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Mahboob ali khan MHA,CPHQ (Phd Proposed Thesis)Consultant Quality and patient Safety
Co-authors: Dr.Juveria Majeed,Dr.Arun Raj.
Research motivation
◦ Response information system interoperability
◦ Standard - data model
Research question
◦ What is the data model design methodology
◦ What are the key data elements to be contained in an
emergency data model
Fire incident scenario
◦ $14.6 billion loss in 2012
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Community Data Standards Focus Objectives
Emergency Medical Service
EMS Data Dictionary (v. 2.2.1)Within-Domain Interoperability
Enable the efficient sharing of EMS information on personnel, patients, situations, assessments, medical history, and medical devices.
Health Care HL7 Messaging ProtocolWithin-Domain Interoperability
Enable the efficient sharing of medical data among all healthcare systems.
Public HealthPHIN Vocabulary Standards and Specifications
Within-Domain Interoperability
Enable and foster the use and exchange of consistent information among public health partners.
TransportationVehicular Emergency Incident Data Exchange Format Standard
Within-Domain Interoperability
Enable the automatic distribution of vehicular emergency incident data between the TelematicsService Providers and emergency personnel
TransportationIEEE Std. 1512 Standards
Traffic Management StandardWithin-Domain Interoperability
Enable the sharing of traffic and incident information among agencies
Public Safety Traffic Incident Management Message Sets
Enable the sharing of transportation safety information among agencies and the public.
Justice Global Justice XML Data ModelWithin-Domain Interoperability
Enable the sharing of criminal justice information among law enforcement
Homeland Security and
Justice
National Information Exchange Model(NIEM)
Mixture of Within- and
Cross-Domain Interoperability
Enable the nationwide sharing of information on justice, emergency management, geospatial and infrastructure protection, immigration etc.
9-1-1 ServiceE9-1-1 Standards
Standards for Automatic Location Identification (ALI) & GIS Mapping Within-Domain
Interoperability
Enable the automatic sharing of ALI data between Service Providers and 9-1-1 Data Base
Standards for Local Exchange Carriers, ALI Service Providers & 9-1-1 Jurisdictions
Enable the efficient sharing of number pooling, database communication, and general message exchanges among Service Providers and 9-1-1
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Activity theory
◦ Psychological meta-theory
◦ Key tenets
Subject, object, tool, rule, community, division of labor
◦ Development
First, second, and third generation activity theory
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Small Time Window
(Mini-Second)
Offsite (EOC)
Managerial
Onsite (ICP)Operational
Large Time Window
(Many-Second)
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Shared Objects
inquiry, request &
command
Community
fire, police, & EMS
Division of Labor task
assignment
Division of Labor
collaboration
Object
global situational awareness,
strategic response
management
Instrument
dispatch channels
Rule
manual
Instrument
field note
Rule
regulation
Community
local & state
Subject
supervisor
Object
Awareness of local
situation, tactical operation
Subject
first
responder
Environment
social setting
Environment
natural setting
Timeline
(de) activation
Timeline
alarm, respond
Communication activity
during onsite response
(Mini-second)
Dynamics of
Interactions
Communication activity
during offsite response
(Many-second)
Technical issues
&
Social issues
Technical issues
&
Social issues
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Preplanning State
Incident liability, equipment damage, loss estimate, etc
Critique, after-action-report, case archiveRecommended improvement
Building property use, structure (e.g., floor map), etc
Revised response plan
Recovery StateResponse State
Performance record
Mini-Second
Many-Second
Performance record
Corrective action
Solid line: typical communication during the response statesDotted line: response cycle with reinforcing feedbacks for corrective actions
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Inspired by Cybernetics Research
Illustrative Issue
Potential Contradiction New Data Type
Fire, Police, Emergency
Medical Service, Hazardous
Material Team
Response agencies often compete for theincident commander position. Most of thetime, the fulfillment of this position isdetermined by the incident type. Forexample, if there is a criminal aspect to anincident, law enforcement agencies are incharge of the scene; in all other fire relatedincidents, fire chief is in charge.
Incident category
Emergency Managers
Information sharing in emergencymanagement should be controlled to ensurethat information is distributed amongauthorized personnel only.
Information sensitivity level and personnel security clearance
level
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Semiotics literature
Signs for emergency management
◦ Sign-based language
◦ Non-sign-based one
Symbol design foundation◦ ANSI Z535.2 and ISO3864-2002
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Data Type Casualty
Data Element Injury Severity
Definition Description of the injury level of a victim
Symbol See below
DANGER Signal word indicates the level of the alert
Critically ill. Identification of the reason
Life threatening risk. Consequences of not following the signal
Medical treatment
immediately. Appropriate measures to take
↑ Graphic is used to strengthen the word message
Documents•fire incident response technical data forms; fire incident response dispatch forms; field notes; chronological logs; fire response plans
Experts• Responders in western New York
Systems• fire incident messaging systems
Data Collection
Data Analysis
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Define, type, and structure identified components
Object-oriented structure
Model Specification Model ValidationData Analysis
National Information Exchange Model (NIEM)
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Request for Comment Distribution
Feedback Synthesize and Model Updates
Data ModelFinalization
Overview Diagram
Spreadsheet Specification
◦ Data type
◦ Code list
◦ Symbol collection
XML Schema◦ Data type
◦ Data property
“ASTESF” approach:
Activity theory and semiotics augmented by timeline, environment, state, and feedback perspectives
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Factors Example MeasurementFire Model
(ASTESF)ExampleEvidence
Pro
cess
Theory-based development
The extent to which the data model is developed using theoretical approach
High ASTESF approach
All stakeholders involvement
The extent the relevant stakeholders are queried
High Fire, Police, and HazMat, etc
Incident specificityWhether the data model is for specific incident type
Yes Fire related incident
Support
Transaction support
Whether the data model allows users to administer operation routines
HighPlans, activities, and schedules, etc
Decision supportWhether the data model allows users to make informed decisions
HighFire behavior, ignition, building structure, etc
Change management
Whether the data model allows users to handle changes in the response operation
HighAssociation data of activity, IMS, and organization, etc
Organization management
Whether the data model allows users to manage organization structure and chain of command
HighIMS unit and response organization
Sp
ecif
icati
on Implementability Ease of use by the potential users High
XML based model for varied platforms and technologies
ReusabilityReuse percentage of existing data elements
HighMany elements also serve other scenario
ConsistencyNumber of violations in the relationships among all data elements (reverse)
High Enforced through XML schema
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Principle Brief Explanation Data Model Support
Risk Orientation
Responders adopt sound risk management principles in assigning tasks and resources
Data elements capture the fire hazard and environment threat
FlexibilityResponders use creative and innovative approaches in solving disaster challenges
Data elements capture the dynamic associations among individual, organization, and incident management
Integration
Responders ensure the unity of efforts among all levels of management under collaboration and coordination
Data elements capture the structure and division of labor of incident management system that need to be integrated
ResilienceResponders strive for the success despite of the failures and constraints
Data elements capture the reinforcing feedback and corrective actions in incident response operations
The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Emergency Management Institute (EMI) -2007
Contribution to theory
◦ Data model development - ASTESF approach
Uses multiple activity systems (i.e., mini- and many-second response); captures activities with the temporal sequence of development, connectivity between multiple states, and internal reinforcing feedbacks (within- and between-state), and endorses semiotic designs for better conveying notations.
Implication to practice
◦ Reduction of communication interoperability barrier
Extension of scope
◦ National standards
◦ Other incidents such as flood
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