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DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES
Collecting Data
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
data from government institutions, business agencies and other organizations
example: data gathered from National Statistics Office (NSO)
information from personal interviews
data from books, encyclopedia, journals, magazines and research or studies conducted by other individuals
Methods in Collecting Data
Direct or Interview Method
is a person-to-person interaction between an interviewer and interviewee
the researcher obtains the information needed by asking questions and inquiries from the interviewee
Methods in Collecting Data
Direct or Interview Method
Advantages: Precise and consistent answers can be obtained.
Disadvantages: It is time, money and effort consuming and it will be applicable only for small population.
Methods in Collecting Data
written responses are obtained by distributing questionnaires
the researcher gives or distributes the questionnaire to the respondents either by personal delivery or by mail
Indirect or Questionnaire Method
Methods in Collecting Data
Advantages: Lesser time, money and efforts are consumed.
Disadvantages: Many respondent may not be consistent due to the poor construction of the questionnaire. Inconsistent responses can no longer be modified, thus, it reduces valid number of respondents.
Indirect or Questionnaire Method
Methods in Collecting Data
is enforced by private organizations or government agencies for recording purposes
this method of gathering data is perhaps the most reliable because this is enforced by law
Registration Method
Examples:
birth and death rates – National Statistics Office (NSO)
number of registered cars – Land Transportation Office (LTO)
list of registered voters – Commission on Elections (COMELEC)
Methods in Collecting Data
Advantages: Organized data from an institution can serve as ready references for future study or for personal claims of people’s records.
Disadvantages: Problem arises only when an agency doesn’t have a Management Information System and if the system or process of registration is not implemented well.
Registration Method
Methods in Collecting Data
is a scientific method of investigation that makes possible use of all senses to measure or to obtain outcomes/responses from the object of study
Observation Method
Methods in Collecting Data
Advantages: Applied to respondents that cannot be asked or need not speak.
Observation Method
Disadvantages: Subjectivity of information sought cannot be avoided.
Methods in Collecting Data
is used when the objective is to determine the cause-and-effect of a phenomenon under some controlled conditions
often used by scientific researchers
Experimental Method
Methods in Collecting Data
Advantages: There is objectivity of information since a scientific method of inquiry is used.
Disadvantages: The whole method must be repeated if the desired outcome is not reached.
Experimental Method
Determining the Sample Size
to determine the sample size from the given population size the Slovin’s formula is used
21 Ne
Nn
where: n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error
Determining the Sample Size
21 Ne
Nn
210.100001
10000
n
9901.99 n
Example 1: Jennifer Lopez will conduct a survey to find out what are the reasons why students hate Math. If there are 10 000 students in the school and Jennifer Lopez plans to use a sample size using a 10% margin of error, what should the sample size be?
Determining the Sample Size
21 Ne
Nn
205.100001
10000
n
38562.384 n
Example 2: Suppose that Britney Spears will also conduct a survey to that particular school (referring to Example 1) but she would like to use 5% margin of error, what should be the size of the sample?
