etc.) 21

Metal bottle cap 1

Peach pits 4

Egg shell fragments I 2

Oyster half shell 7

TOTAL 75 4.4i H i. i

HOUSEHOLD

Ceramic 4

Earthenware (Mexican-style pottery, crockery) 24

Glass (bottles and bottle fragments, dishes) 403

Metal (lamp parts, knife and stove parts) 3O

Porcelain (dish fragments) 51

Stoneware (dish fragments) 219

Charcoal (burnt spool) 1

Wood 1

Organic 1

TOTAL 734 43.2,, ...

HSR 9946C, pg. 43

Data-Recove on Four Sites alon~. 54 between Tularosa and Carlqzozo, NM

Table 7. Artifact Frequencies within Functional Categories at Site LA 86735 (cont.).

m.WrlNC,/DEFENSECartridges

MEDICINE

TOTAL

Glass (bottles and bottle fragments)

TOTAL

77

77 4.5

PERSONAL

Cosmetic jar fragments 2

Lice Comb 1

Figurine fragment 1

Copper bracelet fragment 1

Pocket knife 1

Ever ready safety razor logo 1

Button 2

Ceramic ball 1

.6TOTAL 10

RAILROAD

Spikes, nuts, washers, chain clevis 23

TOTAL 23 1.4

RANCHING

Fence staples, horseshoe, bridle, saddle fragments 7

TOTAL 7 .4

TOYS

Doll parts

Metal toy horse

Marbles

Toy tea cup fragment

TOTAL .6

7

1

2

1

11

HSR 9946C, pg. 44

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979 .........i JJ

Table 7. Artifact Frequencies within Functional Categories at Site LA 86735 (cont.).

Functional Category and Items Number PercentageIn i m

TRANSPORTATION

Red tail light lens fragment 1

Battery fragment 1

Tire fragment 6

TOTAL 8 .5,i.i in |l.

UNIDENTIFIED

Glass, metal, organic, and doth fragments 553

TOTAL 553 32.6n .im|.,ml. i. |

TOTAL ARTIFACTS 1,697 IO0,, ,,,, ,.

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Figure 25. Distribution of dothingitems at Site LA 86735.

The refuse pit at Temporal containedleather materials, including shoes andshoe fragments, gloves, and straps. Someof the shoes are men’s baseball shoes. Theother shoe fragments are from men’swork-style shoes. The gloves are alsowork style. Women’s shoe styles provideinformation on gender.

Buttons made of shell and metalwere found. The 11 shell buttons reflectadult shirts, coats, dresses, and children’sclothing. The coverall-type metal rivetbuttons are from the utilitarian clothing ofthe railroad work crew.

Communication

Six fragments of glass insulatorsused on utility poles were found. Onefragment is embossed with "USA" and"17-48," and another fragment has "8Epat. US Feb." Before the construction ofan underground fiber optic communi-cation line that crosses through Temporal,telephone poles with transmission lineswere used. Glass insulators were attachedto the pole crossarms and the lines were

HSR 9946C, pg. 45


wrapped around the insulators to preventelectrical shocks. "Guy" lines that stabi-lized the poles and created a "ground"used a unique round insulator with linegrooves crossing over each other.

Telephone service came to OteroCounty on September 5, 1901, when theCounty Commissioners gave the firstfranchise to a woman named Anney ElroyBritt (Gilbert 1988:108), but it wasnullified in 1902 for noncompliance withthe agreement. On September 5, 1901, afranchise was given to Homer W.Shofield, who fo;a~ed the AlamoTelephone Company. The company hadlong distance lines to Tularosa, Mescalero,Jarillo, Cloudcroft, La Luz, Ft Bliss, and ElPaso. In March 1910, the Tri-StateTelephone and Telegraph Companybought the Alamo Telephone Companyand by July 1911, it had exchanges inAlamogordo, Tularosa, and Las Cruces(Gilbert 1988:108). The insulators as wellas the battery (Cat. No. 336) collectedduring the project may have been usedwith these early lines.

Food

A total of 75 items were placed inthis category, making it one of thesmallest. Food items are the remains offood such as bone and seeds, and thoserelated to food such as glass bottles andcanning jars/lids (Figure 26).

Several types of food-relatedartifacts were recovered. These includecut bones from pigs and cattle, such asround steak and roast bones. Photographsprovided by Mary Nowell show cattleand chickens at Temporal.

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Figure 26. Distribution of food-relateditems at Site LA 86735.

Canning related items includecanning lids (Cat. Nos. 15 and 443). MaryNowell related (interview) that homecanning was a common routine practicedby her mother at Temporal in the 1920s.Her photographs also display a garden.There was ample water supplied by therailroad to grow both a garden and aflower-lined yard with several fruit trees,one of which probably produced thepeach pit recovered.

Canned goods, and even fresh fruitand vegetables, became more accessiblewith railway transportation. Manypreviously unavailable food items likeoysters were readily obtainable by anyonewho could afford such treasures from thesea.

HSR 9946C, pg. 46

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979.... i

Household

Household items are those used tomaintain a household. The total of 602items makes it the largest functionalcategory. This category is comprised ofglass, metal, and ceramics that includeearthenware, stoneware, and porcelain(Figure 27).

dishware, kerosene lamp parts, and awheel from a clock.

Some of the porcelain fragments arefrom a more expensive dishware thanearthenware or glass cups and plates. Oneexample is a beautiful transfer printshowing an intricate Japanese scene(Figure 28). No maker’s mark was noted.

Medicine

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Figure 27. Distribution of householditems at Site LA 86735.

Glass artifacts are bottles and bottlefragments (such as condiment and juice);canning jars, drinking glasses, and dishes;light bulb and kerosene lamp fragments;and a standing cake dish base (see Figure18) similar to one listed in the 1897 Sears,Roebuck Catalogue (Israel 1993:686).

Seventy-seven glass medicine bottlesand bottle fragments were found (Figure29). These include several medicineprescription bottles as well as completeand fragmented bottles of Hamlin’sWizard Oil (Figure 30) and Dr. J. McLean’s Strengthening Cordial andBlood Purifier. Whole bottles includeFletcher’s Castoria and Wilson’s SoothingSyrup (Figure 31). One fragment is from bottle that may have come from Mexico.It is embossed with the name La Sandora(Cat. No. 114).

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Metal household items include frag-ments of a wood stove and metal

Figure 29. Distribution of medicine bottlesat Site LA 86735.

HSR 9946C, pg. 47


Figure 28. Porcelain plate with transfer ~rint of Japanese scene (Cat. No. 344) from Site LA 86735.

Figure 30. Hamlin’s Wizard Oil glassmedicine bottle (Cat. No. 370) from Site LA 86735.

Figure 31. Mr. Winslow’s Soothing Syrup glassmedicine bottle (Cat. No. 192) from Site LA 86735.

HSR 9946C, pg. 48


Personal

Personal items are those whose useis generally limited to an individual. Thepersonal functional category is composedof cosmetic jar fragments, a lice comb, afigurine fragment, a pencil fragment, aceramic ball, and a button (Figure 32).

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Figure 32. Distribution of personalitems at Site LA 86735.

Gender-specific artifacts among thepersonal items collected are a piece ofjewelry (Cat. No. 306) and a pocket knife(Cat. No. 432). The jewelry is a fragmentof a copper bracelet with indications thatstones were once attached to separatepanels (Figure 33). No date or manu-facture was found on the pocket knife,due to its badly rusted condition.

Personal items include a fragment ofa two-sided, fine plastic mustache or licecomb (Cat. No. 447) and a metal logo(Cat. No. 449). All that can be seen of thelogo on the comb’s edge is "THE" and"No. 654" with a picture of an elephant.The comb has rounded sides and is verysimilar to one pictured in the 1897 Sears,Roebuck Catalogue (Israel 1993:326, No.25539), described as "An UnbreakableGoodyear Hard Rubber Fine Tooth Comb9¢; 3 for 25¢; per doz...$0.92." Anotherpersonal item found in the 1897 Sears,Roebuck Catalogue (Israel 1993:112) is themetal logo off a box of "EVER-READY/Safety Razor/count 12 blades."

Railroad

Although Temporal was a railroadsection station and much of the dailyactivity included track maintenance, veryfew (n=23) potentially railroad-relateditems were found (Figure 34). They

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Figure 34. Distribution of railroad-related itemsat Site LA 86735.

HSR 9946C, pg. 49

Da~-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Figure 33. Fragment of a copper bracelet

include spikes, nut, washers, and chainclevis. Equipment and tools were neededfor the track maintenance performed bythe crew, as detailed in the Foreman’s(Luther Watson’s) Time Book (seeAppendix E). Figure 35 shows the crew

Figure 35. Rai]~ad work crew at Temporal, circa1923. Luther is with dog (courtesy Mary Nowell).

(Cat. No. 306) found at Site LA 86735.

on the handcar and the workshop area.The lack of railroad-related artifacts isprobably due to the removal of structuresby the railroad, and construction of thehighway and fiber optic line.

Ranching

Ranching is another category with asmall number (n=7) of bits and pieces. consists of fence staples, a horseshoe, andfragments of a bridle and saddle (Figure36). These items were placed in theranching category because they areartifacts commonly associated with ranchactivities, although it is likely thatranching at Temporal was limited tohaving a cow for milk; raising a steer,pigs, and rabbits for meat; and havingchickens for meat and eggs. Horses were

HSR 9946C, pg. 50

The Historic Sites: LA. 86735 and LA 120,.979

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Figure 36. Distribution of ranching-related items.

undoubtedly kept for transportation andpossibly work.

Toys

This category includes doll parts,traditionally girls’ toys, and marbles,traditionally boys’ toys. The toy artifactscertainly indicate the presence ofchildren, both boys and girls (Figure 37).Catalog Nos. 36, 67, 85, and 136 arefragments of porcelain dolls. Cat. No. 234is the head and body of a ceramic doll(Figure 38) that is missing arms and legs,but it is possible to see the wires wherethe members were attached. A portion of

Figure 37. Distribution of toys at Site LA 86735.

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Figure 38. Ceramic doll bodyfrom Site LA 87635 (actual size).

HSR 9946C, pg. 51

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

a tiny tea cup bespeaks of little girls’ teaparties. For the boys, two glass marblesand three clay marbles were recovered.One half of a metal toy horse (Cat. No. 45)is the most elaborate of the potential boystoys. Pictures in the Otero County PioneerFamily Histories, VoI. 2 (Tularosa BasinHistorical Society 1985:547) show youngboys with their working fathers. Thepocket knife, while not a toy, might alsohave been the property of a young boy.

Transportation

In addition to the railroad items,there are several artifacts that indicatethere were other types of transportation atTemporal. One fragment of a rubber tire(Cat. No. 365), the type used on a Model Ford, was found. This tire fragment has awhite sidewall, with the numericalindicator for a pressure of 30 psi. Thefragment was obviously cut for reuse foranother, unknown purpose. Cut sectionsof the rim are associated with the tirefragment. Fragments of a red tail lightlens and a battery post were also found.The horse-related artifacts mentionedunder the ranching category probablyreflect the most common transportationmode of the day.

Unidentified

The unidentified category is thesecond largest category, with 687 items,consisting of glass fragments, clothfragments, and organic material. Glassfragments that were too small or withoutshape or marks from which to identifyfunction were placed in the unidentifiedcategory.

Comparison of Data with Similar Sites

Artifactual data from Site LA 86735was compared with the material culturerecovered from other railroad com-munities of this time period. This includesthe Valmont Station (Shields andKirkpatrick 2001), the Malpais SectionStation (Site LA 54880; Kirkpatrick et al.1994); and Escondido Station (Site 101,183) of the El Paso and NortheasternRailroad (Hart 1994).

The artifacts from Sites LA 115,252(Valmont Station), LA 54880 (MalpaisSection Station), and LA 101,183(Escondido Station) include the glass,metal, brick fragments, and coal clinkersexpected from railroad sites, which werealso recovered from Temporal Station.However, the artifacts collected andanalyzed from Malpais Section Station(Site LA 54880), Escondido Station (SiteLA 101,183), and Temporal Station (SiteLA 86735) include whole bottles, toys,and diagnostic household items notfound at Valmont (Site LA 115,252). Thisis likely due to the removal of buildingsand large construction materials alongwith dispersal of artifacts by highwaymaintenance and construction occurringat Valmont. Although structures andlarger building items along with otherartifacts have been removed from boththe sites, locating the refuse pit (Feature 1)at Temporal Station (Site LA 86735)provided many more identifiable artifactsthan were recovered from Valmont (SiteLA 115,252).

In summary, the artifact assemblagefound at Temporal Station is consistent

HSR 9946(=, pg. 52


with recorded artifact assemblages fromrailroad section stations across southernNew Mexico.

Macrobotanical Remainsby Dr. Richard Holloway

Two float samples containingmacrobotanical remains were collectedfrom Temporal Station. These samplescontained conifer, pine (Pinus sp.), juniper(Juniperus sp.), and mesquite (Prosopissp.). The results indicate that pine wasused for firewood (likely obtained fromthe nearby Sacramento Mountains). Peachseeds were found in the fill of Feature 1.Oral recollections and photographs fromMary Nowell document the presence of apeach tree at the site. Dr. Holloway’sobservations are as follows.

Feature I (Refuse Pit)

Sample FS 251 was taken from theeastern half of this refuse pit feature. Theassemblage contained charcoal fragments,pine charcoal and charred wood, andconifer charred wood. Conifer charcoalwas also present in the smaller-sizedfractions. This sample contained a largeamount of material, consisting of 27.2percent of the initial volume.

Sample FS 245 was taken from anauger hole associated with Feature 1.Pine charcoal and conifer charred woodwere present in this assemblage. Conifercharcoal and small charcoal fragmentswere present in the smaller-sizedfractions.

The wood charcoal obtained fromthe historic Site LA 86735 is dominated bypine and/or conifer. Conifers, including

pine and juniper, all have fairly similarwood anatomical characteristics. Thewood, or xylem component of thesegymnosperms consists entirely of tracheidtype cells which are generally uniform inappearance. In Angiosperms, the woodconsists of both tracheids and vesselelements which appear as larger pores.Pine wood is differentiated on the basis ofmore numerous longitudinal resin canals.These structures are surrounded by one totwo layers of thin-walled parenchymaceils, which do not survive carbonization.Thus, in charcoal specimens, the wood ofpine contains numerous circular resincanals giving the appearance of largerpores. Resin canals are present within thewood of juniper; however, they are rareand scattered. Thus, the absence of resincanals, particularly in areas containingboth pine and juniper, cannot be used byitself to identify the particular specimenas juniper. This is especially true whenthe specimens are very small, as iscommon from archaeological deposits.In those instances when the specimenswere very small and no resin canals wereobserved, the identification was madeto the higher taxonomic level of conifer.

The presence of pine and conifercharcoal only from the historic periodmay or may not be a function ofavailability. Pine was certainly located atsome distance from the project areaduring the prehistoric Jornada Mogollonoccupation. Stands of these conifers wereprobably located at distances where itwas not economically feasible to expendthe energy to obtain this fuel wood,particularly given the local availability ofother suitable fuel woods, such asmesquite. The past several hundred years(from the early 1500s to about the late

HSR 9946C, pg. 53


1800s to early 1900s) witnessed a slightdecrease in mean annual temperatures ona global scale, referred to as the Little iceAge (LeBlanc 1999:34). This may havebeen sufficient to encourage an expansionof pine stands to just slightly lowerelevations. There is some evidence for thisthroughout New Mexico and theAmerican Southwest, but it is notconclusive. If this expansion did occur,then pine could have been an additionalfuel wood source and may have beenpreferred by the historic Anglopopulation.

Alternatively, this site is affiliatedwith the later Anglo population whererailroad travel was already established.The railroad steam engines of this periodwere primarily wood burners and thuspine could have been imported easilyfrom anywhere along the line. This latterhypothesis appears more likely, given thecorrespondence between conifer charcoaland the historic time period.

Faunal Remainsby Brian Knight

A total of 35 bone/bone fragments(Table 8) were recovered from fiveexcavation units at Site LA 86735,including one refuse pit (Feature 1). number of the bones exhibited butcheringmarks and could be positively identifiedas "food bone."

Excavation units in Feature 1revealed a number of large ungulatebones, many of which showed evidenceof saw-cut butchering. Domestic cattle(Bos tarus) and pig (Sus scrofa) dominatedthe assemblage. Ten bone/bone frag-ments were cow and seven were pig. Of

the 17 bone/bone fragments recovered forthese two species, nine exhibited saw-cutbutchering marks. The majority of theseelements were from juvenile specimens,determined by the presence of unfusedlong bone epiphyses. Appendicular andaxial skeleton elements were bothrepresented; however no cranial frag-ments were discovered. These specimensrepresent exactly what you would expectfor historic "food bone." All of the bonesexhibiting butchering marks are fromportions of the animal that are most likelyto yield useful meat, including ribs, spine,and appendages. Also of interest is thepresence of a left, proximal radiusfragment of white-tailed deer (Odocoileusvirginianus), which may represent somehunting activities that also contributed tosubsistence on this site, rather than acomplete reliance on domesticated ani-mals. One cervical vertebra of jackrabbit(Lepus californicus) and one undiagnosticbird long bone fragment were alsorecorded, although no evidence of thesespecimens being related to subsistencewas noted. It should be mentioned,however, that these remains were foundwithin the refuse pit (Feature 1) andprobably represent discarded materials.

Excavation units not located in theimmediate vicinity of the refuse pitrevealed a total of 11 bone/bone frag-ments. One thoracic vertebra spine frag-ment of pig was observed with evidenceof saw-cut butchering marks. This speci-men probably represents discarded "foodbone." Two long bone fragments belong-ing to black-tailed jackrabbit and one ofdesert cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni)were present, although no culturalmodifications were observed to indicatewhether these represent "food bone."

HSR 9946C, pg. 54

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,...979 ..........

Table 8. Faunal Remains Recovered from Temporal Station (Site LA 86735).

ICat Species CommentsNo. I No. Description

481 1 Fragmented skuUCanis latrans Includes maxilla with full complement of

teeth, portions of frontal, eye orbitales, leftzygomatic arch, foramen magnum, bothoccipital condyles, and portion of occipital

5 Rib midsections Bos tarus Saw-cut butchering marks on both ends ofeach rib fragment

1 Axis (cervical) frag. Su5 ~lrof~ Unfused centmm indicates juvenile

1 Third cervical vertebra Sus ~t:TofR Unfused centrum indicates juvenile

1 Unfused left femoral head Bos tarus Juvenile

1 Distal femur frog. Bos tarus Saw-cut butchering marks, juvenile

1 Right distal femur frag. Lepus californicus

1 Left proximal radius frag.Odocoileus Size appears consistent with white-tail rathervirginianus than mule deer

1 Medial femur frag. Bos tarns Saw-cut diaphysis, "steak bone"L

1 Whole cervical vertebra Lepus californicus

1 Undiagnostic long bone frag. Small unknown bird

4 Medial rib fragments Sus S C7"offf Probably juvenile pig

1 Unfused centrum of vertebra Sff5 sclrofa Probably juvenile pig

1 Whole humerus Deformed bone, unknown small mammal,probably rodent

482 1 Long bone diaphysis Bos tarus Saw cut on both ends, possibly femur

1 Rib midsection Bos tarus Saw cut on both ends

483 1 Innominate frag. Unknown mammal, acetabulum and portionof pubis, ischium and ilium present

¯1 Right humerus Small unknown bird.m,

485 1 Left proximal femur frag. Lepus californicus

1 Right innominate frag. Sylvilagus auduboni Acetabulum and portion of ischium andpubis

1 Thoracic vertebra spine frog. Sus scrofa Saw-cut butchering marks present

2 Undiagnostic flat bone frags. Large mammal, saw cut

486 1 Proximal medapodial frag. Lepus californicus

4 Undiagnostic long bone frags. Unknown bird

Bos tarus-domestic cattle; Canis latrans-coyote; Lepus californicus-black-tailed jackrabbit;Odocoileus virginianus-whita-tailed deer; Sus scrofa-domestic pig; Sylvilagus auduboni-desert cottontail

HSR 9946C, pg. 55


Additionally, five undiagnosticsmall bird, long bone fragments werepresent. The fragmented skull of a coyote(Canis latrans) was recovered from thissite with the full complement of maxillaryteeth. No evidence was found on anyportion of this skull to suggest whether ornot this was a natural death or the resultof some cultural activity.

Discussion of Site LA 86735

Excavated data provided direction inthe selection of research themes to beaddressed during the analysis phase ofthis project. Archival data and oralhistories supplement the artifact analyses.This section discusses the research themesin the perspective of the recovered data.

Community Structure

The Community Structure researchtheme was addressed using artifactualdata recovered from the site, oral-historyinterviews, and archival documents.Archaeological evidence of structuralremains was limited because the projectwas confined to within the right-of-wayon the east side of the highway.

Architectural Features

The presence of certain artifactssometimes indicates different types ofstructures, such as dwellings, barns, andsheds. The buildings at Temporal Stationhave been removed and the artifacts wereburied or scattered by fiber optic line andhighway construction, making it difficultto define activity areas by groups of itemsfound. Also, many of the diagnostic itemscollected at Temporal were found in therefuse pit feature. Thus, it was impossibleto associate these artifacts with specificsite features.

Although groups of artifacts couldnot be used to locate activity areas, china,toys, shoes, and bottles found atTemporal Station indicate that the site didinclude at least one family dwelling(Figure 39). Oral recollections of MaryNowell reveal that many of the workcrew there during the Watson family’soccupation (1920-1924) had wives andchildren living with them in thebunkhouses.

Temporal was a section station alongthe E1 Paso and Northeastern Railroad. Assuch, major activities would have beenassociated with railroad maintenance andresidential life of the railroad employees.A section foreman was responsible forapproximately 10 miles of track in eachdirection from a section station. Housingof the foreman, and laborers and theirfamilies was provided at the station. Mostfreight went by rail and, combined withrailway travel, created a busy raftschedule.

Figure 39. The section foreman’s house atTemporal Station, where the Watson family lived(courtesy Mary Noweil).

HSR 9946C, pg. 56


Gan:lenCorral Signal Tower -

forWater Tank

Railroad Tracks

LA 86735HSR 9946 Drawing Not to Scale

12-15-2000 MN/DE/SLEm| m mffim um m mm| ,,,, , , ,~NmWLI]IL~

Figure 40. Map of Temporal Station, circa 1920s, based on recollections of Mary Nowell.

HSR 9946C, pg. 57

Data-Recovery on Four ~tes along US Hwy. 54 between Tuia_rosa and Carrizozo, NM .....

During the interview with MaryNowell, Delton Estes developed a map ofTemporal (see Figure 40), based on herdescriptions. This map shows the locationof activity areas such as the railroad trackand siding, the section foreman’s house,crew bunkhouses, a workshop, shed,corrals, and other buildings.

According to Myrick (1970:77, 84),the foreman’s house, bunkhouse, andother buildings were constructed atTemporal sometime after the railroadarrived in Alamogordo (June 1898) andbefore its arrival in Capitan, New Mexico(September 2, 1899).

During her interview, Mary VirginiaWatson NoweU described the foreman’shouse as a five-room structure, with oneof the rooms serving as a commissary.The front of the house faced the east andthe railroad tracks were very near thefront yard. The kitchen was at the back ofthe house and there was a covered porch(Figures 41 and 42). The main house hadwooden siding and a nice fenced yard

Figure 41. Luther Watson and his dog, Bobby, onnorth sicie of section house (courtesy MaryNowell).

Figure 42. Mary Watson (righ0 and friend (lastname Thompson) in front yard of section house(courtesy Mary Nowell).

with grass, bordered with flowers. Apeach tree grew in the front yard.

There was a corral and cow shedlocated southwest of the house, and agarden area east of the corrals. The roadran north-south and was to the west ofthe housing area. North of the foreman’shouse were two bunkhouses, one in frontof the other, situated parallel to the tracks.The bunkhouses were divided intoaparhnents (five each), which housed tencrewmen.

A foundation that may have been forone of the bunkhouses is located outsideof the highway right-of-way. MaryNowell recalls that the bunkhouses weremade with railroad ties, similar to thoseencountered during the excavations nearthe foundation.

A high density of historic artifactswas found dispersed on the surface andsubsurface in association with thefoundation. The north-south orientationof the foundation and the high number ofartifacts in the area suggest that thisfoundation was for one of the twobunkhouses.

HSR 9946C, pg. 58


Mary NoweU recalled a workshoplocated north of the bunkhouses near thetracks. The tracks extended into theworkshop so that railroad cars could bepulled of the track for repair work (Figure43). There was no other industry at thestation other than the railroad main-tenance. Railroad materials and supplieswere loaded and unloaded there.

Figure 43. Handcart racks extended from the mainrailroad tracks to the workshop, where repairwork was also performed (courtesy Mary NoweU).

The circular foundation feature mayhave been the communication buildingwhere the only telephone was installed(see Figure 40). Each morning the sectionforeman would call E1 Paso to obtain trainschedules or changes. It was importantthat the foreman’s "railroad watch" beabsolutely accurate (Mary Nowell,personal communication 9/26/01).

Mary Nowell also recalls one out-house, which was located west of thesection house and was used by itsoccupants. It is likely that there was atleast one more outhouse for the crew inthe bunkhouses.

There was no post office atTemporal; however, it did serve as a placeto pick up newspapers and mail along

with supplies that the section foremanbought in Tularosa for the work crew.Mary Nowell wrote (Tularosa BasinHistorical Society 1985:546) that LutherWatson set up a commissary for the workcrew in one room of the section house. OnSaturdays, he would ride the train intoTularosa and walk to the Champion andHanna Grocery Store to get supplies forhis crew and their families. It wasapproximately 1 mile from the depot inTularosa to the business district and thedelivery boy, Cruz Marrujo, would takethe supplies back to the depot inTularosa. Along with the groceries,supplies included piece goods, lacebuttons, thread, and other items that thewomen had requested.

Only one partial foundation remainsat Temporal (Site LA 86735). However, the early 1900s, it was called home byseveral families participating in thedevelopment of the railway systemthrough southern New Mexico.

Community Composition

Information on CommunityComposition relied on the developmentof a census based on oral-historyinterviews and archival documents. TheU. S. Census records were consulted forinformation about the residents ofTemporal and their occupations. TheOtero County Courthouse records werealso researched for data, but no furtherinformation was realized. Interviews withMary Nowell and the information inLuther Watson’s Time Book (seeAppendix E) were the most informativesources on the community composition ofTemporal Station.

HSR 9946(2, pg. 59

Data-Recover~cr on Four Sites along US Hw]¢. 54 between Tularosa and C~ozo, NM .....

Ethnicity

Ethnic composition of the site duringthe early 1920s included Anglo (LutherWatson and family), and Mexican andGerman (laborers). According to MaryNowell’s recollections and LutherWatson’s Time Book (see Appendix E),most of the crew were from Mexico, andsome had wives and families with them.

The names listed in the Time Bookreflect a Hispanic background andinclude Albert Franco, P. B. Arroyo,Manual Gonzales, Juan Arrieta, FelipePalafor, Zezario Palafor, Alberto Perez,and Santiago Rodriguez. There werechildren of the crew with whom Maryplayed and from whom she learnedSpanish before she moved away in 1924.Helen, Luther’s wife, would take care ofthe commissary, which necessitated thatshe also learn to speak Spanish (TularosaBasin Historical Society 1985:546).

Artifacts from Mexico (i.e., ceramics,water and medicine bottles) werecollected at Temporal including fourfragments of Mexican-made ceramics. Thewater bottle (Cat. No. 299; see Figure 13)was found at the rectangular foundationand is embossed with Spanish lettering.Although it came from New York, it mayhave belonged to one of the Spanish-speaking crew members. Another bottlewith embossed Spanish lettering (Cat. No.114) exhibits "La Sandora."

One of the railroad workers, FredKing, came from Germany after WorldWar L His wife Louise and daughterSelma lived with him in one of thebunkhouses. This was Fred King’s firstjob after arriving in New York from

Germany. Although Fred could speakvery little English, he was determined tolearn, and Luther taught him how tocarry out the duties of a section foreman.In a few years, Fred had his own section.

Age and Gender

All ages and both genders arerepresented at Temporal (Site LA 86735),supported by toys and buttons fromchildren’s clothing collected from the site,along with photographs provided byMary NoweU (Figures 44 and 45). Thetoys collected during the project reflect atraditional category of dolls for girls andmarbles for boys.

Figure 44. Mary Watson playing in front yard ofsection house at Temporal, circa 1920-1924(courtesy Mary Nowell).

)

Figure 45. Mary Watson and friend at Temporal.Note peach tree and water pump in background(courtesy Mary Noweil).

HSR 9946C, pg. 60

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979 ...........

The mixed gender of residents isconfirmed through items collected fromthe site (Figures 46 and 47). Whenpossible to determine, artifacts wereplaced in either female or male categories(Table 9). Items attributed to malesinclude shirt buttons, athletic and workshoes, and medicine. Female itemsinclude dress buttons, shoes, and toiletryproducts.

®Feature I

@

o.©

u.

iiii:i:i:i.i:

i:-iI~ ]

Figure 46. Distribution of male-spedficartifacts collected at Site LA 86735.

?ii~ilili~i!iiii,:::::.::,,

°°

°

N

Figure 47. Distribution of female-specificartifacts collected from Site LA 86735.

Table 9. Summary of Gender-specific Artifactsfrom Site LA 86735 by Functional Category.

Functional Category Male Female Total

Clothing 39 11 50Household 1 1Medicine 1 1Personal 3 4 7Toy ~ ~ 1_.1

Grand Total 45 25 70

HSR 9946(2, pg. 61

Da .ta._z.-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between T..ularosa and.Ca_3w!zozo ., NM

Artifacts collected from Feature 1(Refuse Pit) were also placed in gendercategory, with the following results.

Table 10. Summary of Gender-specific Artifactsfrom Feature I by Functional Category.

Functional Category Male Female Total

Clothing 32 11 43Household 1 1Medicine 1 1Personal 2 1 3Toy ..1, ..1. _2,

Total 35 15 50

At least three ethnic and culturalgroups lived at Temporal Station duringthe early years of the twentieth century.Having to work and play togetherrequired teaching and learning from eachother.

Community Lifeways

Subsistence

Subsistence studies used artifactssuch as bottles and jars, faunal and floralremains, and other food items, as well asOral recollections. Railroads frequentlyhad commissaries from which workerscould order supplies. Workers at MalpaisSection Station for the E1 Paso andSouthwestern Railroad (later SouthernPacific) often had supplies delivered fromEl Paso (Kirkpatrick et al. 1994).

Mary Nowell related that her father,Luther Watson, traveled to Tularosa bytrain to pick up supplies for the familyand crew who requested food and otherneeded items. When a car was purchased,Luther drove it to Tularosa to pick upsupplies for the family and crew. Thesesupplies were dispersed from thecommissary set-up in one of the rooms atthe foreman’s house. Helen, Luther’swife, took care of the distribution ofgoods.

Community Lifeway topics includesubsistence, economic status, and daily-life patterns. The subsistence topic givesinformation about what types of foodwere consumed and where they camefrom, and what type of shelters residentslived in and how they were obtained. Theeconomic status of residents in a com-munity, as well as regional economics,refers to the prosperity of the occupants.Patterns of daily life are developed over aperiod of time, and include work,recreation, and managing to survivewithin the environment.

Homogeneity of certain artifacttypes, such as specific-sized food cans,may indicate the use of the railroad com-missary as opposed to grocery stores,which probably had a greater selection ofcanned goods. There was, however, a lackof metal cans at Temporal Station, whichare usually found on historic sites. Thesemay have been disposed of at anotherplace, although it suggests that what wastaking place was the consumption ofdried food (beans), home-grown eggs,and butchered livestock combined withhome canning of fruits and vegetables.

HSR 9946C, pg. 62


Cartridge cases are artifacts thatindicate hunting as a means of obtainingfood. Some of the cartridge shellscollected at Temporal Station are .30-30caliber shells, likely used for huntingdeer. Deer and rabbit bones (.5 calibershells would have been used for smallgame) were identified in the faunalassemblage from Feature 1.

Faunal remains analyzed fromTemporal Station reflect sources ofprotein from beef, pork, chicken, rabbitand birds. There were not enough bonesto provide a comparative study ofbutchering techniques to provide insightinto the purchase of meat from acommercial store versus home butcheringof range animals. Bones found in therefuse pit (Feature 1) include cow anddomestic pig, and exhibit conventionalbutchering marks. These animals mayhave been shipped in by railway. FribleyMeat Market in Alamogordo advertisedin the Tutarosa Tribune (dated September1914) thai:

"We have our own refrigeratingplant and are thoroughlyequipped for supplying meat toall the Otero County railroadpoints, especially Tularosa.Phone or mail us a trial orderand get the price of our meatsand other supplies."

However, Mary Nowell (personalcommunication 9/26/01) recalled thatcattle and pigs were raised at Temporal.They were typically butchered during thecool months of the year since refrigerationwas not available and the meat would notkeep well in the summer. Three or fourfamilies would get together and slaughter

a steer or hog provided by one family.The meat was divided into equalportions. When that meat was consumed,another family would supply a steer orhog. The meat would be hung outsideand, at night, it was left unwrapped toabsorb the cold. During the day the meatwas covered in paper and burlap to keepit cool.

Chicken and rabbits were also raisedat Temporal for food. These werebutchered during the summer since theycould be consumed quickly. The chickenssupplied eggs for much of the year(Figure 48).

!ii!?

Figure 48. Luther Watson, taking care of animalsat Temporal (courtesy of Mary Nowell).

Various types and relative quantitiesof bottles and jars that held foods andsauces provided data on the daily diet.Mary Nowell’s recollections of her mothercanning fruit and vegetables is supportedby the canning jar/lid fragments foundduring the project, such as a Kerr jarfragment (Cat. No. 11) and a lid fragmentfrom a glass canning jar (Cat. No. 15). Shealso provided a photograph showing herfather harvesting pumpkins from theirgarden at Temporal (Figure 49).Generally, meat was not canned becausethere was no pressure cooker available.Sometimes, however, sausage was

HSR 9946C, pg. 63

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

cooked, poured into jars, and when cool,the fat that rose to the top would solidifyand serve as a seal (Mary Nowell,personal communication 9/26/01).

Figure 49. Luther and Mary, with dog Bobbie, at apumpkin harvest at Temporal, circa 1921(courtesy Mary NoweU).

Artifacts reflecting purchased itemsinclude beverage and condiment bottles.No soft-drink bottles/fragments wereidentified from Temporal Station. Eithersoft drinks were not consumed there orempty bottles were returned for deposit.Two bottle fragments (Cat. Nos. 1 and 21)are from brown beer bottles, and onebottle fragment (Cat. No. 31) may havebeen from a wine or liquor bottle. AWelch’s Juice (Cat. No. 371) and a waterbottle (Cat. No. 299) were also identified.Several hot sauce bottles and fragmentswere found, suggesting a fondness for hotsauces. Condiments were purchaseditems that added flavor to meals. A wholeGebhardt’s Chili bottle (Cat. No. 370) wasalso found on the site (Figure 50).

in addition to canning, butchering,and purchasing food, some items wereavailable from the train. Fruits andvegetables were shipped from Californiathrough Arizona and New Mexico to the

Figure 50. Gebhardt’s Chili bottle (Cat. No. 370)found at Site LA 86735.

Midwest and East Coast. Sometimeswhen the train stopped at Temporal, icefrom the refrigerator car, as well as fooditems such as cantaloupe and seafood,were available to the residents. The icewas kept in compartments at either end ofthe car, insulated with straw placed nextto the outside wall. The compartment waslarge enough for a man to get into to storethe ice. A "fake" wall was placed betweenthe ice and produce and/or seafood. Thefood was kept between the two "boxes"of ice (Mary Nowell, personal communi-cation 9/26/01).

Water was supplied by the railroad.A railroad tanker car was placed on thesiding (Figure 51) and was refilled oftenenough to provide water for all needs,including yard, small orchard, andgarden (Mary Nowell, personalcommunication 9/26/01).

HSR 9946C, pg. 64


Figure 51. Railroad tanker car left on siding atTemporal for water supply, with Mary and dog"Bobby" (courtesy of Mary NoweU).

The identification of canning jarremains at Temporal Station, purchasedcondiment and drink bottles, combinedwith Mary Nowell’s recollections ofbutchering livestock, her mother canningfruit and vegetables, her father picking upsupplies in Tularosa, and obtaining foodfrom the train, all suggest a mixture ofsources for food, drink, and seasonings.

Housing at Temporal Station wasprovided by the railroad. The sectionforeman and family lived in the sectionhouse. The work crew (including thosewith family) lived in the two bunkhousesfurnished by the railroad. Rent wasdeducted from each crew member’s pay.There Was no telephone or electricity.Porches on the house and trees in theyard offered cool places in the summer.Coal and wood supplied heat andcooking fuel in the winter (Mary Nowell,personal communication 9/26/01).

Economic Status

The economic status of Temporalresidents as well as regional economicscan be inferred from collected artifactsand archival material. Artifact analysis

detailing the quality and quantity ofceramics, clothing, luxury items, and foodproducts, combined with the informationon wages earned acquired from theforeman’s Time Book (see Appendix E),provides a clear picture of the availabilityof goods and the range of economic statusat Temporal Station.

The variety of ceramics, glass, toys,and medicine items found at TemporalStation reflect the range of quality in theartifacts found at Temporal. The finerporcelain suggests a higher level ofincome for some of the residents (see page38 for hallmarks) in contrast to theMexican-made ceramics also collectedduring the project. The ceramic dollfragments and metal toy horse might beconsidered luxury items purchased forchildren, while the marbles would be aless expensive and more common toy.Medicine bottles and bottle fragmentsinclude both prescription and over-the-counter remedies. Prescription medicineinfers an income that would allow thepurchase of these drugs, while over-the-counter medication might have beenmore affordable for the work crew andtheir families.

Clothing also reflects the economicdichotomy of luxury versus utilitarianartifacts found at Temporal. Athleticshoes suggest money to spend on leisureactivities, while the resoled work shoesreflect labor-related frugality.

The food items consumed at the sitereflect a varied economic status and thesubsistence orientation of the times. Somefood items, such as fruit, vegetables, andlivestock, were grown and processed atTemporal. Other food, like oysters,

HSR 9946(2, pg. 65

Data-Recove .ry on Four.Sites. along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

condiments, and some beverages, werepurchased.

The foreman’s Time Book (Figure 52)kept by Luther Watson lists names, workperformed, money earned, deductions,

and wages paid to the foreman and crew(Table 11), and pay for track maintenance(Table 12). The amounts paid to theforeman and crew reflect a wide range,from $50.05 paid to the foreman to $5.00(after deductions) paid to one crewman.

Table 11. Chart of Hours and Wages Paid from March 1-16, 1920 at Temporal(taken from the Foreman’s Time Book; see Appendix E).

Deductions AnlountN~Lllle Hours Rate Amount Paid

Hosp. Board

Luther Watson 120 5.00 50.80 75 50.05

Alberto 96 .34 32.64 75 26.89 5.00

Pedro 104 .34 35.36 75 16.15 24.46

Juan 96 .34 32.64 75 10.84 21.05

Table 12. Chart of Hours and Pay for Track Repair from March 1-16, 1920 at Temporal(taken from the Foreman’s Time Book; see Appendix E0

DeducUonsName Hours Rate Amount Amount Paid

Hosp. Board

Luther Watson 120 5.00 50.80 75 50.05

Alberto Franco 96 .34 32.64 75 26.89 5.00

Pedro Delgado 104 .34 35.36 75 16.15 24.46

Rudolfo Rodriquez 96 .34 32.64 75 10.84 21.05

Victor Duran 72 .34 24.48 75 16.47 7.26

P.B. Arroyo 104 .34 35.36 75 19.81 14.80

Manuel Gonzales 104 .34 35.36 75 24.42 10.19

Juan Corrieta 96 .34 32.64 75 19.97 11.92

Felipe palafor 104 .34 35.36 75 14.38 20.23

Zezario Palafor 104 .34 35.36 75 14.38 20.23

HSR 9946C, pg. 66

.......... The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979

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Figure 52. Reproduction of the cover of the foreman’s Time Book used at Temporal Station forLhe month of March 1920. (The complete Time Book is provided in Appendix E.)

HSR 9946C, pg. 67


The economic structure at Temporal(Site LA 86735) was similar to the regionaleconomic situation seen at other railroadsection stations of the day. Artifactassemblages found at the Malpais SectionStation (Site LA 54880; Kirkpatrick et al.1994) and Escondido Station (Site 101,183) of the E1 Paso and NortheasternRailroad (Hart 1994) are similar composition to that of Temporal Station.The other section stations in the areaundoubtedly were host to the samelevels of economic disparity. Althoughfruits, vegetables and seafood becameavailable to the Tularosa Basin throughthe railroad, only affluent residentcould afford to purchase these items.On the other hand, it would appear thatfood staples were plentiful and it isdoubtful whether anyone suffered hungeror cold.

Everyday Activities

The everyday activities for residentsof Temporal Station that are reflectedthrough artifacts and oral recollectionsare working on the railroad, the care oflivestock and gardening, canning andpreserving of foods, grooming, travel,and recreation.

Working on the Railroad

The work crew used handcars totravel to areas for work away from thestation. Instructions to the foreman forwork to be carried out for maintenance ofthe tracks are found in the Time Book (seeAppendix E). Some of the categories arelisted below.

11. Account No. 202: "RoadbedRepairs. This includes ditching and

cleaning cuts, filling borrow or cattlepits, repairs to roadbed on accountof washouts or slides, crowningtrack ties with retaining earth,dressing ballast and cutting sod line,cutting and burning grass andweeds, removing scrap, cinders,trash, etc., from track or stationgrounds adjacent thereto, watchingand patrolling track, extinguishingfires of R. of W., riprap or otherwork to protect track and roadbedfrom washouts. Floods, etc."

12. Account No. 220: "TrackRepairs. This includes laborapplying slag, crushed stone cindersor other ballast for repairs to track,handling, disturbing and renewingcross and switch ties and spacingsame, gathering up and disposing ofold ties and other material releasedfrom track handling and relayingrail, applying and renewing all trackfastenings and switch fixtures,repairing rail racks, aligning,surfacing, shimming and gauging totracks, restoring track afterwashouts, wrecks, etc., and takingup abandoned tracks."

13. Fuel: "This account shouldinclude all espense in connectionwith handling or issuing ofCompany coal including theoperation of coal chutes, unloadingand reloading storage coal, laying,shifting or repairing temporarytracks for the exclusive use inhandling storage coal unloadingcoal at pumps, shops, stations oroffices, also unloading or handlingold ties when for use in firinglocomotives."

HSR 9946C, pg. 68

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979 ,

14. Account No. 415: "Clearingwrecks and derailments, picking upwrecked cars or contents, watchingor transferring freight at wrecks,building or removing temporarytracks at wrecks, transferringpassengers, mail or baggage atwrecks. Always give location andstate whether freight or passengertrain.

The Time Book lists consecutivedays of "walking the track and clearingtumbleweeds from bridges. Cleaning uparound section grounds.., and spottingup and aligning tracks" (see Appendix E).Tools needed for work at the station arealso listed in the Time Book under"Foreman’s Monthly Tool Report." Thislist begins with Adzes and Handles, tovarious types of bars (tamping and crow),barrow-wheel, cars-hand, chisels, cups-tin, drills, flags, hammers, jacks, keys,lanterns, oil cans, picks, rail benders,rope, saws, tape-lines, water kegs andwire stretchers (a full list is in AppendixE).

One particular work-related incidentcaused by the weather during the early1920s concerns a sand storn~. A big stormcame out of the east one year and blew allthe windows out of the houses. All thewomen and children at Temporal Stationwent to the largest bunkhouse. To keepthe wind out, the men nailed tables overthe windows. After about 24 hours ofwind, a snow storm came (Tularosa BasinHistorical Society 1985:547).

During the sand storm, a trainmissed the siding or bypass betweenThree Rivers and Carrizozo. Another

train heading in the opposite directionran into the train that missed the siding.All the section crews from E1 Paso toCarrizozo were sent out to clean up thewreck. When the Temporal crew returnedhome, they still had to clean up there.Sand was scooped up with shovels andput into washtubs and then carried out ofthe houses. Most of the chickens andanything loose outside was blown away.Much later, there were a few items foundfive or six miles away (Tularosa BasinHistorical Society 1985:547).

Care of Livestock and Garden

Tending a garden, milking cows,and feeding chickens and rabbits weredaily events recalled by Mary Nowell(Figure 53). She remembered that hermother, Helen, canned food from thegarden, raised chickens for meat andgathered eggs, had a milk cow for milkand butter, and cooked on a wood orcoal-burning stove. Water was deliveredto the siding in large railroad tank carsthat were parked on the second tracksiding located east of the railroad tracksand section house.

Figure 53. Mary Watson at Temporal, withchicken for dinner, ca .1924(courtesy Mary Nowell).

HSR 9946C, pg. 69

Data-Recove on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, ~......_..._~~

Health and Grooming

Health and grooming concerns wereeveryday activities reflected in the arti-facts collected at the site. Fragments of acomb (lice), shaving logo, and jars andbottles that contained creams revealpersonal grooming. Medicine bottles andfragments also disclose a desire tomaintain health.

Travel

Artifacts also tell the earlytransportation story at Temporal Station.Horses and wagons were the early formsof transportation in the area. At TemporalStation, the train was used to go aftersupplies in Tularosa. Personal andoccasional visitors traveled via thissiding, but it was not used commercially.Later, a Model T Ford was purchased,which was used to make trips to town forsupplies and to attend church (MaryNowell, personal communication9/26/01).

Recreation

"All work and no play" made for adull Section Station. Recreation atTemporal is evidenced through artifactssuch as the cartridges, toys, and athleticshoes. Mary Nowell (personal com-munication December 2000) also recallsplaying with other children.

The 131 cartridge casings foundduring the project are typical items foundat sites of the early 1900s. Hunting was asport as well as a way to provide meat forthe table. Plinking at tin cans and bottles,was, and still is, a favorite past time, andwith the large number of small .22 shell

casings uncovered, it was probably true atTemporal in the 1920s.

The athletic-style shoes found atTemporal Station show another form ofrecreation. Work crews at Temporalundoubtedly participated in baseball andpossibly other sports.

Toys and toy fragments collected atTemporal Station include marbles, a dollbody, a doll dish, and a metal horsefragment. However, particularly in thosedays, children did not need "store-bought" toys. A stick became a bat orgun, a rock became a ball, and linesdrawn in the sand became a playingboard. All that was needed was a child ortwo and sometimes a dog named"Bobby."

Everyday Life

Everyday life at Temporal Station, asdetailed through artifacts and oralrecollections, appears to have been similarto other rural communities in the early1900s. The residents worked for therailroad, kept gardens and livestock, tookcare of health needs and grooming, andhad time for recreation.

Summary

Between 1898-1950, nothing had agreater influence on the land use andeconomy in the Tularosa Basin than thedevelopment of the railway system. Therailroad became the means of transportfor merchandise and opened the world tothe residents of the Basin. Ranchers andfarmers used the rails to ship out produceand cattle. Towns and communitiessprang up. Businesses were started and a

HSR 9946C, pg. 70


wide variety of goods, from clothes tofurniture, were brought to the merchantsfor retail sale. Food and lodgingestablishments were built to serve thetravelers.

The railway system requiredmaintenance. Railway companies erectedsection stations every few miles along thetrack. A foreman and crew wereemployed to maintain the tracks and keepthe trains rolling. Temporal was one ofthese stations and for a short period, itwas home to several families.

butchering cattle, and occasionally,recreation.

At least three ethnic groups arerepresented at Temporal. This isdemonstrated through oral recollections,archival research, and artifactual data.Both Hispanic and Anglo ranchers andfarmers lived on and worked the land inthe Tularosa Basin before the railroad wasbuilt. When the railroad arrived, it offereda steady income and living quarters,which attracted people from Mexico aswell as local residents.

Railroad travel and transportationreached main-line mileage peak in NewMexico around 1914 (3,124 miles). extensive abandonment of unprofitablelines began in 1925 and continuedthrough the Depression years (1930s).With the growth of the automobile,highways were constructed, makingrepairs and upkeep of the track accessiblefrom larger centers. It was not economicalto keep a foreman and crew every fewmiles along the track. Temporal Stationlost status as a maintenance point andwas no longer needed.

With respect to the research theme ofCommunity Structure, the artifacts found,collected, and analyzed combined withoral recollections and archival research,revealed the presence and locations oflong-dismantled buildings and activities.These include a foreman’s house,bunkhouses, a work shed, corral, andgarden. The activities at Temporal wereworking on the railroad, tending livestockand garden, canning fruit and vegetables,

The research theme of CommunityLifeways includes subsistence, economics,and everyday activities, and wasaddressed using artifactual, oral, andarchival data. A clear dichotomy wasdeveloped in this research theme. Luxurygoods were purchased by those fortunateenough to afford them (primarily thesection foreman). Meanwhile, basicsubsistence consisted of raising livestock,growing gardens, and preserving food,and was a mainstay for all of theTemporal residents. Household itemscollected during the project displayedboth fine and low quality assemblages.Payroll records show two sets of wages,which differed radically between thesection foreman and the laborers.Although the dichotomies did exist, thereis no suggestion of utter poverty or hugewealth. The people who lived andworked at Temporal were like manyothers in the early 1900s. They foundwork, a place to live, and a way to survivewithin their environment amidst thetransition from a subsistence to a cash-based economy.

HSR 9946C, pg. 71

Data-Recover~,,on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

SITE LA 120,979

Site LA 120,979 (Figure 54) consistsof two cinder piles and one slag pile, withassociated historic artifacts locatedbetween the highway and the right-of-way fence. Artifacts at Site LA 120,979 arevaried and appear to represent a numberof episodes and activities over a long timeperiod. The activities relate to bothrailroad and highway construction as wellas travel. Data was limited to theobservations made on the survey, theexcavation of the features, and the fewartifacts found on the surface.

Original Site Description

Site LA 120,979 (see Figure 3), the"Clinker" Site, was described by J. Turnerand L. Parks in Michalik (1998) as follows:

The site consists of ascatter of historical trash withtwo features consisting ofconcentrations of cinders. It islocated on a creosote fiatadjacent to the existingSouthern Pacific tracks on theeast side of US 54. The sitemeasures approximately 100meters north-south by 40meters east-west (4,000 squaremeters) and is located on StateTrust land. The site is situatedbetween the pavement of US 54and a dirt maintenance roadthat parallels the tracks. Thesite has been impacted by theinstallation of a buried phoneline and by the maintenance ofboth the railroad access roadand US 54. Since the originalrecording in 1998, two new

corridors have disturbed thesite. One consists of a 12 footwide corridor that has beenbladed through the site and thesecond consists of a 20 footwide corridor associated withthe installation of a buried fiberoptic line.

Artifacts number in thelow hundreds and includeglass, metal, and railroadrelated items. The trash isscattered across the site but theheaviest concentration ofmaterial is located near one ofthe piles of clinkers. Themajority of the artifacts consistof bottle glass, includingpurple, aqua, brown, green andclear glass. One blue glassinsulator is present. No his-torical ceramics were observed.The cans include church keybeverage cans, sanitary foodcans, lard pails, and a spice canlid. The remainder of the metalconsists of unidentifiable frag-ments.

Two piles of clinkers arepresent on the site. Feature 1measures 1.0 m in diameter andis associated with green glass,clear glass a 7-Up bottle and afood can. Some recent charcoalis also present in the featurepossibly indicating recentreuse. Feature 2 also consists ofa concentration of clinkers andmeasures 2.0 m in diameter.Four church key openedbeverage cans were associatedwith the feature. (Note: recent

HSR 9946C, pg. 72

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Four separate series of augertransects were systematically placed atdifferent points within the right-of-wayalong the length of the site to identifypotential subsurface features (Table 13).However, no artifacts or features werefound. The soil was loose silty sandyloam with few or no gravels. Sterile soilwas found at 50 cm or less below thesurface.

Table 13. Auger Transects at Site LA 120,979.

Grid Location Depth

466N462N458N454N450N511N512N513N514N515N516N517N518N519N520N551N547N543N539N535N

~997E 50 cmf997E 50 cmr997E 50 cmt997E 50 cmt997E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/996E 50 cm/993E 50 cm/993E 40 cm/993E 40 cm/993E 40 cm/993E 40 cm

A total of four excavation units (two1 by I m, one I by 2 m, and one 2 by 2 munit) were excavated using hand toolsand focused on three features identifiedon the surface (an additional feature wasidentified during the data recovery). Allunits were excavated in 10 cm levels.

A total of 284 artifacts were collectedfrom the surface or subsurface exca-vations at Site LA 120,979 (see Tables 15and 16, pg. 78). These artifacts include alltemporally or functionally diagnosticartifacts located on the surface and thoserecovered from excavation of the features.Although it was anticipated that thefeatures would yield significant infor-mation concerning the nature of SiteLA 120,979, the majority of data obtainedcame from the surface collections and notthe excavation of the features.

Features at Site LA 120,979

Three features were identified on thesurface of the site (Table 14). The featuresconsisted of piles of clinkers or, in thecase of Feature 3, a pile of slag. All threefeatures yielded a limited number of sub-surface artifacts and lacked subsurfacedepth.

Table 14. Features at SiLe LA 120,979.

Depth belowFeature Grid Grid Grid Datum (m)No./Type N E Size (m) Beg. End

1 Cinder 544 997 lxl 1.79 1.99pile

2 Cinder 597 998 2x2 1.80 1.92pile

3 CAnder 503 997.5 lx2 1.58 1.78pile

Feature 1

Feature 1 (Figure 55) was a cinderpile of slag and clinkers, first identified on

HSR 9946C, pg. 75

.... Data-Recover~on FourLSite~ along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carr/zozo, NM

Figure 55. Feature I (Site LA 120,979), with associated 7-Up bottle, looking northeast.

the surface by the cultural resourcesinventory conducted in 1998 (Michalik1998). The feature consists of a moderateconcentration of clinkers that measure1.2 m in diameter. Within the featurewere 11 pieces of green glass, one piece ofclear glass, and a metal can fragment. Nocharcoal or ash was observed on thesurface within the feature. Artifactsobserved in the vicinity of the featureinclude five pieces of clear glass and abroken green-glass bottle (7-Up).

The feature was excavated withinUnit 544N/997E. Excavation revealed thatthe feature had no subsurface definition,although clinkers were observed 3 cmbelow the surface. Thus, the feature waslargely surficial. Although the 7-Up bottlewas nearby, no temporally diagnosticartifacts were in clear association withthis feature.

The fill within the feature consistedof a loosely to moderately compacted,silty sand with a moderate density ofgravels. Subsurface artifact density wasvery low, consisting of three pieces ofclear glass. No charcoal or ash wasobserved.

Feature 2

Feature 2 (Figure 56) was a cinderpile of small clinkers that was firstidentified on the surface by the culturalresource inventory conducted in 1998(Michalik). The feature consists of a highdensity of clinkers that measure 2 m (6ft-6 in.) in diameter. Within the featurewere two small patches of ash, two brownglass bottles (beer bottles), and two metalcans (triangular punch-opened cans). Twoother triangular punch-opened metal canswere found in the immediate vicinity of

HSR 9946C, pg. 76

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979 ......

Figure 56. Feature 2 at Site LA 120,979, looking west.

the feature. Also in the immediate vicinityof Feature 2 were a bottle fragment ofHamlin’s Wizard Oil and a drinking glassfragment- These artifacts are potentiallythe earliest artifacts from the site, respect-ively dating to the early twentiethcentury and after 1932 (see artifactdiscussion). Another brown bottle frag-ment found nearby dates to after 1954.

Feature 2 was excavated within Unit597N/990E, a 2-by-2-m unit. Excavationrevealed that the feature had no subsur-face definition. Although some patches ofdark ashy soft were observed at a depthof 6 cm, the feature was largely surficial.

The fill within Feature 2 consisted ofloosely to moderately compacted, siltysand with a high density of gravels andclinkers. Subsurface artifact density waslow, consisting of broken glass sherds andmiscellaneous metal fragments.

Feature 3

Feature 3 was a pile of 12 pieces oflarge slag (5 to 10 cm) and numeroussmaller clinkers (<5 cm) that werediscovered during data recovery. Thefeature consisted of a low to moderatedensity concentration of slag and clinkersmeasuring 2 m in diameter. No artifacts,charcoal, or ash was observed within thefeature on the surface. The feature wasexcavated within Unit 503N/997.5E.Excavation revealed that the feature hadno subsurface definition, althoughclinkers were observed 5 cm below thesurface. Thus, the feature was much likeFeature 1, only surficial.

The fill within the feature consistedof a loosely to moderately compacted,silty sand with a moderate density ofclinkers, five more pieces of large slag,and a very low density of artifacts.

HSR 9946C, pg. 77

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alon~ US Hw~t. 54 between Tularosa and Carr/zozo, NM

Artifacts include two pieces of clear glassand two pieces of miscellaneous metal.No charcoal or ash was observed.

No temporally diagnostic artifactswere clearly associated with the feature.Artifacts observed in the immediatevicinity of the feature include a metal canand five pieces of clear glass.

Artifact Analysis

Artifacts were analyzed in twophases, descriptive and analytical. Thedescriptive phase described the artifactsby placing them in basic material cate-gories (Table 15). The two largest materialtypes are glass and metal. Further separa-tion of materials is seen in Table 16.

Table 15. Total Number of Artifacts at Site LA 120,979.

Material Category Sl.1._rface Excavation Total

Glass 140 45 184

Metal 23 70 93

Wood 1 0 1

Rubber 1 2 3

Porcelain 1 0 1

Stone 2 0 2¯ i q

TOTAL 144 137 284

Table 16. Breakdown of Artifacts at Site LA 120,979 by Type and Material.

Description Total Description Total

Aluminum 1 Metal fragment 1

Aluminum funnel 1 Pipe 1

Bottle 1 Staple 5

Beer bottle 2 Tin 3

Bottle part 1 Tin cans 41

Bottle top 1 Tin can fragment 27

Bottle neck with rim 5 Tin jar lid 1

Cap 1 Tire 2

Flake 0ithic) 2 Washer 1

Glass sherd 176 Wire 2

Insulator 1 Wood fragment 1

Metal 6 I Subtotal 85

Metal disc 1

Subtotal 199 TOTAL 284

HSR 9946C, pg. 78


Glass

Glass items collected include bottleand bottle fragments, insulator fraglnents,and glass sherds (Figure 57). For discussion of glass manufacture, seepages 34-35 (Site LA 86735) of this report.

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One of the earliest manufacturedates is from a Hamlin’s Wizard Oilbottle (Cat. No. 49). This bottle wasmanufactured in 1860 and continued to beproduced until the early 1900s (Fike 1987:193).

Other diagnostic bottles and bottlefragments are from soft drink or sodabottles. These include the popular brandsof 7-Up and Coca Cola. Americanscientists were interested in the effer-vescent qualities of mineral water as earlyas 1773, and the first establishment to sell"soda water" was in 1807 (Woodruff andPhillips 1974:1). By 1865, the flavorsranged from pineapple, orange, apple,grape, strawberry, pear, melon, lemon,cherry, and plum to gooseberry. The dateof manufacture for the 7-Up bottlefragment (Cat. No. 38) is after 1954, whichis the same year that vending machinesfor soft drinks in cups and canned softdrinks appeared (Woodruff and Phillips1974:1). The Coca Cola bottle fragmentcould not be dated.

Brown bottle glass fragments werealso present, primarily from beer bottles.Only one (Cat. No. 51), from a brownbottle manufactured after 1954 (Toulouse1972:403), was temporally diagnostic.

Many glass sherds littered theground at the site. Only a few exhibitedtemporally or functionally diagnosticattributes. These include:

Cat. No. 11: Glass tumbler fragments;mark "F" in shield; Federal Glass Co.,Columbus, Ohio; manufactured 1932(Peterson 1971:48).

Cat. No. 27: A bottle base embossed"Owens Illinois Pacific Coast;"manufactured 1943 to present (Toulouse1972:406-407).

Cat. No. 33: A glass fragment embossed"Glass Containers Corp.;" manufacturedsince 1945 (Toulouse 1972:221).

HSR 9946C, pg. 79

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US H wy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

One insulator fragment, probablybroken from the nearby telephone line,was found on the site. The telephone linewas recently replaced by the fiber opticscable, which impacted the site.

Metal

Metal items collected from Site LA120,979 consist of indeterminate metalfragments, staples, pipe, an aluminumfunnel, aluminum screw tops for bottles, awasher, wire fragments, and fin cans (seeTable 16; Figure 58). The funnel measured4 in. deep by 4 in. in diameter and wasbadly flattened. It was probably used foroil. N

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Figure 58. Distribution of metal artifactsat Site LA 120,979.

Tin Cans

Early tin cans (beginning in 1819) areclassified as hole-in-top (a.k.a. hole-and-cap) and were manufactured by hand.¯ piece of tinplate was bent into shape on aroller and overlapping edges weresoldered together. The two round endswere cut, and their edges bent down andsoldered to the body. The top could besoldered on after the can was filled. Thisstyle can allowed food to be insertedthrough a circular hole in the top and asmall cap with a vent hole was solderedover the opening. During the process ofheating the can with the food inside,steam would escape. When a sufficientamount of steam was expelled, the venthole was soldered.

The manufacture of hole-in-top(a.k.a. hole-and-cap) cans continued withmany refinements until 1897. At that time,there was a switch from the hole-in-top tothe sanitary-seal can, where can endswere attached to the body by crimpingthe edges together with a gasket betweenthe body and top. In 1900, the her-metically sealed, double-seamed bodywas introduced, which is still used today.

One can was identified as acondensed milk can (Cat. No. 77). It wasproduced between 1932 and 1940(Berryman 1984:56).

Other cans collected at Site LA120,979 include beer and/or soft drinkcans exhibiting triangle punch openingsin the aluminum tops. The first aluminum"soft-top" cans were introduced in thelate 1950s (Rock 1978). Adolph CoorsCompany introduced the first allaluminum can in 1959 (Rock 1978).

HSR 9946C, pg. 80


Wood, Rubber, and Stone

Wood (1), rubber (3), and stone artifacts were also found on the site. Themilled wood fragment has no distin-guishing characteristics and the rubber isfrom tire tread. The stone artifacts are twobasalt debitage with no cortex, foundwithin the right-of-way on the west sideof the highway, which were not collected.

Functional Categories

The second phase of the analysisused functional criteria. The functionalcategories that applied to the assemblageat Site LA 120,979 are construction,electrical, food, household, liquor,medicine, ranching, transportation, andmiscellaneous/undetermined (Table 17).

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Food

The food category consists of glassbottles (whole and fragments) and canfragments (Figure 59). One clear bottle a soda bottle. Cans include nine triangle-punched food cans, six flattened cans, andone aluminum can with a pull top. Theevaporated milk can (Cat. No. 77) included, and other cans may alsorepresent food items.

Household

This is the largest category, with 60items consisting of glass and metalartifacts (Figure 60). Household items arethose needed to maintain a house. Amongthe items that could be identified is adrinking glass fragment (Cat. No. 11)with a manufacture date of 1932. Alsoidentified as a possible household item isthe aluminum funnel (Cat. No. 62).

Figure 59. Distribution of food itemsat Site LA 120,979.

Figure 60. Distribution of household itemsat Site LA 120,979.

HSR 9946C, pg. 81

Data-Recover~ on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Can~ozo, NM

Table 17. Artifact Frequencies by Material Type within Functional Categories at Site LA 120,979.p., , , ,,, m.

Functional Category and Items Number PercentageI I ira| l.i iii

AUTOMOTIVE

Metal 1

TOTAL 1 .3I’ ITIIII

CONSTRUCTION]BUILDING

Wood 1

TOTAL 1 .3I’ I ’TT ’ III ’lli ~I ’r r

ELECTRICAL

Glass 2

Porcelain 1

TOT AL 3 1.1’ ’?Trlr "

FOOD

Glass 18

Metal 67

TOTAL 85 3O....... lit

HOUSEHOLD

Glass 24

Metal 3

TOTAL 27 9.5

LIQUOR

Glass 55

Metal 5

TOTAL 6O 21.1T"I

MARKER

Metal 1

TOTAL 1 .3ii.. =

MEDICINE

Glass 7

TOTAL 7 2.5

HSR 9946(2, pg. 82

The Historic Sites: LA 86735 and LA 120,979ii

Table 17. Artifact Frequencies by Material Typewithin Functional Categories at Site LA 120,979 (cont.)

Functional Category and Items Number PercentageI IIIIII ~ III IIII ilill III

P,.ANCI-IING

Metal 9

TOTAL 9 3.2

TRANSPORTATION

Glass

Rubber

Automotive-related

Railroad-related glass

Railroad-related metal

MISCELLANEOUS

3

3

1

23

5

TOTAL 35 12.3

2

52

1

Lithic debitage

Undetermined glass fragments

Undetermined metal fragment

TOTAL

GRAND TOTAL

55

284

19.4ilii I II

Liquor

F, ifty-five artifacts were placed in theliquor category, which includes beerbottle, wine bottles, and can fragments(Figure 61). One bottle is a Coors bottle. metal top to a wine bottle is also in theassemblage. These items were probablydiscards from the highway over a periodof time.

Transportation

The transportation category encom-passes railroad and automobile artifacts.

It contains 28 metal and glass fragments.Items related to transportation are rubberfrom tire tread, thick window glassfragments, an oil can fragment, and bolts.

Miscellaneous

Categories with fewer than ten itemseach are construction/building (1),electrical (3), automotive (8), marker medicine (7), and ranching (9). Theseartifacts did not have any diagnosticattributes beyond function. Also includedhere are 53 undetermined fragments, 52of which are glass and I is of metal.

HSR 9946C, pg. 83

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alont~ US Hwy; 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

?vCat. No. 27: A rounded, brown glassbottle fragment; Owens Illinois PacificCoast manufacture 1943 to date (Toulouse1972:406407).

Figure 61. Distribution of liquor itemsat Site LA 120,979.

Discussion of Site LA 120,979

Cat_ No. 33: Three sherds glass bottlebase; Glass Containers Corp., manu-factured since 1945 (Toulouse 1972:221).

Cat. No. 38: 7-Up bottle, green; bottled inRosweU, New Mexico, manufactured byLiberty Glass Co, last manufacture 1954.(Toulouse 1972:321).

Cat. No. 49: Hamlin’s Wizard Oil bottle,Chicago, Ill (see Figure 30, pg. 48); aquaglass, 311/16 by 115/16 by 15/16 in.;produced after 1860 to 19006 (Fike1987:193).

Cat. No. 51: Brown bottle; manufacturedafter 1954 (Toulouse 1972:403).

Cat. No. 77: Evaporated milk can; 211/16in. diameter by 4 in., with hole in top;produced between 1932-1940, Berryman1984:56.

Although the features at this site didnot yield great quantities of data, theyrepresent three separate episodes of coaldetritus dumping with some of thesurface artifacts related to the dumping.The surface collections contain a wideassortment of historic artifacts that areuseful in interpreting the site. Diagnosticartifacts help determine chronology andfunction of the site. These diagnosticartifacts are listed below.

Cat. No. 11: Clear glass tumblerfragments with partial base; mark "F" inshield. Federal Glass Co., Columbus,Ohio; 1932 (Peterson 1971:48).

Chronological Discussion

Potential dates for the mosttemporally diagnostic artifacts range fromthe early 1900s to the present. Only oneartifact, the Hamlin’s Wizard Oil bottlefragment, dates from the early 1900s. Twoartifacts fall within the date range of1932-1940; two date from 1943-present;and two date from 1954-present. Nonecould be clearly linked with any of theclinker features.

Since the three features at Site LA120,979 are spatially separated, they likelyrepresent different dumping episodes.

HSR 9946(2, pg. 84


Very few temporally and/or functionallydiagnostic artifacts were collected fromthe excavation units. The date for thedisposition of these clinkers, cinders, andslag could not be determined beyond thegeneral range of 1940 to the mid-1950s, asindicated by the brown glass beer bottles,triangular-punched beverage cans, andthe clear glass associated with Feature 2.They are likely railroad-related and couldhave been dumped at this location to beremoved at a later time. According tothe section foreman’s Time Book (seeAppendix E), maintenance of the trackincluded the removal of coal slag,

cinders, and other debris. It is assumedthat such maintenance continued into thetime period suggested for the clinkerpiles.

Many of the diagnostic artifactsfunctionally reflect disposable food andbeverage items. Temporally, with onlythree exceptions, most of the materialsclearly postdate 1940. These items weremost likely discarded by highwaytravelers. Some of the food items areprobably the remnants of lunches eatenby highway and railroad workers.

HSR 9946C, pg. 85

Data-Recovery on Four Sites,along US Hwy. 54 between Tularo. Sa and Carrizozo, NM

HSR 9’~:,C, pg. 86

THE PREHISTORIC SITES: LA 86736 AND LA 86737

Two prehistoric sites were excavatedduring the data-recovery (Figure 62). Bothsites date to the latter part of the ceramicperiod and are considered to be short-term, nonresidential (seasonal) sites basedon survey data. Site LA 86736 containedceramics that placed its occupationbetween A.D. 1000 and 1150, while SiteLA 86737 reflected a longer span of use,containing ceramics that date from A.D.1000 to 1400. Both sites containedassemblages of flaked and ground stone.While they also undoubtedly originallycontained hearth features, based on thepresence of fire-cracked rock, no suchfeatures were found during excavations atSite LA 86737. However, multiple hearthfeatures were found and excavated at SiteLA 86736. As a result, macrobotanicaldata and radiocarbon dates are plentifulfrom Site LA 86736, while Site LA 86737 ispoorly dated with only minimal macro-botanical data and a single radiocarbondate recovered. The lack of intact featuresat Site LA 86737 can be attributed toextensive disturbance by highway con-struction and the fiber optic line, althoughboth sites have endured these impacts.

PREHISTORIC ARTIFACT ANALYSIS

Stone tool analysis followedstandard HSR analytical techniques,which focus on tools and debitage that arediagnostic of particular technologies(Meyer and Eidenbach 1996). Table 18 is list of lithic-artifact terms and definitionsthat were used during the analysis.Interpretation includes discussion of lithicmaterial sources, technological variation,and intersite distribution of the

assemblage, the stages of technologyrepresented, and comparison of theseassemblages to lithic assemblages fromother sites in the Tularosa Basin.

Karl Laumbach supervised analysisof prehistoric ceramic artifacts. Ceramicswere identified as to type, vessel form,and vessel portion (i.e., rim or body).Typology considered design, paint type,and temper type. Toni Sudar Laumbach,Curator of Collections at the New MexicoFarm and Ranch Museum, Las Cruces,analyzed sherds that could not be readilyidentified. Functional interpretationswere based on vessel form and use-wear.Analysis of intrasite distribution ofceramic types and vessel forms wasenhanced with the use of a GeographicInformation System. Temporal homo-geneity of the artifact assemblage wasassessed via established dating of ceramictypes and their contextual associationswithin the site. Due to the high number ofintact features at Site LA 86736 and theabsence of such features at LA 86737, thecontextual associations are much betterdefined for the assemblage at Site LA86736.

Specialized analyses included petro-graphic analysis of the temperingmaterials present in selected ceramicsfrom both sites, and neutron activationanalysis of the clays used to produce theMimbres Classic Black-on-white sherdsfrom Site LA 86736. David V. Hillperformed the petrographic analysis. Dr.Harry Shafer of Texas A&M Universitysupervised the instrumental neutronactivation analysis. Dr. Richard Holloway

HSR 9946C, pg. 87

Dale, Recover~ on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

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HSR 9946C, pg. 88

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737

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HSR 9946C, pg. 89

,,D.ata’Rec°ver~ on Four Sites alon~, US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

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HSR 9946C, pg. 91

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tul.arosa and Carrizozo, NM

analyzed the macrobotanical remains.Brian Knight analyzed the faunalassemblages recovered from both sites,focusing on species identification, thecondition and relative age of the faunalspecimen, and the skeletal componentrepresented. Dr. Wenda Trevathananalyzed the human remains from SiteLA 86736.

SITE LA 86736

Site LA 86736 is a prehistoric ceramicperiod artifact scatter. Like many othersites in the Three Rivers area (Wimberlyand Rogers 1977), LA 86736 wasinterpreted from survey data as aseasonal procurement site. The presenceof Mimbres Classic Black-on-whiteindicated an occupation date in the 11thand early 12th centuries.



This site consists of amedium sized, medium densityscatter of lithics, ceramics andground stone with some scat-tered fragments of FCR. Thesite was originally recorded in1991 on a survey for a buriedfiber optic cable. This site islocated on a gently sloping fiatto the west of the SouthernPacific Railroad tracks andsouth of Boone Draw. Theboundaries of the site wereexpanded from the 1991recording and the site now

measures 270 meters north-south by 260 meters east-west(70,200 sq. m.). The site hasbeen impacted by the con-struction of US 54, by theinstallation of aerial and under-ground utilities, by fences andby sheet wash. Portions of thesite have a high potential foradditional subsurface materialas evidenced by the ceramicsbrought up during the instal-lation of the buried fiber opticline.

Artifacts number in thehigh hundreds with themajority consisting of ceramics.Approximately 50 lithics arepresent. Material types includechert and basalt. Primary andsecondary flakes dominate theassemblage with no debitagethat would represent the latestages of reduction. Theceramics were dominated byMimbres B/W, E1 Paso Brownware, Jornada Brown ware andAlma Plain. One ChupaderoB/W sherd was observed. Theonly ground stone noted was aquartzite mano fragment.

No formal features werepresent. Some dispersed scat-ters of FCR were noted acrossthe site, predominantly in thesheet washed areas. There wasno evidence of staining nearany of the scatters.

This site appears torepresent a limited activityJornada Mogollon site dating to

HSR 9946(2, pg. 92

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737i i L

the period of A.D. 1000-1350based on the ceramics present.The site has the potential foradditional subsurface remainsin the areas that have not beeneroded by sheet wash. The sitehas the potential to yieldinformation regarding theprehistory of the Tularosa Basinand as such is eligible to theNational Register of HistoricPlaces under Criterion d of 36CFR 60.4. Avoidance of the siteis recommended. Additionalrecording and testing isrecommended in the areas ofpotential impact if the site willbe affected by the proposedhighway construction.

(Michalik 1998)

HSR Pre-field Visit Notes on theRight-of-way through Site LA 86736

The concentrations of artifacts notedby Browning are extremely diffusescatters of small artifacts that stand out asconcentrations only when compared tothe dearth of artifacts in the extensiveintervening areas between concentrations.Five of these concentrations were locatedwithin the highway right-of-way. Four(two of which have been impacted byconstruction of the fiber-optics line)straddled the highway right-of-wayboundaries (Figures 63 and 64). Oneconcentration is totally within theright-of-way and consisted of smallbrown ware sherds in an area exposed toheavy vehicular traffic. It is possible thatthese sherds represent a larger sherdbroken and scattered by traffic. As notedby Browning, no stains or concentrationsof fire-cracked rock were visible, despite

the many cuts and scrapes in the groundsurface.

In summary, the site visit revealedthat the highway fight-of-way has beenheavily impacted by previous highwayconstruction, a fiber-optics line, andvehicular traffic. The areas containingdiffuse concentrations of prehistoric orhistoric artifacts were reasonably discreteand separated by large areas with adearth of surface artlfacts. Prior to theexcavations, it seemed likely that themajority of artifactual data derived fromwithin the fight-of-way would be fromsurface collections. It was hoped thataugering and small excavation unitsmight reveal subsurface artifacts orfeatures.

Historic Context and Importance ofCultural Materials at Site LA 86736

The ceramic assemblage at Site LA86736 contains numerous sherds ofMimbres white ware, some of which canbe identified as Mimbres Classic Black-on-white, based on fine framing linesaround the hatched elements. As only onesherd of Chupadero Black-on-white wasobserved by Browning, it seems likelythat most of the assemblage dates toapproximately A.D. 1100-1130, based onceramic cross dating. A number of sites inthe area contain similar assemblages. Thefirst two such sites in the immediate areathat are important and well known arethe Hatchet Site and the Temporal Site (aprehistoric site of the same name as thehistoric railroad station), both locatedseveral miles west of U.S. Highway 54(HSR 1973:62-63; Dr. Stephen Lekson,University of Colorado, personalcommunication 1995). Several more sites

HSR 9946C, pg. 93

Data-Recover~¢ on Four Sites al~[I US Hwy. 54 between Tula~...Sa and Carrizozo, NM

Figure 63. Right-of-way east of U.S. 54 at Site LA 86736, looking north.Brownware ceramic concentration is graded area on right.

Figure 64. Right-of-way west of U.S. 54 at Site LA 86736, looking north.

HSR 9946C, pg. 94

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Excavation Units at Site LA 86736

The excavation units at Site LA86736 focused on two areas, designated asLoci A and B (Figures 66 and 67), both which initially consisted of dispersedsurficial artifacts and a single potentialhearth feature. One excavation unit wasplaced on the western side of thehighway.

Locus A

Excavation units located withinLocus A (Figure 66) focused on a hearthfeature identified on the surface and alow-density artifact concentration. Theexcavation of these units revealed anotherhearth feature that was located below thefeature identified on the surface. Thehearth located below the surface wasidentified as Feature 1 and the hearth onthe surface was identified as Feature 2.Three other hearth features wereidentified through trench or scraped-areaexcavations. The excavation units forthese features, and others in theimmediate vicinity, reached an averagedepth of 30 cm before sterile soil wasencountered. Although five shallowhearth features were located within LocusA, only a few artifacts were recoveredbelow the surface. A discussion of thesubsurface soils in this area is inAppendix B.

Locus B

Excavation units located withinLocus B (Figure 67) focused on thesurficial hearth (Feature 5) and dispersedsurficial artifacts. The excavation of thefour units exposed Feature 5. The units

were dug to an average depth of 30 cm,where sterile soil was encountered.

Excavation units located imme-diately to the east of Feature 5 identifiedtwo other hearth features and an infantburial (Features 6, 7, and 9), as well as possible occupation surface. The twohearth features were found to be atdifferent depths within adjacent excava-tion units. An ephemeral occupationsurface, indicated by artifacts and slightlymore compact soil, was located belowboth hearth features (Figure 68). Patchesof oxidized soil were encountered aboveand below the level of the ephemeralliving surface.

These excavation units produced amoderate density of artifacts, including abone awl and a grinding stone with ayellow pigment on one side, as well as alow to moderate density of charcoal.Artifacts, charcoal, and oxidationoccurred to a depth of 78 cm, at theapproximate depth of the possibleoccupation surface, beyond which sterilesoil was encountered. The two units inwhich the burial was exposed wereexcavated to a depth of 115 cm todeteru~ine if there was any possible pit orburied deposit associated with theskeletal remains. No charcoal oxidation,artifacts, or other features associated withthe burial were observed at this level. Theedges of the burial pit could not bedefined. Subsurface soils in this area arediscussed in Appendix B.

Excavation units placed south ofLocus B were located to determine if themounded area was cultural in nature.These excavation units were dug to an

HSR 9946C, pg. 97

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alon~ US Hw~,,, 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

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HSR 9946C, pg. 98


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HSR 9946C, pg. 99

Data.Recovery on Four Sites along US Hw~. 54 between Tu]~’,osa a~d Carr/zozo, NMn ill ..,.,.,....,..

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HSR 9946C, pg. 100

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737.... m

average depth of 45 cm and producedonly several glass sherds. The moundedarea was determined to be a product ofthe combined effects of nature andhighway construction.

Trenches at Site LA 86736

Eleven trenches were excavatedwithin the right-of-way at Site LA 86736using mechanical equipment Seventrenches were placed on the eastern sideof the highway and four were placed onthe western side. See Appendix B for thesoil stratigraphy profiles of the trenches.

Trench 1, located at Grid 540N/990E, was 40 m long north-south andplaced east of the road at the southernend of Site LA 86736. The trench wassituated 5 m west of a surficial artifactand fire-cracked rock concentration ofmoderate density. It was dug to a depthof I m and yielded a basin metate, a lithicartifact, and a ceramic sherd. No featureswere noted. The soft within the trenchconsisted of a moderately compacted,silty sandy loam to a depth of 0.53 m,beyond which the soil became a morecompacted, silty clay loam.

Trench 2, located at 510N/955E, was5 m long north-south and placed on thewest side of the road at the southern endof Site LA 86736. The trench was situatedon a slightly mounded area with only afew artifacts in the vicinity, and was dugto a depth of Im. It yielded no artifacts,and no features were identified. The softwithin the trench consisted of a moder-ately compacted, silty sandy loam to adepth of 0.55 m, beyond which the soilbecame a loosely compacted sand with ahigh density of pebbles, gravel and rocks.

Trench 3, located at 570N/955E, was5 m long north-south and placed on thewest side of the road in the middle of thesite. The trench was situated in an areawhere a small, low-density artifactconcentration was found. It was dug to adepth of 1 m and yielded no artifacts orfeatures. The soil within the trenchconsisted of a moderately compacted,sandy silty loam to a depth of 0.5 m,beyond which the soil became a looselycompacted sand with a high density ofpebbles, gravels, and rocks.

Trench 4, located at 654N/953E, was5 m long north-south and placed on thewest side of the road at the northern endof the site, 40 m west of an artifactconcentration. The trench was dug to adepth of 1 m and yielded no artifacts orfeatures. The soil throughout the trenchconsisted of a moderately compacted,silty sandy loam.

Trench 5, located at 670N/990E, was12 m long north-south and placed on theeast side of the road at the northern endof the site. It was situated 5 m west of twohearth features identified within excava-tion units. The trench was dug to a depthof 0.4 m and yielded no artifacts. Twofeatures were identified (Features 3 and 4;see Feature descriptions) within thetrench at a depth of 4 to 5 cm below thesurface. The soil within the trenchconsisted of a moderately compacted,silty sandy loam with several areas thatcontained a low density of charcoal flecks.It was determined that, since the areawhere the trench was placed had beendisturbed by mechanical equipmentconstructing a small dirt road, the areas ofcharcoal were spread from one of the twofeatures when that area was disturbed.

HSR 9946C, pg. 101

........ Data-Recover~ on Four Sites alon~ USHwy. 54 between,Tnlarosa and Carrizozo, NM

Trench 6, located at 710N/953E, was5 m long north-south and placed on thewest side of the road at the northern endof the site. The trench was situatedoutside the site boundary, in an area thatwas slightly mounded. It was dug to adepth of 0.8 m and yielded no artifacts orfeatures. The soft throughout the trenchconsisted of a moderately compacted,silty sandy loam.

Trench 7, located at 519N/999E, was8 m long north-south and placed on theeast side of the road at the southern endof the site. The trench was situated 3 msouth of Features 5, 6, 7, and 9 identifiedin excavation units. It was dug to a depthof 1 m and yielded five pieces of flakedstone. No features were identified. Thesoil within the trench consisted of amoderately compacted, silty sandy loamto a depth of 0.6 m, beyond which itbecame a loosely to moderatelycompacted sand.

Trench 8, located at 519N/994E, was5 m long east-west, and placed on the eastside of the road at the southern end of thesite. The trench was situated at the northend of Trench 7, going west. It was dug toa depth of 1 m and yielded two lithicartifacts and four ceramic sherds. The soilwithin the trench consisted of a moder-ately compacted, silty sandy loam to adepth of 0.6 m, beyond which it became aloosely to moderately compacted sand.

Trench 9, located at 526N/994E, was6 m long east-west and placed on the eastside of the road at the southern end of thesite. The trench was situated I m north ofFeatures 7 and 9. It was dug to a depth of1 m and yielded four lithic artifacts. Nofeatures were identified. The soil within

the trench consisted of a moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of0.6 m, beyond which it became a looselyto moderately compacted sand.

Trench 10, located at 528N/994E,was 6 m long east-west and placed on theeast side of the road at the southern endof the site. The trench was situated 3 mnorth of Features 7 and 9. It was dug to adepth of I m, and yielded no artifacts orfeatures. The soil within the trenchconsisted of a moderately compacted,silty sandy loam to a depth of 0.6 m,beyond which it became a loosely tomoderately compacted sand.

Trench 11, located at 536N/998E,was 5 m long north-south and placed onthe east side of the road at the southernend of the site. The trench was situatedthrough an area of moderate artifactdensity. It was dug to a depth of 0.6 m,and yielded no artifacts or features. Thesoil within the trench was a moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of0.3 m, beyond which it became a morehighly compacted silty clay loam.

Scraped Areas at LA 86736

A total of six scraped areas locatedwithin the highway fight-of-way wereexcavated at Site LA 86736 with mechan-ical equipment. Five scrapes were placedon the eastern side of the highway andone long scraped area was placed on thewestern side of the highway.

Scraped Area 1, located at 521N/991E, was placed at the southern portionof the site on the east side of the highway,within Locus B. It measured 7 m north-south by 9 m east-west, and encompassed

HSR 9946C, pg. 102 .

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737i i |l~jl i i i i i i

an area west of Locus B and a portion ofTrench 1, where a basin metate wasfound. The scrape was dug to a depth of70 cm and yielded no artifacts or features.The soft is a moderately compacted, siltysandy loam throughout.

Scraped Area 2, located at 543N/1000E, was placed at the southern portionof the site on the east side of the highway,within Locus B. It measured18 m north-south by 7 m east-west andencompassed an area surrounding theexcavation units where Features 5, 6, 7,and 9 were identified. The scrape wasdug to a depth of 70 cm and yielded noartifacts or features. The soil consists ofa moderately compacted, silty sandyloam.

Scraped Area 3, located at 606N/962E, was placed on the west side of thehighway in the center of Site 86736. Thescraped area measured 83 m north-southby 3 m east-west and encompassed anarea that contained a widely distributed,low density of prehistoric artifacts. Thescrape was dug to a depth of 30 cm andyielded no artifacts or features. The soilconsists of a moderately compacted, siltysandy loam with a moderate density ofgravels.’

Scraped Area 4, located at 588N/993E, was placed on the east side of thehighway in the center of the site. The areascraped measured 19 m north-south by3 m east-west, and encompassed an areawith few surficial artifacts. The scrapewas dug to a depth of 30 cm and yieldedno artifacts or features. The soil consistsof a moderately compacted, silty sandyloam.

Scraped Area 5, located at 667.5N/1000E, was placed on the east side of thehighway, within Locus A. The areascraped measured 15 m north-south, by8 m east-west and encompassed the areawhere Features 1-4 and 8 were identified.The scrape was dug to a depth of 40 cmand yielded no artifacts. Feature 8, ahearth, was identified within this scrapedarea. The soil consists of a moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam.

Scraped Area 6, located at 673N/1000E, was placed on the east side of thehighway, within Locus A. The areascraped measured 5.5 m north-south by4.5 m east-west, and encompassed thenorthern portion of Locus A. The scrapewas dug to a depth of 40 cm and yieldedno artifacts or features.

Features at Site LA 86736

Numerous features were excavatedat Site LA 86736, including eight hearthsand a human burial (Table 19). With theexception of the human burial, all of thefeatures were hearths that were foundwithin the excavation units, trenches, orscraped areas. Diagrams of these featuresaccompany each description.

Feature I

Feature 1 is a hearth that wasidentified during the excavation of Units660N/998E, 660N/999E, 661N/998, and661N/999E. It was first identified in Unit660N/998E as a concentrated area ofhighly dense charcoal flecks and chunks,mixed with small patches of orangeoxidized soil in the northeast corner of theunit.

HSR 9946C, pg. 103


Table 19. Features at Site LA 86736 (Mimbres).

Feature TypeFeature

No.

1 Hearth

Grid N

660

Grid E

998

660 999

661 998

Grid Size Depth below Datum (m)

I x 1 2.68 2.78

661 999

2 Hearth 661 998 2.61 2.66

3 Hearth 660 992 2.68 2.71

4 668 2.58 2.70

7

Possible Hearth(disturbed)

Hearth(FCR cluster)

523

524

522

523

524

Hearth

993

996

996

999

999

999Hearth

1.98

2.33

2.27

lxl

lxl

lxl

lxl

lx2

lxl

lxl

lxl

lxl

lxl

lxl

lxl

lxl

lxl

lxl

2.04

2.39

2.57

525 999

8 Hearth 665.5 993.5 2.7 2.75

9 Infant Burial 524 999 1.1 1.29

999525

As the other adjacent excavationunits were opened to reveal Feature 1,Feature 2 was identified as intrusive tothe northwest corner of Feature 1 (seeFeature 2 description).

Excavations of the four unitsrevealed the basic shape and depth ofFeature 1. It was uncovered at a depth of10 cm below the modern ground surface,and was defined by a semi-circularshaped stain of dark ashy soft. Within thisash stain was a high density of charcoalflecks, mixed with several patches ofbright-orange oxidized soil. Surrounding

approximately 50 percent of the southernperimeter of the ash stain was a 1-cmwide area of bright-orange oxidized soil.Within the stained area were 10 rocks onthe surface that did not appear to bethermally altered or cracked.

Feature 1 measures 1.15 m north-south by 0.8 m east-west (Figure 69). has been disturbed by fiber optictrenching, which cut through the easternhalf of the feature. This previousdisturbance most likely resulted in thefeature’s semi-circular shape, which wasprobably circular prior to the disturbance.

HSR 9946C, pg. 104

The Prohistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737II I NI! I ~ II m II

Figure 69. Feature I at Site LA 86736, looking north.

The depth of Feature 1 is 10 cm. Inprofile, its shape is irregular, in that thebottom of the hearth is not level.However, the sides of the hearth are moreuniform, sloping gradually up and givingthe feature an overall basin shape.

The fill within Feature 1 consists ofloose to moderately compacted, darkashy, silty sandy loam, with a highdensity of charcoal flecks and chunksmixed with patches of bright-orangeoxidized soil. No artifacts were uncoveredwithin the feature. More than 40 rockswere found randomly scattered through-out the feature.

Feature 2

excavated in Unit 661N/998E and wasfound to be intrusive to the northwestcorner of Feature 1, which was below iLFeature 2 was uncovered at a depth of5 cm below the surface, and was definedby a circular-shaped stain of dark ashysoil with approximately 20 fire-crackedrocks lining the perimeter of the stain.Within the ash stain was a high density ofcharcoal flecks, but no oxidation wasobserved at this level

Excavation revealed the basic shapeand depth of Feature 2, which measured65 cm in diameter by 5 cm deep. Inprofile, the feature is irregular in shape;neither the bottom or the sides of thehearth are uniform.

Feature 2 (Figure 70) is a hearth thatwas first identified on the surface as asmall area of ash containing four pieces offire-cracked rock. This feature was then

The fill within Feature 2 consisted ofa loosely to moderately compacted, darkashy, silty loam with a high density ofcharcoal flecks. Although no oxidation

HSR 9946C, pg. 105


Figure 70. Feature 2 at Site LA 86736, looking north (Feature I is visible to right).

was mixed in the fill, the bottom of thehearth was almost completely covered inoxidized soil. One ceramic sherd wasrecovered from the feature. In addition,10 more pieces of fire-cracked rock wereuncovered from within, bringing the totalto 30 pieces.

Feature 3

Feature 3 is a hearth that was firstidentified in Trench 668N/993E as an areaof dispersed charcoal flecks visible onboth sides of the trench. Excavation bymechanical equipment revealed 10 piecesof fire-cracked rock from this area, but nomore pieces were visible in the trenchprofile. Feature 3 was then excavated byhand within Unit 660N/992E (a 1-by-2-munit). The feature was uncovered at depth of 10 cm below the surface, andwas only vaguely defined by a semi-

circular area Containing some ashy soiland a low density of charcoal flecks. Fivepieces of fire-cracked rock were visiblewithin this area.

Excavation of this unit revealed thatFeature 3 did not have a definite plan orprofile shape. Flecks of charcoal wereobserved in an area 50 cm north-south by30 cm east-west, and to a depth of 6 cm.The feature was not intact, most likely aresult of the grading of a nearby dirt road.

Feature 4

Feature 4 (Figure 71) is a possiblehearth first identified in Trench668N/993E as an area of low tomoderately dispersed charcoal visible inthe profile on the west side of the trench.This area measured 68 cm long by 4 cmwide.

HSR 9946C, pg. 106

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737i i.m i

Figure 71. Feature 4 at Site LA 86736, looking west.

Feature 4 was excavated by handwithin Unit 662N/992E, which revealedthat it retained no definition of shape ordepth. The feature was uncovered at adepth of 9 cm below the surface and mostlikely is the result of a naturally occurringburned area, or some other type ofmechanical or natural disturbance thatmay have redeposited the charcoal fromone of the other two hearths in theimmediate vicinity. It consists of arandomly scattered area of low-densitycharcoal flecks that measures 47 cmnorth-south by 28 cm east-west and is6 cm deep.

The fill from Feature 4 consists ofa moderately compacted, silty sandyloam with a low density of charcoalflecks and several charcoal chunks. Twoplain ware ceramic sherds were

documented within the feature. Nofire-cracked rock was found inassociation.

Feature 5

Feature 5 (Figure 72) is a hearththat was identified on the surface asa dispersed concentration of less than50 rocks (approximately 10 of whichwere fire-cracked) within an area 65 cmin diameter. A small amount of darkash and charcoal flecks was observedon the surface in the center of theconcentration. Two ceramic artifacts andone lithic artifact were found withinthe concentration, and one ground-stone fragment was found 20 cm tothe northwest. Feature 5 was excavatedby hand within Units 523N/996Eand 524N/996E.

HSR 9946C, pg. 107

Data-Rec0very on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Fa~o~ 5 Pt~ ~LA~

Feature S North Pmf~LA 867"35

1j ...... ,oKey

RockF FlakeC SllerdG,,S Ground StoneFCR Fire-cracked Rock

Figure 72. Feature 5 at Site LA 86736.

The excavations revealed the basicshape and depth of the feature. Itmeasured 44 cm in diameter and wasdefined by a stain of dark ashy, silt-likesoil and a moderate density of charcoalflecks and chunks within a circularconcentration of fire-cracked rocks.Approximately 20 other fire-crackedrocks were located within a distance of15 cm from the stained area.

The depth of Feature 5, as measuredfrom the profile after the feature wasbisected, was 18 cm. In profile, the featurehas a fairly uniform circular shape,defined by the dark ashy soil. Nine piecesof fire-cracked rock were visible in theprofile, as were several small areas with ahigh density of charcoal flecks.

The fill within Feature 5 consists of amoderately compacted, dark ashy siltyloam containing a moderate to highdensity of charcoal flecks and chunks. Asmall amount of orange oxidized soiloccurs randomly within the fill, but nooxidation was observed on the bottom orthe sides of the feature after it wasexcavated. A moderate density of artifactswas uncovered in the fill, including 23ceramic artifacts and 5 pieces of flakedstone. Over one hundred rocks were alsouncovered within the feature, 30 percentof which are fire-cracked or thermallyaltered.

Feature 6

Feature 6 (Figure 73) is a smallhearth that was identified in theexcavation of Units 522N/999E and523N/999E. It was uncovered at a depthof 50 cm below the surface, after theoverlying cultural fill was removed(which contained a moderate densityof artifacts and a low density of charcoalthroughout). The feature was definedby a circular stain of dark ashy soiland orange oxidized soil with a moderatedensity of charcoal flecks throughout.

Excavation revealed the basic shapeand depth of Feature 6, which measures37 cm in diameter. The feature wasbisected, and the profile revealed a

HSR 9946C, pg. 108

The Pl~historic Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737 ......,u ]

Figure 73. Feature 6 at Site LA 86736, looking north.

uniform circular shape that was 6 cmdeep (Figure 74).

Key6 , ,,,,’, Da~k, a.~ky, ~llt°llb go# wCh fl, eO~ ofLA 81r/"36 "." chwc.zol

FiguJre 74. Profile of Feature 6 at LA 86736.

The feature fill consists of amoderately compacted, dark ashy siltyloam, with a moderate density of charcoalflecks mixed with some patches of anorange oxidized soil. The bottom andsides of the feature are oxidized as well.Two large plain ware ceramic sherdswere located within the feature, one lyingfiat on the bottom and the other lying fiatagainst the side. No fire-cracked rock wasobserved in association.

Feature 7

Feature 7 (Figure 75) is a hearth thatwas identified in the excavation of Units524N/999E and 525N/999E. The featurewas uncovered at a depth of 34 cm belowthe surface, in the same manner asFeature 6, after the overlying cultural fill

Figure 75. Profile of Feature 7 at LA 86736.

HSR 9946C, pg. 109

Data-Racover~. on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

was removed. This fill contained a lowdensity of ceramics and pieces of flakedstone, as well as a fragmented bone awl.Feature 7 was defined by a circular stainof dark ashy, sflt-hke soil with severallarge patches of orange oxidized soilwithin the stained area. This feature waslocated directly above Feature 9, an infantburial (see Feature 9 description).

Excavations revealed the basic shapeand depth of the feature, which measured55 cm in diameter. It was bisected, andthe profile revealed a circular shape 30 cmin depth.

The fill within Feature 7 consists of amoderately compacted, dark ashy siltyloam with a high density of charcoalflecks, with several charcoal chunks andsmall patches of oxidized soil randomlyscattered throughout. In addition, thesides and bottom of the feature were

completely covered with an orangeoxidized soft 1 cm thick. Five pieces offlaked stone were uncovered in the filland one large rock (15 by 12 cm), which

was not fire-cracked, was found lying atthe bottom of the feature.

Feature 8

Feature 8 (Figure 76) is a hearthidentified through surface scraping bymechanical equipment. The feature wasuncovered at a depth of 15 cm below thesurface, and was defined by a very darkashy soil with a high density of charcoalflecks and chunks. Six pieces of fire-cracked rock were documented within thestained area. The feature was excavatedby hand within Unit 665.SN/993.SE.

Excavation revealed the feature’sbasic shape anddepth. It had a non-uniform circular shape measuring 65 cm

Figure 76. Feature 8 at Site LA 86736, looking north.

HSR 9946C, pg. 110

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737ill i i ii , i|

in diameter. In profile, the feature wasalso nonuniform, possibly a result frominvasion by roots.

The feature fill consisted of amoderately compacted, very dark ashysilty loam with a high density of charcoalflecks and chunks. Patches of orangeoxidized soil were present within the fill,but were not observed on the sides orbottom of the feature. Two more pieces offire-cracked rock were uncovered in thefill, bringing the total to eight pieces.

Feature 9

Feature 9 is a human infant burial,which was identified in Units 524N/999Eand 525N/999E. The feature wasuncovered at a depth of 80 cm below thesurface, directly below Feature 7. BetweenFeature 7 and the burial, the fill containeda low to moderate density of artifacts,including 6 ceramics, 10 lithics, and asmall grinding stone with a yellowpigment on one side. This fill alsocontained a low density of charcoal andpatches of oxidized soil.

The skeletal remains of the burialwere not found within a definable pit orother type of buried deposit. Unidentifiedbone was first encountered at a depth of85 cm below the surface, randomlyscattered within the northern half of Unit524N/999E. As this level of excavationwas completed, the cranium of a humaninfant was uncovered and excavation washalted until the proper legal processeswere undertaken as outlined in State ofNew Mexico Burial Permit ABE-335.

Following appropriate notifications,a member of the HSR staff listed on the

burial permit was allowed to remove theburied skeletal remains. The excavationrevealed that the skeletal remains werenot intact, having been either buried in adisarticulated manner, or possibly dis-turbed by rodents or some other naturaloccurrence. Below the cranium, two ribbones were observed in the approximateplace they would be if the skeletalremains were intact. However, no otherhuman remains were found articulated tothe cranium and rib bones.

The fill surrounding the burialconsisted of loosely compacted sand thatshowed evidence of having beendisturbed. Several rodent tunnels wereobserved in both units, and morecompacted, small clay-filled depositswere observed that were not the result ofnatural depositional processes. Also, afiber-optic cable line had been dug lessthan 0.5 m to the east of the area wherethe skeletal remains were located.Constructing the trench for the fiber opticcable may have affected the area of theburial as well, although the edge of thefiber optic trench was 30 cm from theburial. No artifacts were found in directassociation with the burial, and noevidence of burning (charcoal, ash, oroxidation) was observed at or below thelevel of the burial.

Analyses of Recovered Data

A total of 1,591 artifacts werecollected from both the surface andsubsurface excavations of units andtrenches at Site LA 86736 (Table 20). Thecollections include 899 ceramic sherds,375 lithic artifacts, 17 pieces of groundstone, 229 glass fragments, and 13 itemsof miscellaneous historic debris. Although

HSR 9946C, pg. 111

Data-Recove on Four Sites alon US H .54 between Tttlarosa and Carrizozo, NM

Table 20. Artifacts Collected from Site LA 86736.

Type Sl.l.~ace Excava~on Total

Bone 0 58 58

Cartridge o 1 1

Ceramic 151 748 899

Glass 0 229 229

Ground Stone 6 11 17

Lithic 21 354 375

Metal 1 5 6

Mineral 0 5 5

Porcelain

TOTAL

1

180 1,411

1

1,591

it was anticipated that surface collectionswould yield the most data, of the 899ceramic sherds found, 748 weresubsurface, and of the 375 lithics, 354were subsurface.

Analysis of Prehistoric Ceramic Artifacts

The ceramic assemblage from SiteLA 86736 is limited to six prehistoricceramic types, all of which arecontemporary. The assemblage wascomprised of 899 sherds. Nine sherds arehistoric ceramics (see Historic Artifacts).The temporal homo-geneity of theprehistoric ceramics suggests that SiteLA 86736 was occupied for a relativelyshort period of time, making a case thatthe site assemblage can be viewed as adiscrete time capsule. The ceramic typesrepresented are Mimbres Classic Black-on-white, San Andres Red-on-terracotta,El Paso Bichrome, E1 Paso Brown, JornadaBrown, and a red washed brown ware

(Table 21; Chart 1). Conspicuously absentare corrugated wares common in theMimbres area or any ceramic types thatclearly predate or postdate the eleventhcentury. Although Chupadero Black-on-white was reported on the site surveyform, no sherds were recovered or seenduring data recovery.

Mimbres White Ware

Twenty-seven sherds of MimbresWhite ware were identified in theassemblage. Of these, the larger sherdscould be clearly distinguished as MimbresClassic Black-on-white, based on visibledesign elements (LeBlanc 1976; Shafer1999). The critical design elements areparallel lines separating the design fromthe rim and fine-line framing linessurrounding areas of fine-line hatching.The rim sherds recovered (Figure 77)indicate that at least five vessels, allbowls, were utilized on the site.

HSR 994OE, pg. 112

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737...... ,i i

Table 21. Ceramic Types by Level at Site LA 86736.

Level Per-

Type6 ,,[_ 7

Total centage1 2 3 4 5 Surface Trench

E1 Paso Bichrome 1 1 .1[

El Paso Brown 393 78 49 16 40 12 1 109 8 7O6 79

Historic 9 9 .1

Jornada Brown 71 4 1 5 8 5 2 11 1 108 12

Mimbres Classic B/W 14 2 1 9 1 27 3

Red Wash 20 4 3 3 12 42 5

San Andres R/T 3 1 1 1 6 .7

TOTAL 502 86 55 23 51 17 3 151 11 899 100

Chart. 1. Percentages of Ceramic Types at Site LA 86736.

9000% ~-~

80.00%.

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.OO%

3o.oo%

20.00%

10.00%

o.oo%El Paso El Paso Brown Historic

Bichrorre

Mimbres Classic Black-on-whitewas found in situ within both Locus Aand Locus B (Figure 78), furtherdocumenting the contemporaniety ofthose loci. In Locus B, Mimbres ClassicBlack-on-white was found in association

Jornada Brown M irrbres Red Wash San A ndres R/T

Classic BAN

with San Andres Red-on-terracotta inLevel 4, a depth of 60-80 cm. and in theimmediate vicinity of Features 6, 7, and 9,providing a tight context for the temporalassociation of these two types.

HSR 9946C, pg. 113

, Data-Recover~, on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 be~een Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Figure 77. Mimbres White ware sherds recovered from Site LA 86736.

Two specialized studies wereconducted on the Mimbres Black-on-white sherds from Site LA 86736. Bothwere designed to aid in designation of thegeographic origin of the sherds. DavidHill performed petrographic analysis ofselected sherds to determine the type andpercentages of tempering materials (seeAppendix D). Dr. Harry Shafer, TexasA&M University, supervised neutronactivation analysis of four temporallydiagnostic rim sherds (letter from Shaferto Laumbach 10/16/01).

Petrographic analysis of the sherdsby David Hill revealed that the temperingmaterial was primarily sands derivedfrom volcanic sources composed of light-colored rhyolite and grains of basalt.Sanidine quartz and trace amounts of

plagioclase and biotite were also present.Larger fragments of rhyolite containingsanadine and quartz were also observed.This tempering is consistent with thatfound in Mimbres Classic sherds fromwest of the Rio Grande in the Mimbresculture area.

More definitively, the neutronactivation analysis analyzed the claysfrom which the ceramics were made.Comparisons with the extant databasederived from previous neutron activationanalyses of Mimbres White ware from theMimbres Valley and elsewhere reveal thatthe four large rim sherds were con-structed from clays gathered at threeseparate sources located within theMimbres Valley. This finding is consistentwith neutron activation analyses of

HSR 9946C, pg. 114


LocusB

Figure 78. Distribution of MimbresBlack-on-white at Site LA 86736.

Mimbres White ware from theGobernadora and Ojasen Sites in westTexas (Shafer et al 1999:190-194). MimbresClassic Black-on- white sherds from bothsites were manufactured with clays fromthe Mimbres Valley.

Shafer and Brewington (1987)developed a microseriation of MimbresWhite ware based on tightly datedcontexts at NAN Ruin, located on theMimbres River. Shafer’s seriation allowsMimbres White ware to be dated basedon stylistic differences. Of the five rimsherds (five separate vessels) of MimbresClassic Black-on-white that were largeenough to place in Shafer’s stylisticseriation sequence, all five can beconfidently placed in the Middle Style UIgroup. This assignment is mainly due tothe single or multiple parallel lines that

separate the design from the rim. In theNAN Ranch assemblage, the Middle StyleIII group dates from A.D. 1060 to 1110.Given the radiocarbon dates from Site LA86736, it is suggested that the MimbresClassic Black-on-white assemblage datesto A.D. 1060 or slightly after.

San Andres Red-on-terracotta

Six sherds of San Andres Red-on-terracotta were recovered (Figures 79 and80). All were from Locus B in the vicinityof Features 6, 7, and 9. At least twovessels are represented, one jar and onebowl. San Andres Red-on-terracotta wasinitially described by Mera and Stallings(1931) as a broad line terracotta. Theceramic type was named San AndresRed-on-terracotta by McCluney (1983).

0

LocusB

Figure 79. Distribution of San AndresRed-on-terracotta at Site LA 86736.

HSR 9946C, pg. 115


Figure 80. San Andres Red-on-terracotta sherds from Site LA 86736.

a "broad line" red-on-terracotta, it is theprecursor to Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta. Both types are thought to havebeen manufactured in the northernJornada Mogollon area in the vicinity ofthe Three Rivers, Ruidoso, and Rio Bonitodrainages. Most of the dating for this typehas been through ceramic cross dating.San Andres Red-on-terracotta is oftenused as a temporally diagnostic tradeware for the eleventh century (LateMesilla Phase or Mimbres Phase) insouth-central and southwestern NewMexico. The occurrence of San AndresRed-on-terracotta with Mimbres ClassicBlack-on-white in the context of severalradiocarbon dates does much to validatetheir temporal association.

E1 Paso Bichrome

A single bowl sherd of E1 PasoBichrome was recovered from the Level I

in Locus B. E1 Paso Bichrome is theearliest painted ware in the El PasoBrown ware series. The type is thought todate to the mid to late twelfth century andhas been associated with the Dona AnaPhase (Seaman and Mills 1988:172). In thiscase the context suggests that it wasproduced in at least limited numbersduring the eleventh century.

Red Washed Ware

Forty-two sherds of red washedbrown ware were found (Figure 81). Tenof these sherds were located in Locus A,while the remaining thirty-two wererecovered from Locus B. Like the paintedwares, the red washed wares were foundin both the upper and lower levels. A redwash is basically a thin red slip. Twoseparate types of red washed ware appearin the literature. Hawley (1936:63)describes a Mimbres Plain Red Wash.

HSR 9946C, pg. 116

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737....... i i al i

=-_.1

O

u.

LocusB

N

Figure 81. Distribution of Red Washed Wareat Site LA 86736.

Mimbres Plain Red Wash iscommonly associated with Mimbres sitesin southwestern New Mexico and isthought to be derived from the thickerslipped, highly polished San FranciscoRed found in early and late pithouse sitesof that area. More recently, Bussey, Kellyand Southward (1976:80) defined JornadaRed based on ceramics recovered from apithouse site at nearby Three Rivers.These two types are very similar inappearance and without petrographic andneutron activation analysis cannot bereadily distinguished. Given the presenceof Mimbres Classic Black-on-white, it ispossible (although less likely) that thesered washed sherds, like the MimbresClassic, were imported from the Mimbresarea. Thus, the specimens from SiteLA 86736 are simply called red washwares. Neutron activation analysis wouldlikely resolve this question.

Undifferentiated Red Slipped WareDescriptionby Toni Sudar Laumbach

The sherds tend to be well smoothedand without a bumpy surface (createdby large temper particles immediatelyunder the surface). Some sherdsexhibit coarse and grainy surfaces thatmay be the result of weathering.

One or both surfaces tend to belustrous as a result of polishing. Somesurfaces are dull and lack luster.Polishing striae generally are notvisible.

Where there is no red slip, the surfaceappears a medium to light browncolor.

The red slip ranges in color from adark brick red to orangish red. Theslip occurs as a solid, thin coating, oras an intermittent, weathered or worn,thin coating of color. The latter isfrequently referred to as a "wash."

The red slip usually appears lustrous,except in those cases where it is wornor weathered.

The red slip may occur on one or bothsurfaces and may or may not cover theentire surface. Some sherds have asmudged interior surface with thinred slip on the exterior surface.

Temper particles range from mediumto coarse grains.

Temper appears to be angular and iscomposed predominately of white togray opaque particles in combination

HSR 9946C, pg. 117

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alon[ US Hwy. 54 be~een Tularpsa and Carrizozo, NM

with light-colored translucentparticles. The dominant mineral isquartz.

¯ Rim style is direct with rounded orsquared-off lips.

E1 Paso Brown

E1 Paso Brown is the most commonceramic type in the assemblage, totaling530 sherds (Figure 82). E1 Paso Brown wasfound in both Locus A and Locus B.

¯ o

Loc-,~A .4

|Uf.I

I

/v

3

_JLI.

LOGU$B

The vast majority of the assemblage werejar sherds, as the identifiable jar sherdsoutnumbered the identifiable bowl sherdsby a ratio of almost 8 to 1. Rims for bothbowls and jars were direct and consistentwith the eleventh century contextindicated by both the decorated ceramicsand the chronometric dates (seediscussion of Rim Sherd Indices thischapter).

A single shaped sherd of El PasoBrown was found south of Locus B. It waslocated on the surface. It had been groundinto a circular shape.

E1 Paso Brown Descriptionby Toni Sudar Laumbach

Surface finish on both interior andexterior surfaces appears smooth,however, there exists a degree ofbumpiness to the surfaces where largeparticles of temper lay immediatelyunder the surface. Interior surfacesoccasionally appear rough scrapedand dull to well-smoothed andlustrous with visible polishing stria.

¯ Surface color ranges from dark brownto reddish brown.

¯ Wall thickness ranges from 3 to 5 mm.

¯ Temper particles range from mediumto coarse grains.

" Temper appears to be angular, graycolored granitic detritus.

Jornada Brown

Figure 82. Distribution of E1 Paso Brownceramics at Site LA 86736.

Jornada Brown was less common,consisting of 108 sherds (Figure 83). Like

HSR 9946C, pg. 118

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737i i i i|l i J

O0

W"

t

q

i0

u.

LocusB

Figure83. Distribution of Jornada Brownceramics at Site LA 86736.

the E1 Paso Brown assemblage, jarsgreatly outnumbered bowls, althoughbowls did occur. Vessel form, asevidenced by the rims present in theassemblage, is identical to those in the E1Paso Brown assemblage. One jar rimidentified as Jornada Brown is included inthe discussion of Rim Sherd Indices (thischapter).

Jornada Brown was defined byJennings (1940) from a site in theSacramento Mountains near Mayhill,New Mexico. E1 Paso Brown was definedby Lehmer (1948) from sites along the RioGrande and in the Tularosa Basin.Considerable debate has ensued about therelationship of these two types. Theprimary difference is one of surface finish.E1 Paso Brown has a comparatively

rough, unpolished surface, whereasJornada Brown has a smooth, polishedsurface much like that of the westernMogollon brown ware type, Alma Plain,but usually without that type’s generallybuff coloration. Based on the generaldistribution of these types, normativethought is that the better finished JornadaBrown was produced by the mountaindwelling jornada Mogollon groups, whilethe less well finished E1 Paso Brown wasthe product of desert dwellers. In truth, itis very difficult to tell Jornada Brownfrom El Paso Brown and all of the sherdsin the LA 86736 assemblage could beplaced in the El Paso Brown category.

Jornada Brown Descriptionby Toni Sudar Laumbach

Surface finish on both interior andexterior surfaces appear wellsmoothed and generally without thebumpiness that is noticeable onsurfaces of El Paso Brown.

¯ Surfaces tend to have a soft luster dueto polishing.

¯ Surface color tends to be medium tolight brown.

¯ Temper particles range from mediumto coarse grains.

Temper is predominately quartz sandcomposed of angular translucent andlight-colored opaque particles.

¯ Wall thickness ranges from 3 to 5mm.

¯ Rims are direct with rounded orsquared-off lips.

HSR 9946C, pg. 119

Data-Recovel~ on Four Sites alongUS Hw~..54.between Tularosa and Can-izozo, NM

Rim Sherd Indices for E1 Paso Brownand Jornada Brown

Rim sherd indices (Seaman and Mills1988:171) were calculated for five E1 PasoBrown jar rims and one Jornada Brown jarrim. The Rim Sherd Index was developedby West (1982), and subsequently refinedby Carmichael (1986:76-84) and Seamanand Mills (1988) as a method of quanti-fying temporal shifts in the rim form ofthe E1 Paso brown ware series, whichincludes El Paso Brown, El PasoBichrome, and El Paso Polychrome. Theseshifts were originally noted by Lehmer(1948) and developed by Whalen (1977,1978, 1980). This sequence begins with theearliest El Paso brown ware (A.D.400-700) exhibiting an inverted jar neckwith a pinched rim. The next stage(roughly A.D. 700-1150) again sees inverted jar neck, but with a direct, evenwalled, fiat or rounded rim. During thelatter end of this period, red or blackcarbon paint was added, creating E1 PasoBichrome. The subsequent period (A.D.1150-1300) sees a change in vessel form toa direct neck with an expanded orthickened rim. The final stage of thisevolution (A.D. 1300- 1420?) saw everted neck with a thickened rim.Duringthe latter two stages, almost all ofthe vessels are polychrome with theaddition of red mineral and black carbonpaint. These changes in vessel for.,L havebeen explained as the evolution of the E1Paso Brown jar from a cooking vessel to amore efficient storage vessel (Seaman andMills 1988:179-182).

The Rim Sherd Index requiresmeasurements of vessel thickness at both2 mm and 15 mm below the rim, andcomputes the index by dividing the first

measurement by the second. Thus, adirect walled, pinched rim would havean index of much less than one; the directwalled, rounded or straight rims wouldhave an index of just slightly lessthan one; the rims with a direct wall and athickened rim would have an index ofmore than one; and the latest rim witha thickened and everted rim would havean index of much more than one. Inpractice, this works only with jar forms,because bowls from all periods tendto have direct, unthickened rims. Seamanand Mills (1988) added a usefulmeasurement to process by calculatingthe number of degrees of inversionor eversion when sherd size wouldpermit.

Rim Sherd indices (RSIs) taken on thesix sherds reflect the direct, roundedand/or flattened rims found in the SiteLA 86736 assemblage. The RSIs rangedfrom .76 to .86, with a mean of .83. Thiscorresponds well with the mean of .86recorded for plain El Paso Brown bySeaman and Mills (1988:173). It should noted that truly pinched rims dating tothe early part of the sequence have onlybeen found in a few dated contexts(Whalen 1978:60; Oakes 1998:39, 46) andare only rarely found during surveyprojects. RSIs for pinched rims are slightlyless than .83 (Oakes 1998:114).

Stratigraphic Context

Excavations at LA 86736 wereconducted in 10 cm. levels, except for theexcavation of the lower levels in thevicinity of the Feature 9 (the burial) where20 cm levels were excavated. Other thanfeatures, no natural stratigraphic levelscould be seen in the soil profiles.

HSR 9946C, pg. 120

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737t I ,I H I I J II "

In Locus A, Mimbres ClassicBlack-on-white, El Paso Brown, JornadaBrown, and Red Washed ware werefound in Level 1 (Table 22). Only a fewsherds of E1 Paso Brown was recoveredfrom Level 2 and no ceramics were foundin the lower levels.

In Locus B, all six types identifiedwere found in Level 1 (Table 23).Mimbres Classic Black-on-white andSan Andres Red-on-terracotta were notfound below Level 4. Red Washed warewas not found below Level 5. Only

Jomada Brown and El Paso Brownwere found in Levels 6 and 7. Giventhe shallow nature of the site, the limitednumber of artifacts, and the potentialfor deflation and redeposition by wind,it is unlikely that the brown ware fromthe lower levels reflects an earlieroccupation.

Prehistoric Ceramic Summary

The six ceramic types from SiteLA 86736 are considered to becontemporary, based on ceramic cross

Table 22. Ceramic Types by Level at Locus A, Site LA 86736.

LevelCeramic Type Total Percentage

1 2 Surface Trench

E1 Paso Brown 130 11 34 1 176 89.80

Jornada Brown 2 2 4 2.04

Mimbres Classic B/W 6 6 3.06

Red Wash 8 2 10 5.10, i

TOTAL 146 11 38 1 196 100.00

Level Per-

Ceramic Type Total centage1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Surface Trench

llll j, i HHII

E1 Paso Bichrome 1 1 .14

El Paso Brown 263 67 49 16 40 12 1 75 7 530 76.37

Jornada Brown 69 4 1 5 8 5 2 9 1 104 14.99

Mimbres Classic B/W 8 2 1 9 1 21 3.03

Red Wash 12 4 3 3 10 32 4.61

San Andres R/T 3 1 1 6 .86I

TOTAL 356 75 55 23 51 17 3 104 10 694 100.00

Table 23. Ceramic Types by Level at Locus B, Site LA 86736.

HSR 9946C, pg. 121

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alon[~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

dating and their stratigraphic associationin the site. The microstylistic analysis ofthe Mimbres Classic Black-on-whitesuggests that the site was occupied ca.A.D. 1160-1110. The majority of thevessels were identified as jars, reflectingthe functional utihty of that vessel formon seasonal sites. Bowl forms weregenerally restricted to the painted vessels.Although several painted vessels arerepresented by rim sherds, the bodysherds of these bowls may have beencurated or collected. In all, the ceramicassemblage contains all the elementsexpected from a seasonal gathering site ofthe mid-eleventh century.

Lithic Artifacts

Lithic artifacts were recovered fromexcavated and surficial contexts in bothLocus A and Locus B of Site LA 86736.

Compared to the 899 ceramic artifactsrecovered, only 375 lithic artifacts werefound. The lithic artifacts from LA 86736are primarily manufactured frommaterials that are available in theimmediate area. Formal tools are virtuallynonexistent and no temporally diag-nostic artifacts were found. Given thenumber and context of the recoveredlithic artifacts, it is deemed likely that theentire assemblage is reflective of thelimited occupation suggested by theceramics and radiocarbon dates.

Materials and Cortex

Six material types were identified inthe assemblage (Figure 84, Table 24).These include (in order of dominance)siltstone, quartzite, basalt, sandstone,chert, and chalcedony. The siltstone,quartzite, and sandstone are present in

siltstone (Cat. No. 87), chert and basalt (Cat. No. 117), and chert (Cat, No.

HSR 9946C, pg. 122


the local arroyo gravels and are derivedfrom the same basic geologic formationexposed in the Sierra Blanca (Cather1991:265-275). The basalt is also availablelocally and can also be traced to a sourcein the highlands of the Sierra Blanca

(Cather 1991:265-275). The chert and chal-cedony are in the minority. Cherts can befound in several formations of beddedlimestones in both the Sacramento and

San Andres Mountains. The chalcedonywas likely imported from the Rio Grandegravels. The material type of 12 lithicartifacts could not be satisfactorily deter-mined. The materials were distributeddifferentially across the site (see Figures85-88). Only 32 lithic artifacts came fromLocus A (Table 25), while Locus B yieldedthe great majority of the materialrecovered (n--343) from the site (Table 26).

Table 24. Lithic Materials by Cortex Placement at Site LA 86736.

mi,it

Cortex

Material dorsal/ distal/ Total Percentagedorsal

platformnone platform

platformyes

ii H

basalt 2 7 6 1 16 4.34

chalcedony 1 1 .27

chert 3 1 4 1.08

quartzite 12 14 38 53 1 2 120 32.52

sandstone 1 4 2 2 2 11 2.98

sfltstone 18 41 57 62 27 205 55.56

ulxknown 12 12 3.25i ll|l|lm

TOTAL 31 61 120 124 1 32 369 100.00

Table 25. Lithic Material by Cortex at Locus A, Site LA 86736.

m

Cortex

Material dorsal/ Total Percentagedorsal

platformnone platform yes

lid i H

basalt 2 1 1 4 12.90

quartzite 2 4 4 10 32.26

sandstone 1 1 1 3 9.68

siltstone 2 7 3 1 14 45.16i ,.a

TOTAL 1 7 11 9 3 31 100.00

HSR 9946C, pg. 123

Data-Recovery on Four Sit es,alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa,,.~., d Carrizozo, ,NM,

Table 26. Lithic Material by Cortex at Locus B, Site LA 86736.

CodexMaterial dorsal/ d~/ Total Percentage

dorsalplatform none platform platform yes

i ill lall|. ill me.

basalt 7 5 12 3.55

chalcedony 1 1 .30

chert 3 1 4 1.18

quartzite 12 12 34 49 1 2 110 32.54

sandstone 1 3 2 1 1 8 2.37

sfltstone 17 39 5O 59 26 191 56.51

unknown 12 12¸ 3.55

TOTAL 30 54 109 115 1 29 338 100.00

[.OCtl$A

¯ |

-a

iO

Lo¢41sB

Figure 85. Distribution of sfltstone at LA 86736.

Siltstone, a fine-grained siliciousmaterial, varies in color from tan to lightgray. Siltstone was the most commonmaterial, represented by 207 artifacts(Figure 85). This material was found both Locus A and Locus B. The reductionof siltstone cores was less thorough inLocus B, where only 26 percent of theassemblage did not exhibit some cortex.In Locus A, 50 percent of the muchsmaller sfltstone assemblage (n--14)exhibited no cortex.

Quartzite, a coarse to fine-grainedsilicious material, varied in color fromblack to brownish-gray to gray. The blackquartzite exhibited the finest grain, thebrownish-gray quartzite was mediumgrained, while the gray quartzite variedfrom coarse to fine-grained. Quartzitewas found at both Locus A (n=10) andLocus B (n=110) (Figure 86). siltstone, the quartzite found at Locus Ahad been more thoroughly reduced thanthat at Locus B, based on the retention ofcortex.

HSR 9946C, pg. 124

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737i

Figure 86. Distribution of quartzite at LA 86736.

Basalt, a dark gray/black material,was found in limited quantities at bothLocus A (n=4) and Locus B (n=12) (Figure87). All of the basalt at Locus A exhibitedcortex, while none of the basalt at Locus Bhad any cortex.

Chert and chalcedony (Figure 88)vary considerably in color. Neither ofthese materials were present at Locus A.The limited numbers of these materialtypes came from Locus B (chert=4; chal-cedony=l). The chalcedony flake is whiteto brown in color and exhibits no cortex.The cherts are of the banded gray-green,black and brown hues common to chertsformed in the lime-stone formations ofthe San Andres and SacramentoMountain ranges (Hawley 1983:19-20).

]O

Figure 87. Distribution of basalt at LA 86736.

A

O

LOCUSB

Figure 88. Distribution of chert and chalcedony.

HSR 9946C, pg. 125

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM ....

Debitage Size and Type

The lithic debitage was divided intosize categories. These categories were0-10 mm., 1040 mm., 40-60 mm., andlarger than 60 ram. (Table 27). Of the 369pieces of lithic debitage, 89 percent(n=331) were in the second and thirdcategories. Of these, 56 percent (n=187)were in the second category, while 44percent (n=144) were in the third cate-gory. These two categories seem to reflectthe optimum size for flake production, asall of the more silicious, homogenousmaterials (chert, chalcedony, and basalt)are only found in that size range. Many ofthe largest flakes are thought to be theresult of ground-stone production, asquartzite and siltstone are the onlymaterials in the largest size category.

Due to the prevalence of coarsermaterials, debitage attributes on theventral surfaces and terminations weredifficult to observe. While striking

platforms could usually be easily defined,it was extremely difficult to differentiate astep termination from a post-productiontransverse fracture. Likewise, if theplatform was not present, the lack ofventral attributes made it difficult toassess flake orientation.

Bifacial thinning flakes areassociated with the latter stages of bifacialcore and bifacial tool production.Transverse flakes are associated with theearly stages of bifacial core and bifacialtool production. It is significant that noneof these flake types were identified in theassemblage.

Lithic Tools

Identifiable lithic tools are exceed-ingly limited in both number and variety(Figure 89). They include six cores (Figure90), one flake tool, and one hammerstone.Except for one expedient core fromLocus A, all the tools are from Locus B.

Table 27. Lithic Material by Size at Site LA 86736.

Size CategoryMaterial 1 2 3 4 Total Percentage

(O-lOmm) (10-40mm) (40-60ram) (>60mm).ll

basalt 9 7 16 4.34

chalcedony 1 1 .27

chert 2 1 1 4 1.08

quartzite 5 62 39 14 120 32.52

sandstone 4 7 11 2.98

sfl~tone 10 99 89 7 205 55.56

unknown 12 12 3.25

TOTAL 17 187 144 21 369 100.05

HSR 9946C, pg. 126

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737,,,, ,

o

u.

Locust3

N

Figure 89. Distribution of iithic toolsat Site LA 86736.

Only the single basalt core is adeveloped core, exhibiting multipleplatforms. The other cores are expedientcores produced from unshaped nodulesof quartzite (3) and siltstone (2). predominance of expedient cores corres-ponds well with the percentages ofplatform/dorsal cortex in the debitageassemblage (quartzite=12%; sandstone=

36%; siltstone 20%), as well as thepresence of cortex on 68 percent of theoverall assemblage.

One quartzite hammerstone wasrecovered. The hard quartzite wasundoubtedly required to effectively workthe very hard and often coarse-grainedlithic materials present in the assemblage.

One flake tool was identified. It ismade of banded grey/green chert, andexhibits some dorsal cortex. The use wearor retouch can be viewed macroscopicaUy

HSR 9946C, pg. 127

..... Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

and consists of a combination of unifacialand biracial microflake removal onmultiple edges.

No bifaces, biface fragments, orprojectile points were found. Thesenegative data correspond to the lack ofdebitage related to bffacial toolproduction.

S~atigraphic Context

Excavations at Site LA 86736 wereconducted in 10 cm. levels, with theexception of the lower levels of Feature 9(the burial). Other than features, natural stratigraphic levels could beseen in the soil profiles. Overall,42 percent (n=157) of the 375 lithicartifacts were found in Level I (Table 28).As less than 1 percent were found onthe surface, 52.5 percent (n=197) of thelithic material were recovered fromexcavated contexts.

Lithic artifacts do not reflectsignificant stratification in Locus A. Asnoted, no temporally diagnostic lithicartifacts were present in the total of only32 found in Locus A (Table 29). Of those,69 percent (n=22) were found in Level A single lithic artifact was found in Level2 and none were found below Level 2.

With the exception of the lonechalcedony flake found in Level 1, all ofthe lithic materials found in Locus B werepresent through Level 4 (Table 30). Basaltwas found in Level 5. Quartzite andsiltstone were found in Level 6, whileonly siltstone was found in Level 7.

Given the shallow nature of the site,the lack of temporally diagnostic lithicartifacts, the stratigraphic distribution ofmaterial types, and the potential fordeflation and redeposition by wind, it isunlikely that the lithics from the lowerlevels reflect an earlier occupation.

Table 28. Lithic Material Types by Level at Site LA 86736.

LevelMaterial Total Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SiJffface Trench

basalt 8 1 3 2 2 1 17 4.53

chalcedony 1 1 .27

chert 2 1 ! 4 1.07

quartzite 41 25 10 15 5 9 12 6 123 32.80

sandstone 5 3 -2 1 11 2.93

sfltstone 88 46 11 2O 8 19 2 6 7 207 55.20

tlxikIlow~n 12 12 3.20

TOTAL 157 75 24 4O 15 28 2 21 13 375 100.00,,, ....,, ,, ,

HSR 9946C, pg. 128

The Prohistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737

Table 29. Lithic Materials by Level at Locus A, Site LA 86736.

iilllll i

LevelMaterial Total Percentage

1 2 Surface

basalt 4 I 4 12.50

quartzite 5 1 5 11 34.37

sandstone 2 1 3 9.38

siltstone 11 3 14 43.75Hi i

TOTAL 22 1 9 32 100.00

Table 30. IAthic Materials by Level at Locus B, Site LA 86736.i ii i i ii ............

LevelMaterial Total Pe~en~ge

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Surface Trench, i

basalt 4 1 3 2 2 1 13 3.79

chalcedony 1 1 .29

chert 2 1 1 4 1.17

quartzite 36 24 10 15 5 9 7 6 112 32.65

sandstone 3 3 2 8 2.33

sfltstone 77 46 11 2O 8 19 2 3 7 193 56.27

unknown 12 12 3.50aa i

TOTAL 135 74 24 ,.o I 28 2 12 13 343 100.00,.iii

Lithic Summary

The lithic assemblage reflectsexpedient use of local materials to satisfythe needs of a procurement strategyfocused on wild plant products. It issignificant that no projectile points,bifaces, or other tools associated with thehunting of game were recovered, and thatthe debitage did not reflect production ofthese tools. A few exotic materialsconsisting of the finer-grained chert and

chalcedony were brought to the site,probably to serve specific cuttingfunctions that would have been moredifficult with the coarser-grained localmaterials.

Based on artifact counts, thefrequency of cortex in the assemblage,and the location of cores, most of thelithic reduction occurred in Locus B.Flakes and cores of a variety of materialswere taken to Locus A for utilization

HSR 9946C, pg. 129

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 between Tuiarosa and Carrizozo, NM

and, in the case of the cores, limitedreduction.

in sum, the production and use oflithic artifacts at Site LA 86736 waslimited and focused on satisfying simpleand immediate needs.

Ground Stone Artifacts

Seventeen ground stone artifactswere recovered from Site LA 86736 (Table31). Four were from Locus A, three ofwhich were from excavated contexts.Twelve were from Locus B, including six

recovered from excavated context. Oneartifact was found on the surface betweenthe loci.

With two exceptions, all of theground stone were small fragments. Fiveof the fragments could be identified ascoming from manos, while six are frommetates. The remaining artifacts are inde-terminate ground stone. The exceptionsare a complete, shaped sandstone slabmetate found in Trench 990E of Locus B(Figure 91), and a complete mano foundon the surface between the two loci. Thecomplete artifacts and most of the

Table 31. Ground Stone by Material Type at Site LA 86736.

TypeMaterial frag. mallo mallO metate slab Total Percentage

flag. frag. metateml ,= i i.,

quartzite, fine-grained 1 1 5.88

quartzite, medium-grained 1 1 5.88

quartzite, coarse-grained 2 1 5 4 12 70.59

sandstone, medium-grained 1 1 5.88

sandstone, coarse-grained 1 1 5.88

siltstone, coarse-grained 1 1 5.88i.im m H

TOTAL] 4 1 5 6 1 17 100.00

Figure 91. Slab metate at Site LA 86736, looking west.

HSR 9946C, pg. 130


fragments exhibit evidence of some inten-tional shaping of the edges, althoughthe unground faces often ,a/ere notmodified.

One metate fragment (Cat. No. 277),associated with the infant burial in LocusB, may have served as a palette ratherthan a grinding surface for plantproducts. It was stained with red andyellow ochre, and exhibited parallelincisions on its grinding surface. A fulldescription is provided below.

All of the ground stone artifacts areof local materials, including sandstone (2),fine-grained quartzite (1), medium-grained quartzite (1), coarse-grainedquartzite (12), and coarse-grained stir-stone (1). These materials make up thebulk of the flaked stone assemblage.Given the fact that a complete sandstonemetate had been shaped by percussion, atleast some of the debitage may haveresulted from the shaping of groundstone artifacts.

The distribution of ground stoneartifacts appears in Figure 92. Descrip-tions of selected ground stone artifactsappear below. A complete list of all theground stone artifacts is on file at HumanSystems Research, Inc.

Cat. No. 155 (Locus B scraped): Onecircular mano fragment of a light gray,coarse-grained quartzite. The fragmentmeasures 11 by 8 centimeters (cm) and 3 cm thick. The mano has a naturallyrounded shape that has not beenartificially modified. A heavily groundsurface occurs on one face of the manoand extends only slightly onto the lateraledge. The opposite face of the mano is

|@l

T"

@@

@ #

-a

I.ocusB

Figure 92. Distribution of ground stoneartifacts at Site LA 86736.

water worn, as are some areas on thelateral edge. The mano was originally awater-worn cobble with a rounded shapeand a flat surface, which were useful inproducing an expedient grinding artifact.

Cat_ No. 155 (Locus B scraped): One manofragment of dark gray, coarse-grainedquartzite. The fragment measures 8 by2 cm and is 1.5 cm thick. The fragment isonly a small portion of a mano, as the fiatgrinding surface extended a bit further.

Cat. No. 175 (Grid 570N/1000E surface):One complete, one-hand mano of a lightgray, coarse-grained quartzite. The frag-ment measures 10.5 by 9 cm and is 4.5 cmthick. The mano has been shaped,

HSR 9946C, pg. 131

Data-Rec0very on Four Sites along US Hwy: 54 be .tween Tularosa and C a~ozo, NM

evidenced by pecking marks around thesides to form a nearly perfect, roundshape. Given its size, the mano wasprobably used with one hand. A heavilyground surface occurs on one face,whereas the other face has only beenmoderately ground. The lateral edges alsohave moderately ground surfaces that areuniformly rounded completely aroundthe circumference of the mano. Some bat-tering is also evident on one of the lateraledges and on a small area adjacent to themoderately ground face of the mano.

Cat, No. 190 (Locus A excavated): Onemano fragment of black and gray, coarse-grained quartzite. The fragment measures9 by 6.5 cm and is 4.2 cm thick. A heavilyground surface occurs on one face andalong one of the lateraledges. The groundsurface has been ground completely flat.One lateral edge has also been shapedand ground flat, forming a 90-degreeangle with the grinding surface. Theground lateral edge rounds off to theopposite face, which has a naturally flatsurface that is water worn. The mano hasbeen burned, as indicated by theblackened nonnatural color and fire-cracked appearance.

Cat, NO. 224 (540N/990E trench): Onewhole slab metate of light gray,coarse-grained sandstone. The metatemeasures 40.5 by 18.5 cm and is 6.5 cmthick. It has been shaped completelyaround the perimeter, forming a roundedrectangular shape. The grinding surfacehas also been shaped to form a slightbasin. Only a moderately ground surfaceis present on the prepared face of themetate. This surface is somewhat coarse.

No other surfaces are ground and theopposite face is naturally water worn.This metate does not appear to have beenheavily used, even though it has beennicely shaped. It may be that the coarsegrinding surface was needed andpurposefully prepared.

Cat. No. 277 (Locus B excavation): Oneground stone fragment of fine-grainedblack quartzite. The stone measures 5.8 by4.5 cm and is 2 cm thick. This artifactexhibits two pigment stains, a largeyellow Ochre stain throughout much ofthe ground surface, and a small amountof red ochre adjacent to the groundsurface on a lateral edge. The artifact mayhave served more as a palette than agrinding stone. A moderately to heavilyground surface is present, Parallel scratchor etching marks cover the entire groundsurface. The fragment has three edges andwas not much larger in its origina! size.The opposite face has fragmented and itsoriginal thickness cannot be determined.This artifact was found stratigraphicaUybetween Feature 7 and the infant burial,Feature 9.

Ground Stone Summary

The ground stone from LA 86736was produced from local materials.Consistent evidence of shaping suggeststhat some time was invested in theirproduction. The ground stone artifacts aretypical of those associated with theprocessing of wild plant products.Mesquite, saltbush, and wild grass seedswere likely the focus of this processing,although there is little or no macro-botanical data to verify this inference.

HSR 9946C, pg. 132

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737...... u i

Macrobotanical Remainsby Dr. Richard HoUoway

fication. These included mesquite andsaltbush/black greasewood charcoal.

The majority of the macrobotanicalsamples were taken from Site LA 86736.Plant remains found include saltbush/black greasewood (Atriplex sp./ Sarcobatussp.), mesquite (Prosop/s sp.), cottonwood(Populus sp.) and corn (Zea mays sp.).

Features

Feature 1: Hotation samples (FS) 249and 281 of this hearth feature containedsaltbush/black greasewood and mesquitecharcoal and small charcoal fragments.Only charcoal fragments were present inthe smaller fractions. FS 281 containedonly mesquite and small charcoalfragments.

Feature 2: A total of eight flotationsamples (FS 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243,244, and 270) were taken from this FCRcluster hearth feature, all from Level 2.Saltbush/black greasewood and mesquitewere the most abundant charcoal types.Cottonwood charcoal was present in fiveof the eight samples.

Feature 3: FS 254 was taken from thishearth feature. Mesquite charcoal andsmall charcoal fragments were present.Mesquite charcoal was present in theidentification samPle (FS 285).

Feature 5: A total of three flotationsamples (FS 247, 261, and 272) were takenfrom this FCR cluster hearth feature, allfrom Level 1. Mesquite charcoal was com-mon, along with a single occurrence ofcottonwood charcoal and small charcoalfragments. Two individual samples (IS290 and 303) were submitted for identi-

Feature 6: A total of four flotationsamples (FS 259, 257, 260, and 264) weretaken from this hearth feature, all fromLevel 2. FS 259 was taken from belowpottery, and contained mesquite andsmall hardwood charcoal fragments.Cottonwood and mesquite charcoal wereboth present in the flotation andidentification samples (FS 288).

Feature 7: A total of three flotationsamples (FS 256, 2652 and 265) were takenfrom the ash pit hearth feature. Saltbush/black greasewood and mesquite charcoalwere presenL The samples for identi-fication (FS 302 and 304) containedmesquite charcoal, hardwood charcoalfragments, and cf Yucca monocot stem.

Feature 8: FS 252 was taken from thishearth feature. The assemblage containedmesquite and saltbush/black greasewoodcharcoal, in addition to small charcoalfragments. The same taxa were present inthe identification sample (FS 286).

Feature 9: Two samples (FS 250 and266) were taken from this infant burialfeature. Mesquite charcoal and a monocotstem fragment (probably Yucca sp.) werepresent. Thirteen corn (Zea mays) cupuleswere recovered. Identification samples FS298, 299 and 301 contained mesquite andcottonwood charcoal.

Excavation Units

Unit 522N/998E: Samples FS 258and 267 were taken from this unit.Mesquite and hardwood charcoal frag-ments were present in these assemblages.

HSR 9946C, pg. 133

Data_-,Recovery on Four Sites alon~ US Hw~,: 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Unit 522N/999E: FS 263 was takenfrom this unit and contained only smallcharcoal fragments. The identificationsamples (FS 294 and 295) containedsaltbush/black greasewood, cottonwood,mesquite, and an unknown type.

mesquite and saltbush/black greasewoodcharcoal.

Unit 660N/996E: FS 284 was anidentification sample containing onlymesquite charcoal.

Unit 522N/1000E: A total of fivesamples were taken from this unit.Mesquite, saltbush/black greasewoodcharcoal and small charcoal fragmentswere common, and cottonwood charcoalwas present in a single sample. Theidentification samples (FS 291, 292, and293) contained saltbush/black grease-wood, cottonwood, and mesquitecharcoal and FS 291 and 293 alsocontained cf. Yucca stem fragments.

Unit 523N/997E: FS 273 was takenfrom this unit. Only small hardwoodcharcoal fragments were present in theriot sample, but saltbush/black grease-wood charcoal was present in theidentification sample (FS 289).

Unit 523N/999E: FS 268 and 276were taken from this unit. Mesquite andsmall hardwood charcoal fragments werepresent in both the flotation and identi-fication (FS 280) samples. FS 280 alsocontained cf. Yucca monocot stemfragments.

Unit 524N/998E: FS 246 was takenfrom this unit. Mesquite and smallcharcoal fragments were present.

Unit 524N/999E: FS 300 was anidentification sample and contained onlymesquite charcoal.

Unit 660N/992E: FS 286 was anidentification sample, which contained

Unit 660N/997E: FS 282 and 283were identification samples from Level 1.These samples contained mesquite andsaltbush/black greasewood charcoal, anda corn cob fragment of a 12-row variety.

Unit 661N/99TE: FS 296 and 297were identification samples from Levels 1and 2. Both samples contained onlymesquite charcoal.

Unit 661N/999E: FS 277 was anidentification sample from Level 1, andcontained mesquite charcoal and charcoalfragments.

Unit 662N/992E: FS 306 was anidentification sample, which containedslatbush/black greasewood charcoal andsmall charcoal fragments.

Unit 662N/997E: FS 253 was takenfrom this unit and contained mesquiteand small charcoal fragments.

Unit 662N/998E: FS 248 was takenfrom this unit. Mesquite, cottonwood, andsaltbush/black greasewood charcoal andsmall charcoal fragments were present.

Discussion

Table 32 presents the ubiquity ofselected taxa from Site LA 86736. Fromthe evidence provided by this table,mesquite is clearly the dominant fuelwood from this site. It is present in 100

HSR 9946C, pg. 134


Table 32. Ubiquity of Selected Taxa from Site LA 86736.i i.

Unit, N=Flot/ID Prosopis sp. Populus A frip lex sp./ Yucca sp. Zea mays Opunfia sp.sp. Sarcobatus sp. sp.

i .hal |.

Feat 1, N=1/1 100%/100% lOO%1OFeat 2, N=8/4 88%/100% 63%/0 100%/0

Feat 3, N=1/1 100%/100%

Feat 5, N=3/2 67%/33% 33%/0 0/33%

Feat 6, N=4/1 75%125%25%125%

Feat 7, N~-2/2 50%/5O% 5o%/o 0/50% 50%/0

Feat 8, N---1/1 100%1100% lOO%/loo%

Feat 9, N=2/3 50%/100% 0/33% 50%/0 5o%/o

All Features, N=8/8 100%/100%38%/25% 50%/25% 13%/13% 13%/0 13%/o

Feat samples, N--38 78.9% 21% 34.2% 5.2% 2.6% 2.6%

Excav. Unit samples 59.4% 16.2% 40.5% 8.1% 8.1% 0

Note: First number (n/n) refers to Flotation sample; Second number refers to Identification sample

percent of the features, 78.9 percent of thefeature samples, and 59.4 percent of theexcavation unit samples. Saltbush/blackgreasewood charcoal appears in 50 per-cent of the features, 34 percent of thefeature samples, and 40.5 percent of theexcavation unit samples. Saltbush/greasewood charcoal was likely evenmore ubiquitous than the data indicate.This wood is generally smaller and has atendency to be completely incinerated bythe temperatures generated by fires, moreso than does mesquite. Saltbush/grease-wood is also more likely to have beenused in the generation of the fire ratherthan later, which acts to reduce its preser-vation in the archaeological assemblage.

The ubiquity of cottonwood charcoalwas surprising, particularly given theabsence of this taxon from the modemvegetation. Cottonwood charcoal waspresent in 38 percent of the features,

which is rather high. It was present in 21percent of the feature samples, and only16.2 percent of the excavation unitsamples. This distribution may suggest aselection for this taxon within thefeatures. The underlying reason for thisselection, however, remains obscured.

Monocot stem fragments, probablyfrom Yucca sp., were recovered insomewhat higher amounts than I haveobtained before. While present in arelatively small number of samples, thistaxon was present in Feature 9 samplesand several samples from the excavationunits. The fragments were larger thannormally recovered, with one fragmentapproaching 1 inch in diameter. Theseindicated that the flowering stalks of theYucca were likely used as a supplementalfuel source. Interestingly, this taxon waspresent only from Feature 9 samples and8 percent of the excavation unit samples.

HSR 9946C, pg. 135

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alongUS Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

The distribution of this taxon is not variety and was the only corn cobthought to have been unusual, but rather, fragment recovered from this site.this wood was used as a supplement tonormal fuel woods and thus appears Summarysporadically.

Corn material, while sparse, didoccur within several locations. A largenumber (13) of isolated cupule fragmentsoccurred in association with Feature 9, theinfant burial. Ordinarily, this mightsuggest an offering of some sort, but inthis case I think noL Feature 9 was locateddirectly below Feature 7, an ash pit. Therewere some indications of disturbance,primarily rodent, within Feature 7. It ispossible that the isolated corn remainswere incorporated into the sediments ofFeature 9 via these animals, even thoughno additional corn remains wererecovered from Feature 7. If the corncupules were originally associated withFeature 7, this might imply the use ofcorn cobs as a supplemental fuel source.

Feature 7 also contained a singlecharred Opuntia seed, a number ofcharred grass stems, and a single stemfragment of horsetail/rushes (Equisetumsp.). This is consistent with the use ofFeature 7 as an ash pit. The single charredOpuntia seed may be indicative of food-processing activities occurring within thefeature, but based on a single occurrence,this is problematical. The presence ofhorsetail/rushes is interesting. This taxonis also generally restricted to more ripar-ian habitats and suggests the presence ofa riparian community in close proximityto the site during its occupation.

An additional charred corn cobfragment was recovered from excavationUnit 660N/997E. This was a 12-row

The most common wood charcoaltaxon was mesquite, followed bysaltbush/black greasewood andcottonwood. These types are all locallyavailable, suggesting that fuel woodswere selected for their availability ratherthan for a specific purpose. The presenceof cottonwood and the occurrence ofhorsetail/rushes suggest the presence of ariparian plant community, probablyassociated with the perennial drainage. Afew samples contained wood from amonocot stem, probably Yucca. At leastone specimen was nearly 1 inch indiameter. These were most likely from theflowering stalks of the Yucca. Yucca woodrarely preserves in the archaeologicalassemblages since it usually burns to ash,especially in the hotter fires fueled bymesquite.

Some evidence of the use of cornwas also present. One cob fragment of a12-row variety was present, in addition toa number of isolated cupules. Cupulesonly were associated with the infantburial. While these could infer a graveoffering, it is also likely that these werethe result of rodent activity or disturbancein the grave, which was located directlybelow an ash pit feature. If the cupuleswere originally associated with the ashpit, they could represent simply the use ofcob materials as a supplemental fuelsource. The low quantity of corn remainsfrom these sites implies that corn waseither a supplement to the diet or that theprocessing and storage areas were notdiscovered or did not preserve.

HSR 9946C, pg. 136


A single charred Opuntia seed wasalso recovered, suggesting the use of thisplant, probably as a food source. Based ononly a single seed, it is difficult to inferthe importance of this plant. However, itspresence suggests the exploitation ofnaturally occurring wild plant materialsas a component of the diet.

The majority of the common taxapresent in this assemblage are foundlocally within the vegetation. Mesquite, asmight be expected, is the most commonwood charcoal type present. Saltbush/greasewood charcoal is also quitecommon, but occurs in slightly fewersamples than does mesquite. Mesquite isfairly common in the modern vegetationand presumably was equally commonduring the Jornada Mogollon occupationof these sites.

more common within riparian com-munities where the water source is morereliable. There are no perennial drainageswithin the immediate vicinity of the sites.Three Rivers, Boone Draw, and TemporalCreek are the nearest named drainages.Although not directly stated, these drain-ages may have supported more riparianplant communities in the past. It is likelythat cottonwood was present along atleast one of these drainages during theJornada Mogollon occupation of the sites.

The wood charcoal taxa recoveredfrom this project suggest that the fuelwoods were obtained locally and that nolong-distance procurement patterns wereoperating. All three of the dominant planttaxa (mesquite, saltbush/greasewood,and cottonwood) were likely locallyavailable and utilized as fuel sources.

Both saltbush and greasewoodbelong to the family Chenopodiaceae and,as such, their wood anatomical charac-teristics are virtually identical. Both taxahave similar habitats, and although salt-bush is much more common in the centraland southern portions of the state, grease-wood can, and does occur. Therefore,based only upon the wood anatomicalcharacteristics, I have combined these twogenera into a morphological category andhave not attempted to separate thegenera. While I suspect that the majorityof specimens included in this categorybelong to greasewood (Atriplex), thiscannot be absolutely determined basedupon only wood charcoal characteristics.

Cottonwood charcoal also appearedsomewhat commonly within this assem-blage, but less so than either mesquite orsaltbush/greasewood. Cottonwood is


All of the faunal materialsdiscovered during data recovery at SiteLA 86736 were found subsurface. Eighthearth features were also discoveredduring excavation of this site. Interest-ingly, no burnt bone of any type wasidentified from the specimens collectedduring excavation. A total of 57 bones/bone fragments were collected from thissite (Table 33). The vast majority (n=31) these consisted of desert cottontail. Black-tailed jackrabbit was also present, withfour bones/bone fragments. It should benoted that a number of the specimenscollected were considered undiagnostic,but their size was consistent with smallmammal, potentially rabbit. Rodents werealso recovered and included kangaroo ratand western harvest mouse.

HSR 9946C, pg. 137

Data-Recove on Four Sites alon US H .54 between Tularosa and C~ozo, NM

Table 33. Faunal Species Represented at Site LA 86736.

Species Total

1Bird

Percentage

1.75

Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) 1 1.75

Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) 4 7.02

Mammal 12 21.05

Western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis) 12 21.05

Desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubon0 25 43.86

Unknown

57TOTA~

3.51

100.00

*does not include shaped deer bone awl from Feature 7

A single fragmented bone awl wasrecovered from Feature 7 (Figure 93).Made from a deer metapodial (probably metatarsal) of Odocoileus sp., it is likelythat this shaped bone tool was importedto the site from another location. The awlis in four fragments and appears to be aright side metatarsal. The estimatedwidth of the epiphysis and the generalmorphology suggests that thismedapodial is from an adult white-taileddeer (Odocoileus virginianus). However, itis possible that this represents a smallfemale mule deer (Odocoileus hemonious),although sex cannot be determined fromthis specimen. It is nicely worked and

polished on the awl end, and has sufferedsome extensive root etching and somemechanical damage. The maximumlength of the fragmented epiphysis isestimated at 118.22 mm. It appears that atleast some of the break evident in thediaphysis was done during toolmanufacture or early use, as these areasare weathered.

It has long been accepted from boththe ethnographic record and variousexcavations throughout the Southwestthat hunting of small game was a com-mon subsistence practice to supplementagricultural and even foraging economies.

Figure 93. Bone awl recovered from Site LA 86736 (actual size).

HSR 9946C, pg. 138


The large number of cottontail rabbitbones recovered from Site LA 86736 isconsistent with this theory. However, nobutchering marks or any evidence ofburning was found on any of thesecollected specimens. Very few cranialcomponents were recovered, which mightbe evidence that these are not necessarilydeposits resulting from natural deaths.

However, this is purely speculative inlight of the taphonomic processes poten-tially at work to form this faunal archae-ological assemblage. Certainly, the faunalevidence on this site (Table 34) does notnecessarily indicate any long-termsedentism/habitation, and is consistentwith the suggestion that this site mayhave served as a seasonal use site.

Table 34. Faunal Remains from Site LA 86736.

Species Cat. Bone Type Comments BoneNo. Count

ir IBm I I= ̄

Kangaroo rat 281 Whole right tibia Missing fused fibula 1

(Dipodomys ordii)

Black-tailed jackrabbit 282 Left distal tibia flag. 1

(Lepus califarnicus Right maxilla flag. 1

285 Left proximal ulna flag. 1

Right calcaneus flag. 1

Western harvest mouse 287 Distal medapodial flag. 1(Reithrodontomys megalotis

Left innominate flag. with acetabuUum 1

Left mandible flag. with 2 molars and 1 1incisor

Left proximal femur flag. definitely rodent, 1possibly harvest mouse

Mandible flags. possibly right side 8

Desert cottontail 278 Left mandible flags. 2(Sylvilagus auduboni)

Right distal humerus flag. 1

Whole medapodial 1

279 Lumbar vertebra flag. 1

Whole left medapodial 1

280 Distal epiphysis of left tibia 1

Right scapula hag. portion of glenoid cavity 1

281 Innominate flag. portion of ischium and 1acetabullum L

HSR 9946C, pg. 139


Table 34. Faunal Remains from Site LA 86736 (cont.)

Species Cat. Bone Type Con’t~rtents BoneNo. Count

ul j.al .,

Desert cottontail (cont.) 285Left distal femur frag. 1(Sylvilagus auduboni)

Left distal tibia frag. 1

Left mandible frag. with incisor 1

Left proximal femur frag. 1

Right mandible frag. 1

Right scapula frag. with glenoid cavity 1

Whole left medapodial 1

286 Innominate frag. with acetabullum 1

Left proximal tibia frag. with portion of diaphysis 1

Right distal radius frag. 1

Right proximal radius frag. 1

Whole medapodials 2

287 Left distal femur frag. 1

288 Maxilla frag. with teeth and palate 1

Right scapula frag. 1

Bird 283 Long bone diaphysis unknown small bird 1

Mammal 279 Undiagnostic long bone possibly rabbit 5frags.

280 Undiagnostic long bone frag. small mammal, possibly 1rabbit

281 Mandible flag. possibly from rodent 1above

283 Longbonediaphys~ possibly small mammal 1

285 Undiagnostic irregular bone small mammal, possibly 4frags. rabbit

Unknown 284 Undiagnostic flat bone possibly skull flags. 2

TOTAL* 57

*does not include shaped deer bone awl from Feature 7

HSR 9946(2, pg. 140

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737 m

Human Remainsby Dr. Wenda Trevathan

evidence of postcranial skeletal fragmentsfrom the lower torso or limbs.

The human skeletal materialrecovered from Feature 9 are the remainsof an infant of approximately 15 monthsof age. As is true for all infants thisyoung, the skull is very fragile and highlyfragmented. Sizes of cranial bones rangefrom one section of skull 8 cm by 5 cm totiny slivers. The number of skullfragments in this sample are sufficient tolikely represent the complete skull,although reassembly would be extremelydifficult if not impossible. The petrousportions of both temporal bones arepresent. The alveolar sections of both theleft maxilla and right mandible arepresent. All but one of the primarydentition are present, although only theincisors have erupted. The second rightmaxillary incisor is missing. Upon initialinvestigation, the two erupted leftmaxillary incisors were still intact, butwith further analysis they have fallen outof the sockets and are bagged with theother loose teeth.

Postcranial remains are all highlyfragmented and include portions ofvertebrae, ribs, scapulae, and hand bones(eight complete metatarsals, fourcomplete phalanges, and several frag-ments). The largest postcranial bonepresent is the fragmented diaphysis of theright humerus, measuring approximately75 mm in length. The posterior portionsof the vertebral arch have not yet fused,suggesting an age less than 2 years. (Theportions of the arch have not yet fusedwith the body of the vertebrae; this fusionoccurs between ages 3 and 7 years.) Allpostcranial remains appear to be from theupper torso and limbs; there is no

Age: The age estimate of 15 monthsis based upon dental eruption patterns,and the lack of fusion of the vertebral archportions to each other and to the vertebralbodies. The sizes of the metatarsals arealso consistent with an age of 1 to 1.5years.

Sex: It is not possible to assess sex inskeletons this fragmented and for infantsthis young.

Biological affinity ("race") is also notevident in these remains, although themaxillary incisors show evidence of slightshoveling. Shovel-shaped incisors arecommon in American Indian populations.

Radiocarbon Dating

After species identification, sevencharcoal samples from six features weresubmitted for radiocarbon dating. Radio-carbon dates were submitted to BetaAnalytic Inc. of Coral Gables, Florida. Alldates were subjected to C13/C12 ratiocorrections and extended counts. Thecharcoal dated was primarily mesquite(Prosopis sp.), as well as samples ofsaltbush (Atriplex sp.), saltbush/mesquite,and corn cupules (Zea mays sp.). Theresults are provided in Figure 94.

Radiocarbon dating of desert shrubssuch as mesquite and saltbush isproblematic due to the "old wood"problem (Schiffer 1982:321-327). Woodyshrubs, particularly mesquite, can surviveon the desert floor for many years aftertheir death without significant decay.Then after an interval of 100 to 200

HSR 9946C, pg. 141

Data-aecove..~ on Eou~, ~tes,alon[~ US H~.54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

LA 86736

Locus A

Feature 1 Atriplex sp andProsopis sp

990+ IOOBP

Feature 2 Prosopis sp1130±40BP

Feature 2 Atdplex splooo-+50BP

Locus B

Feature 5 Prosop/s sp980±40 BP

Feature 7 Prosopis sp1140±80BP

Feature 9 Pto~opis sp1270-+80 BP

Feature 9 ZeaMayssp1050+-40 BP

* A = intercept of radiocad:xm agewith calibra~n curve

a,

&

ah,

Aw

Figure 94. Comparison of radiocarbon dates at two standard deviations.

years, the plant is collected as firewood,resulting in charcoal that produces aradiocarbon date reflecting the plant’sdeath many years prior to theconstruction of the hearth. Short-livedand easily decayed species (e.g. corn) less substantial shrubs (e.g. saltbush)survive for much shorter periods of timeafter their death and are preferablesubjects for radiocarbon dating becausethe date is more likely to reflect the timeof use or consumption.

Old wood is a particular problemwhen dealing with desert sites with littleor no stratigraphy. We are fortunate thatSite LA 86736 contained not one, but two

sets of features that are stratigraphicallyrelated. In Locus A, Feature 2 is super-imposed over Feature 1, making it clearthat Feature 2 postdates Feature 1, if onlyby a short period of time. In Locus B,Feature 7 is clearly constructed overFeature 9. That other dated feature inLocus B, Feature 5, is spatially separatedfrom the other two features by 4 m and,while its measured depth is equivalent tothat of Feature 7, the shallow nature of thesite makes its sta’atigraphic relationship tothe other features difficult to determine.

The other bit of good fortune is thatmultiple dates were recovered fromFeatures 1 and 9, and those dates were

HSR 9946C, pg. 142

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737i llml i i

obtained from both longer and shorterlived species. In the case of Feature 1, thespecies were mesquite and saltbush. Inthe case of Feature 9, the species weremesquite and corn.

The following analysis of theradiocarbon dates from Site LA 86736focuses on three objectives:

1. Use of the dates to verify andcalibrate the stratigraphy;

2. Use of the stratigraphy andmultiple dates from separatespecies from the same features todetermine the potential for oldwood problems; and

3. To assign the relative age of thefeatures and loci based on whatlogic determines are better dates.

Locus A

Strafigraphic and SpatialRelationships of Dated Features

Feature 1 is stratigraphically belowFeature 2, even though the two featuresare vertically separated by only a fewcenl~meters. Samples from Feature 1 andFeature 2 in Locus A yielded three radio-carbon dates. All of the samples fromLocus A have 13C/12C ratios rangingfrom -11 to -12 0/00.

The Radiocarbon Dates

The conventional radiocarbon datefrom the mixed saltbush/mesquite char-coal in Feature 1 is 990+100 BP. At twosigmas, the calibrated date range is A.D.870-1260, with an intercept of A.D. 1020.

Two samples were submitted fromFeature 2, the uppermost feature. Onesample was saltbush and the other wasmesquite. The saltbush sample yieldeda conventional radiocarbon date of1000+50 BP. At two sigmas, the calibrateddate range is A.D. 970 to A.D. 1160,with an intercept of A.D. 1020. Thesaltbush sample from the same featureyielded a conventional radiocarbon dateof 1130+40 BP. At two sigmas, thecalibrated date range for the mesquitesample is A.D. 790 to A.D. 1000, with anintercept of A.D. 900.

Evaluating the Old Wood Factor

The date on saltbush from theuppermost Feature 2 produced a rangeof dates that is completely encompassedby the range of dates from the mixedsaltbush/mesquite sample from theunderlying Feature 1. This stronglysuggests that the two are reasonablycontemporary. The mixed sample ofsaltbush and mesquite fromFeature 2 may have had the effect ofcanceling out the old wood issue ofthe mesquite, but also generated a plus orminus range of one hundred yearscompared to the forty7 or fifty-yearrange from the other two samples.However, the calibrated intercept datefor the mixed sample and the saltbushsample are identical. Conversely, themesquite date range from the upper-most Feature 2 is earlier and onlypartially overlaps either of the otherdates, strongly indicating that themesquite in the uppermost hearth is oldwood.

HSR 9946C, pg. 143


Calibrating the Stratigraphy The Radiocarbon Dates

The overlapping dates garneredfrom the samples containing saltbushconfirms the recorded stratigraphy. Giventhe tight stratigraphic association of thetwo hearths, it seems likely that bothhearths were utilized within a few years ifnot a few weeks of each other.

The two calibrated dates fromFeature 2 differ by 120 years. The olderdate from the mesquite in Feature 2 islikely the result of old wood, either longdead when gathered or from the innerportions of a large bush, resulting in adate that is at least 120 years earlier thanthe use of the hearth. The mesquite date isdemonstrated by both the stratigraphyand the saltbush dates to be flawed.

Summary Locus A

In sum, the stratigraphy, theradiocarbon dates, and the associatedartifacts all indicate that the two datedfeatures in Locus A are contemporary.Given the intercept dates from the twosamples containing saltbush and theassociation of Mimbres Classic Black-on-white, the period of use for Locus A islikely A.D. 1020 or slightly after.

Locus B

Stratigraphic and SpatialRelationships

Feature 7 is located directly aboveFeature 9 in clear stratigraphic asso-ciation. Feature 5 is located 4 m to thesouth and west, and cannot be accuratelystratigraphically related to the other twodated features.

Four samples from three featureswithin Locus B were submitted forradiocarbon dating. Three of thesesamples were mesquite (Features 5, 7, and9), while the fourth, also from Feature 9,consisted of corn cupules. The cornsample had a 13C/12C ratio of-10.5. Themesquite samples had a 13C/12C ratio of-22.9 0/00 to -24.9 0/00.

The mesquite sample from Feature 5yielded a conventional radiocarbon dateof 980+40 BP. At two sigmas, thecalibrated date range is A.D. 990 to

¯ A.D. 1160, with an intercept of A.D. 1030.

The mesquite sample from Feature 7provided a conventional radiocarbonage of 1140+80 BP. At two sigmas, thecalibrated date range is A.D. 690 toA.D. 1030, with an intercept ofA.D. 900.

Two samples were submitted fromFeature 9. The mesquite sample yielded aconventional radiocarbon date of 1270+80BP. At two sigmas, the calibrated daterange is A.D. 640 to A.D. 960, with anintercept at A.D. 740. The corn samplefrom Feature 9 provided a conventionalradiocarbon age of 1050+40 BP. At twosigmas, the calibrated date range isA.D. 900 to A.D. 1030, with an intercept atA.D. 1000.

Evaluating the Relationship of theMesquite Radiocarbon Dates andthe Stratigraphy

The following observations weremade regarding the relationship of themesquite dates:

HSR 9946C, pg. 144


.

.

At two standard deviations, themesquite dates from Features 7and 9 completely overlap,suggesting approximate con-temporaniety of the samples.

At two standard deviations, themesquite date from Feature 5only overlaps with theFeature 7 mesquite date for 40years and does not overlap atall with the mesquite date fromFeature 9. This suggests that themesquite in Feature 5 isyounger in age than that ineither Feature 7 or Feature 9.

.The mesquite date fromFeature 5 is problematic in thatthe feature is not strati-graphically linked to Features 7and 9, and thus may reflecta later occupation of the site orperhaps a more recentlydeceased mesquite that fairlyaccurately reflects the period ofuse.

Evaluating the Old Wood Factorand the Corn Date

.The corn sample fromFeature 9, which is strati-graphically below Feature 7,overlaps the Feature 7 mesquitedate for 130 years and has acalibrated date 100 years laterin time. The stratigraphic, pro-venience of the corn samplestrongly indicates that themesquite in Feature 7 is alsoold wood.

1The date from Feature 5compares well with the corndate from Feature 9. TheFeature 9 corn date iscompletely overlapped by thedate from Feature 5 and theircalibrated intercept dates arewithin 10 years of each other.The Feature 5 date alsocompares well with both thesaltbush and the mixed samplefrom Locus A. These simi-larities suggest that themesquite from Feature 5 maynot have the same degree of anold wood problem as themesquite from Features 2, 7,and 9.

The following observations andconclusions were made from the data:

Calibrating the Stratigraphic andSpatial Relationships

1+ The two samples from Feature9 (mesquite and corn) overlapby only 60 years, withcalibrated dates that vary by260 years. This clearly suggeststhat the mesquite sample fromFeature 9 is from old wood.

The corn date from Feature 9 has areasonably restricted plus/minus factorof only 40 years and is viewed as the mostaccurate date from Locus B. Thestratigraphic placement of the cornsample invalidates the mesquite datesfrom both Features 7 and 9 as old wood.

HSR 9946C, pg. 145

........... Data-Recovery on Four Sites along USHwy. 54 between Tu]arosa and Carrizozo, NM

The mesquite date from Feature 5corresponds well with the corn sampleand the suggested dating for Locus A.The association of Mimbres Classic Black-on-white also suggests a mid-eleventhcentury date. It is therefore stronglysuggested that the period of use for LocusB was also A.D. 1020 or slightly after.

Summary of Radiocarbon Datingfor Site LA 86736

The luxury of having stratigraphicassociations in both loci has allowed thestratigraphy to be used to calibrate theradiocarbon dates. Evaluation of theradiocarbon dates and the associatedstratigraphy indicates that the mesquitedates from the stratified features in bothloci are consistently too old when con-sidered against the saltbush and corndates. The latter dates, in conjunctionwith the associated ceramics, furthersuggest that the mesquite date fromFeature 5, Locus B, which does not have ademonstrable stratigraphic associationwith the other dated features, may bereasonably accurate as to the period ofuse.

The analysis of the radiocarbondates and their stratigraphic contextconcludes that, with the possibleexception of the mesquite date fromFeature 5, the mesquite dates are all tooearly and must be discounted, based ontheir stratigraphic context and theassociated dates from shorter-livedspecies (saltbush and corn). Radiocarbondates of the shorter-lived species from thefeatures in both Locus A and Locus B arevery similar, and suggest that both lociwere reasonably contemporary. Four

calibrated intercept dates cluster tightlybetween A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1130. Giventhe association of Mimbres ClassicBlack-on-white with both loci, it isstrongly suggested that the period of siteuse dates to a reasonably short periodduring the mid-eleventh century.

Historic Artifacts

A limited number of historic artifactswere collected either on the surface orfrom the screen during excavation at SiteLA 86736. All of them are associated withtraffic on U.S. Highway 54. These includeseveral types of glass fragments,including green, brown and opalizedbottle glass and windshield glass, as wellas a .22-caliber cartridge with a U head-stamp. The ceramic artifacts are of moreinterest and are described below.

Historic Ceramics

Nine sherds of a thick red slippedware similar to that produced in Mexicowere found on the edge of the highwayshoulder. Two of the sherds appear to befrom a strap handle (Figure 95). One-halfof an 8-oz. glazed stoneware coffee cupdecorated with transfer prints depictingwestern motifs (brands, chuck wagons,horses, and cactus) was collected fromsouth of Locus B (Figure 96). The maker’smark on the cup indicates that it wasmanufactured in California.


Although the initial evaluation ofSite LA 86736 indicated that significantamounts of cultural material might bepresent subsurface, the low surface

HSR 9946C, pg. 146


Figure 96. Glazed stoneware coffee cup from Site LA 86736.

HSR 9946C, pg. 147

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hw~¢. ~ between.Tula~., sa and Carrizozo, NM

artifact density and high levels of impactmade the site seem unprepossessing tosay the leasL The discovery of multiplehearths in Loci A and B, and the recoveryof substantial amounts of datable charcoalin relatively shallow deposits was adelightful surprise. Coupled with thetemporal congruity of the ceramicassemblage, these data were quicklyrecognized as potentially composing atime capsule for the mid-1100s.

The chronometric dates obtainedfrom the radiocarbon samples and thetight ceramic cross-dating made possibleby Shafer’s microstylistic sequence forMimbres White wares confirmed theinitial presumption of temporal unity forthe assemblage. The presence of stratified,datable features in both loci and therecovery of short-lived species allowed arigorous evaluation of the radiocarbondates that is rare in open desert sites.Radiocarbon dates coupled with theceramic cross-dating of Mimbres Whitewares clearly indicate that the site wasoccupied during the mid-1100s, andprobably in the 1150s and 1160s if weaccept Shafer’s dating of Mimbres middlestyle 111.

Ceramics and radiocarbon dates alsoindicate that Loci A and B werecontemporary. Slight variations instratigraphic placement suggest that thesite may have been utilized on more thanone occasion, but within the space of avery few years. The one complete metatesupports the contention of reuse as it mayhave been left in anticipation of a return.

The macrobotanical samples reflectan environment very similar to that oftoday. Mesquite and saltbush were the

primary plants identified in all of thehearths. Conspicuously absent wascreosote, indicating an invasion of thatspecies in the last 1,000 years.

Given an environment dominated bymesquite and saltbush, it seems likely thatthe fruits of these species and perhapswild grasses were the focus of pro-curement at Site LA 86736. If so, the primetime for gathering these species wouldhave been late summer and early fall. Thenumerous pieces of ground stone manu-factured from local materials would havebeen the critical tools required. Thatprocurement of wild plant foods was aprimary focus is also reflected by thelimited range of the lithic tools and, inparticular, the absence of projectile pointsand other shaped lithic tools. The cotton-wood charcoal found in the hearthsindicates that the parent villages werelocated along one of the watereddrainages nearby.

Site LA 86736 is similar to many ofthe sites discovered during the onesystematic survey of the Three RiversDrainage (Wimberly and Rogers 1977:75).The site location away from the majordrainages and the limited artifactassemblage are consistent with thoseceramic period sites classified as seasonalprocurement locations. Poorly recordedinvestigations at two nearby village sites,Temporal and Hatchet, suggest that theseor sites like these were the perennialvillages from which the gathering partiessallied forth (Human Systems Research1973:62-64). Temporal, in particular,yielded a ceramic assemblage containingboth San Andres Red-on-terracotta andMimbres Black-on-white. These villageswere composed of square, rectangular

HSR 9946C, pg. 148


and roughly circular pit rooms. The notesindicate that a great number of pit roomsare present at the Temporal and Hatchetsites, and that other pit villages arepresent in the area south and west of SiteLA 86736.

The infant burial indicates that thesite’s inhabitants included women andchildren. What desert tragedy befell thistoddler could not be discerned, but thepresence of corn cupules and ochre-stained rock suggest a mournful andceremonial interment.

In a broader perspective, the ceramicassemblage from Site LA 86736 reflectsthe interregional dynamics of the period.It was a time when the Mimbres cultureof southwestern New Mexico was at itszenith. Mimbres Black-on-white is thepredominant trade ware in southern NewMexico and most of it seems to have beentransported to the east into the JornadaMogollon culture area. The ceramicassemblage from Site LA 86736 isunabashedly local except for MimbresClassic Black-on-white. Shafer (1999:95-105) contends that the wet years of theeleventh century made the MimbresValley a regional center for visitation andexchange. It was place where the desertdwellers would congregate duringoccasions of ceremony and feasting, andwhere some would stay to farm and work

during particularly good years. Otherswould return to the desert, taking withthem the lovely bowls associated with theMimbres fluorescence. The years betweenA.D. 1043 and 1080 were particularlygood and those dates correlate well withthe proposed temporal placement of SiteLA 86736. Shafer’s neutron activationanalysis of Mimbres Classic Black-on-white allows him to state unequivocallythat the vessels from Site LA 86736 weremade in the Mimbres Valley. Whatremains not understood is whether theoccupants of Site LA 86736 visited theMimbres mecca themselves or weresimply the recipients of ceramics fromthose who did.

The research potential of thoseportions of Site LA 86736 that fall withinthe highway right-of-way is considered tohave been exhausted through documen-tation. The excavations at Site LA 86736have provided data adequate to addressthe posed research questions. Althoughonly the portion of the site that fallswithin the highway right-of-way wasexcavated, the data are felt to berepresentative of the entire site. However,the numerous features located within theright-of-way strongly suggest that addi-tional features may be present in otherareas of the site. Future research in thoseareas may be profitably used to expand orsupport the conclusions reached here.

HSR 9946C, pg. 149


SITE LA 86737

Site LA 86737 is a prehistoric ceramicperiod artifact scatter. Like many othersites in the Three Rivers area (Wimberlyand Rogers 1977), Site LA 86737 wasinterpreted from survey data as aseasonal procurement site. The ceramicassemblage indicated an occupation datefrom the eleventh through the fourteenthcenturies.



This site consists of amedium sized, medium densityscatter of lithics, ceramics andground stone with a historicalcomponent consisting of a trashscatter with a foundation. Thesite was originally recorded in1991 on a survey for a buriedfiber optic cable. This site islocated on a gently sloping fiatto the west of the SouthernPacific Railroad tracks andnorth of Three Rivers drainage.The boundaries of the site wereexpanded from the 1991recording to include materiallocated across the highway andthe site now measures 380meters north-south by 420meters east-west (159,600 sq.m). The site has been impactedby the construction of US 54, bythe installation of aerial andunderground utilities, and byfences. Portions of the site have

a high potential for additionalsubsurface material as evi-denced by trowel tests near thehistoric foundation.

Artifacts number in the lowthousands with the majorityconsisting of ceramics. Approx=imately 200 lithics are present.Material types include chert,quartzite, and basalt. All stagesof the reduction sequence arerepresented. The ceramics weredominated by Mimbres B/W,E1 Paso Brown ware, JornadaBrown ware, and ChupaderoB/W. Several mano and metatefragments were also observed.There are no prehistoric fea-tures present on the site butthere are three low moundslocated on the east side of thehighway. It cannot be deter-mined if these are structural innature or if they are the resultof road or railway construction.

On the western side of thehighway is a historical foun-dation associated with a trashscatter. The ~ash includespurple, brown, aqua, milk,green, cobalt and clear glass,window glass, crown top cans,solder top cans, railroad spikes,stove parts, sanitary cans andvarious household ceramics.The structure consists of aconcrete foundation with acobble alignment to the west ofthe structure. The walls appearto have been constructed ofchicken wire and stucco.

HSR 9946C, pg. 150

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737i

Component 1 of this siteappears to represent a limitedactivity Jornada Mogollon(possibly a habitation) dating the period A.D. 1100-1350,based on the ceramic artifactspresent. Component 2 appearsto represent a historic home-stead dating to the period ofA.D. 1900-1940, based on troweltests near the structurefoundation. Site LA 86737 hasthe potential to yield infor-mation regarding the historyand prehistory of the TularosaBasin and is consideredpotentially eligible to theNational Register of HistoricPlaces under 36 CFR 60.4criterion (d), informationpotential. Avoidance of this siteis recommended. Additionalrecording and testing isrecommended in the areas ofpotential effect (APE) by theproposed highway construc-tion. (Michalik 1998)

HSR Pre-field Visit Notes on theRight-of-way through Site LA 86737

The pre-field site visit revealed thatthe highway right-of-way had beenheavily impacted by previous highwayconstruction (Figures 97 and 98). Based the dispersed nature of the artifacts, itseemed likely that the majority ofartifactual data derived from within theright-of-way would be from surfacecollections. In addition to the ChupaderoBlack-on- white ceramics observed byBrowning, sherds of Three RiversRed-on-terracotta and E1 Paso Poly-chrome were found within the

right-of-way. No Mimbres Black-on-whitewas observed. Additionally, no stains orconcentrations of fire-cracked rock werenoted in the fight-of-way.

The "Homestead" site, consisting ofa historic house foundation andassociated historic artifacts, is locatedwest of the highway right-of-way.Excavations focused on an associatedtrash mound located within theright-of-way and 50 ft east of thefoundation.

Historic Context, Data Potential, andImportance of Cultural Materials

at Site LA 86737

The prehistoric component at SiteLA 86737 is dominated by pottery typesthat best date from about A.D. 1175 to1400. This assemblage postdates thematerials found at Site LA 86736 and isassociated with the era of large surfacepueblos found on the Three Riversdrainage (Cosgrove and Cosgrove1965:1-5) and along the western slope ofthe Sacramentos to well south ofAlamogordo (Human Systems Research1973). The range of ceramic types foundat the site is typical of the Late Puebloperiod and reflects an increase in regionaltrade from the previous period. Thesetypes include El Paso Red Ware, JornadaRed Ware, Lincoln Red Ware, ChupaderoBlack-on-white, E1 Paso Polychrome, E1Paso Bichrome, Seco Corrugated, SanAndres Red-on-terracotta, Alma Plain,Lincoln Brown-on-red, Three RiversRed-on-terracotta, and Socorro Black-on-white.

The premier site in the immediatearea is Site LA 1231 at the Three Rivers

HSR 9946C, pg. 151

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alon US H .54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Figure 97. Right-of-way on west side of U.S. Hwy 54 near Site LA 86737, looking north.

Figure 98. Right-of-way on east side of U.S. Hwy 54 near Site LA 86737, looking north towards Locus A.

HSR 9946C, pg. 152

¢J1

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Locus A ~"

TN

500N1000E

; "..e ¯ -1¯ ...,:-,- ,+

Surface Collection Units Not Shown

See Loci Maps for Additional Excavation Units

Meters

LA 86737HSR 9946 Late Ceramic Site


K;Y Datum"--~ I"# Trench

- Bus Line"~- Sub-datumI

c,-~SA# Scraped Are=,--- "--- Site Boundary-- US Highway 54

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Locus Boundary A end B

6-1800 HBS/SLE


Locus A Locus B

Locus A (Figures 100 and 101) wasdefined during the original survey. Itcontained a variety of ceramic types,ground stone, and lithic artifacts. Locus Ais located on the north end of the easternside of the highway right-of-way in anarea of coppice sand dunes stabilized bymesquite and interspersed by deflatedareas.

Excavation units located withinLocus A (Figure 101) were focused high-density concentrations of artifacts.These concen-trations were primarilyceramic artifacts, but they did contain alimited number of lithic and ground stonefragments. Excavation of these unitsproduced a low density of artifacts to anaverage depth of 10 cm below the surface,beyond which sterile soil occurred.

~ ....i

Locus B (Figures 102-104) wasdiscovered during the data recoveryproject. Locus B contained a wider varietyof both lithic and ceramic artifacts thanLocus A. Locus B is located on the southend of the eastern highway right-of-wayin a low area immediately north of a deeparroyo.

Excavation units located withinLocus B (see Figures 102 and 104) werefocused on surficial artifact con-centrations containing both ceramic andlithic artifacts. Excavation of these unitsyielded a moderate number of artifacts toan average depth of 30 cm. Two formaltools were collected (a drill point and biface), as well as a burned corn cobfragment and some charcoal flecks(observed at a depth of 15 cm).

Figure 100. Locus A, Site LA 86737, looking north.

HSR 9946C, pg. 155

Data-Recover~1 on Four Sites along,US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

//

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Figure 101. Map of Locus A at Site LA 86737.

Scraped AreaCollection UnitArtifact ScatterExcavation Unit

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HSR 9946(2, pg. 156

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737Illl I I I I Iii i i ii ii ii i iiii

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LA 86737HSR 9946 Locus B

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HSR 9946C, pg. 157

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along U SHwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Figure 103. Overview of Locus B at Site LA 86737, looking east.

Figure 104. Excavation units, Locus B at Site LA 86737, looking east.

HSR 9946C, pg. 158


Sterile soil occurred beyond a depth of 30cm. Soil descriptions are provided inAppendix B.

Excavation units located within thehistoric component of Site LA 86737focused on a mounded area that wasoriginally recorded as a probable historictrash midden. Modem trash wasobserved both on the surface of themidden and to a depth of 30 cm. Below30 cm, a few historic artifacts werecollected, consisting mostly of patinatedglass and miscellaneous metal fragments.The fill within these units consisted ofloosely compacted sand containing rocksand gravels. The nature of the fill isconsistent with recent mixing bymechanical equipment of nearby soils,rather than the mound of a refusemidden.

Trenches at Site LA 86737

Sixteen trenches were excavatedwith mechanical equipment within thehighway right-of-way at Site LA 86737(see Figure 99). Soil descriptions areprovided in Appendix B.

Trench 1, located at 305N/994E, was10 m long north-south and placed on theeast side of the highway towards thesouthern end of the site. The trench wassituated 50 m north of the southernartifact concentration (Locus B), in thevicinity of a few artifacts. The trench wasdug to a depth of 0.75 m and yielded noartifacts or features. The soft within thetrench consisted of a moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam throughout,with the exception of a 2.5-m long pocketof loosely compacted sand containing ahigh density of pebbles, gravels, and

rocks in the middle of the trench, whichbegan at a depth of 0.5 m and went belowthe trench bottom.

Trench 2, located at 373N/990E, was5 m long north-south and was placed onthe east side of the road in the middle ofthe site. The trench was situated in anarea containing an extensive, low densitydistribution of prehistoric artifacts. It wasdug to a depth of 0.8 m and yielded noartifacts or features. The soil within thetrench consisted of a loosely compacted,silty sandy loam to a depth of 0.3 m,beyond which it became a moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam.

Trench 3, located at 400N/992E, was5 m long north-south and was placed onthe east side of the highway in the middleof Site LA 86737. The trench was situatedin an area that contained a widelydistributed, low density of prehistoricartifacts. It was dug to a depth of 0.8 m,and yielded no artifacts or features. Thesoil within the trench consisted of looselycompacted sand with a high density ofpebbles, gravels, and rocks to a depth of0.35 m, beyond which the soil was amoderately compacted, silty sandy loamwith no pebbles, gravels, or rocks.

Trench 4, located at 423N/992E, was14 m long north-south and placed on theeast side of the highway in the middle ofthe site. The trench was situated in anarea that contained a widely distributed,low density of prehistoric artifacts. It wasdug to a depth of 0.8 m, and yielded noartifacts or features. The soil within thetrench consisted of a moderately com-pacted, silty sandy loam throughout, withthe exception of a band of looselycompacted sand 0.6 m below the surface

HSR 9946C, pg. 159

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54_.b.etween Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

that was 0.07 m thick and ran the lengthof the trench.

Trench 5, located at 442N/990E, was5 m long north-south and placed on theeast side of the highway in the center ofthe site. The trench was situated in anarea that contained a widely distributed,low density scatter of prehistoric artifacts.It was dug to a depth of 0.8 m, andyielded no artifacts or features. The soilwithin the trench consisted of amoderately compacted, silty sandy loamthroughout.

Trench 8, located at 485N/950E, was5 m long north-south and placed on thewest side of the highway in the middle ofthe site. The trench was situated in anarea of few surficial artifacts. It was dugto a depth of I m, and yielded no artifactsor features. The soil within the trench wasa moderately compacted, silty sandy loamto a depth of 0.3 m below the surface,beyond which it became a highlycompacted, silty clay loam. At 0.9 mbelow the surface, the soil became a veryloosely Compacted sand with a highdensity of gravels, pebbles, and rocks.

Trench 6, located at 269N/950E, was10 m long north-south and placed on thewest side of the highway at the southernend of the site. The trench was situated45 m west of Locus B. It was dug to adepth of I m, and yielded no artifacts orfeatures. The soil within the trenchconsisted of a moderately compacted,silty sandy loam to a depth of 0.3 m,beyond which it was a highly compacted,silty clay loam.

Trench 7, located at 345N/952E, was5 m long north-south and placed on thewest side of the highway in the middle ofthe site. The trench was situated in anarea where a few surficial artifactsoccurred. It was dug to a depth of 1 m,and yielded no artifacts or features. Thesoil within the trench was a moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of0.3 m below the surface, beyond which itbecame a highly, more compacted siltyclay loam. At 0.9 m below the surface, thesoil became a very loosely compactedsand with a high density of gravels,pebbles, and rocks.

Trench 9, located at 510N/955E, was5 m long north-south and placed on thewest side of the highway in the middle ofSite LA 86737. The trench was situated40 m west of the prehistoric artifactconcentration on the east side of thehighway and at the northern end of thesite, and 20 m east of the historicfoundation. It was dug to a depth of I m,and yielded no artifacts or features. Thesoil within the trench consisted of amoderately compacted, silty sandy loamto a depth of 0.5 m, beyond which itbecame a highly compacted, silty clayloam.

Trench 10, located at 520N/955E,was 5 m long north-south and placed onthe west side of the highway in themiddle of the site. The trench wassituated 40 m west of the artifactconcentration on the east side of thehighway at the northern end of the site,and 20 m east of the historic foundation.It was dug to a depth of I m, and yieldedno artifacts or features. The soil within thetrench consisted of a moderately

HSR 9946C, pg. 160

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737ii J l llll Li

compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of0.5 m, beyond which it became a highlycompacted, silty clay loam.

Trench 11, located at 574N/993E,was 14 m long north-south and placed onthe east side of the highway. The trenchwas situated 40 m north of the northernprehistoric artifact concentration in anarea of mounded dunes. It was dug to adepth of 1.25 m and yielded one ceramicartifact and no features. The soil withinthe trench consisted of a loosely tomoderately compacted sand to a depth of0.65 m, beyond which it became amoderately compacted, silty sandy loam.

Trench 12, located at 570N/998E,was 5 m long east-west and placed On theeast side of the highway. The trench wasplaced 40 m north of the northernprehistoric artifact concentration (LocusA) in an area of mounded dunes. It wasdug to a depth of 1.25 m and yielded oneceramic at a depth of 0.65 m below thesurface. The soil within the trenchconsisted of a loosely to moderatelycompacted sand to a depth of 0.8 m,beyond which it became a moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam.

Trench 13, located at 565N/993E,was 5 m long east-west and placed on theeast side of the highway. The trench wasplaced 40 m north of the northernprehistoric artifact concentration in anarea of mounded dunes. It was dug to adepth of 1.25 m and yielded no artifactsor features. The soil within the trenchconsisted of a loosely to moderatelycompacted sand to a depth of 0.8 m,beyond which it became a moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam.

Trench 14, located at 580N/997E,was 8 m long east-west and placed onthe east side of the highway. The trenchwas placed 40 m north of the northernprehistoric artifact concentration in anarea of mounded dunes. It was dug toa depth of 1 m and yielded one adobebrick fragment and no features. Thesoil consisted of a loosely to moderatelycompacted sand to a depth of 0.45 m,beyond which it consisted of amoderately compacted, silty sandyloam.

Trench 15, located at 583N/992E,was 5 m long north-south and placedon the east side of the highway. Thetrench was situated 40 m north of thenorthern prehistoric artifact concentrationin an area of mounded dunes. It wasdug to a depth of 1 m and yielded noartifacts or features. The soil consisted ofa loosely to moderately compacted sandto a depth of 0.45 m, beyond which itconsisted of a moderately co/npacted,silty sandy loam.

Trench 16, located at 645N/960E,was 5 m long north-south and placed onthe east side of the highway at thenorthern end of Site LA 86737. The trenchwas situated in an area where a fewsufficial prehistoric artifacts occurred. Itwas dug to a depth of 0.5 m and yieldedno artifacts or features. The soil within thetrench consisted of a moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam throughouL

Scraped Areas at Site LA 86737

The scraped areas at Site LA 86737were excavated by mechanical equipmentwithin the highway right-of-way.

HSR 9946C, pg. 161

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54 betweenLTularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Scraped Area 1, located at269N/1000E, was placed on the east side ....of the highway at the southern portion ofthe site. The area scraped is 15 mnorth-south by 20 m east-west andencompasses the area surroundingexcavation units within Locus B, where ahigh density of surficial artifacts wasnoted. The scrape was dug to a depth of70 cm and yielded 15 brown ware sherds,2 Chupadero Black-on-white sherds, 5pieces of flaked stone, and 1 fragment ofground stone. No features wereidentified. The soil consisted of loosely tomoderately compacted, silty sandy loam.

Scraped Area 2, located at452N/988E, was placed on the east sideof the highway, extending north fromLocus B. The area scraped is 3 m wideand it extends 185 m north from Locus B.The scrape was dug to a depth of 12 cmand yielded no artifacts or features. Thescrape crosses two old east-west streambeds, and gravel found on the surface ofthe stream beds was also foundsubsurface mixed with the moderatelycompacted, silty sandy loam.

Scraped Area 3, located at545N/!000E, was placed on the east sideof the highway within Locus A. The areascraped is 15 m north-south by 25 meast-west, and encompasses the excava-tion units where a high density ofsurficial artifacts was found. The scrapewas dug to a depth of 20 cm and yieldedno artifacts or features. The soft consistedof a loosely to moderately compacted,silty sandy loam.

Scraped Area 4, located at570N/993E, was placed on the east side ofthe highway 10 m north of Locus A. The

area scraped is 10 m north-south by 25 meast-west and encompasses an area wherea dispersed, low density of artifacts wasnoted. The scrape was dug to a depth of20 cm and yielded no artifacts or features.The soft consisted of a loosely tomoderately compacted, sandy silty loam.

Scraped Area 5, located at580N/998E, was placed on the east side ofthe highway, on the low coppice dunesnorth of Locus A. The area scraped is 6 mnorth-south by 25 m east-west. The scrapewas dug to a depth of 20 cm and yieldedno artifacts or features. The soft consistsof a loosely to moderately compacted,silty sandy loam.

Scraped Area 6, located at590N/995E, was placed on the east side ofthe highway, on the low coppice dunesnorth of Locus A. The area scraped is 6 mnorth-south by 25 m east-west. It was dugto a depth of 20 cm and yielded noartifacts or features. The soft consists of asilty sandy loam.

Analyses of Recovered Data

A total of 1,080 prehistoric and 197historic artifacts were collected from thesurface and subsurface excavations ofunits, trenches, or scraped areas (Table35). Two rather dense prehistoric artifactconcentrations (Loci A and B) wererecorded on the surface.

Ceramic Artifacts

The ceramic assemblage from SiteLA 86737 includes 17 prehistoric ceramictypes (Table 36, Chart 2). The majority these types are contemporary and dateto the late thirteenth and fourteenth

HSR 9946C, pg. 162


Table 35. Historic and Prehistoric Artifacts Collected at Site LA 86737.

Artifact Type I Surface Excavation Total PercentageIIII ml

Bone 0 26 26 2.04

Ceramic 411 277 688 53.88

Glass 7 42 49 3.84

Ground stone 12 14 26 2.04

Leather 1 1 2 .16

LiO~/c 105 231 336 26.31

Metal 3 137 140 10.96

Mineral 0 4 4 .31

Porcelain 0 5 5 .39

Shell 0 1 1 .07

TOTAL 539 738 1,277 100.00

Table 36. Ceramic Type by Level at Site LA 86737.

Level Per-

Type Totalcent

1 2 3 4 5 Trench Scraped SurfaceTIrl"

Chupadero B/W 29 7 3 1 1 1 51 93 13.52

E1 Paso Bichrome 1 1 .15

El Paso Brown 60 40 12 4 2 16 196 330 47.95i

E1 Paso Polychrome 7 4 1 31 43 6.25

Elmendorf B/W 1 1 .15.L

Gila Polychrome 1 1 .15

jornada Brown 31 11 7 3 2 4 58 116 16.86

Jornada Red Wash 1 1 .15

Lincoln B/R 1 6 7 1.02

Magdalena B/W 1 1 .15

MogoUon Corrugated 1 1 .15

San Andres R/T 4 3 1 10 18 2.61

Seco Corrugated 3 1 10 14 2.03

Socorro B/W 1 1 2 .29

St. John’s Polychrome 1 1 .15

Three Rivers R/T 4 1 1 1 10 17 2.47

Three Rivers Terracotta ware 6 35 41 5.95

TOTAL 147 66[23 10 5 2 ,, 24 411 688 100.00

HSR 9946C, pg. 163


Chart 2. Percentages of Ceramic Types at Site LA 86737.

60.O0%50.0O%40.00%30,00%20,00%10.00%0.00%

centuries. At least three of the ceramictypes indicate that an earlier componentdating to the late eleventh and earlytwelfth centuries is also present at the site.The assemblage is comprised of 688sherds, 411 of which were collected fromthe surface. Chupadero Black-on-white,E1 Paso Polychrome, Elmendorf Black-on-white, Gila Polychrome, Jornada Brown,Jornada Red Wash, Lincoln Black-on-red,Magdalena Black-on-white, MogoUonCorrugated ware, Seco Corrugated, St.John’s Polychrome, Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta and Three Rivers Terracottaware represent the later component. E1Paso Bichrome, San Andres Red-on-terracotta, and Socorro Black-on-whitereflect the earlier component.

Chupadero Black-on-white (Figure105) was the dominant painted warerecovered (n=93). The type was present both Locus A (n=36) and Locus B (n=37).The remaining sherds were distributed

across the surface of the site (Figure 106).Of those sherds that could be identified asto vessel form, 82 were jar sherds, whileonly six were bowl forms.

E1 Paso Polychrome (Figure 107)was next most prevalent painted type(n=43). Like Chupadero Black-on-white,El Paso Polychrome was found in bothloci and was distributed over a wide areaof the site (Figure 108). Five bowl sherdsand 37 jar sherds were identified. Rimsfor bowls were direct, while the jar rimsare the thickened and everted stylesconsistent with the fourteenth-centurycontext indicated by the variedassemblage of decorated ceramics. TheRim Sherd index (RSI) of the seven Paso Polychrome jar sherds that werelarge enough to measure revealed an RSIrange of 1.31 to 1.66 with an average RSIof 1.46. (see discussion of Rim SherdIndices for Site LA 86736). These RSIscompare favorably with the mean RSI of

HSR 9946C, pg. 164


Figure 105. Chupadero Black-on-white sherds from Site LA 86737: (l-r, top-bottom) Chupadero B/W,Three Rivers Red Ware, Elemendorf, Magdalena B/W, Chupadero B/W, Three Rivers Redware,

St. John’s Polychrome, and Socorro B/W.

Figure 107. Ceramic sherds from site LA 86737 (l-r): (top) San Andres Red-on-terracotta Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta (2); (bottom) E1 Paso Polychrome

HSR 9946C, pg. 165

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alonl~ US H w~. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

/

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Locus A

aa

g

~, i.ocus B

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Figure 106. Distribution of ChupaderoBlack-on-white at Site LA 86737.

1.45 for necked jars of E1 Paso Polychromedocumented in Seaman and Mills(1988:177). One jar sherd of El PasoBichrome was found well south of thearroyo. This sherd may indeed be the 12thcentury precursor type to E1 PasoPolychrome or perhaps just a small bodysherd of the latter type.

Cil~mll~l [" --

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koeam A

L~Ill B

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Figure 108. Distribution of E1 Paso Polychromeat Site LA 86737.

Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta wasrepresented by 17 sherds (see Figure 107).Seven jar sherds and 10 bowl sherds wereidentified. The distribution of ThreeRivers Red-on-terracotta (Figure 109)within the site was widespread andsimilar to that of Chupadero Black-on-white and the E1 Paso Polychrome.

HSR 9946C, pg. 166

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737 ..I 0111m ] I I I !

/

I.OCUS B

J

1Figure 109. Distribution of Three Rivers

Red-on-terracotta at Site LA 86737.

Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta exhibits afine red line design on a terracotta slip.The type dates to the late twelfth andearly thirteenth century (Stewart 1983),with possible overlap into the fourteenthcentury as well. Its center of distributionis in the northern Sacramento Mountains.

Forty-one body sherds representingportions of unpainted red-on-terracottaware were recovered from across the site.

San Andres Red-on-terracotta (seeFigure 107), the broad line precursor toThree Rivers Red-on-terracotta, wasrepresented by 18 sherds (Figure 110).

E

o~I.o~us A

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Figure 110. Distribution of San AndresRed-on-terracotta at Site LA 86737.

HSR 9946C, pg. 167

....... Data-Recovery on Four Sites alongUS Hwy: 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

these, eight were jar sherds and nine werebowl sherds. Only one of these sherds, ajar rim, was found in Locus A. The otherswere found in Locus B or scattered acrossthe surface of the site. A reconnaissanceon the east side of the fence revealed adense artifact scatter containing numer-ous sherds of San Andres Red-on-terracotta, suggesting that the center forthe early ceramic component at SiteLA 86737 is located in that area. Stewart(1983) suggests that San Andres Red-on-terracotta may overlap temporallywith Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta.Excavations at Site LA 86736 (thisvolume) clearly place San AndresRed-on-terracotta in the eleventh century.Suggestions by Seaman and Mills(1988:167) that the two types arecontemporary are ill founded.

Lincoln Black-on-red (n=7) wasfound in limited quantities at both LocusA and Locus B (Figure 111). An isolatedsherd was located on the west side of U.S.Highway 54 south of the arroyo. Fivebowl sherds and one jar sherd wereidentified. Lincoln Black-on-red (seeFigure 105) is very similar in design andvessel form to Three Rivers Red~on-terracotta (Mera and Stallings 1931).Stewart (1983) suggests that these typesoverlap temporally, with Lincoln Black-on-red being the longest lived, beginningin the early 1300s and ending post-1400.The center for distribution of this type isthe same as for the red-on-terracottawares.

Two bowl sherds of SocorroBlack-on-white (see Figure 105) werefound in Locus B. This type dates to theeleventh and twelfth centuries. Its centerof distribution is north and west of

k~:us Be/

/

//

Figure 111. Distribution of LincolnBlack-on-red at Site LA 86737.

Socorro on the Rio Puerco. It is anoccasional tradeware on Mimbres andLate Mesflla Phase sites in southern NewMexico.

One jar sherd of Elmendorf Black-on-white (see Figure 105) was found

HSR 9946C, pg. 168


Locus A. Elmendorf Black-on-white is acarbon paint ware found on twelfth tofourteenth century pueblos along the RioGrande in the vicinity of Socorro(Marshall and Walt 1984). It occasionally found as a trade ware onsites in the Tularosa Basin and west of theRio Grande.

One bowl sherd of Gila Polychrome(see Figure 105) was found north of LocusB. Gila Polychrome is a carbon paint wareand second in the series known as SaladoPolychromes. It is decorated by blackpaint on a white slip on bowl interiorsand a red slip on bowl exteriors. Crown(1994) views the spread of Gila Poly-chrome from its Arizona origins into NewMexico and elsewhere as reflecting theadaptation of a religious cult in whichGila Polychrome played a central role.The type is commonly found on post-thirteenth century pueblo sites acrosssouth-central and southwestern NewMexico.

One Saint John’s Polychrome bowlsherd was also found north of Locus B.This type dates from A.D. 1170 to 1300and is part of the White Mountainredware series (Carlton 1970). It distinguished by matte black paint on redslipped bowl interiors and broad whitelines on red slipped bowl exteriors. It ispreceded by Puerco and WingateBlack-on-red and followed by Pinedale

Polychrome in the 1300s. West-centralNew Mexico is its center of distribution. Itis widely traded and is considered atemporal diagnostic for the late twelfthand thirteenth centuries.

One sherd of Magdalena Black-on-white (see Figure 105) was found at the

north edge of Locus A. The vessel formcould not be determined. MagdalenaBlack-on-white is a carbon paint warewith a design style similar to McElmo/Mesa Verde Black-on-white. It was firstdescribed by Emma Lou Davis (1964) andlater, Helene Warren (1974) as a southerncarbon paint ware similar to that found inthe Mesa Verde culture area. The typewas dubbed Magdalena Black-on-whiteby Knight and Gomolak (1987). SiteLA 1178, the Gallinas Springs Ruin,located west of Magdalena is the type sitefor Magdalena Black-on-white. The typehas been linked to the possible migrationof Mesa Verde populations from the FourCorners area into west-central and evensouthwestern New Mexico (Davis 1964;Lekson 1982). It is similar in design styleto Santa Fe Black-on-white and GalisteoBlack-on-white from the upper RioGrande area. Both of those types havebeen suggested as reflecting the migrationof Mesa Verde culture groups into the RioGrande.

E1 Paso Brown is the most commonceramic type in the assemblage, totaling330 sherds. E1 Paso Brown was found inboth Locus A and Locus B (Figure 112).The vast majority of the assemblage werejar sherds, which outnumbered theidentifiable bowl sherds by a ratio of 38to 1. As the lower portion of El PasoPolychrome jars are undecorated, it islikely that most of the E1 Paso Brownsherds are body sherds of larger El PasoPolychrome vessels (see discussion of E1Paso Polychrome).

Jornada Brown was less commonthan El Paso Brown, consisting of 116sherds (Figure 113). Like the E1 PasoBrown assemblage, jars greatly out-

HSR 9946(2, pg. 169

Data-Recove on Four Sites a_Ion US H .54 between Tu]arosa and Carrizozo, NM

/

1

el

II

¯O.

Figure 112. Distnl~ution of E1 Paso Brownceramics on Site LA 86737.

Figure 113. Distribution of Jornada Brownceramics on Site LA 86737.

numbered bowls (89 to 25). Vessel form,as evidenced by the rims present in theassemblage, is identical to those in the E1Paso Brown assemblage with severaldirect bowl rims. One jar rim identified asJornada Brown was too small to measurethe Rim Sherd Index, but was slightlyeverted, suggesting itself to be similar to

the El Paso Polychrome rims. JornadaBrown was defined by Jennings (1940)from a site in the Sacramento Mountainsnear Mayhill, New Mexico. El PasoBrown was defined by Lehmer (1948)from sites along the Rio Grand¯ and inthe Tularosa Basin. Considerable debatehas ensued about the relationship of these

HSR 9946C, pg. 170

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737|lm, i ii L i i

two types. The primary difference is oneof surface finish. El Paso Brown has acomparatively rough, unpolished surface,whereas Jornada Brown has a smooth,polished surface much like that of thewestern Mogollon brown ware type,Alma Plain, but usually without thattype’s generally buff coloration. Based onthe general distribution of these types,normative thought is that the betterfinished Jornada Brown was produced bythe mountain-dwelling Jornada Mogollongroups, while the less well finished E1Paso Brown was the product of desertdwellers. Like the sherds from SiteLA 86736, it is very difficult to distinguishJornada Brown from E1 Paso Brown, andall of the sherds from Site LA 86737 couldbe placed in the El Paso Brown category.

One bowl sherd of Jornada Red wasfound on the north edge of Locus A. Twoseparate types of red slipped or redwashed ware appear in the literature. AMimbres Red Wash was described byHawley (1936:63). A red wash is basicallya thin red slip. Mimbres Red Wash iscommonly associated with Mimbres sitesin southwestern New Mexico and isthought to be derived from the thickerslipped, highly polished San FranciscoRed found in early and late Pithouse sitesof that area. More recently, Bussey, Kellyand Southward (1976) have defined Jor-nada Red based on ceramics recoveredfrom Site LA 4921 at nearby Three Rivers.In that case, the Jornada Red Wash wasassociated with fourteenth-century cera-mic types rather than types from the elev-enth and twelfth centuries. Although thetwo types are very similar in appearance,the specimen from Site LA 86737 is calledJornada Red based on its association withfourteenth-century ceramic types.

One jar sherd of Mogollon corru-gated ware was located in Locus A. Thissherd was too small to identify as tospecific type, but is similar in style andconstruction to the Reserve/TularosaCorrugated series made in west-centraland southwestern New Mexico in the 13thcentury (Rinaldo and Bluhm 1985).

Seco Corrugated (n=14) was foundin both Locus A and Locus B (Figure 114).

@

[-r

P

~mm

I.mme A

#//

.?YlL/

Figure 114. Distribution of Seco Corrugatedat Site LA 86737.

HSR 9946C, pg. 171

Data~our ~’tes a_lon US H .54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Two bowl sherds and 11 jar sherds wereidentified. This corrugated type wasinitially described by Wilson and Warren(1973) from a type site on Seco Creek, Rio Grande tributary in Sierra County. Itis distinguished by near obliterated, ver-tically indented corrugations and wellsmudged interior. Although the origins ofthis type are hazy, it is consistently foundon late E1 Paso Phase assemblages datingto the 14th century. It is sometimes refer-red to simply as Obliterated Corrugated.

Modified or Worked Sherds

Four small sherds of El Paso/Jornada Brown have been shaped intorough triangles by grinding the edges(Figure 115). The largest sherd is workedon two sides and is 28 mm on it longestaxis. As the third side is broken, the

original shape of the modified artifact isunknown. Another, roughly triangularand broken in two pieces, is 28 by 18 mm.The one complete modified sherd is 18 by16 mm. The last is also fragmented, butappears to have been about the same sizeor slightly larger than the completespecimen. The function of these modifiedsherds is not known.

Stratigraphic and Spatial Contexts

Excavations at Site LA 86737 wereconducted in 10 cm levels. Other thanfeatures, no natural stratigraphic levelscould be seen in the soil profiles. Surfacecollections yielded 60 percent of the cera-mic assemblage and the first 10 cm levelyielded an additional 21 percent_ Only 19percent of the ceramics were fromexcavated contexts.

Figure 115. Worked sherds from Site LA 86737.

HSR 9946C, pg. 172

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737 .......

Locus A consisted of deflated areasbetween coppice dunes. Eleven of the 17ceramic types recovered from the sitewere found in Locus A (Table 37).Elmendorf Black-on-white and MogollonCorrugated ware were the only two typesfound in Locus A and not in Locus B.Excavated materials from Locus A werevery shallow as sherds were not foundbelow 30 cm and only five sherds werefound below Level 1. There is noindication of intact stratigraphy in eitherthe ceramic assemblage or the softprofiles.

Locus B was in a low eroded areaadjacent to the arroyo and bridge. Themixture of loose charcoal and artifacts,and the lack of definable features inLocus B suggests the possibility of pre-vious mechanical disturbance as thoughthe cultural material had been pushedinto that position. Ten of the 17 ceramictypes were recovered from Locus B (Table38). Socorro Black-on-white was the onlytype found in Locus B that was notpresent in Locus A. In contrast to LocusA, 63 percent of the ceramic assemblagefrom Locus B was recovered fromexcavated contexts. However, the greatmajority (75 percent, n=162) were fromthe first two 10 cm. levels. Only fourceramic types were found below Level 2:Chupadero Black-on-white, E1 PasoBrown, E1 Paso Polychrome, and JornadaBrown. As Chupadero Black-on-whiteand E1 Paso Polychrome date to the latestoccupation of Site LA 86737, it is clear thatthe stratigraphy of Locus B was either no

longer intact or was not present in thefirst place.

Ceramic Summary

In summary, the ceramic typesfound at Site LA 86737 reflect continueduse of the site from the late twelfthcentury until at least the fourteenthcentury. San Andres Red-on-terracotta,Socorro Black-on- white, and the possiblesherd of E1 Paso Bichrome indicate theearliest period of use. The lack ofMimbres Classic Black- on-white, whichwas present at Site LA 86736 (thisvolume), suggests a post-A.D. 1130 datefor the beginning of ceramic periodoccupation at this site. Dense concen-trations of San Andres Red-on-terracottafound outside the right-of-way furthersupport the presence of a twelfth centurycomponent. St. John’s Polychrome andThree Rivers Red-on-terracotta areindicative of continued use through thethirteenth century. The fourteenthcentury site use is strongly supported bythe presence of late style E1 PasoPolychrome, Gila Polychrome, SecoCorrugated, and Lincoln Black-on-red.

Functionally, jar sherds were in themajority for most types. A few paintedtypes, notably those represented by onlya few sherds, were from bowls. Thedistribution of bowls and jars is thoughtto reflect the dominant need for storageand cooking vessels on a site focusedon seasonal procurement of plantresources.

HSR 9946C, pg. 173

Data-Recover,/on Four Sites along US Hw~. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Table 37. Ceramic Types by Level at Locus A, Site LA 86737.

Level

1 3 Surface

Chupadero B/W 15 3 18

El Paso Brown 20 57

El Paso Polychrome 1 16

Elmendorf B/W

Total Percentage

36 21.18

77 45.29

17 10.007

1 1 .59

Jornada Brown 2

Lincoln B/R 1

Mogollon Corrugated 1

San Andres R/T

Seco Corrugated 3

Three Rivers R/T

Three Rivers Terracotta ware

TOTAL 43

1 2

11

4

122

14 8.23

5 2.94

1 .59

1 .59

8 4.71

3 1.76

7 4.12

170 100.00

Table 38. Ceramic Types by Level at Locus B, Site LA 86737.

LevelType Percent-

Total age1 2 3 4 5 Scraped Surface

,, , ,, ,,,,, ,,, ,,, ,, ,,, ,,| ,,,

Chupadero B/W 11 7 1 1 1 16 37 10.88

El Paso Brown 39 40 10 2 2 16 51 160 47.06

El Paso Polychrome 6 4 1 10 21 6.18

Jornada Brown 28 11 6 3 2 4 27 81 23.82

Lincoln B/R 1 1 .29

San Andres R/T 4 3 1 3 11 3.24

Seco Corrugated 3 3 .88

Soco=o B/W 1 1 2 .59

Three Rivers R/T 4 1 1 1 7 2.06

Three Rivers Terracotta ware 3 14 17 5.00

TOTAL 96 66 16 7 5 24 126 340 100.00m|,|,

HSR 9946C, pg. 174

The Prohistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737 a i

Lithic Artifacts

Lithic artifacts were recovered fromexcavated contexts in both Locus A andLocus B on Site LA 86737, as well assurface contexts throughout the site.Compared to the 688 ceramic artifactsrecovered, only 336 lithic artifacts werefound (Table 39). These lithic artifacts areprimarily manufactured from materialsthat are available in the immediate area ofthe site. Formal tools are virtuallynonexistent and no temporally diag-nostic artifacts were found. Given thenumber and context of the recoveredlithic artifacts, it is likely that the entireassemblage is reflective of the limitedfunctional scope of the occupation.

Materials

Eight material types were identifiedin the assemblage. These include in orderof dominance: siltstone, quartzite, basalt,sandstone, chert, banded chert, limestoneand chalcedony. The sfltstone, quartzite,sandstone and limestone are present inthe local arroyo gravels. The first three arederived from the same basic geologicformation exposed in the Sierra Blanca(Hawley 1983). Limestone is exposed nearby uplifts. The basalt is also availablelocally and can also be traced to a sourcein the Sierra Blanca. The chert andchalcedony are in the minority. Thematerials were distributed differentiallyacross the site (see Figures 117-121).

Table 39. Lithic Debitage by Cortex Placement at Site LA 86737.¯

Cortex

Material dorsal/ dorsal/ plat- Total Percentdistal dorsal dorsal/

yesdistal platform platform/ none

distal formi i¯ .|aa

basalt 4 3 1 6 6 1 21 6.56

chalcedony 2 "] 1 3 .94

chert 1 7 1 1 10 3.13

chert, 1 1 .31banded

limestone 1 1 .31

quartzite 1 16 25 42 40 5 129 40.31

sandstone 2 4 7 7 2O 6.25

sfltstone 18 2 27 48 36 4 135 42.19H m ¯ i||

TOTAL 1 41 2 6O 1 112 92 11 32O 100.00,,,,,

HSR 994OC, pg. 175

Data-Recovery on Four Sites _al0ng_Us Hwy. 54 between Tularosa andCarrizozo, NM

Locus A yielded only 24 lithic artifacts Locus B (Table 41). The remaining

(Table 40), while the great majority of the lithic artifacts were collected in other

material (n=263) was recovered from areas of the site.

Table 40. Lithic Material by Cortex at Locus A, Site LA 86737.

CodexMaterial Total Percent

distal dorsal dorsal/platform none platformmT’ "r"

basalt 1 2 3 12.50

chalcedony 1 1 4.17

chert 1 1 4.17m,

quartzite 1 2 1 2 4 10 41.66

sandstone 1 1 4.17

siltstone 1 5 2 8 33.33’-~Tr IT" I I ....

TOTAL 1 2 3 10 8 24 100.00,, m,

Table 41. Lithic Material by Cortex at Locus B, Site LA 86737.

Cortex

Material dorsal/ dorsal/dorsal/

plat- Total Percentdorsal

distal platform platform/ none yes

distalform

T

basalt 3 1 1 3 6 1 15

chalcedony 1 1 2

chert 1 2 1 4

quartzite 13 21 33 32 5 104

sandstone 2 3 7 6 18

sfl~tone 18 2 24 42 31 3 120,, ,,,,| ,,

TOTAL 36 2 50 1 8] 76 10 263,,, ,,

HSR 9946C, pg. 176

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737 IIIm ml II

Figure 116. Selected lithic materials from Site LA 86737: (1-r) chalcedony (1) and siltstone

Siltstone, a fine-grained siliciousmaterial, varies in color from tan to lightgray. Siltstone was the most commonmaterial, represented by 135 artifacts.This material was found at both Locus A(n=8) and Locus B (n--120) (Figure 117).Reduction of siltstone cores was moreprevalent at Locus B, where only 35percent of the assemblage did not exhibitsome cortex. In Locus A, 62.5 percent ofthe much smaller sfltstone assemblageexhibited no cortex.

Sandstone (n=20) is a coarse-grainedmaterial and varies in color from gray totan. Of the 20 flakes recovered, 33 percent(n=7) exhibited cortex (Figure 118). sandstone flakes may have resultedfrom the shaping of ground stoneartifacts.

Quartzite (n=131), a coarse- to fine-grained silicious material, varied in colorfrom black to brownish-gray to gray. Theblack quartzite exhibits the finest grain,the brownish-gray quartzite is medium-grained, while the gray quartzite variesfrom coarse- to fine-grained. Quartzitewas found at both Locus A (n--10) andLocus B (n--104) (Figure 119). Like silt-stone, the quartzite at Locus A had beenmore thoroughly reduced than that atLocus B, based on the retention of cortex.

Basalt, a dark gray/black material,was found in limited quantities at bothLocus A (n=3) and Locus B (n--15) (Figure120). One (33.3 percent) of the three basaltflakes at Locus A exhibits cortex, while 12(80 percent) of the 15 basalt flakes Locus B exhibit cortex.

HSR 9946C, pg. 177

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hwy. 54.between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

~uard

@

.8.me/

Locus A

LOCUS B

Figure 117. Distribution of sfltstoneat Site LA 86737.

C~l~ua~l

J

Locus A

d~ Locus B

/

//

Figure 118. I~tribution of sandstoneat site LA 86737.

HSR 9946C, pg. 178

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737m i ii

Locus B

/

Figure 119. Distribution of quartziteat Site LA 86737.

o.,mtlogtm~

Locus A

~tLOCUS B

//

Figure 120. Distribution of basaltat Site LA 86737.

HSR 9946C, pg. 179

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along US Hw~54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

Chert (n=11), banded chert (n=l),and chalcedony (n=3) vary considerablyin color. One flake of chert andchalcedony was present at Locus A(Figure 121). Other examples of thesematerial types came from Locus B(chert=4; chalcedony=2). Seven otherflakes of chert, including the bandedchert, were collected across the site. The

I I.oo~ A

g

@

@

[.o¢~ B

Figure 121. Distribution of chert andchalcedony at Site LA 86737.

chalcedony flakes are white or milkywhite with inclusions. The color andinclusions of the chal-cedony suggest anorigin in northern New Mexico. Theprocurement area for the chalcedony islikely the ancestral Rio Grande gravelsfound some distance west of the TularosaBasin. One of the cherts is of the bandedvariety common to the cherts formed inthe limestone formations of the SanAndres and Sacramento mountain ranges.It exhibits a cortical surface, suggestingthat it was derived from a subangularnodule. The other cherts arepredominately white in color, suggestingan origin in the limestone formations ofthe Sacramento Mountains.

Limestone is represented by a singleflake from south of the arroyo. The flakehas a cortical platform and is of a gray,medium-grained material. It appears tobe an expedient flake rather thanreflecting the purposeful selection orpreference for limestone as a lithicmaterial.

Debitage Size and Type

The lithic debitage was divided intosize categories of 0-10 ram., 10-40 mm.,40-60 mm., and larger than 60 mm. (Table42). Of the 319 pieces of lithic debitage, 85percent (n--271) are in the second andthird categories. Of these, 59 percent(n=160) are in the second category, while41 percent (n=111) are in the thirdcategory. These two categories seem toreflect the optimum size for flakeproduction as all but three flakes of themore silicious, homogenous materials(chert, chalcedony, and basalt) are foundin that size range. Many of the largest

flakes are thought to be the result of

HSR 9946C, pg. 180

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737T , , , | IL I li II HI lllm

Material

basalt

ch~cedony

chert

chert banded

limestone

quartzite

sandstone

siltstonei,a

TOTAL

1(0-10~)

II ’It

1

7

Table 42. lAthic Material by Size at Site LA 86737.

,,, ....... ,

Size

8

63

9

71i a am

160 (59%)

3(40-60ram)’11

11

1

2

48

7

4(<6Omm)1’

1

1

12

3

14

32 (9%)

Total

21

10

1

129

2O

134

319

Percentage

I

6.58

.94

3.14

.31

.31

40.44

6.27

42.01

100.00

ground stone production as quartzite andsiltstone are the only materials in thelargest size category.

Due to the prevalence of coarsermaterials, debitage attributes on theventral surfaces and terminations weredifficult to observe. While striking plat-forms could usually be easily defined, itwas extremely difficult to differentiate astep termination from a post-productiontransverse fracture. Likewise, if the plat-form was not present, the lack of ventralattributes made it difficult to assess flakeorientation.

Bifacial thinning flakes are associ-ated with the latter stages of bifacial coreand bffacial tool production. Transverseflakes are associated with the early stagesof bifacial core and biracial toolproduction. It is significant that none ofthese flake types were identified in theassemblage.

Stratigraphic Context

Excavations at Site LA 86737 wereconducted in 10 cm. levels. Other thanfeatures, no natural stratigraphic levelscould be seen in the soft profiles. Overall,31 percent (n=103) of the 336 lithicartifacts were found in Level 1. Another31 percent (n--105) were found on thesurface. Excavation yielded 67 percent(n=226) of the artifacts (Table 43).

Lithic artifacts do not reflectsignificant stratification in Locus A.Locus A consisted of deflated areasbetween coppice dunes. As noted, notemporally diagnostic lithic artifacts wererecovered from Locus A. Only 27 lithicartifacts were found in Locus A. Ofthose, 89 percent (n=24) were found eitheron the surface or in Level 1. Two lithicartifacts were found in Level 3 andonly one was recovered from Level 4(Table 44).

HSR 9946C, pg. 181


Table 43. Lithic Materials by Level at Site LA 86737.

. i , ,

LevelMaterial Total Percent

1 2 3 4 5 Scraped Surface

basalt 12 5 9 26 7.74

chalcedony 3 3 .89

chert 4 1 1 5 11 3.27

chert banded 1 1 .30

limestone 1 1 .30

quart~te 31 34 14 10 3 39 131 38.99

sandstone 7 4 5 1 1 2 2O 5.95

siltstone 49 29 10 5 1 4 45 143 42.56

TOTAL 103 73 3O 16 4 5 105 336 100.00(31%) (22r,) (9%) (4.8%) (1.2%) (1.5%) (31.3%)

Table 44. Materials by Level at Locus A, Site LA 86737.

LevelMaterial 4 { Total Percent

1 3 Surface! |

basalt 3 1 4 14.82

chalcedony 1 1 3.70

chert 1 1 3.70

quartzite 1 1 8 10 37.04

sandstone 1 1 3.70

siltstone 7 1 2 10 37.04

TOTAL 11 (40.7%) 2 (7.4%) 1 (3.7%) 13 (48.2%) 27 100.00,i.

Locus B was in a low eroded areaadjacent to the arroyo and bridge. Themixture of loose charcoal and artifactsand the lack of definable features inLocus B suggest the possibility ofprevious mechanical disturbance asthough the cultural material had beenpushed into that position. Lithic artifactsfrom the surface and Level 1 in Locus Bmade up 55 percent (n=151) of the

assemblage. Levels 2 and 3 yielded andadditional 36 percent (n=101). With theexception of two chalcedony flakes foundon the surface, all of the lithic materialsfound in Locus B were present throughLevel 2 (Table 45). Chert was found Level 3. Quartzite, sandstone, andsiltstone were found in Level 4, whileonly sandstone and siltstone were foundin Level 5. Given the observed potential

HSR 9946C, pg. 182


Table 45. Lithic Material by Level at Locus B, Site LA 86737.

m

LevelMaterial Total Percent

1 2 3 4 5 Scraped SurfacerrTm I’T"

basalt 8 5 5 18 6.52

chalcedony 2 2 .73

chert 2 1 1 2 6 2.17

quartzite 27 34 13 9 3 2O 106 38.41

sandstone 7 4 5 1 1 18 6.52

sfltstone 42 29 9 5

28 ] 15

1 4 36 126 45.65ii i .a m

TOTAL 86 73 4 5 65 276 100.00(31.16%) (26.45%) (10.14%) (5.43%)(1.45%) (1.81%)(23.55%)

.ll

for mechanical mixing and the distri-bution of materials, it is unlikely that thelithics from the lower levels of Locus Breflect an earlier occupation.

Lithic Tools

Identifiable lithic tools are limited inboth number and variety. They includeeighteen cores, five flake tools exhibitingsome form of use wear, and one drill.Locus A produced three expedient cores(basalt=-2; sfltstone=l) and one multi-platform sfltstone core. In contrast, 14tools were associated with Locus B. Theseinclude the chert drill and four of the fiveflake tools, one basalt single-platformcore, and nine expedient cores (quart-zite=3; siltstone=6). An additional twoexpedient cores (quartzite=l; siltstone--1)were located away from the defined loci(Figure 122).

The siltstone core from Locus A andthe basalt single-platform core fromLocus B are developed cores. Both havebeen purposefully shaped to expediteremoval of multiple usable flakes. The

other cores are expedient cores producedfrom unshaped nodules of quartzite andsiltstone. The predominance of expedientcores corresponds well with the per-centages of platform/dorsal cortex in thedebitage assemblage (quartzite=19.38percent; sandstone=20 percent; siltstone20 percent), as well as the presence ofcortex on 65 percent (n=218) of the overallassemblage.

Five flake tools were identified thathad macroscopically visible patterns ofuse wear. All but one were larger flakes,either Size 3 (40 to 60mm) or Size 4 (largerthan 60 mm). The smallest (Size 2, 28mm)is the distal portion of a black chert flakewith no cortex that has been shaped tocreate a pointed end. The other four arevery similar in size, ranging from 55 mmto 63 mm. One chert flake with distal andplatform cortex exhibits bending fractureson both thin lateral edges, probably as aresult of cutting action. A similar flake ofsiltstone (no cortex) exhibits almostidentical wear. Another chert flake withno cortex exhibits unifacial microflakeremoval on both lateral edges with an

HSR 9946C, pg. 183

Data-Recovery on Four Sites along~US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

i~

Figure 122. Cores and large flake from Site LA 86737(1-r): (top) quartzite core (Cat.No. 42), quartzite andbasalt core (Cat. No. 61); (bottom) quartzite flake (Cat. No. 117) andbasaltcore (Cat. No.

Figure 123. Drill and flake tools from Site LA 86737 (l-r): chert flake tool (Cat. No. 2), chert flake tool (Cat.No. 209), quartzite flake tool (Cat. No. 211), chert drill (Cat. No. 221), and chert flake tool (Cat. No.

HSR 9946C, pg. 184


occasional microflake removed from theopposite face, suggest use in a scrapingaction. One sfltstone flake exhibitsrounding and bifacial microflake removalon one lateral edge, indicating use as acutting tool. All but one of these utilizedflakes were found in Locus B. Theremaining tool was found south of thearroyo.

The only shaped tool recovered is achert drill measuring 38 mm long with a21 mm bit (see Figure 123). The drill bithas been bffacially shaped to a sharppoint. It also was found in Locus B. Thisartifact could have been used to perforateleather, bone, wood, or even ceramic.

No bifaces, biface fragments, orprojectile points were found. Thesenegative data correspond to the lack ofdebitage related to biracial toolproduction.

Lithic Summary

Production and use of lithic artifactsat Site LA 86737 was limited and focusedon satisfying simple and immediateneeds. The lithic assemblage reflectsexpedient use of local materials to satisfythe needs of a procurement strategyfocused on wild plant products. It issignificant that no projeciile points,bifaces, or other tools associated with thehunting of game were recovered. Thedebitage also did not reflect production ofthese tools. A few exotic materialsconsisting of the finer-grained chert andchalcedony were brought to the site,probably to serve specific cuttingfunctions that would have been moredifficult with the coarser-grained localmaterials.

Based on artifact counts, thefrequency of cortex in the assemblagesand location of cores, most of the lithicreduction occurred in Locus B. Locus Balso yielded almost all of the visiblyutilized flakes and the single drill,suggesting that a variety of activitiesbeyond simple core reduction wereoccurring within or near Locus B.

Ground Stone Artifacts

Twenty-six ground stone artifactswere recovered (Table 46). Ten were fromLocus A, six of which were from exca-vated contexts. Six were from Locus B,three being from excavated contexts. Theremaining twelve were found betweenthe two loci.

With one exception, all of theground stone were small fragments. Tencould be identified as mano fragments.Two fragments may be from either manosor polishing stones. Two are metatefragments. Eleven may be from eithermanos or metates. The exception (Cat.No. 251, described herein) is a completeground and shaped shaft straightener(Figure 124). Most of the artifacts exhibitsome evidence of intentional shaping bypecking or grinding.

All of the ground stone artifacts areof local materials, including medium- tocoarse-grained sandstone (n=11), coarse-grained quartzite (n=8), medium-grainedquartzite (n=l), medium-grained siltstone(n=2), limestone (n=l), and basalt (n=3).These same materials made up the bulk ofthe flaked stone assemblage. At least aportion of the flaked stone assemblagemay be the result of shaping ground stoneartifacts (Figure 125).

HSR 9946C, pg. 185

Data-Recovery on Four. Sites along US Hwy. 54 betwee_n. T_u]_ arosa and Carrizozo, NM

Table 46. Ground Stone by Material Type at Site LA 86737.

Type

Material mano/mallo metate shaft Total Percent

fragmentfrag.

polishingstone frag.

flag. straightener

basalt 3 3 11.54

limestone, 1 1 3.85medium-grained

quartzite, 4 3 1 8 30.77coarse-grained

quartzite, 1 1 3.85medium-grained

sandstone, 1 1 1 3 11.54coarse-grained

sandstone, 3 4 1 8 30.77medium-grained

sfltstone, 1 1 2 7.69medium-grained

TOTAL 11 10 2 2 1 26 100.00(42.31%) (7.69%) (7.69%) (3.85~)

Figure 124. Shaft straightener (Cat. No. 251) from Site LA 86737.

HSR 9946C, pg. 186

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737 ii

/

/

@

I..ocmJ A

~ / LoCuS B

/

Figure 125. Distribution of ground stoneartifacts at Site LA 86737.

Descriptions of selected ground stoneartifacts are provided below.

parallel faces and a perpendicular,slightly rounded lateral edge. The frag-ment appears to have been part of arectangular-shaped mano that was mostlikely used with two hands.

Cat. No. 170 (Locus A surface): One manofragment of medium-grained, dark graysandstone. Heavily ground surfaces occuron both faces and on the lateral edges.The mano measures 8.5 by 5.5 cm and is5.5 cm thick. It has been shaped to createtwo parallel faces and a perpendicular,slightly rounded lateral edge. The frag-ment appears to have been part of arectangular-shaped mano that was mostlikely used with two hands.

Cat. No. 180 (Locus A surface): One manofragment of medium-grained, light graysandstone. The mano fragment measures5.5 by 1.5 cm and is 1.5 cm in thickness.Heavily ground surfaces occur on bothfaces, as well as on the lateral edges. Themano has been shaped to create twoparallel faces and a rounded lateral edge.

Cat. No. 186 (603N/1000E surface): Onemano fragment of medium-grained blackquartzite. The fragment measures 9 by6.5 cm and is 4.5 cm thick. A heavilyground surface occurs on one face and onthe remnant lateral edge. This fragment iswater worn and most likely is naturallyshaped. The opposite face of the manohas been fire cracked.

Cat. No. 125 (454N 983E surface): Onemano fragment of medium-grained, lightgray sandstone. The mano fragmentmeasures 7.5 by 4 cm and is 3 cm thick.Heavily ground surfaces occur on bothfaces, as well as on the lateral edges. Themano has been shaped to create two

Cat. No. 220 (Locus B excavated): Oneground stone fragment of fine-grainedblack sfltstone. The fragment measures 3.5by 5 cm and is 3 cm thick. A heavilyground surface occurs on one perfectlyflattened face. Several parallel scratchingor etching marks occur on this face. The

HSR 9946C, pg. 187

DataTRecover~¢ on Four Sites alon~US Hw~t. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM ..........

lateral edge of the fragment is naturallyshaped, with no evidence of grinding. Theremaining portion of the artifact mayhave been intentionally broken, possiblythe result of being flaked.

Cat_ No. 251 (307N 988E excavated): Onecomplete arrow shaft straightener (Figure124) of medium-grained light gray silt-stone. The shaft straightener measures8 by 4.5 cm and is 3 cm thick. Moderatelyground surfaces occur on all lateral edges.A heavily ground surface occurs oppositethe face with the groove for shaftstraightening. Although there are someareas that are naturally worn, the stonehas been shaped throughout. The shaftstraightener groove is 0.5 cm wide by2 mm deep and runs across the middle ofthe stone on the short axis. The groovehas been pecked and does not exhibitheavy use. The opposite face has beenheavily ground down to a fiat surface.

Cat. No. 252 (307N/988E excavated): Onemano fragment of coarse-grained, lightgray sandstone. The fragment measures2 by 2 cm and is 1.5 cm thick. Heavilyground surfaces occur on all extant facesand lateral edges. The two faces areparallel and the lateral edge is rounded.

Cat. No. 263 (536N/988E excavated): Oneground stone fragment of coarse-grainedquartzite that is gray to light gray in color.The fragment measures 10.5 by 6 cm andis 4.5 cm thick. Heavily ground surfacesoccur on both faces. A portion of one facehas not been ground, and the area that isground is at a 45-degree angle. The shapeof this stone suggests that it was part of amortar or metate. The .opposite face isground fiat and the edges have beenmodified to create a rounded shape.

Cat. No. 280 (553N/997E excavated):Three small mano fragments that are allfrom different stones. One fragment oflight gray, coarse-grained sandstonemeasures 2.5 by 2 cm and is 1 cm thick.This fragment is heavily ground fiat onone face and the remaining edge has beenrounded. The second fragment is graycoarse-grained quartzite that measures2.5 by 2.5 cm and is 1.2 cm thick. Thisfragment is moderately ground on bothfaces and the extant edge has beenrounded. The third fragment is also graycoarse-grained quartzite, measures 2.5 by2 cm, and is 1.3 cm thick. This fragment ismoderately ground and has been shapedto create a rounded edge.

Ground Stone Summary

The ground stone from SiteLA 86736 was produced from localmaterials. Consistent evidence of shapingsuggests that some time was invested intheir production. The ground stoneartifacts are typical of those associatedwith processing of wild plant products.Mesquite, saltbush, and wild grass seedswere the likely focus of this processing,although there is little or no macro-botanical data to verify this inference.

The possible polishing stones areintriguing, but because there is noevidence for ceramic production on thissite, their use is unknown.

The single, most interesting artifactis the alleged shaft straightener. Noprojectile points were found on the siteand this shaped quartzite cobble mayhave served as a hammerstone used forlithic reduction. The shallow groovemay have been a channel created by

HSR 9946C, pg. 188

The P~historic Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737

sharpening edges of wood or stone ratherthan by straightening arrow shafts.

Macrobotanical Remainsby Dr. Richard Holloway

Only a small amount of material wasobtained from Site LA 86737. The major-ity of the material consisted of smallcharcoal fragments, although mesquite(Prosopis), saltbush/greasewood (Atriplexsp./Sarcobatus sp.), and cottonwood(Populus sp.) charcoal were present, alongwith corn (Zea mays sp.). All of thematerial was recovered from Locus B.

One feature was sampled from SiteLA 86737, which was a small hole filledwith ashes in Locus B. This containedonly small charcoal fragments and was ofno interpretive value. There were noeconomically important taxa from this siteother than the corn remains. However,the wood charcoal remains were similarto those from Site LA 86736, consisting ofisolated occurrences of mesquite, cotton-wood, and saltbush/greasewood. Theremainder of the charcoal recovered waspicked from the grid profiles in Locus B.

Unit 250N/992E: FS 323 and 321were identification samples from Levels 1and 3. Both contained hardwood charcoalfragments and FS 321 contained a singlespecimen of mesquite charcoal.

Unit 252N/992E: FS 320 was anidentification sample, but contained onlysmall charcoal fragments.

Unit 253N/992E: FS 325 and 326were identification samples. Saltbush/greasewood charcoal and a corn cob frag-ment (eight-row variety) were present.

Unit 253N/997E: Identificationsample FS 322 contained cottonwoodcharcoal and 7 corn cupule fragments.

Unit 522N/998E: FS 324 was anidentification sample. Saltbush/grease-wood charcoal and hardwood charcoalfragments were present.

Discussion

The majority of the common taxapresent in these assemblages are foundlocally within the vegetation. Mesquite, asmight be expected, is the most commonwood charcoal type present. Saltbush/greasewood charcoal is also quite com-mon, but occurs in slightly fewer samplesthan mesquite. Mesquite is fairly commonin the modern vegetation and presumablywas equally common during the JornadaMogoUon occupation of these sites.

Both saltbush and greasewoodbelong to the family Chenopodiaceaeand, as such, their wood anatomicalcharacteristics are virtually identical. Bothtaxa have similar habitats, and althoughsaltbush is much more common in thecentral and southern portions of the state,black greasewood can, and does occur.Therefore, based only upon the woodanatomical characteristics, I have com-bined these two genera into a morpho-logical category and have not attemptedto separate the genera. While it issuspected that the majority of specimensincluded in this category belong to thegenus Atriplex sp., this cannot beabsolutely determined based upon onlywood charcoal characteristics.

Site LA 86737 also yielded a cobfragment of an eight-row variety and a

HSR 9946C, pg. 189

Data-Recovery on Fottr Sites along US Hwy. 54 between T~,osa and Carrizozo, NM

small number of isolated cupules. Thepresence of small amounts of corn fromboth these sites is consistent with the timeperiod. The small amount of corn materialsuggests that either corn was usedprimarily as a supplemental food sourceand was not that important, or, morelikely, the storage and preparation forcorn was not discovered.

that these do not represent natural deaths.Once again, this assumption should becautioned in light of site formationprocesses.

Table 47. Faunal SpeciesRepresented at Site LA 86737.

Species Total Percentage


A total of 25 bones was collected andanalyzed from Site LA 86737, all of whichwere discovered subsurface (Tables 47and 48). Rabbit dominates the assemblagewith four specimens of black-tailedjackrabbit (Lepus californicus) and threespecimens of desert cottontail (Sylvilagusauduboni). The rest of the bone assemblageconsists of undiagnostic, small mammalbones. The sizes of many of these bonefragments are consistent with rabbit and,in fact, the entire assemblage may consistof these two rabbit species.

Ten of the 25 bones/bone fragmentsrecovered from Site LA 86737 are burnt.This is interesting, considering the lownumber of burnt bones found in theassemblage from Site LA 86736. Nobutchering marks were discovered on anyof these specimens; however, it iscertainly possible that these represent"food bone" that has been discarded intoa hearth or other fire. Many of thesefragments are burnt excessively and it ishighly unlikely that any natural fire(brush fire, etc.) caused this degree burning. All of these specimens representlong bones or innominates; no cranial ormandibular fragments were discovered,lending further evidence to the notion

Rabbit (Lepus californicus) 4 16Mammal 19 76Desert cottontail

(Sylvilagus auduboni) 2 8TOTAL 25 100

Site LA 86737 has a faunal assem-blage that is dominated by the presence ofrabbit. From an interassemblage per-spective, this is interesting because itfollows the expected patterns of lateprehistoric reliance on small supple-mental game and historic reliance onlarger, generally domesticated ungulates.Burnt materials recovered from SiteLA 86737 may be the best evidence thatwe have of these small mammal remainsrepresenting "food bone." It is possiblethat these bones were discarded into thefire after consumption of the edibleportions. Very few cranial fragments werefound from either site, and most of theassemblage consists of appendicularportions of the skeleton and innominatefragments. Once again, these representthe portions of the animal that wouldprovide the best food. Jackrabbit andcottontail are very high in population inthis region, and it may be inferred thatthis was the case during the late ceramicand historic periods in the area. Unfortu-nately, this information provides us verylittle data, since it can be implied that the

HSR 9946C, pg. 190

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737i ii i i.i a . i .i

Table 48. Faunal Remains from Site LA 86737.

BoneSpecies

Cat. CommentsNo.

Bone Type ICountmiD I[ i iRa

Black-tailed jackrabbit 331 Right distal humerus frag. burnt 1

(Lepus californicus) 332 Right distal humerus frag. 1

Right innominate frag. with acetabuUum 1

Right proximal ulna frag. 1.... q

Desert cottontail 337 Left tibia diaphysis flag. 1

(Sylvilagus audubonO 338 Right distal humerus frag. 1

Mammal 332 Long bone diaphysis burnt, possibly jackrabbit 1

Undiagnostic long bone possibly jackrabbit 4hags.

333 Undiagnostic long bone frag. small mammal 1

334 Undiagnostic long bone frag. small mammal 1

Undiagnostic long bone burnt, small mammal 3frags.

.m

335 Undiagnostic long bone burnt, small mammal 5frags.

336 Undiagnostic long bone small mammal 3hags.

337 Undiagnostic long bone frag. small mammal I=,II ii

TOTAL 25

high population provided greater huntingopportunities, but also provided a highernumber of natural deaths. The numerousexamples of appendage bones may be theresult of natural predators and scavengersdispersing the skeletal remains across thelandscape. Weathering is evident onmany of these elements and may haveobscured carnivore marks from gnawing.

Radiocarbon Dates

After species identification, one

charcoal sample from Locus B was

submitted for radiocarbon dating. Radio-carbon samples from both Sites LA 86736and LA 86737 were submitted to BetaAnalytic, Inc. of Coral Gables, Florida. Alldates were subjected to C13/C12 ratiocorrections and extended counts. Thecharcoal from Site LA 86737 was a burntcorn cob of the eight-row variety.

The burnt corn cob yielded aconventional radiocarbon age of 960K-_40BP. At two sigmas, the calibrated radio-carbon date ranges from A.D. 1000 to1180, with an intercept at A.D. 1030.

HSR 9946C, pg. 191

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

This date corresponds well withthe early ceramic component suggestedby the ceramic assemblage.

Historic Artifacts

Data recovery of the historiccomponent at Site LA 86737 was limitedto the few historic artifacts collected fromthe surface and subsurface duringexcavations at the alleged trash mound(Figure 126). These artifacts includemiscellaneous metal fragments, glassfragments, bottles, and a few fragments ofstoneware, leather, and shell (Table 49).Excavation units were placed in a pile ofdebris situated on the west side of thehighway within the right-of-way. Historicdebris and foundations are locatedoutside the right- of-way west of the fenceline on private property. Some of thehistoric artifacts may be associated withthose foundations. However, the pile ofdebris is pushed up from within thehighway right-of-way and only a fewitems are potentially associated with thehistoric foundations.

Table 49. Artifacts by Type at Site LA 86737.

Material Total Percent

Metal 140 71.00Glass 49 25.60Porcelain/ceramics 5 2.00Leather 2 1.00Shell ~ 1.00

TOTAL 197 100.00

Figure 126. Distribution of historic artifactsat Site LA 86737.

HSR 9946C, pg. 192

The Prohi~qtoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737i

Metal

Among the metal fragments arethree pieces of a base to a cast-iron woodstove, a copper wire, three nails, one canopener, and 129 metal fragments. Themetal key opener is the only diagnosticmetal item. It is a key-and-strip opener.

The key opening device was firstincorporated in 1890 (Rock 1978:10), andwas commonly used on coffee cans untilthe 1960s. Although coffee had beenpacked in tin containers since 1840, it wasnot until 1898 that coffee was vacuumpacked and opened by a key.

The fragments from the cast-ironwood stove are the only artifacts that canbe clearly associated with the homesteadfoundations.

None of the glass can be linked tothe historic foundations. All of it seems torelate to the highway traffic.

Porcelain/Ceramics

These artifacts are crockery glazedstoneware fragments. There are noidentifying marks and vessel form is notpossible. It is quite likely that the crockeryis associated with the homestead.

Leather

Two fragments of leather wererecovered. Both are machine cut andcould be fragments from a belt, bridle, orsimilar object. The association of theleather is not clear.

Discussion of Artifacts

Glass

This category includes glassfragments, bottles, and bottle fragments.Two soft drink bottles, one Pepsi and oneDr. Pepper, were collected. The 10-oz"Sparkling Pepsi" bottle has a red andwhite applied color label. The process of"applied color labels" was first developedin the United States about 1920, but didnot replace the embossed decorations andidentification until the 1930s. The appliedcolor label is still in use today (Munsey1972:59).

The "Dr Pepper" 10-oz bottle has anembossed lettering and is a "no return"bottle. Dr. Pepper is the second oldest softdrink on the American market. It wasdeveloped by R. S. Lazenby in 1885, butdid not become popular until 1945(Woodruff and Phillips 1974:33).

Site LA 86737 is situated south of theThree Rivers Trading Post, site of theThree Rivers Post Office from 1900through ca. 1975. It was named for thethree mountain streams that converge inthe area. The post office served theranching community as a post office andhad a small grocery business where onecould pick up a few supplies. It was also abar and dance hall for a few years.

Most of the historic artifacts fromSite LA 86737 appear to be associatedwith that business, as well as thefoundation on the west side of the fence.Some of the artifacts may even be trashthrown from vehicles traveling thehighway. The stove parts, and metal,porcelain, and ceramic fragments arehousehold-type items. It is likely that theyare part of the debris from the homesteadlocated on the west side of the fence

HSR 9946C, pg. 193

Data-Recover~ on Four Sites alon~ US Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

outside the highway right-of-way. Thesoft drink bottles may have beenpurchased at the trading post anddiscarded or tossed from movingautomobiles.


The prehistoric component of SiteLA 86737 as recorded during datarecovery is much larger than thatrecorded during survey. This disparitywas due to the discovery of a denseconcentration of prehistoric artifacts(Locus B) on the eastern side of thehighway right-of-way well south of theoriginally defined concentration (LocusA). In contrast to Site LA 86736 (thisvolume), preservation of features andprobably artifact provenience was verypoor at Site LA 86737. As a result, onlylimited chronometric dating and macro-botanical information are available tosupport the artifact analysis. The presenceof ceramics that clearly date to separatecenturies makes analysis of theunstratified and featureless site all themore problematic.

The ceramic assemblage includesseveral ceramic types that date to the lateeleventh and early twelfth centuries, aswell as a number of types that date to thefourteenth century. A single radiocarbondate obtained from the apparently mixedfill of Locus B, supports the interpretationof an eleventh century component.Unfortunately, materials from both earlyand late components are mixed and nospatial or vertical stratification could beidentified. Whether or not Site LA 86737was continually used on at least aseasonal basis over three centuries cannotbe determined.

The primary plants identified in thelimited number of macrobotanicalsamples were mesquite and saltbush. Thepresence of these species suggests anenvironment similar to that of today. Thelimited presence of cottonwood and cornreflects ties to villages in nearby riparianareas.

The recovered data yielded limitedinsight into the function and season of theoccupation. Given an environment similarto today’s, it seems likely that mesquitebeans, saltbush flowers, and wild grasseswere the foci of the procurement activitieson Site LA 86737. The ground stoneassemblage, made up of local material,supports this premise. The lack of formaltools in the lithic assemblage, includingprojectile points, further supports the con-cept of a limited range of procurementactivities. If these plants were the focus ofactivities, then late summer and early fallwould have been the prime opportunityto harvest ripe mesquite beans, developedsaltbush flowers, and the heads of wildgrasses.

Site LA 86737 is similar to many ofthe sites discovered during the onesystematic survey of the Three Riversdrainage 0Nimberly and Rogers 1977:75).The site location away from the majordrainages and the limited artifactassemblage are consistent with thoseceramic period sites classified as seasonalprocurement locations. The early compo-nent, like that from Site LA 86737, wasundoubtedly linked to one of thenumerous pithouse villages found in thegeneral area of the Three Rivers Drainage(Human Systems Research 1973:62-64).However, the broad range of paint-decorated ceramics, representative of the

HSR 9946C, pg. 194

The Prehistoric Sites: LA 86736 and LA 86737l l,|l

fourteenth century, suggest that theparent village for the later occupation wasnot far away. The fourteenth century wasa time of aggregation, with larger villagesconcentrated on fertile slopes and well-watered drainages. Sites LA 4921 andLA 1231, located on the Three RiversDrainage near the extensive petroglyphsite, are two such locations.

The sheer numbers of paintedceramic types from the fourteenth centuryalso reflect the widespread interaction ofthat period. In contrast to the precedingcenturies, ceramic types were beingexchanged on a broad scale and overhundreds of miles. Casas Grandes innorthern Mexico is most often seen asboth the nucleus and the catalyst for thisbroad system of exchange. Schaafsma(1979:383-388) describes the geographicalrange and nature of sites within theCasas Grandes sphere of influence, and itincludes the Three Rivers Drainage andthe northern Sacramento Mountains. Itappears to be primarily a southernNew Mexico system, with only moderateamounts of evidence for contact withthe northern pueblos. MagdalenaBlack-on-white, Elmendorf Black-on-white, and the White Mountain Red Wareceramics recovered from Site LA 86737

provide evidence of contact with the RioGrande pueblos near Socorro and evenfarther to the west. Gila Polychrome wasproduced in southwestern New Mexico.The remainder of the Site LA 86737ceramic assemblage reflects either localproduction or connections with theE1 Paso Phase sites to the south. The lackof Casas Grandes Polychromes can beattributed both to the seasonal functionof Site LA 86737 and to its location onthe edge of the Casas Grandes world.

Data recovery of the historiccomponent at Site LA 86737 wasdisappointing. Limited to the few historicartifacts collected from the surface andsubsurface during excavations, thepreservation of the historic materials hadbeen more severely compromised byprevious disturbance than was originallythought. Archival research provided fewclues as to the origins of the housefoundation that are just outside thehighway right-of-way. Furthermore, ourability to interview individuals wholive(d) in the immediate area wascompromised by their untimely demisejust prior to the beginning of this project.As a result, little new data was obtainedwith which to interpret the historiccomponent.

HSR 9946C, pg. 195

Da~.. -Recovery on Four Sites alon~ US Hw~. 54 between Tularosa and Carr/zozo, NM

HSR 9946C, pg. 196

SUMMATION

The excavation and analysis of thedata-recovery effort within the NewMexico State Highway and Transpor-tation Department highway right-of-wayat Sites LA 86735, LA 86736, LA 86737,and LA 120,979 has been completed. Datacollected were adequate to meet theresearch criteria as stated in the data-recovery plan (Laumbach 2000).

The two historic sites, LA 86735(Temporal Station) and LA 120,979 (TheClinker Site), are of very differentcharacter. Temporal Station was ahabitation site with a specific function.The Clinker Site was an accumulation ofbrief activities across the span of use forrailroad and highway. These verydifferent sites are linked by a number offunctional artifact categories that reflectlife in the transient and quickly changingAmerica during the first half of thetwentieth century.

Site LA 120,979 is a scatter ofdiscarded artifacts and piles of railroadwaste. In all, these materials comprise amicrocosm of the New Mexican roadwaysthat so often parallel railroad lines,lacking only billboards and descansos(small crosses commemorating fatalaccidents) to complete the picture.Beverage cans and bottles once quenchedthirsty throats traveling across theTularosa Basin. Other containers heldmore potent liquid and were imbibed anddiscarded with little regard for thepotential deadly effect on either driver orfellow traveler. Lunches eaten on coldblustery days, or consumed in the heat ofthe desert sun, are remembered by ashard of glass and a tin container. Piles of

vitreous and heat-fractured rock testifymutely that the trains once slowed there.Other bits and pieces of metal and glass,giving little hint of their origin, tell nostory other than to repeat Frank Hibben’s(1961:43) observation that "man essentially a dirty animal." The artifactscatter of the twentieth century hasarguably been successful in equaling theoutput of all previous human experience.

Temporal Station, of more substancethan the Clinker Site, tells a fine story ofthe American Southwest coming of agewith the Industrial Revolution, of border-land economies, and of Hispanic familiesfirst encountering the American Dreamand being thankful to be away fromrevolution-torn Mexico. This project hasforever saved a little girl’s memories ofher father, the station master, and theirlife at an isolated spot in the New Mexicodesert. Those memories, coupled withlovingly hoarded photographs and archi-val records, illuminate the rich deposit ofbottles, clothes, toys, and tools that werealmost miraculously located by "just onemore auger hole." Together, they makeTemporal Station a well-understood sitein New Mexico railroad history.

The two prehistoric sites, whilesimilar in function and size, are also ofdifferent characters. This variation incharacter is one of context andpreservation. Site LA 86736, the "MimbresSite" as we came to call it, even though itis not, was a joyful surprise. It was bysome standards a small site, one that hadbeen occupied for only a short period oftime. What made it remarkable was thetremendous preservation of hearth

HSR 9946(2, pg. 197


features at very shallow depths. Thosefeatures, and the charred plant remainswithin them, provided a time capsule forthe years of occupation. The materialswere not mixed with earlier and latercomponents, and all appear to reflect asingle, albeit perhaps multi-year, episodeof seasonal procurement. The result was atightly dated assemblage of perishableand non-perishable material that is rarelyfound at seasonal gathering locations. Thefact that this episode occurred during theclimax of the distant but far reachingMimbres Culture made it all the moremeaningful.

Site LA 86737, "The Late CeramicSite", was also a seasonal procurementsite. The lithic and ground stoneassemblages were virtually identical tothose of LA 86736. Site LA 86737 is muchlarger than LA 86736, but the integrity ofthe site had been badly compromised, notjust by highway activities, but by the factthat it contained multiple prehistoriccomponents. The resultant mixing of

materials made it very difficult todistinguish which artifacts were related toany one of the several temporalcomponents represented by the extensiverange of ceramic types. The two sitesprovide a cautionary case study for thosecultural resource managers who, whenfaced with the choice, choose the largersite over the smaller one.

Beyond that, these prehistoric sitesare examples of many such sites recordedin the general Three Rivers Drainage byWimberly and Rogers (1977). These, my knowledge, are the first of their kindto be professionally excavated. Their datasets are now available and await theresearcher with opportunity to excavatecomparable sites at lower and higherelevations within the drainage system.The preservation of materials at LA 86736gives hope that one day we will have anincreased understanding of culturalsuccession within the Three Riversdrainages as envisioned by Wimbefly andRogers so manyyears ago.

HSR 9946C, pg. 198

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P., and W. S. StallingsLincoln Black-on-red.Laboratory of AnthropologyTechnical Series Bulletin No. 2.Archaeological Society, SantaFe, New Mexico.

Lehner, Lois1988 Lehner’s Encyclopedia of U.S.

Marks on Pottery, Porcelain &Clay. Collector Books, ADivision of SchroederPublishing Co., Inc., Paducah,Kentucky.

Lehmer, Donald1948 The Jornada Branch of the

Mogollon. University of ArizonaSocial Science Bulletin, Tucson.

Lekson, Stephen H.1976 Mesa Verde-Like Pottery near

T-or-C, New Mexico. In PotterySouthwest, Volume 13, Number4, pp 1-3.

Meyer, Lisa M., and Peter L. Eidenbach1996 Cultural Echoes: Traces of the

Human Legacy on Holloman AirForce Base, Results of a CulturalResources Sample Survey.Human Systems ResearchReport No. 9425. Tularosa, NewMexico.

Michalik,1998

LauraCultural Resources Inventoryof a Proposed HighwayImprovement Project along US54 between Tularosa andCarrizozo, Otero and LincolnCounty, New Mexico. CulturalResources Report No. 1058,Archaeological Services, LasCruces, New Mexico.

HSR 9946(2, pg. 202

Re~rences Cited

Myrick, David F.1970 New Mexico’s Railroads, A

Historical Survey. RevisedEdition. University of NewMexico Press, Albuquerque.

Neher, Raymond E., and Oran F. Bailey1976 Soil Survey of White Sands

Missile Range, New Mexico: Partsof Otero, Lincoln, Do~a Ana,Sierra, and Socorro Counties. U.S.Deparh~ent of Agriculture, SoilConservation Service, Washing-ton, D.C.

Nowell, Mary Virginia Watson1985 Luther and Helen Watson. in

Otero County Pioneer FamilyHistories, Vol. 2, pgs. 543-553.Tularosa Basin HistoricalSociety, Alamogordo, NewMexico.

Rock, j. T.1978 Tin Canister Identification: "Tin

Cans." Cultural Resources Man-agement Program, KlamathNational Forest, U.S. ForestService, California Region.

Rosenberg, Robert G., and D. PeterKvieotok

1982 A Guide to Historic Artifacts.High Plains Consultants, Lara-mie, Wyoming.

Rugge, Dale1986 Petrographic Studies. in The

Border Star 85 Survey: Toward anArcheology of Landscape, editedby Timothy J. Seaman, WilliamH. Doleman, and Richard C.Chapman. Office of ContractArcheology, University of NewMexico, Albuquerque.

Oakes, Yvonne1998 LA 457: An Early MesilIa Phase

Occupation along North FloridaAvenue, Atamogordo, New Mex-ico. Museum of New Mexico,Office of Archaeological StudiesArchaeology Notes 180, SantaFe.

Peterson, Arthur G.1971 Trademarks on Glass, pg. 48.

Arthur G. Peterson, FloridaState University, DeBary.

Rinaldo, John B., and Elaine Bluhm1985 Late MogoUon Pottery Types of

the Reserve Area. FieldianaAnthropology, Volume 36, No.7. Chicago Natural HistoryMuseum.

Sanders, Joe Ben1996 The Historic Cartridges from

the Oliver M. Lee Ranch, DogCanyon, South-Central NM.Unpublished booklet on file atHuman Systems Research, Inc.,Tularosa, New Mexico.

Schaafsma, Curt1979 The E1 Paso Phase and Its Rela-

tionship to the "Casas GrandesPhenomenon." In JornadaMogoIlon Archaeology, edited byPatrick H. Beckett and ReggeN. Wiseman, New Mexico StateUniversity, Las Cruces.

Schiffer, Michael1982 Hohokam Chronology: An

Essay on History and Method.In Hohokam and Patayan:

HSR 9946C, pg. 203

Da~-Recovery on Four Sites alon~ US H~,,,:,,54 between Tularosa and Carr/zozo, NM

Prehistory of SouthwesternArizona, edited by Randall H.McGuire and Michael B.Schiffer, Academic Press, NewYork and London.

Seaman, Tim, and Barbara Mills1988 Ceramic Typology and Brown-

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Shafer, Harry J.1995 The Classic Mimbres Phenom-

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Shields, Helen B., and David K.Kirkpatrick

2001 Valmont, an Early 1900s Railroadand Ranching Community nearAlamogordo: Archaeological DataRecovery at LA 115,252, OteroCounty, New Mexico. HSRReport No. 9923. Tularosa.

Sonnichsen, C.L.1980 Tularosa: Last of the Frontier

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Stewart, Joe1983 Structural Analysis of Three

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Julian HarrisonBottle Makers and Their Marks.Thomas Nelson, Inc. New York.

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Shafer, Harry J., John E. Dockall, andRobbie L. Brewington

1999 Archaeology of the Ojasen(41EP289) and Gobernadora(41EP321) Sites, El Paso, County,Texas. A Joint Publication of theCenter for Ecological Archae-ology, Texas A&M UniversityReports of Investigation No. 2,

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Warren, Helene1974 A Southern Variety of McElmo

Black-on-white. Pottery South-west ,Volume 1, Number 2.

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North McGregor Range. Ms. onfile, Directorate of FacilitiesEngineering, EnvironmentalOffice, Fort Bliss, Texas.

HSR 9946C, pg. 204

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1980 Special Studies in the Archaeologyof the Hueco Bolson. E1 PasoCentennial Museum Publi-cation in Anthropology No. 9.University of Texas at E1 Paso.

1990 Settlement Patterns of the EasternHueco Bolson. E1 Paso Centen-nial Museum Publications inAnthropology No. 4. Universityof Texas at El Paso.

1991 Settlement Patterns of the WesternHueco Bolson. E1 Paso Centen-nial Museum Publications inAnthropology No. 4. Universityof Texas at E1 Paso.

Williamson, Natasha1998 Victorio--Halfway from No-

where on the El Paso andSouthwestern: Results of anArchaeological TestingProgram along NM Road 9,Luna County, New Mexico.Archaeology Notes 183, Office ofArchaeological Studies,Museum of New Mexico, SantaFe.

Wilmer, Adisa J., and Neal W. Ackerly1990 An Archaeological Survey of Three

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Seco Corrugated. In Awanyu,Volume 1, Number 1.

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Wheeler, Keith1975 The Railroaders. Time-Life

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Williams, Jerry (Editor)1986 New Mexico in Maps, Second

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Wimbefly, Mark, and Alan Rogers1977 Cultural Succession, A Case

Study: Archaeological Survey,Three Rivers Drainage, NewMexico. The Artifact No. 15. E1Paso Archaeological Society.

Woodroof, Jasper Guy, and G. FrankPhillips

1974 Beverages: CarbonatedNoncarbonated. ThePublishing Company,Westport, Connecticut.

andAVIInc.,

HSR 9946C, pg. 205

Data-RecoveDd on Four Sites~long US Hwy. 54.between Tularosa apd. Carrizozo, NM

Zumwalt, Betty1980 Ketchup, Pickles, Sauces: 19th

Century Food in Glass. MarkWest Publishers, Fulton,California.

HSR 9946C, pg. 2O6

APPENDICES:

Appendix A. Cultural History of the Southern Tularosa Basin

Appendix B. Soil Stratigraphy at Sites LA 86736 and LA 86737

Appendix C. Radiocarbon Analysis

Appendix D. Petrographic Analysis of Ceramics at Sites LA 86736 and LA 86737

Appendix E. Time Book for Temporal Station, March 1920

I-ISR 9946C, pg. 207

Data-Recovery on Four Sites alon~ US.Hwy. 54 between Tularosa and Carrizozo, NM

HSR 9946C, pg. 208

Appendix A.CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE TUI~ROSA BASIN

Evidence of prehistoric occupation in the Tularosa Basin ranges from thePaleoindian period (13,500 B.P.) to abandonment (about A.D. 1400). Apachean historic groups used the basin after about 1600. This section is intended to provide ageneral background. More specific information relating to the affected sites is providedin a subsequent section.

Paleoindian Period (10,000-6,000 B.C.)

Paleoindian sites (older than 7,000 years) in the Tularosa Basin are usuallypresent on alluvial slopes below 1,525 m (5,000 ft) elevation. Paleoclimatic conditionswere wetter and cooler than today’s climate. The area consisted of a large savanna, oropen woodlands, with heavily forested areas in the mountains. The earliest occupation,termed Clovis (10,000-9500 B.C.), is poorly represented in the Tularosa Basin, but theFolsom Complex (9500-8500 B.C.) is somewhat better represented (Meyer Eidenbach 1996). Clovis and Folsom artifacts have been found associated with remainsof the extinct mammoth and bison. Folsom sites are usually concentrated near water,possibly because of a decrease in effective moisture during that time period. Folsomhunters exploited herds of bison in the basins of southern New Mexico.

Archaic Period (6,000 B.C.-A.D. 200)

After the Ice Age, starting about 7,500 years ago, the bison essentiallydisappeared. Climatic conditions are suspected to have been drier than that of theprevious period. Nomads turned more and more to plants for food, which requiredmoving seasonally to take advantage of plant availability. During the Archaic period,the inhabitants of the area used tools such as stone knives and scrapers and broad, fiatrocks that were used as grinding stones for plant foods. They did not build permanentstructures to live in, nor did they manufacture pottery.

Formative Period (A.D. 200-1400)

The Formative period is considered to be the advent of the use of ceramics. Smallpottery-producing pithouse settlements, identified as the Mesilla phase of the JornadaMogollon (A.D. 200-1100) were established at the mouths of canyons and on thehighest alluvial terraces along the margins of the basin floor, where both dry-land andflood-land agriculture were feasible. The Dofia Ana phase of this period (A.D.1100-1200) brought settlements consisting of pithouses and surface structures of adobe.The E1 Paso phase (A.D. 1200-1400) is the latest and most well-documented prehistoricoccupation in the southern portion of the Tularosa Basin (Meyer and Eidenbach 1996).Settlements of this phase include large adobe pueblo villages, with special ceremonialstructures (Marshall 1973) and rock art motifs (Schaafsma 1979). An increaseddependence on agriculture was probably brought on by drought conditions about 1,500

HSR 9946C, Appendix A, pg. A-1

years ago (A.D. 500-700). With a more sedentary occupation of the basins and valleys,the political social, and cultural aspects of community living became more complex. Amassive reorganization in the distribution of human populations occurred in theSouthwest during the century following A.D. 1300. By A.D. 1400, the Tularosa Basinand adjacent areas seem to have been largely abandoned by sedentary agriculturists.There is some speculation that the more complex social political and cultural aspects ofcommunity living drove people out of the pueblos and back into a simpler nomadic lifethat depended upon hunting and gathering wild native animals and plants.

Historic Period

No evidence indicates that hostile Athabascan-speaking groups forced theabandonment of agricultural villages before A.D. 1400. By the time of Spanishcolonization in the mid-seventeenth century, nomadic groups of Athabascans wereapparently well established in the area. The Mescalero Apache, to the northeast of theTularosa Basin, are descendants of Athabascan speakers encountered by the Spanish.

In 1541, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado crossed New Mexico and moved hisarmy to the Pecos River in preparation for the expedition to Quivira (Tainter andLevine 1987). It was 40 years later when Spaniards reentered New Mexico to colonizethe area. These efforts continued until the Pueblo Revolt in 1680. There was infrequenttrading between the Spanish and the Apache during the 1600s and 1700s.

Around 1700, the Comanche came from the north and east into New Mexico andbegan raiding Spanish settlements. A Spanish defeat of the Comanche in 1778 led theway for a Comanche peace, which, in turn, encouraged the beginning of theComanchero trade, but raids resumed during the Mexican and American periods.

With fear of invasion, New Mexico was closed to foreign traders during theSpanish period. The Comanche were encouraged to prevent Americans from enteringthe Southwest. In 1821, when Mexico gained independence from Spain, the Mexicangovernment was eager to trade with the United States.

During the late 1860s, the Three Rivers area was sparsely colonized by peoplesubsisting off the land (Wimberly and Rogers 1977:458). By the 1880s, substantial cattleranches were developing. However, the introduction of the railroad in 1898 opened thebasin to economic and population growth.

Ranching, Homesteading, and the Railroad

In 1878, the first Santa Fe Railroad locomotive entered New Mexico under thecharter of the New Mexico and Southern Pacific Company, after overcoming thephysical barrier of Raton Pass and a small railroad war with the Denver and RioGrande Railroad (D&RG) for right-of-way through the pass. By September 1879, theline was moving through the Raton tunnel on its southward destination to E1 Paso,Texas (Williams 1986:123). The Santa Fe eventually linked New Mexico to the Pacific


and the Midwest, and was the only rail system to completely traverse the state in bothnorth-south and east-west directions.

The second railroad to enter the territory was the Southern Pacific, whichproceeded southeastward from San Francisco, California, through southern Arizona toE1 Paso, Texas. In October 1880, the Southern Pacific reached Lordsburg, New Mexico,and entered E1 Paso by April 1891, a month before the Santa Fe did (May 1881).

Temporal was located on the E1 Paso and Northeastern Railway, which began in1888 as the Kansas City, E1 Paso, and Mexican Railway (KCEP&M). However,construction stopped after the first 10 mi and did not resume until Charles Eddy boughtthe KCEP&M in 1896. Since coal was in high demand and the cheapest coal was inWhite Oaks, New Mexico (150 mi north of El Paso), the line was built to supply thatdemand (Wilmer and Ackerly 1990:6). A disagreement between the railway and thecitizens of White Oaks caused the line to end at Capitan, New Mexico. By 1908, the E1Paso and Northeastern Railway had become part of the Southwestern RailroadCompany’s eastern division, consisting of 405 mi of rail from E1 Paso, Texas, to SantaRosa, New Mexico, and from Tucumcari to Dawson, New Mexico (Wilmer and Ackerly1990:6).

Peak main-line mileage in New Mexico occurred around 1914 (3,124 mi). extensive abandonment of unprofitable lines began in 1925 and continued through theDepression years (1930s), when Southern Pacific discontinued service on allconnections between the former El Paso and Southwestern route and its existing mainline through Deming (Williams 1986:125). When oil replaced coal as engine fuel afterWorld War II, many rail lines leading to coal fields were vacated. Smallrailroad/ranching communities like Temporal lost status as water stops needed by therailroad coal engine.

The history of coal dates back to fourteenth-century pueblos, with records of theSpanish using coal as a fuel in the eighteenth century. Coal production becameimportant in the late 1800s and the early 1900s because of the railroad. All but a fewsmall operations out of the 200 underground coal mines in New Mexico were connectedto the railroad (Williams 1986:283). In addition to being used as engine fuel, coal washauled all over the state and beyond by the railroad. The demand for coal reached itspeak in 1917-1918, but declined dramatically during the Depression and never regainedits prominence as a fuel.

Not only did the railroad use and haul coal, it also provided transportation forlivestock and people. The abandoned agricultural lands of the prehistoric inhabitants ofthe Tularosa Basin had been partially resettled by ranchers who grazed sheep, angoragoats, and cattle. Under the Homestead Act of 1862, homesteads were purchased for aminimum of $1.25 per acre and established to control permanent water sources andproductive agricultural and grazing lands. The Act required that water had to beavailable on lands where homesteads were to be established. Vast acreage betweenwater holes was available for grazing livestock free of charge, and livestock ranged


openly as far and as wide as owners could maintain control. Settlements at the mouthsof well-watered canyons would eventually thrive in the Sacramento Mountains. Thenearest settlements to the project area were established on the Three Rivers andTularosa drainages.

Although sheep, cattle, and horses had been in New Mexico for at least twocenturies, the railroad was instrumental in the growth of sheep and cattle ranching.With the investment in breed stock and the growth of sheep herds, merchants began todevelop wool-scouring mills at some of the towns serviced by railroads (Williams1986:120). Although the sheep population far exceeded that of cattle (an estimated million head of sheep to 350,000 head of cattle) in 1880, the railroad spurred anexplosive growth of the cattle industry and, by 1888, the cattle population hadincreased to about 1.25 million, compared to an estimated sheep count of 3.5 million(Williams 1986:120). Large cattle empires spread throughout the eastern half of NewMexico and cattle began to dominate the livestock market. Stock towns and shippingplaces, such as Valmont and Oscura, were developed along the railroad.

Cattle ranching required more range space per head than did sheep. When herdsincreased, conflicts over water and rangeland escalated. History recounts theadventures and misadventures of cowhands turned outlaws and rustlers who used thegun to resolve struggles over water and rangeland (Sonnichsen 1980). However, 1900, ranching and rangeland began to dwindle, grasslands became public domain,homesteaders had moved in from neighboring states, and barbed wire began tosurround new and smaller ranches. The huge cattle empires became another piece ofhistory (Williams 1986:122).

As the new Public Land laws took effect and open ranging of livestock began toslowly disappear, the development of mining and timber economy and construction ofrailroads and other communication and transportation systems arose. In 1934, theleasing of specific tracts of public lands to individuals brought an end to free grazingand was the first major step in the shift to a cash-based economy. Economic problemsand the drought years of the 1930s combined to further disturb the early settlementpattern of homesteads and ranches.

Finally the switch to diesel engines ended the use of coal for fuel. Smallerranches with less livestock to ship and improved highways that allowed trucking oflivestock proclaimed the expiration of the railroad-ranching community.

Military Period

In the late 1930s, the United States government began to set aside vast tracts ofland in the central and western portions of the Tularosa Basin. By the end of the 1940s,these tracts were designated for defense-systems testing as part of present-day WhiteSands Missile Range and Holloman Air Force Base.

HSR 9946(2, Appendix A, pg. A--4

In 1941, development began within the present-day boundaries of Holloman AirForce Base, with the construction of the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range. Thepost was originally intended as a training site for the British Overseas TrainingProgram, but it was elevated to army air base status as Alamogordo Army Air Field in1942 (Meyer and Eidenbach 1996). Currently, Holloman Air Force Base is headquartersfor the 49th Fighter Wing, Air Combat Command, and supports a variety of Air Force,Department of Defense, and Army tenant organizations (Eidenbach and Wessel 1994;Mattson and Tagg 1995).

White Sands Missile Range (portions originally established in 1945 as WhiteSands Proving Ground) rose to early prominence as the site for research anddevelopment of the nation’s first guided missiles, which responded to and fueled thegrowing tensions of the Cold War (1946-1989). A large portion of the Tularosa Basinwas designated as part of White Sands Proving Ground and the land was officiaUytransferred to the U.S. Army in 1952. From its onset, White Sands was a multiservicefaciIity with an international flavor. Today’s nearly 4,000-m2 range was formed fromearlier World War II bombing and gunnery ranges and subsumes several otheragencies’ properties within its boundaries. In partnership with the U.S. Navy on postand neighboring HoUoman Air Force Base, White Sands was the scene of pioneeringefforts in missile-systems testing, space biology, guidance, telemetry, meteorology, andatmospheric science, which allowed the United States to leap beyond the narrowconstraints of the military Arms Race toward the stars (Eidenbach et al. 1996).



Appendix B.SOIL STRATIGRAPHY AT SITES LA 86736 AND LA 86737.

The following section describes soil stratigraphy at both of the prehistoric sites,LA 86736 and LA 86737. Extensive trenching and unit excavations were conducted atthese sites, enabling a rather detailed view of the soil profiles that occurred in differentareas throughout the sites. Descriptions are given for the areas where a noticeablestratigraphic pattern occurred, and for these areas corresponding profile diagrams areprovided (Figure B-l). The profile diagrams then, represent the overall soil stratigraphicpattern that occurred at a given location within the study area.

Profile A depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trench 5, and excavation Units

660N/992E, 660N/996E, 660N/99TE, 660E/998E, 660E/999E, 661N/996E, 661N/998E,661N/999E, 662N/992E, 662N/997E, 662N/998E, and 665.5N/993.5E at Site LA 86736.The profile represents the stratigraphy within Locus A, 10 m south of the northern siteboundary.

Level I consisted of the loose blow sand that occurred on the surface to anaverage depth of 5 cm.

Level 1I consisted of a moderately compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of 40

cm. It was at this level that Features 1, 2, 3, and 4 occurred.

Profile B

Profile B depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trenches 4 and 6 at Site LA 86736.The profile represents the stratigraphy at the northern end of the site on the west side ofthe highway (Trench 6 extends 3 m north of the site boundary).


Level 1I consisted of a moderately compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of Im.

Profile C depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trenches 2 and 3 at Site LA 86736.The profile represents the stratigraphy in an area that covers the middle and southernend of the site on the west side of the highway.


HSR 9946C, Appendix B, pg. B-1

,-- = []

ID

e-

U3(D

¯"-’ ki"-’~ :’I / / / A ¢’~

~, 131OI 0

.=~-

~-~ ~"0

~ o oQ o

~k~ N

: | (3Zi I-: ~_>~

<.~

HSR 9946C, Appendix B, pg. 13-2

Level II consisted of a moderately compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of

50 cm.

Level tII consisted of a loosely compacted, silty sand with a high density ofgravels, pebbles, and water-worn cobbles to a depth of I m.

Profile D depicts that soil stratigraphy from Trenches 7-11, and for excavationUnits 521N/998E, 521N/999E, 522N/998E, 522N/999E, 522N/1000E, 523N/995E,523N/996E, 523N/997E, 523N/998E, 523N/999E, 524N/995E, 524N, 996E, 524N/998E,524N/999E, 524N/1000E, and 525N/999E at Site LA 86736. The profile represents thestratigraphy from within Locus B, 50 m north of the southern site boundary.


Level II consisted of a moderately compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of65 cm.

Level III consisted of a moderately compacted sandy loam to a depth of I m.

~offiesEandF

Profiles E and F depict that soil stratigraphy from Trenches 11, 12, and 13 at SiteLA 86737. These trenches were placed on top of a mounded dune, 200 m south of thenorthern site boundary on the east side of the highway. A 2.5-m long profile is given toshow the slope of the dune, and sloping of the stratigraphy below the surface. Profile Erepresents the stratigraphy at the southern end of the dune where Trench 11 ended.Profile F represents the stratigraphy where Trench 12 intersects with Trench 11:


Level II consisted of a moderately compacted sandy loam that constituted theupper portion of the dune to an average depth of 80 cm below the top of the dune.

Level III consisted of a moderately compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of1.25 m.

Profile G depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trenches 9 and 10 at Site LA 86737.The profile represents the stratigraphy from an area in the middle of the site on thewest side of the highway.




Level 111 consisted of a highly compacted, silty clay loam to a depth of I m.

Profile H depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trench 8, 25 m south of Trenches 9and 10 at Site LA 86737. The profile represents a discontinuation of the stratigraphydepicted in Profile G.


Level 2 consisted of a moderately compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of30 cm.

Level 3 consisted of a loosely compacted silty sand with a high density ofgravels, and water-worn cobbles.

Profile I depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trench 4 at Site LA 86737. The profilerepresents the stratigraphy from an area 5 m north of an old stream bed in the middleof the site on the east side of the highway.

Level I consisted of a moderately compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of60 cm.

Level 1I consisted of a 7-cm thick layer of loosely to moderately compacted sandthat continued through the length of the trench.

Level HI consisted of the same soil as in Level L a moderately compacted, siltysandy loam, that continued to a depth of I m.

Profile J

Profile J depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trench 3 at Site LA 86737. The profilerepresents the stratigraphy from an area that is on the east side of the highway withinan old stream bed.



Level II consisted of a loosely compacted silty sand with a high density of

gravels and water-worn cobbles to a depth of 35 cm.

Level RI consisted of a moderately compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of80 cm.

Profile K depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trench 7 at Site LA 86737. The profilerepresents the stratigraphy from an area on the west side of the highway that is situatedbetween two old stream beds.



Level IT[ consisted of a highly compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of 90 cm.

Level IV consisted of a loosely compacted silty sand with a high density ofgravels, pebbles, and water-worn rocks.

Profile L depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trench 1 and excavation Units300N/988E and 307N/988E at Site LA 86737. The profile represents the stratigraphyfrom an area on the east side of the highway that is 10 m south of an old stream bed.


Level II consisted of a moderately compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of I m.

Level m consisted of a loosely compacted silty sand with a high density ofgravels and pebbles. This level was not continuous throughout the whole length of thetrench. It was an isolated pocket of soil that was 2.5 m long, beginning at a depth of50 cm.

Profile M depicts the soil stratigraphy from Trench 6 and excavation Unit260N/955E at Site LA 86737. The profile represents the stratigraphy from an area on thewest side of the highway that is 10 m south of an old stream bed.

HSR 9946(2, Appendix B, pg. B-5



Level 11I consisted of a highly compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of I m.

Profile N depicts the soil stratigraphy from excavation Units 250N/989E,250N/992E, 252N/988E, 253N/991E, 253N/992, 255N/991E, and 255N/992E at SiteLA 86737. The profile represents the stratigraphy from within Locus B on the east sideof the highway that is 10 m north of a modem drainage.



Level 11I consisted of a highly compacted, silty sandy loam to a depth of 50 cm.

HSR 9946C, Appendix B, pg. 13-6

CALIBRATIONiilii i

Laboratory number:

Conventional radiocarbon age:

2 Sigma calibrated result:(9 5% probability)

APPENDIX C.

OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDARI I I I Illlllll I IIII I II I

(Variables: C13/C12=-22.9:lab. mult=l)

149 239 LA 86736, Feature 7, mesquite

1140±80 BP

CaiAD 690 to 1030 (CaIBP 1260 to 920)

Intercept of radiocarbon agewith calibration curve:

1 Sigma calibrated result:(68% probability)

I ntercept data

CalAD 900 (Cal BP 1060)

CalAD 790 to 990 (Cat BP 1160 to 960)

YEARS

1140+80 B P1400

Charred material

1350

1300 ¢1250

1200

1150

1100

1050

950

900

850

600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000Cal AD

R eferences:D atab ase used

Calibration DatabaseEditorial Co mm en t

Stuiver, M,. van der P/icht, H., I 998. Radiocarbon 40(3), pxii-xiiiINTCA L98 Radiocarbon Age Calib ration

Sluiver. M., et. al., I998, Radiocarbon 40(3), p1041-I083M ath era aticsA Simplified A pproa ch to Calibrating C 14 Dates

Tahna, A. S., Vogel, J. C.. 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2). p317-322

II I I Illllll I I II Ill II I Illll

Beta Analytic Inc.4985 SW 74 Court. Miami, Florida 33 155 USA ̄ Tel: (305) 667 5167 ¯ Fax: (305) 663 0964 " E-Maih beta(~radiocarbon,com

1050

Ill

HSR 9946C, Appendix C, pg. C-1

CALIBRATIONI IIIIIII II I

OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDARteen ........

I I

(Variables: Cl3/Cl2---ll.9"lab. mult=l)

Laboratory number: 149240 l_A86736, Feature2, saltbush

Conventional radiocarbon age: 1000+50 BP

2 Sigma calibrated result: Cai AD 970 to 1160 (Cai BP 980 to 790)(95% probability)


I Sigma calibrated result:(68% probability)

I ntercept data

CaIAD 1020 (CaI"BP 930)

CaIAD I000 to 1040(CalBP950 to 910)

YEARSI

1000±50 B P1200

1150~ i

I [ ~ I I I I I ICharred material

1100

1050

1000

950~

900 -

850 l

800940 960 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120

Cal AD

t ,

qb

1140 1160 1180

References:Database used

Calibration Data baseEditorial Co mm en t

Stuiver. M,, van der Plicht, H. I 998. Radiocarbon 40(3), pxii-xiiiINTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration

Stuiver, M,, et. aL, 1998. Radiocarbon 40(3), p1041-I083Mathematics,4 Simplified Approach to Calibrating CI4 Dates

Talma, A. S,, Vogel, J. C., 1 993. Radiocarbon 35(2), p3 17-322I |ml

Beta Analytic Inc.4 985 SW 7-I Court, Miami, Florida 33155 USA ¯ Tel." (305) 667 5167 ̄ Fax: (305) 663 0964 ̄ E-Mail: beta@radiocarbon,corn

HSR 99,16C, Appendix C, pg..C-2

CALIBRATION

Laboratory number:



OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR(Variables: Cl3/Cl2=-12.3:tab. mult=1)

149241 LA 86736, Feature 2, mesquite

1130+40 BP

Cal AD 790 to 1000 (Cal BP 1160 to 950)



Intercept data

CaIAD900(Cal BP 1050)

CalAD 880 to 980 (CaIBP 1070to970)

YEARS

130±40 BP Charred materiali|

1260 ’i" = i =i --’--" l "’ I Ir

I ’ "’:’" I l "’

_1240 -

122o- "~ & , .

1120

11000

~ 1080

1060

1040t

10201

10001

980~760

i. ....... !f I I | 1

780 800 820 840 860

II

References:Oa tabase used

Calibration DatabaseEditorial Comment

Stuiver, M.. van der Plicht, H., 1998, Radiocarbon 40(3), pxii-xiiiIN T CA L 98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration

Stuiver, M., et. al., 1998, Radiocarbon 40(3), p1041-I083Math ematicsA Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates

Talma. A. S., Vogel, J. C. 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2),p317-322Illlll I I I lll I II II I Illll I I ILIl@

Beta Analytic Inc.4985 SW 74 Court, Miami. Florida 33155 USA ̄ Tel: (305) 667 5167 ¯ Fax: (305) 663 0964 ¯ E-Mail: beta@radiocarbon,

Illl

HSR 9946(2, Append.ix C, pg. C-3

CALIBRATION

Laboratory number:



OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDARI I IIII Illllllll Illl I II I I

(Variables: Ci3/C12=-23.1:lab. mult=l)


980±40 BP

Cal AD 990 to 1160 (Cal BP 960 to 790)


Sigma calibrated result:(68% probability)

I ntercept data

CalAD 1030(Cal BP 920)

CalAD 1010 to 1040 (Cal BP940 to 910)

YEARS

1120

1100

1080

1060

1040

1020

1000

980

960

940

920

900

8801860

840I

960

980±40 BP| iiii i

i ! I980 1000 1020

Charred materiali ’"l’ I | .... I IF |

=

u

m

i

’ i~k,,~l. i i iiiIlllll II I. .I II tm I I Ill II I

II I I = I I i ’" ¯ ...............1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180

Cal AD

References:D atab ase used

Illll II II I

Calibration Data baseEditorial Co mm ent

Stuiver, M., van der Plicht, H., 1 998, Radiocarbon 40(3), pxii-xiiiINTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration

Stuiver, M., et. al., 1998. Radiocarbon 40(3), p1041-1083M a them a ti csA SimplifiedApproach to Calibrating C14 Dates

Tahna, A. S., Vogel, J, C,, 1 993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p3 1 7-322IIIIIII IIIII II I II Illllll

Beta Analytic Inc.4985 SW 74 Court. Miami, Florida 33155 USA ̄ Tel: (305) 667 5167 " Fax: (305) 663 0964 . E-Mail: [email protected]


CALIBRATION OFI IIIII I

Laboratory number:



RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR...=,,, =.,

III I I

(Variables: C13/Cl2=-10.5lab. mult=I)

149243 LA 86736, Feature 9, corn

10504-40 BP

Cal AD 900 to 1030 (Cal BP 1050 to 920)


I Sigma calibrated result:(68% probability)

Intercept data

Cal AD 1000 (Cal BP 950)

Cal AD 980 to 1020 (Cal BP 970 to 930)

YEARSiiii

&t-

2

r~

1050±40 BP Corn

++ , i

960

940

920

900

880 900 920 940 960 980 1000Cal AD

1020


llllll

Calibration Dam baseEditorial Comment

Stuiver, M,, win der Plicht, fl., I 99R, Radiocarbon 40(3), pxii-xiiiINTCA L98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration

Stuiver, M., et. aL, 1998, Radiocarbon 40(3), p104I-I083Math em ariesA SimplifledApproach to Calibrating C14 Dates

Talma, A. S., Vogel,.]. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322I II~ II II II IIII UI~I II I Ill !

Beta Analytic Inc.49~5 SW 74 Court, Miami, Florida 33 155 USA " Tel. (305) 667 5167 " Fox; (305) 663 0964 ¯ E-MaiL beta@,radiocarhon,com

040

HSR 9946(=, Appendix C, pg. C-5

CALIBRATIONii liaR|

OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARSII

,=|,, ,,,, ,,,, , ...........Ill

(Variables: C 13/C12=-24.9: lab. inult-- 1)


1270±80 BP

Cal AD 640 to 960 (CalBP 1310 to 990)

Laboratory number:



Intercepts of radiocarbon agewith calibration curve:

I ntercept data

CaIAD 720 (CalBP 1230) andCalAD 740 (CalBP 1210) andCalAD 760 (CalBP 1190)

CalAD 670 to 870 (Cal BP 1280 to 1080)1 Sigma calibrated result:(68% probability)

1550

1500

1270±80 B P

!Charred rn aterial

ii ,,,q ,,,I I .... """ I I I ’ "1" ’ I

1450

1400

1350

1" t i jl ~ L,ilul i

,:p-,.p

¢

i

T ? ,a,.

125o

12oo

115o

1

1050

1000

950

550 600


650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000Cal AO

Calibration DatabaseEditorial Comment

Stuiver, M., van der Plicht, H.. 1998, Radiocarbon 40(3), pxii-xiiiINTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration

Stuiver, M., et. al., 1998, Radiocarbon 40(3), p10.41-I083Math em aticsA Simplified Approach to Calibrating CI 4 Dates

Talma, A. S., Yogel, J. C, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p3 17-322il iigl i i i i

Beta Analytic Inc.I III I II IIIII

4985 SW 74 Court. Miami. Florida 33 155 USA ̄ Tel: (305) 667 5167 , Fax." (305) 663 0964 ̄ E-Mail: [email protected]

III II


CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS

(Variables: Cl3/Cl2---ll:tab. mult=1)

14 9 2 4 5 LA 86736, Feature 1, mixed,Laboratory number:




Sigma calibrated result:(6 8% probability)

saltbush/Inesquite

990+1 00 BP

Cal AD 870 to 1260 (Cal BP 1080 to 690)

I ntercept data

CalAD 1020 (Cal BP 930)

CalAD 980 to 1170 (Cal BP 970 to780)

&

t-r

990-J:100 B P1300 .... I

12504

1200

1150

1100

1000

950

900

850

i iiI I

Charred matedal

I I ’"1 I I’" " I

800

750

700

650

600

800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250Cal AD

1300

References"Database used

Ill

Calibration Data baseEditorial Co men en t

Stuiver, M.. van der Plicht, H., I 998, Radiocarbon ,10(3), pxii-xiiiINT CA L 98 R adioca rb on Age Ca lib ration

Stuiver, M., et. al.. 1998, Radiocarbon 40(3), p10.11-1(183MathematicsA Simpl(fied A pproa ch to Calibrating CI 4 Dates

Tahna, A. S., Vogel, J, C.. 1 993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p3 17-322Ill I I III Ill MI II II Ill I I Illl II

Beta Analytic Inc.4985 SW 74 Court, Miami. Florida 33 155 USA ¯ Tel: (305) 667 5167 ̄ Fax: (305)663 0964 ̄ E-Mail: beta@radiocarbon,cam


CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARSIIII II IIIIIIIIII I I II II

(Variables: C13/C12:--ll:lab. mult=l)

149246 LA 86737, cornLaboratory number:




I Sigma calibrated results:(68% probability)

960±40 BP

Cal AD 1000 to 1180 (Cal BP 950 to 780)

Intercept data

CaIAD 1030(Cal BP 920)

CalAD 1020 to 1060 (CalBP930 to 890) andCaIAD 1080to 1150(CaIBP860to 800)

1100

1080

1060

1040

1020

E lOOO

g 980

96O

.~ 940

II III IIIIIIII III

960+40 BPI i I I I "’’ I I

i,,,l I ......... I

Corn

920

900

880

860t840 "

82OI

98OI I ¯ !

1000 1020 1040 1060

++

+w

u ¯ n , i1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180

CalAD

References:D atab ase used

Calibration Data baseEditorial Comment

Stuiver, M., van der Plicht, H., 1998, Radiocarbon 40(3), pxii-xiiiINTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration

Stuiver, M., et. al., 1998, Radiocarbon 40(3), p1041-1083Math em aticsA Simplified A ppraa ch to Calibra ting CI 4 Da tes

Tahna, A, S,, 7ogel, J. C,, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p3 17-322II I II I I II IIIIII I IIIIII

Beta Analytic Inc.4985 ,S’W 74 Court, Miami, Florida 33 155 USA * Tel: (305) 667 5167 ¯ Fax: (305) 663 0964 ¯ E-Maih beta@radiocarbon,corn

1200


APPENDIX D.

PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF CERAMICS FROM TWO PREHISTORIC SITESLOCATED IN NEAR THREE RIVERS, NEW MEXICO

David V. Hill

INTRODUCTION

A sample of seventeen ceramic sherds were examined through petrographic analysis. The sherdswere recovered from two prehistoric sites located in southern New Mexico. The sites, LA 86736 andLA 86737 are located about two miles apart just south of Three Rivers, New Mexico.

METHODOLOGY

The ceramics were analyzed by the author using a Nikon Optiphot-2 petrographic microscope. Thesizes of the inclusions present in the paste are described in terms of the Wentworth Scale, a standardmethod for characterizing particle sizes in sedimentology. The particle sizes were derived frommeasuring a series of ten grains using a graduated reticle built into one of the microscopes optics.The percentages of inclusions observed in the ceramic paste of the ceramic samples were estimatedusing comparative charts (Matthew et al. 1991; Terry and Chilingar 1955). Given the diversity of theinclusions that are present in ceramics, the comparative method for assessing the amount and size ofmaterials found in ceramics has been found as useful for archaeological ceramic petrography aspoint counting (Mason 1995). Ideally, petrographic analysis should take be conducted in conjunctionwith chemical analysis such as ICP-MS or INAA for characterization of the ceramic pastes.

Analysis was conducted by examining the seventeen thin-sections and generating a brief descriptionfor each of the sherds. A second phase of analysis consisted of the comparison of the ceramics fromeach of the five sites with one another to examine the paste variability represented within theceramic sample from each site. Additional comments about the composition of individual sherdswere made at this time. All of the ceramic samples were then compared with one another and withpublished descriptions of the surface geology of the area where the site was located.

ANALYSIS OF THE CERAMIC COLLECTION

LA 86736

# 226 Mimbres Classic Black-on-white

The paste of this sherd is a medium brown color. The paste contains isolated mineral grains andfragments of volcanic rock. The isolated mineral grains make up about 35% of the ceramic matrix.These mineral grains range continuously in size from silt-sized to medium sized. The volcanic rockfragments and mineral grains are angular to sub-angular in shape. A few coarse sized mineral grainsare also present. The larger mineral grains are usually components of fragments of volcanic rock.The mineral grains consists primarily ofsanidine. Trace amounts of quartz and plagioclase are alsopresent in the ceramic body. The feldspars appear unweathered.

HSR 9946C, Appendix D, pg. D-1

The volcanic rock fragments make up about 10% of the ceramic matrix. The volcanic rockfragments range from fine to coarse in size. The volcanic rock fragments are characterized as havingan aphanitic to microcrystalline groundmass. Some of the volcanic rock fragments displayspherulitic texture. The volcanic rock fragments appear slightly weathered to clay mineralspresenting a clouded appearance. The color of the volcanic rocks dose not contrast with the color ofthe ceramic clay. Sanidine in commonly observed porphyritically within the rock fragments. Quartz,often embayed, is present in a trace mount in the volcanic rock fragments.


The paste of this sherd is medium gray color. The paste contains isolated mineral grains andfragments of volcanic rock. The isolated mineral grains and rock fragments are rounded to sub-rounded in shape, indicative of the use of sands from a volcanic source as the tempering agent in thissherd. The isolated mineral grains fall into two size groups based on size. About 3% of the isolatedmineral grains fall within the silt to fine size range. An additional 7% of the isolated mineral grainsare medium sized. Sanidine is the most common mineral. Quartz and plagioclase are also present,but in a trace amount. Sparse silt-sized black opaque inclusions are also present in the gray paste.

The assemblage of volcanic rocks is highly variable in terms of composition. The rock fragmentsmake up an additional 10% of the ceramic paste. The rock fragments are medium sized. The mostcommon type of volcanic rock has an aphanitic to cryptocrystalline groundmass and frequentlycontains sanidine porphyritically. A few of volcanic rock fragments contain brown biotite that hasweathered to hematite and clay minerals, resulting in black opaque spots surrounded by reddishbrown staining. Some of these rock fragments display slight weathering. A few of the volcanic rocksinclusions display spherulitic texture.

Also, present in the paste are fragments of fine grained basalt. The basalt grains make up andadditional 3% of the ceramic body. The basalt is characterized by laths of andesine plagioclaseexhibiting a trachyitic texture. A few magnetite cubes are also present in the basalt. The magnetite isusually surrounded by a reddish brown halo resulting from the weathering of the grains.


The paste of this sample is quite similar to that of Sample #36, both in terms of having a graycolored paste and containing sands made up of fragments of light colored volcanic rock fragmentsand isolated mineral grains, predominantly sanidine. The isolated mineral grains fall into two sizegroups based on size. About 7% of the isolated mineral grains fall within the silt-sized to fme range.An additional 5% of the isolated mineral grains are medium sized. Sanidine is the most commonisolated mineral grain, Quartz and plagioclase are also present, but in a trace amount. Sparse silt-sized black opaque inclusions are also present in the gray paste. Two blue-green pyroxenes are alsopresent in the paste of this specimen.

The assemblage of volcanic rocks is compositionally variable. The volcanic rock fragments makeup an additional 7% of the ceramic paste. The rock fragments are medium sized. The most commontype of volcanic rock has a glassy to aphanitic groundmass and frequently contains sanidine


porphyritically. A few of volcanic rock fragments contain brown biotite that has weathered tohematite and clay minerals, resulting in the presence of black opaque spots surrounded by reddishbrown staining. Some of these rock fragments display slight weathering. A few of the glassyinclusions display spherulitic texture. Brown biotite is present in the groundmass of one of thefragments of light colored volcanic rock.

Also present in the paste are fragments of fine grained basalt. The basalt grains make up anadditional 3% of the ceramic body. The basalt is characterized by laths of andesine plagioclaseexhibiting a trachyitic texture. Magnetite cubes are present in the basalt grains. The magnetite isusually surrounded by a reddish brown halo resulting from weathering of the grains.


The paste of this sherd is a dark brown and is slightly birefringent. The paste of this sherd containsangular to sub-angualar mineral grains and fragments of volcanic rock. The mineral grains and rockfragments account for 30% of the matrix of the ceramic body. The mineral grains and rockfragments range continuously in size from very fine to coarse. The mineral grains have beenweathered from the rock fragments, as none of the isolated minerals differ in composition from themineral grains contained porphyritically within the fragments of volcanic rock. Based on thecontinuous distribution of the sizes of the mineral grains and rock fragments in the ceramic pasteand their weathered condition, it is likely that the rock fragments and mineral grains representnaturally occurring inclusions within the ceramic clay.

The volcanic rock fragments are characterized by an aphanitic groundmass composed of weatheredbrown glass. Most of the groundmass displays slight weathering to clay mineral and sericite.Sanidine is the predominate porphyritic mineral present in the rock fragments. The sanidine isusually fractured along their crystallographic axis and slightly clouded as the result of weathering.Plagioclase and quartz are also present as porphyritic minerals in the volcanic rock fragments, butare observed in less than 1% of the rock fragments.

#196 Mimbres Classic Black-on-white

The paste of this sherd is a light grayish brown. The paste this sherd contains sub-angular to sub-rounded mineral grains and fragments of volcanic rock. The mineral grains and rock fragmentsaccount for 25% of the matrix of the ceramic body. Based on the continuous distribution of the sizesof the mineral grains and rock fragments in the ceramic paste, it is likely that the rock fragments andmineral grains represent naturally occurring inclusions within the ceramic clay rather than an addedtempering agent. The mineral grains are slightly more common in the paste than are the rockfragments. The mineral grains and rock fragments range in size from very fine to medium sized.Sanidine is the predominate mineral present among the isolated grains and as the porphyritic mineralwithin the volcanic rock fragments. The sanidine appears fresh and unweathered. Other mineralspresent as isolated grains include quartz, and plagioclase. Sanidine is about three times morecommon in the paste than quartz. Plagioclase is present, but makes up only about 3% of the mineralgrains in the paste or the volcanic rock fragments. Brown biotite is also present in trace amounts asisolated mineral grains and rarely in rock fragments.


The volcanic rock fragments are characterized by a light brownish gray aphanitic to glassygroundmass. About 50% of the rock fragments display axiolitic texture. Sanidine is the mostcommonly observed porphyritic mineral, occurring in most of the rock fragments, except thosefragments of volcanic rock in which spherulitic texture is also present. Quartz and plagioclase arealso present in less than 5% of the volcanic rock fragments. One of the volcanic rock fragmentsdisplays the compaction bedding characteristic of welded tuff.

#69A Mimbres Classic Black-on-white

The paste of this sherd is light gray color. The paste contains about 25% sub-angular to sub-roundedisolated mineral grains and fragments of volcanic rock. The isolated mineral grains and rockfragments are present in equal proportions. The mineral grains and rock fragments range in sizecontinuously from very fine to medium sized. The volcanic rock fragments have a glassygroundmass that does not contrast with the ceramic paste. The volcanic rock fragments containsanidine and quartz porphyritically. A single coarse sized rock fragment is the exception to theotherwise continuous distribution of particle sizes. Sanidine is the most common mineral and ispresent as isolated mineral grains and as the predominate porphyritic mineral in the volcanic rockfragments. Quartz is nearly as common as sanidine in the ceramic paste and as a porphyritic mineralin the volcanic rock fragments. A trace amount of black opaque inclusions are present in the paste.Based on the presence of reddish haloes surrounding the black inclusions, it is likely that theseparticles represent weathered biotite.

#69B Mimbres Classic Black-on-white

The paste of this sherd is medium gray color. The paste contains about 15% sub-rounded to roundedsands containing isolated mineral grains and fragments of volcanic rock. There are roughly twice asmany isolated mineral grains as volcanic rock fragments. The isolated mineral grains range fromsilt-size to medium. The volcanic rock fragments range in size from very fine to medium sized.Sanidine is the predominate mineral among the isolated grains. Quartz is the next most commonmineral, but is only about one third as common in the paste as sanidine. Plagioclase is also present,but in a trace amount. Sparse very fine to fine black opaque inclusions surrounded by reddish brownhaloes may represent weathered biotite. Sparse medium sized fragments of calcium carbonate(caliche) are also present in the ceramic paste. One caliche fragment contains a rounded grain quartz sand.

Two types of volcanic rock are present. Most of the volcanic rock fragments are characterized by aglassy to cryptocrystalline light gray groundmass. Sanidine is contained porphyritically within theserock fragments. A few of the more glassy fragments display spherulitic texture. In addition tosanidine, a few of the cryptocrystalline fragments also contain andesine plagioclase.

The other type of volcanic rock present is a very fine grained basalt, The basalt is characterized byaggregate masses ofandesine plagioclase and black cubes of magnetite. The magnetite is weatheredstaining the basalt fragments a reddish brown color. The basalt grains make up only about 10% ofthe rock fragments observed in the ceramic paste.


# 57 Mimbres Classic Black-on-whiteThe paste of this sherd is a light brownish gray color. The paste contains about 25% sub-rounded torounded sands consisting isolated mineral grains and fragments of volcanic rock. The volcanic rockfragments predominate slightly over the isolated mineral grains. The volcanic rock fragments andmineral grains range continuously from silt-sized to medium. Based on the continuous distributionof the sizes of the mineral grains and rock fragments in the ceramic paste, it is likely that the rockfragments and mineral grains represent naturally occurring inclusions within the clay used inproducing the vessel, rather than an added tempering agent. Sanidine is the most common of theisolated mineral grains. Quartz is nearly as commonly observed as sanidine and accounts for most of

the medium sized isolated grains. Brown biotite and plagioclase arc present in trace amounts. Sparsefine sized black inclusions that represent biotite that has weathered to clay minerals and hematite arealso present in the ceramic paste.

The volcanic rock fragments arc light grayish brown in color and arc characterized by acryptocrystalline to microcrystallinc groundmass. The majority of the rock fragments containsanidine porphyritically. Brown biotite is present in three of the volcanic rock fragments. A fewfragments of sphcrulites arc also present in the ceramic paste. A single grain of compacted lightbrown tuff is also present in the paste.

# 59 San Andres Red-on-terracotta

The paste of this sherd is a medium brown color. The paste contains angular fragments of graniteand rock fragments derived from the granite. The inclusions make up about 25% of the matrix of theceramic paste. The mineral grains and granite fragments range continuously from silt-sized tocoarse. The granite is composed of equal proportions of alkali feldspar, plagioclase, and quartz.Sparse brown biotite is present in the ceramic paste and in two of the rock fragments. The feldsparsare clouded and altered to sericite, often obscuring their optical characteristics. Granophyricintergrowths of quartz and alkali feldspar are observable in the majority of the granite fragments.One fragment of granite that displays patch type perthritic intergrowths ofalbite in a grain of alkalifeldspar. A single medium sized grain of weathered rhyolitic tuff is also present. The tuff is darkgray and contains highly weathered laths of plagioelase and sanidine, A highly weathered fragmentof very fine grained basalt is also present in the ceramic paste. The basalt grain is characterized by adark hematite stained mass of weathered plagioclase.

# 25 San Andres Red-on-terracotta

The paste of this sherd is a dark brown color. The paste contains isolated mineral grains and rockfragments derived from the same source, a fine to medium grained subhedral mortzonite or quartzmonzonite. The mineral grains within the monzonite fragments have a sutured appearance. Thefragments of monzonite and isolated mineral grains make up 30% of the ceramic paste. Themonzonite fragments and mineral grains range continuously from silt-sized to coarse in size. Themonzonite is composed primarily ofuntwinned alkali feldspar and plagioclase. The alkali feldsparsare weathered, presenting a clouded appearance, and contain sparse sericite. One feldspar graindisplays microperthritic intergrowths ofalbite in a grain of alkali feldspar. Quartz is present in traceamounts, among the isolated mineral grains and in two of the rock fragments. Brown biotite is also


present in three fragments of monzonite and as isolated mineral grains. Some of the biotite hasweathered to black opaque inclusions composed of clay minerals and stained by hematite. It is likelythat the presence ofmonzonite in the paste of this sherd is the result of the use of a clay m which therock fragments and mineral grains are natural inclusions. This assumption is based on thecontinuous distribution of particle sizes of the mineral grains and rock fragments, and theweathering of the alkali feldspars and biotite.

# 32 San Andres Red-on4erracotta

The paste of this sherd is medium brown color. The paste contains rock fragments and mineralgrains derived from a subhedral monzonite. The grain margins of the monzonite present a complexand sutured appearance. The inclusions range from silt to medium sized and make up about 25% ofthe matrix of the ceramic paste. The monzortite consists of untwinned alkali feldspar andplagioclase. Quartz is present, in two of the rock fragments and in trace mounts as isolated mineralgrains. Alkali feldspar and plagioclase are the predominate minerals occurring as isolated grains.Sparse mounts of sericite are present in most of the alkali feldspar grains. Trace amounts of blue-green pyroxene and brown biotite are also present in a few of the rock fragments and occur amongthe isolated mineral grains. Sparse opaque black inclusions in the paste likely represent weatheredbiotite. The fragments ofmonzonite and isolated mineral grains present in the paste of this sherd arethe result of the use of a clay in which the rock fragments and mineral grains are natural inclusions.

# 55 El Paso Brown ?

The paste of this sherd is a very dark brown color. The paste contains mineral grains and rockfragments that fall into two discontinuous size categories. About 40% of the paste contains silt-sizedto fine isolated mineral grains composed weathered alkali feldspar. Trace amounts of quartz,plagioclase, and black opaque inclusions make up the rest of the smaller of the inclusions. The blackopaque inclusions probably represent highly weathered biotite. An additional 10% of the pastecontains fragments of equigranular subhedral monzonite. The monzonite grains range from coarse tovery coarse in size. The alkali feldspar grains are slightly clouded brown biotite is present in three ofthe fragments ofmonzonite. One monzonite grains displays ribbon-type rnieroperthritic intergrowthsofalbite within one of the alkali feldspar grains. Based on the discontinuous size distribution of themineral grains and rock fragments, and the extensive weathering of the feldspars, it is likely that thefine fraction of isolated grains represents natural inclusions within the source of the ceramic clay.The coarse fraction represents an added tempering agent.

# 61 Jornada Brown

The paste of this sherd is dark brown in color. The presence of 40% silt to fine sized isolatedmineral grains consisting predominantly of alkali feldspar along with a 10% coarse fractionconsisting of monzonite is quite similar to the inclusions and color of the paste of the previousspecimen #55. Slight differences in the composition of some of the alkali feldspars in this sampleare indicative of some of the variability within the source of the ceramic temper used in producingthe ceramics. Five of the rock fragments display micrographic intergrowth of quartz and alkalifeldspar. Three of the grains also contain brown biotite. Black opaque inclusions, representing


biotite that has weathered to hematite and clay minerals are present in the paste in trace amounts.Three coarse sized rock fragments composed of foliated brown biotite are also present. A singlecoarse sized dark reddish brown basalt grain is also present in the paste of this sherd. The grains arerounded in shape and composed of laths of highly weathered plagioclase in a hematite-stainedmatrix.

# 49 E1 Paso Brown

The paste of this sherd is medium brown color. The inclusions present in the present specimenstrongly resemble those observed in Samples 55 and 61. The major difference between the presentsample and the two previous sherds is the presence of only about 20% of the silt to fine sizedisolated mineral grains. Also all of the coarse to very coarse sized fragments of monzonite, make upabout 10% of the current specimen, display granophyric integrowths of quartz and alkali feldspar.

LA 86737

# 314 Magdalena Black-on-white

The paste of this sherd is a light yellowish brown color and is slightly birefringent. The pastecontains fragments of volcanic rock and mineral grains that appear to originate from the fragmentsof light gray colored volcanic rock. The volcanic rock fragments make up about 35% of the ceramicmatrix. The rock fragments range from fine to coarse in size. The volcanic rock is characterized by acryptocrystalline to microcrystalline groundmass. Sanidine along with trace amounts of quartz andbrown biotite are also present in the fragments of the volcanic rocks. Isolated mineral grains derivedfrom the rock fragments’ range from very fine to fine in size. The isolated mineral grains make upabout 3% of the ceramic matrix.

#7 E1 Paso Polychrome

The paste of this sherd is a dark brown color. The paste contains mineral grains and plutonic rockfragments that range continuously in size from very fine to coarse. The inclusions make up 30% ofthe ceramic paste. The paste contains angular fragments derived from a granite. Quartz, alkalifeldspar and less commonly, plagioclase is the predominate minerals observed. Brown biotite and asingle zircon was also present in the paste of the sherd. The continuous distribution of the particlesizes of rock fragments and mineral grains suggest that the sediments in the clay represent in-situweathering. The feldspars appear fresh and unweathered. About half of the alkali feldspar grainsdisplay ribbon-type microperthritic intergrowths of albite, Sparse very fine to fine sized blackopaque inclusions are present. The black inclusions represent either weathered biotite or result fromsome other soil forming process. A trace amount of rounded inclusions consisting of medium sizedrounded masses of very fine grained calcium carbonate (caliehe) are also present.

# 181 Elmendorf Black-on-white

The paste of the sherd is a light yellowish gray color. The paste contains two components. The mostcommon inclusions are silt to fine sized angular to sub-rounded isolated mineral grains. These grains


make up about 25% of the ceramic paste. The predominate mineral among the isolated grains isalkali feldspar, followed closely by quartz. The alkali feldspars are slightly weathered. Sparseplagioclase and brown biotite are also present.

Besides the isolated mineral grains, three rock fragments are present. The three rock fragments alsorepresent natural inclusions. One of the rock fragments is a very fine-grained grain-supportedsandstone. Another rock fragment is a medium sized grains consisting of equigranular untwinnedalkali feldspar. Like the isolated mineral grains, the feldspars are slightly clouded throughweathering. Also present was a fragment of weathered basalt. The fragment consisted of hematitestained andesine plagioclase and cubes of magnetite.

The sample also contains very fine to medium sized fragments of crushed potsherds. The sherdtemper makes up an addition 20% of the ceramic body. Two different pastes are represented in thesherd fragments. The majority of the sherd fragments appear to be derived from ceramic using thesame clay source as the paste of the current specimen as the paste of the sherd temper does notcontrast with the sample matrix. A similar amount of mineral grains are contained within the sherdtemper as in the matrix of the sample sherd. Sherd temper characterized by a dark reddish brown ororange color. The paste and the sherd fragments contain fine sized isolated mineral grains. Thedarker colored sherd fragments are present in roughly the same amount as the light gray coloredsherd temper.

DISCUSSION

LA 86736

Two types of inclusions were observed in the sample of Mimbres Classic Black-on-white examinedfrom LA 86736. Samples 36, 69B, and 124 are characterized by a medium gray colored ceramicpaste that were tempered using sands derived from volcanic sources. Both light colored rhyolite andgrains of basalt were present in these three sherds in addition to sanidine, quartz and a trace amountof plagioclase and biotite. The similarity of the paste of these sberds to one another indicates thatthey were most likely produced using the same ceramic resources.

Samples 57, 69A, 125, 196, and 226, are more compositionaUy heterogeneous. These sherds containsub-angular fragments of rhyolite that occasionally contains sanidine and/or quartz porphyritically.The similarity of the light gray or brownish gray colored paste, and the size and amount of the lightgrayish brown rhyolite, along with sanidine and quartz observed in Samples 57, 69A, and 196 isindicative of the sherds having been produced using the same resources. The similarity in color ofthe clay to the rhyolite, and the continuous size distribution of rock fragments and mineral grainssuggests that the parent vessels were formed from clays that contained the inclusions as naturalconstituents. Without ceramic resource surveys, the origin of the materials observed in these andother Mimbres Black-on-white sherds will remain unknown. Samples 125 and 226 have muchdarker colored pastes than the previous samples, but contain weathered rhyolite, sanidine and quartz.Samples 125 and 226 differ from each other in terms of the amount of inclusions present, both intheir fine and coarse sized fractions.


The three samples of San Andres Red-on-terracotta, the two sherds of El Paso Brown, and the singlesherd of Jornada Brown contain fragments of plutonic rock. In the case of Sample 59, San AndresRed-on-terracotta, the paste contains fragments of weathered granite. In addition to granite, twofragments of extrusive volcanic rocks are also observed in the paste. Two of the Three Rivers Red-on-brown sherds examined from LA 4921, the Three Rivers site, also contained fragments of graniteand a trace amount of volcanic rock (Southward 1979:97). The nearest source of granite to 86736 is the Three Rivers stock (Allen and Foord 1991). The presence of volcanic rocks within thepaste of the sherd likely result from the use of contamination of the source clay by sediments derivedfrom the Cub Mountain formation, which contains highly weathered extrusive volcanic rocks andoutcrops in the vicinity of the Three Rivers drainage (Weber 1964:105).

The other samples of San Andres Red-on-termcotta, the two sherds of E1 Paso Brown containfragments of monzordte. Monzonite is quite common within intrusive features associated with theLincoln County Porphyry Belt (Allen and Foord 1991; Griswold 1959). Composition and texturesvary considerably within and between the intrusive features that make up the mountain ranges of theLincoln County porphyry belt (Allen and McLemore 1991). The compositional and texturalvariability within individual formations makes the attribution of individual sherds to a single sourcedifficult, even when comparative local ceramic resources are available for comparison (Hill 1997).So it is possible that the brownware sherds as well as the samples of San Andres Red-on-terracottawere produced using sediments derived from the Three Rivers stock or other sources ofmonzoniticsediments located in the Lincoln County Porphyry belt.

LA 86737

The single sherd of Magdalena Black-on-white analyzed from this site contains abundant fragmentsfrom a weathered rhyolitic tuff. While fragments of rhyolitic tuff are known from the Cub Mountainformation, they are usually stained with hematite or are otherwise colored. (Weber 1964).Consequently this sample of Magdalena Black-on-white represents an imported ceramic.

Sample 7 represents an example of E1 Paso Polychrome. The color of the paste and presence ofabundant microperthite in the alkali feldspars has been documented previously from El PasoPolychrome from the Three Rivers site (Southward 1979). It is likely that this sherd represents example of production of E1 Paso Polychrome within the Lincoln County Porphyry Belt.

The single sherd of ElmendorfBlack-on-white examined from LA 86737 represents the f’trst timethat an example this ceramic type has been examined through petrographic analysis. The paste ofthis sherd contains isolated mineral grains that for the most part appear to represent naturalinclusions in the ceramic paste. A few of the isolated grains may have originated within the paste ofthe ceramic sherds crushed for temper.

Two different pastes were observed in the sherd temper of the Elmendorf Black-on-white sample.One type of sherd temper resembles the paste of the Elmendorf sherd and probably represent therecycling of other Elmendorf vessels. The other type of sherd temper had a dark reddish brown toorange color paste. Chupadero Black-on-white recovered from the Sacramento Mountains and fromsoutheastern New Mexico frequently contain dark orange sherd temper in a gray matrix that contains


only isolated mineral grains. (Hill 2000). The color and temper similarities observed in the paste thepaste of the single sherd of Elmendorf Black-on-white examined from LA 86737 and previouslyexamined samples of Chupadero Black-on-white is intriguing as typological studies suggest some asyet undefined relationship between the two ceramic types (Marshall and Walt 1984:77).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, M.S. and E.E. Foord

1991 Geology, Geochemical and Isotopic Characteristics of the Lincoln County Porphyry Belt,New Mexico: Implications for Regional Tectonics and Mineral Resources. In New MexicoGeological Society Guidebook, 42nd Field Conference Geology of the Sierra Blanca,Sacramento, Capitan Ranges, New Mexico, edited by James M. Barker, Berry S. Kues,George S. Austin, and Spenser G. Lucas. pp. 97-114. New Mexico Geological Society,Socorro New Mexico.

Allen, M. S., and V. T. McLemore

1991 The Geology and Petrogenesis of the Capitan Pluton, New Mexico. In New MexicoGeological Society Guidebook, 42nd Field Conference Geology of the Sierra Blanca,Sacramento, Capitan Ranges, New Mexico, edited by James M. Barker, Berry S. Kues,George S. Austin, and Spenser G. Lucas. pp. 115-127. New Mexico Geological Society,Socorro, New Mexico.

Griswold, G. B.

1959 Mineral Deposits of Lincoln County, New Mexico. State Bureau of Mines and MineralResources Bulletin 67. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NewMexico.

Hill, D. V.

1997 Petrographic Analysis of Ceramics and Clay Samples from LA 89652. Manuscript on file,Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.

2000 Results of Ceramic Analysis. In Excavation of Thirteen Archaeological Sites along theD.S.E. E1 Paso Pipeline, Otero and Chaves Counties, Southeastern New Mexico, edited byChristian J. Zier. Appendix C. Centennial Archaeology, Inc. Fort Collins, Colorado.

Marshall, M. P., and H. J. Walt

1984 Rio Abajo: Prehistory and History of a Rio Grande Province. New Mexico HistoricPreservation Division, Santa Fe New Mexico.


Mason, R. B.1995 Criteria for the

7(2):307-321.Petrographic Characterization of Stonepaste Ceramics. Archaeometry

Matthew, A. J., A. J. Woods, and C. Oliver

1991 Spots before the eyes: New comparison charts for visual percentage estimation inarchaeological material. In Recent Developments in Ceramic Petrology, edited by AndrewMiddleton and Ian Freestone, pp. 211-264. British Museum Occasional Paper No. 81. BritishMuseum Research Laboratory, London.

Sidwell, R.

1946 Sediments from Alaskite, Capitan Mountain, New Mexico Journal of Sedimentary Petrology16(3)121-123.

Southwart, J. A.

1979 A Summary of Ceramic Technology, Plant Remains and Shell Identification Analysis fromLA 4921. In Jornada Mogollon Archaeology, edited P. H. Beckett, and R. Wiseman. pp. 91-102. Coas Publishing and Research. Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Terry, R.D., and V. G. Chilingar

1955 Summery of "Concerning some additional aids in studying Sedimentary Formations", byM.S. Shvetsov. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 25 (5)229-234.

Weber, R. W.

1964 Geology of the Carrizoso Quadrangle, Fifteenth Field Conference, New Mexico. NewMexico Geological Society pp. 100-109, Socorro, New Mexico.



APPENDIX E

EL PASO AND SOUTHWESTERN RAILROADMaintenance of Way Department

............. ~-_._~ ,__~ ~_~.-> ................... Division

TIME BOOKFor use of

Sections, B. & B. and Water Service Gangs

Section No ...... _-_~___ or .................. Gang No .............

-/ , - -pDistrict- - - 2_ _~- _:- -~- ~ .................

Limits M. P ......... ~-~- ....... to M. P.__ ~_~_/_ ~-- .............

Location of Section or Gang _ -,v~. - ---~-~=-,~ _-~.e s. ~ ~’~ ~-"~ _, stating

Month of_ ~ ............... ~__ _ 19 .....

I certify that the time as entered sad distributed, and work and material as reportedere colT1ct.

S;

~" ...~_~:~.,~,.~: ....FOREMAN

I have personally examined the entries in this hook sod certify tn their correctness.

ROADMARTEIR OH OEHERAL FOREMAN

SPECIAL NOTE:---ABOVE INFOnMATION MUST BE FILLED OUT COMPLETE.

HSR 9946C, Appendix E, pg. E-1

-.._... ¯ Instructions

r|F,

1Thee mus~ be entered daily. Use separate pages for rg

For~-,-, ~t Foreman (i~any) and Laborem, so

as not to have diff=~a~t rates of pay on same page.

- NO TIME SHOEID BE CA.R_RIED ~OR LABOR NOT PERFORMY_D

UI~I~ER ~ PERSONAL SETE~VISION O~ T~E ~OR.EMAN OR11

HIS ~SS~STANT.

On ~ day of month; after all time and other infonmfionhas been entered and extended Foreman should personallysign Time Book and forward to the heed d his Districtor Divisioa, who will also sign personally and forward tohis superior officer. Each laborer must be requited to cer-tify to his time and deductions in space provided for sa~.

All labor on private txar~, joint tracks, new trackslaid or old tracks taken up or any new or special work ofany nature must be shown on separate line givingdescription, location, A. F. E. Nos., etc., rrm~ng specialmention of same on proper date in the weekly report in backof this book. lz

Section gangs working off their sections will d{stdbutethe time to proper account according to work performed,giving ftttl deLall of same in the weekly report.

When reporting the unloading or hand/ing of cinders,

screenings, or any simi/az mateda/, be sure to stat~ forwhat purpose same is to be used and where.

In reporting labor at wrecks give location, engine or

train number; transferring cars, give car numbers and cause I sfor tran~er; repah4ng cars ’or locomotives, give locationnumber and cau~.

In reporting work on bridges, buildings, or other struc-

tures, give’number, name or location, so as to properlyidentify the job.

B. & B. Department should use separate page in the 4Time Book for each rate of pay, using the weekly reportto describe each e~ of work, showing the amount of timeconsumed on each job, daily, at the different rates o£ pay,

which shotdd

--j-.,..:.. ." ..... ...... ,: ...-, ~..;.:;_

¯ , ;--_. , . ~ . " i. ~.:~:-~-’. .. ~ ....... ~...%:¯ "~ - .’ "- "" . .... -,-’ .," " " ’- ,~4~ -

... ::.. :_-.... .- -.--.!-~~?to Foremen : i:, ::v.".’:, ~’

- . ~;~,~÷-,-

- ¯ ¯ . ,-. : i’.L¢’.-ac6o=~ No. ~O~--"~oadbed R~at="--T~ ~@~

dit~aing and cleaning eats, filling, borrow or ca~ ~,repairs to roadbed account washouts, laying and {~a~g

temporary tracks around washoutsor slides," .....erowmug’ -:’~’"’-~ack

ti~ wit~ ~t~g ea~, ~g ba~ =d cu~g~line, cutting and bunaing grass and weeds, removing scr;ap,

cinders, ~sh, eec., from track or station grouni~ adj~t

thereto, watching and patrolling track, cxtingttishing" ~

on R. of W., riprap or other work to protect track and r~d-

bed from washouts, flo~1~, etc. :.": " :~!!:?/

Account No. 220--"Track Repai~"--Th~ includes labor

applying slag, crashed stone, cinders or other b*ll~tforL,

repairs to track, haadling, distributing and renewing cross

and switch des and spacing same, gathering up and dis~

posing of old ties and other material re/cased-from t~ck,

handling and relaying rail, applying and renewlng:all track

fastenings and switch f~tures, repairing rail racks, align-

ing, surfacing, s~gland~gauging track, restoring track

after washouts, wrecks, etc, and taking up abandoned

tracks.

"Pud"--This account should include all expense in

connection with the ha~cll~g or issuing of Company coal,

including the operation of coal chutes, unloading and x~-

loading storage coal, laying, shifting or repairing tcmporazy

tracks for the exclusive use in handling storage coal, un-

loading coal at pumps, shops, stations or offices, also un-

loading or handling old ties When for use in firing locomotives.

Account No. 415. Clearing wrecks and derailments,

pickL-ag up wrecked cars or contents, w~tchmg or trans~e?r--.

ring freight at wrecks, building and removing tempor4~_~~..~

tracks at wrecks, transferring passmgers, mail or baggag~ "

at wrecks. Always give location and state whether f~igh~:

or passenger tram. .. .? ~ -...i.:...(:~i,i.... . ¯ .~,*.,..._.~..,.; ~;. . ,. . . ~... ..:.. ~

¯ . ̄ . . . _ ̄ . .... ~_,~-...-.. . ~ ,

" : i: :::........ :..._. -. ::...-._-~-.~ ~.~c~:~.,,~?~i::~:!.~.~.~i~


Record of Time--Section or Gang Divisio

±L

10 ii 12 13 I11 15 16 17 18

~ ~

+.+

/# iS" $


DISC.NO.

BOARD DUE

LABOR FEE DUE

HSR 9946C, Appendix E, pg. E4

’iRecord of Time--Section or Gang No./=~, ~ - ,- Divisic

LINENo.

.I

2

g

4

7

8 ’

9

10

ll

1.2

Ac~No.-02

~2.5

227

-’2"29

2.31

247

249

269

271

272

~73

376

379

392

F~tel

397

O2 B.F.

02 C.F.

405

415

417

Work-NAME IN FULL ittg

No.

c 2, .,~," j~,

~,~,

F

": ; ~.,,~ J., .d ~ . ... ~;

/,

OccupAtion l 2 3 4: 5 6 7

/ . S F’ ~ ~ ~ .~,.,- ~..~ ~ c

, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~,, :,. ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ <

DI$T~BUTION OF TI~,~E ........

Roadway Repairs (se~ instructions, par. II) ~ 0

Eepaotrs to tunnel.~ a~ad subways

P.~palrs ~o bridges, txestlt~ amd cttlwrcs

Unloading slag, =inclers, etc., for b~lla~t repairs

Track repairs (~e instructions, par, 12)

[~eoair~ tlght-of-way fetlce and ¢a~tle guaxd~

I~cpai~s to snow and s~n4 f~nc~s ~n~i snow sheds

R~paars to toad crossings And cz~sslng and oLher ai~na

Be~alts tt~tien and otlice bulidi.gs ind grmu~d$, ll~o ttotu.Yirdg and oi~e lines Is ~ame

~e~airs to ~oad~y bu~14ings ~md g-i’otan4s (sect{on an~ tool hotl-,tes, c~.¢.)

Repai~ to water stations (pt.kmps, ~a.Rks, bt~ildings, etc,)

R~air~ fuel stations (¢.hute~, ~.~e~i~ttT, hui/6m~,m, etc.)

! r~el~at~s shop buildhx~ (roundhouses, immtaS[es, e~C,)

I Rep’S telegraph god telephone li~

] Repairs block signals, interlock~rs, eta.

P.eDatr~ P.o ~).way ~ ~ohina5 (hAnd ~sh ~nd ~%~u0r cats, concrete mix~, ate

Repairs Roa~iwzy toola~I~millt~ ~¢~ton h.~ci aa~l supplies

P,c~lloving ~now, ice ~nd sand trotla track

St~.~ion labof--aaslsting i~ hmadLing ~tc)ck or freight

~an~d]ng atatiou supplies (ex~pt toM)

Signal and lam~ tenders at t~rminMs=.

~sisting firena~a-- ShoveLing do~vn ¢u~l un engines

I~.NI;~ company co&~ (~ instructiuns, 9a~. 13)

PtLmping at water st.9.tiO~s~l-~andhtl~ w.’X%~ St~,DOXX suppli¢~

CI.-=~;-g and ddsln~ectln~ stock, and fr=igh~ cars ....

Bedding ~ock

Si~a~l am~l l#.mp t~mde~s otttside of tcr¢RinaLs

iC~nr~ng "a1"~Ck.,~,(~,~ in~tmctlon~, par. 14)

Disposing of stock Mllecl on right-of-wtW

,,=

I i

I1

17~ t72’72;,}T %

I

1

...... i

Ig~

I0 11

gg

%

!

-.~.

’2,

g31

I

i --I

i ....

i.

I7~ I.I

I


/~,~-- 19

3~3~

2~3b-

25-

LABOR FEE DUE


@’-2

HSR 9946(2, Appendix E, pg. E-7

LABOR FEE DUE


Record of Time--Section or Gang

11

_Divisi~


_ .. , ..... ..

Month of_~i2~A!/6%-e /L19~-~ . , . . ,~

AMOI

373/

.3?3?.37

//,,


Record of Time--Section or Gang No. f~

TOTAL TIME

Divisi(


!

II

..... :,c~’,.," ..... .

.4

i ¯

HSR 9946C, Appendix E pg. E-12

~,,,, ,,

Record of Time--Section or Gang No./~

TOTAL TIME

Divisi(

T~ T~z Dncrgnmrs~


¯ , . . . ..

II

i

II

’

i

,i,,,

NO.

WE C~E!%TIFY TEAT TEE ~ AND DEDUCTIONS O,PPOSIT/OUr-. NAMESAp,.E CORRECT.


Documents

DATA-RECOVERY REPORTportation Department. Data-recovery efforts were limited to the existing highway right-of-way, from the highway to the fence lines, or to the width of the legally