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DataExchangeandDisseminationDeliverable3.3byAAU

August2017

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Preface

TheaimofWorkPackage3istoprovidedataandbuildaprototypeBalticMarineSpatialDataInfrastructure(MSDI),whichwillmakeiteasytoaccessopenstandarddatasets.

Basedontheanalysisofdataneedsandavailability(Report3.1)thenextsteptowardsdesigningthisprototypeMSDIistoestablishguidelinesondataexchangeanddissemination.

ThisreportsummarizestheresultsoftheanalysisoftheprerequisitesforaSystemsArchitectureforaTransnationalDataInfrastructureforMSP.Thefirstpartincludesthefindingsofadesktopstudyofavailablesystemsprovidinginteroperabledataandexistingtechnologystandards.Thesecondpartispresentingtheanalysisofuserdemandsbasedonexperiencefromformerprojectsaswellasinterviewswithplannerscarriedoutduringthisproject.Finally,thespecificationofthedesignrequirementsandaconceptualmodelforthesystemispresented.

ThisreportisproducedbyHenningStenHansenandLiseSchrøder,AAU,incollaborationwithManuelFriasandFlorentNicolas,Helcom.ThankstoIdaReiter,AAU,forvaluableinput.Theanalysisisalsopublishedasascientificpaper(Hansenetal,2017).

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Tableofcontents

1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................4Aworkplandividedinto5WorkPackages 5TowardsadecentralizedsystemwiththeWorkPackage3 6Dataexchangeanddissemination 6

2. DATAPORTALSFORMARINESPATIALPLANNING............................72.1Marinegeoportaldesigns 72.2Demandsformarinegeoportals 10

3. SPATIALDATAINFRASTRUCTURE.........................................................113.1INSPIRE 123.2Standardsfordataexchange 12

4. SYSTEMSDESIGN..........................................................................................154.1Userdemands–specifications 154.2Conceptualmodel 174.2.1DataDiscovery 184.2.2DataVisualisation 184.2.3DataProcessing 184.2.4DataAccess 18

5. IMPLEMENTATION......................................................................................215.1Challenge1–dataavailability 215.2Challenge2–datainteroperability 215.3Challenge3–shippingdata 225.4Challenge4–languageissues 22

6. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................23

7. REFERENCES..................................................................................................24

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1. Introduction

TheBalticLINesINTERREGprojectseekstoincreasetransnationalcoherenceofshippingroutesandenergycorridorsinMaritimeSpatialPlansintheBSR.Thiswillpreventcross-bordermismatchesandsecuretransnationalconnectivityaswellasefficientuseofBalticSeaspace.TherebyBalticLINescontributestothedevelopmentofappropriateframeworkconditionsforBlueGrowthactivities(e.g.maritimetransportation,offshoreenergyexploitation,coastaltourismetc.)forthecoming10-15yearsincreasinginvestors’security.ApreconditionforthisistocreatetheinformationalaswellasinstitutionalcapacitiesofMaritimeSpatialPlanning(MSP)bodies.Basedonpastexperiencesandasectorinvolvementstrategy,astructuredandcoordinatedinvolvementprocesswithrelevantnational/transnationalstakeholderforawillbecarriedoutinclosecooperationwithstakeholdersfromtheshippingandtheenergyindustry.TheBalticLINesprojectpartnerswillanalyserequirementsforMSPoftheshippingandenergysector(basedonforecastedeconomic,environmental,technologicalandland-searelateddevelopments)andtheirspatialimplications.TheinformationgatheredwillbevisualisedinscenarioswiththehelpoftheMSPChallenge,acomputer-supportedsimulationgamebasedonaccuratedataandfeedback,thatgivesmaritimespatialplannersinsightinthediversechallengesofsustainableplanningofhumanactivitiesinthemarineandcoastalecosystem.

TheBalticLINesprojectwillimproveaccesstorelevanttransnationalMSPdataneededformakingspatialallocationsforshippingandenergyusesinMSPbypilotingthefirsteverBSRMSPdatainfrastructure.ThisinfrastructurewillallowaccesstodecentralisedMSPdatabeyondtheprojectlifetimeandmaybeexpandedtoothersectors.

Inordertocomeupwithplanningsolutions,MaritimeSpatialPlannerswillidentifytransnationalcross-sectoralplanningissues.Thesesingleorcross-sectoralmismatches/foregonesynergiesmaycurrentlyprevailormaybeforecastedbasedonfuturescenarios.

Plannerswilljointlyagreeonplanningcriteria,takingintoaccountsectorrequirementsforMSPandtheecosystemapproach.Theywilldetermineoptionsforplanningsolutionsforshippingroutesandenergyinfrastructure,whichwillbeconsultedwithsectorsviatheMSPChallenge.ThefinallysuggestedplanningsolutionswillbepresentedtothenationalMSPprocessesand,hence,areexpectedtobeconsideredinthenationalMaritimeSpatialPlansintheirdevelopmentorrevisionstage.Consequently,increasedtransnationalcoherenceoflinearinfrastructuresinMSPisachieved.TosetconditionsforacontinuousMSPcoordinationonlinearinfrastructures,BalticLINeswilldeveloprecommendationsforaBSRagreementontransboundaryconsultationsonlinearinfrastructureswithintheMSPprocess.TheywillbepresentedtotheHELCOM-VASABMSPWorkingGrouptodecideonandfollowuptheirimplementation.

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Aworkplandividedinto5WorkPackages

BalticLINeswillachieveitsaimsthankstoaconsortiumof15partnersledbytheFederalMaritimeandHydrographicAgencyofGermany.Theprojectisdividedin5WorkPackages(WP)includingWP1fortheprojectmanagementandadministration.

TheWP1isledbyaprojectsteeringcommitteewhichmonitorstheimplementationoftheprojectinrelationtotheworkplanandtheobligationstowardstheBalticSeaRegionProgrammeSecretariat.

TheWP2“RequirementsforMSPinrelationtotheshippingandenergysectorinBSR”aimstoincreasetheunderstandingofmaritimespatialplannersonthefuturesectoraldevelopmentsandtoanticipatespatialusesfortheBalticSea.Theresultswillbeusedtodevelopfuturescenariostohighlightcross-bordermismatchesanddiscusspotentialgatesforshippingcorridorsandpowercableswithinotherWPs.

TheWP3“BalticSeaRegionMSPdatainfrastructureforshippingroutesandenergycorridors”,ledbytheHELCOMSecretariat,isconcernedwiththedevelopmentofapan-BalticdatainfrastructureforMaritimeSpatialPlanners.ThisreportwillexplaintheresultsofoneoftheGroupofActivitiestoanalysethedataexchangeanddisseminationalternatives.

Workpackage4named“Transnationallycoherentplanningofinfrastructure”aimstodevelopandproposetransnationallycoherentplanningsolutionsforlinearenergyinfrastructuresandshippingcorridorswhichareinlinewiththeecosystemapproach.

Workpackage5“Governanceforthecoordinationoflinearinfrastructures”ensuresthattheprojectactivitiesandresultsaresharedamongprojectpartnersandrelevantstakeholders.Itisimportanttosafeguardthemainoutputsforimplementationafterthefinalizationoftheproject.

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TowardsadecentralizedsystemwiththeWorkPackage3

WP3aimsatdevelopingaprototypeMarineSpatialDataInfrastructure(MSDI)toprovidedatatotheplannerswhocarryouttheplanningproposals.ThisinfrastructurewillallowMSPpractitionerstoaccessMSPdatainadecentralizedsystem.

Inacentralizedsystemdataissenttoadatabasefromtheoriginalsource.

Inadecentralizedsystemdataisnotsentanywhere.Asystemaccessitfromtheoriginalsource.

Thisdecentralizedsystemallowstheuserstohaveaccesstothemostupdatedatasetshostedbythecountries.

WP3includesfourgroupsofactivities:

3.1Dataneedsandavailability

3.2Harmoniseddatalayers

3.3Guidelinesondataexchangeanddissemination

3.4RegionalMSPdataaccessandvisualisationtool

Dataexchangeanddissemination

Thisdocumentisreportingontask3.3ondataexchangeanddissemination.Inordertospecifytherequirementsforthenewsystem,availablesystemsprovidinginteroperabledataandexistingtechnologystandardshavebeenstudiedanduserdemandshavebeenanalysed.Basedonexperiencefromotherprojectsandinterviewscarriedoutamongplannersinthepartnercountriesandananalysisofuserdemandsinordertodesigntherequirementspecification.Furthermore,thereportisreferringtotheresultsofthepreviousworkdocumentedinreport3.1ondataneedsandavailability.

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2. DataportalsforMarineSpatialPlanning

Withinmarinespatialplanning,marinegeoportalsareimportanttoolsandvariousgeoportalscontainingmarinedataalreadyexistaroundtheworld.Besidesallowingportaluserstofindexistingmarinedata,theseweb-basedaccesspointscontainingnetworksofgeographicdatafacilitatescollaborationprojectsbetweendifferentshareholdersowningmarinedata,andimproveinteroperabilitybetweentechnicalplatformsofdifferentdatausersanddataownersbyusinginternationallyrecognisedstandards(Strainetal,2006).

Manyportalshavebeenevaluatedinscientificpaperswithinrecentyears.ReferringtotheconceptofspatialdatainfrastructuresbyRajabifardetal(2003),whichwillbeintroducedintheChapter2,SeipandBill(2016)deducethefollowingindicatorstoevaluatemarinegeoportals:

• theextentofmarinedatacovered• theavailabilityandstructureofmetadata,• theavailabilityofoptionsfordiscovering,viewing,anddownloadingdata,• theuseofstandardsensuringinteroperabilitybetweentechnicalplatforms• degreetowhichtheportalisrelatedtoagovernmentpolicyformarineplanning.

Thisapproachwillbeusedasaframeworkfordescribingthebasicqualitiesofamaritimegeoportal(seetable1).

2.1Marinegeoportaldesigns

SeipandBill(2016)referstoCanadaandAustralia,astheyhavegeoportalsdevelopedearlyastheyaredatingbacktoatleast2004.CanadaandAustraliahaveportals,thatwereinitiatedaspartofnationalgovernmentalmarinestrategies(Canada:theGeoGratisportalandtheDFOGeoPortal;Australia:AMSISandIMOS),IrelandhasamarineportalcalledMIDAthatoriginallywasbasedonaprojectofa3-yearduration(Seip&Bill,2016).SeipandBill(2016)pointoutthatallthreecountriesaresuccessfulinusinginternationalstandardsandopensourcetoimproveinteroperability,gatheringdatafrommanydifferentshareholders,andpresentingmanycoredatasets.However,theyalsomentionthattheportalsfromCanadaandAustralialackasingleentry,whileallthreecountrieshaveseparatemetadataportals.

Kocur-BeraandDudzińska(2014)examinegeoportalsofinterestfortheBalticSearegion,andtheysimilarlyconcludethatcurrentenvironmentaldataunfortunatelyarenotavailablefromonesingleentryandthattheresolutionofthedataissometimesinadequateformarineplanning.Kocur-BeraandDudzińska(2014)refertotheINSPIREgeoportal,whichlinkstheusertoterrestrialandmarineenvironmentaldataatvariousEuropeaninstitutions’homepages,andHELCOMData&MapService,hostingmanymarinedatasetsfromtheBalticSearegion,whichcanbeviewedthroughArcGISrestserviceorWMS.

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Whenexaminingthesegeoportals,itbecomesapparentthatthesetup,interfaces,andabilitiesoftheplatformsvaryaslistedintable1.Someofthegeoportalshaveonlyasmallmapviewer(e.g.theINSPIREgeoportalandCanada’sGeogratis),whileotherportalshaveabigmapviewer(e.g.HELCOMData&MapService,Canada’sDFOGeoPortal,Australia’sAMSIS,IMOSandtheINSPIREportal).Someportalshavefewornodatasearchoptions(e.g.DFOGeoportalandAMSIS),whileothershavemoreadvanceddatasearchoptions(e.g.HELCOMData&MapService,Geogratis,IMOS,andMIDA).Ingeneral,itisdifficulttogainanoverviewoverthedatadownloadoptions.MIDAappearstobetheonlyportalforwhichitispossibletosearchforonly‘downloadabledata’.However,theIMOSportalseemstobemoreconsistentinregardstoitsdownloadoptionsbyprovidingdatainnetCDFandURLs.Furthermore,theIMOSportalhasaverynicestepwiseandintuitiveinterfacewithbigbuttonsprovidingafineoverviewoverthestructureoftheportal.Allportalsincludemetadatatosomeextent,fortheEuropeanportalsthemetadataisintheINSPIREstandard,butitisdifficulttogainanoverviewoverallthedataprovidedandthedateoforiginofthedata.TheGeogratisportalandtheIMOSportalaretheonlyportalsenablingatime-basedsearchfunctionbasedoncreationtimeandpublishingdaterespectively.Noneoftheportalsprovideaclearoverviewofthequalityandresolutionofthedata.Furthermore,notalldataisdownloadable,andthedegreetowhichtheportalsincludedatafromprivatecompaniesappeartobelimited.Strainetal(2006)mentionthatmanyorganisationsarereluctanttosharetheirgeographicdata.

Tosumup,thedevelopmentofmarinegeoportalsbasedonopensourcetechnologyareintroducedallovertheworld.However,theyappeartolack

• asingleentry,• anoverviewovertheorigin,thequality,andtheresolutionofthedata,• anoverviewofdownloadandaccessoptions,• propermarinedataoverviewcatalogues,• collaborationwithprivatedataowners,• specificproceduresforupdatingthedatathatareobvioustotheusersoftheportal

AsHartmann(2014)states,itisdifficultforallpotentialusersofgeoportalstohavethepropertechnicalskillsforusingtheportals,forwhichreasonbetterguides,interfaces,andmoreclearproceduresareneeded.

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Table.1.MarinegeoportalsbasicqualitiesreferringtotheindicatorsbySeipandBill(2016)

*CanadianGeospatialDataInfrastructure(CGDI),alsoknownas“GeoConnections”,whichincludestheMarineGeospatialDataInfrastructure(MGDI)

**AustralianSpatialDataInfrastructure(ASDI)

***Seeparagraph3.1

Dataportal Extentofmarinedatacovered

Metadata Functionality(discovering,viewing,download)

Standards Relationtogovernmentpolicies

GeoGratisCanadiannationalrepository

Marine-themeddatafor(almost)everybody

Separateportal:GeoConnectionsDiscoveryPortal(GDP)

NosingleentrySmallmapviewerTime-basedsearchfunction

Internationalstandardsandopensource

InitiatedaspartofnationalgovernmentalmarinestrategiesincludingMGDI*

DFOGeoPortalCanadianDepartmentofFisheriesandOceans

EnableDFOemployeestoindexandpublishtheirdataandfind,viewanddownloadotherspatialdata

Separateportal:GeoConnectionsDiscoveryPortal(GDP)

NosingleentryBigmapviewer

Internationalstandardsandopensource

InitiatedaspartofnationalgovernmentalmarinestrategiesincludingMGDI*

AMSISAustralianMarineSpatialInformationSystem

80layersofinformationintheAustralianmarinejurisdiction(boundaries,infrastructure,cadaster,etc.)

Separateportal:AustralianSpatialDataDirectory(ASDD)

NosingleentryBigmapviewer

Internationalstandardsandopensource

Initiatedaspartofnationalgovernmentalmarinestrategies–includingASDI**

IMOSIntegratedMarineObservingSystemOceanPortal

VarietyofdatamostlyfromscientificresearchinAustralia

Separateportal:AODN-GeoNetworkmetadatacatalogue

NosingleentryBigmapviewerStepwiseandIntuitiveinterfaceTime-basedsearchfunction

Internationalstandardsandopensource

AustralianGovernment’sNationalCollaborativeResearchInfrastructureStrategy(NCRIS)

MIDA(Ireland)

140datalayers(+metadata)frommorethan35datasources

Separateportal:MarineDataOnline(MDO)

BigmapviewerSearchfacility:“downloadabledata”

INSPIREcompliant***

Aprojectofa3-yearonmarineandcoastalgeospatialinformationinIreland

INSPIREGeoportal

EU Integratedportal Smallmapviewer

INSPIREcompliant***

EUdirective

HELCOMData&MapService

BalticSeaRegion

Integratedportal Bigmapviewer INSPIREcompliant***

1992HelsinkiConventionontheprotectionoftheBalticSeaarea

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2.2Demandsformarinegeoportals

Toconclude,basedonthereviewofgeoportaldesignsandthetheoryofmarineSDI,itisimportantforgeoportalstobefoundedinnationalmarineSDIstoensurelong-termstrategiesfordatasharingandlessredundantdatadisplays.

Theserecommendationsinclude:

• Thereshouldbeonlyonesingleoverallnationalgeoportalentryprovidingaclearoverviewofalldataanddownloadoptionsavailableandthedatashouldberegularlyupdatedinordertoimprovetheusabilityofthedata.

• Abetteroverviewshouldbeprovidedoverthequalityandresolutionofthedata.• Aclearstrategyshouldbedevelopedforhowthedataispublishedandupdated,andit

shouldbepossibletosearchfordatabasedonresolutionandtimeoforigin.• geoportalsshouldincludewebservicestoallowviewingthedataintheusers’own

applications,improvinginteroperability.• International,opentechnicalstandardsshouldbeused,ensuringinteroperability

betweenplatformsofdifferentcountries.• Ifanyoverlapbetweendataindifferentportalsexist,itneedstobeclearly

communicatedtotheusersoftheportals.• Easy-to-readguidesshouldbeprovidedforhowtousetheportals.

Furthermore,strategiesshouldbeimplementedtoimprovethedatasharingofprivatedatashareholderstoexpandthesourcesofopenmarinedata.

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3. SpatialDataInfrastructureASpatialDataInfrastructure(SDI)isaboutfacilitationandcoordinationoftheexchangeandsharingofspatialdata.Itisdescribedastheunderlyinginfrastructure,oftenintheformofpolicies,standardsandaccessnetworksthatallowsdatatobesharedbetweenpeoplewithinorganisations,statesorcountries.ThefundamentalinteractionbetweenpeopleanddataisgovernedbythetechnologicalcomponentsoftheSDIrepresentedbytheaccessnetwork,policiesandstandards(Rajabifardetal.,2003).Inaccordancewiththisunderstanding,thediagraminfigure1illustratesthedynamicinter-relationshipsbetweenthepeopleandspatialdatawithinanSDI.Thedynamicnatureofthespatialdatainfrastructureisattributedtotherateoftechnologicaladvancementandchanginguserneeds.PeopleanddataarethekeyelementsinSDI,andaspatialdatainfrastructureatanylevelwhetherlocal,regional,nationalorevenglobalinvolvesanarrayofstakeholdersbothwithinandacrossorganisationsincludingdifferentlevelsofgovernment,theprivatesectorandamultitudeofusers.Inordertodesignandimplementaspatialdatainfrastructure,thestakeholdersneedtobeidentifiedtogetherwiththebusinessprocessesandfunctionsoftheorganisationsinvolved.Thedatarequiredandtheflowofdatabetweenvariousfunctionsmustbeknownbytheuserorprovidedbythefunctions.Inthisrespectdatasharing,exchange,security,accuracyandaccessaswellasrights,restrictionsandresponsibilitiesmustbemanaged.

Figure.1.ComponentsofaSpatialDataInfrastructurereferringtotheillustrationoftheSDIconceptbyRajabifardetal(2003).

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3.1INSPIRE

inordertoensureSDIsasabackboneinenablingadigitalsocietywithinEurope,thelegalframeworkincludingdata-relatedEUdirectivesisimportant.AmongtheveryimportantEUinitiativesrelatingtoSDIs,areDirective2003/98/EConthere-useofpublicsectorinformation(knownasthe'PSIDirective')wasenteredintoforceon31December2003,whichhasgainedaveryhighimpactforexampleonthecreationofEuropeangeoportals.AlsoRegulation1367/2006(COM2006)onpublicaccesstoenvironmentalinformationhascontributedsignificantlytothenotionofeasieraccessandsharingofpublicsectorinformation(ItwasrevisedbyDirective2013/37/EUwhichenteredintoforceon17July2013).Athirdmajorsteptowardsapan-EuropeanspatialdatainfrastructurewasDirective2007/2/EConestablishinganInfrastructureforSpatialInformationintheEuropeanCommunity(INSPIRE),whichwasenteredintoforcein2007.

Figure2.AkeyobjectiveofINSPIREistomakemoreandbetterspatialinformationavailableforEUpolicy-makingandimplementationinawiderangeofsectorsasspecifiedinthethreeannexes(COM2007).

3.2Standardsfordataexchange

RecentlytheEUe-GovernmentActionPlan2016-2020wasintroduced,whichunderlinestheimportanceofreusabilityofdataandtechnologiesandreferstotheEuropeanInteroperabilityFramework(EIF)(COM2016),anditisthecoredocumentdefininginteroperabilityseenfromacommonEuropeanperspective(Bovalisetal,2014).Ensuringinteroperabilitymeansensuringreusabilityofdataandtechnologies,whichiscost-savinginregardstotimeandeconomy(Bovalisetal,2014).InteroperabilitywithinEUhasbeencloselylinkedtoapublic-sectoragendasince1995throughvariousprograms:IDA(1995-1999),IDAII(1999-2003),IDABC(2004-2009),ISA(2010-2015),andnowISA2(2016-2020)(Bovalisetal,2014).DuringtheIDA

• AnnexI:addresses,administrativeunits,cadastralparcels,coordinatereferencesystems,geographicalgridsystems,geographicalnames,hydrography,protectedsites,transportnetworks

• AnnexII:elevation,geology,landcover,orthoimagery• AnnexIII:agriculturalandaquaculturefacilities,areamanagement/restriction/

regulationzones&reportingunits,atmosphericconditions,bio-geographicalregions,buildings,energyresources,environmentalmonitoringfacilities,habitatsandbiotopes,humanhealthandsafety,landuse,meteorologicalgeographicalfeatures,mineralresources,naturalriskzones,oceanographicgeographicalfeatures,populationdistributionanddemography,productionandindustrialfacilities,searegions,soil,speciesdistribution,statisticalunits,utilityandgovernmentalservices

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(TelematicInterchangeofDatabetweenAdministrations)program,theprimaryfocuswastodeveloptrans-Europeantelematicsnetwork.LaterwiththeISA(InteroperabilitySolutionsforPublicAdministrations)program,theEUleadersagreedtoaligntheirnationalinteroperabilityframeworkswiththeEuropeaninteroperabilityframework(EIF).Thus,sinceIDA’sintroductionin1995,thefocushasmovedawayfrombeingontechnicalinteroperabilitywithinsinglesectorstoincludesemantic,legal,andorganizationalinteroperabilityaspectsworkingnotonlywithinsectors,butalsoacrosssectors(Bovalisetal,2014).

Criado(2011)referstotheEuropeaninteroperabilityframework(EIF),includingfourtypesofinteroperability:

• Technicalinteroperabilitylinkingdataandtechnologiesthroughformatsandstandards• Semanticinteroperabilitypreservingthemeaningofsemanticconceptswhensharing

dataandinformation• Legalinteroperabilityintroducinglegislationfordataandtechnologyreuse• Organisationalinteroperabilitycoordinatinginformation-basedprocessesbetween

differentorganizationswithmutuallybeneficialgoals

AspointedoutbyBovalisetal(2014)otherkeycomponentsoftheISAprogramsare:

• theEuropeanInteroperabilityStrategy(EIS)statingobjectivesforinteroperabilitywithinEUandbuildstheobjectivesontheconditionscontainedintheEIF.

• theEuropeanInteroperabilityReferenceArchitecture(EIRA)providingaservice-orientedarchitecture-basedandplatform-independentmodelforcreatingfrom-scratchinteroperablearchitecturesorimprovinginteroperabilityforexistingones.

• theEuropeanInteroperabilityCartography(EIC)presentinganoverviewoverinteroperabilitysolutionsforEuropeanpublicadministrations

• theCommonAssessmentMethodforStandardsandSpecifications(CAMSS)isastandardprocessenablingEUmemberstatesinspecificprojectstosystematicallyevaluateandcomparecandidatestandardsandspecifications

Regardingtechnologiesenablingtechnicalinteroperabilityandexpandingoptionsfordatasharing,webservicesareapplicationsthatusetheInternettomakethemselvesaccessibleforotherapplications.AsdescribedbyTreiblmayretal(2012),webservicesarecharacterisedby:

• beingaservice-orientedarchitecture(SOA),whichmeansanarchitectureinvolvedwhenproviding,searchingfor,andusingservicesoveranetwork

• beingbasedonthehypertexttransferprotocol(HTTP)andsometimesthesimpleobjectaccessprotocol(SOAP)inordertocommunicatewithserversovertheinternet.

• theuseofthewebservicedescriptionlanguage(WSDL),basedontheextensiblemarkuplanguage(XML),isusedtodescribethespecificabilitiesofwebservices

TheOpenGeospatialConsortium(OGC),whichisaninternational,non-profitorganizationincludingmembersfromgovernment,companies,andNGOs,havedefinedsomeofthemostusednetworkservices:

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• Thewebmapservice(WMS)enablessharingofimages,• thewebfeatureservice(WFS)enablessharingoffeaturedatawithattributes,• thewebcoverageservice(WCS)enablessharingofrasterdata• thewebprocessingservice(WPS)enablessharingofalgorithmstoperformondata

(forexamplecodedinPython)(Cannataetal,2014).

AlltheseOGCwebservicesareISO-approvedstandards,whichmeansthattheyarestandardsacknowledgedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO).

Besideswebservices,otheropentechnologyoptionsaredevelopedandgainingpopularityaroundtheglobeatafastpace.Withinthegeographicdatasector,importantexamplesareGeoServerandMapServer,whichareserversfordistributingwebservice,OpenLayers,whichenablesdynamicmapsonwebpages,theopensourcedatabasepostgreSQLwithitsspatialpostGISextension,andtheNetCDFsoftwarelibrariesthatenablethree-dimensionaldatasets,whichisveryimportantformarineecosystemmodelling.

Theimportanttechnicalstandardforthemarinesector,theS-100datamodel,iscreatedbytheInternationalHydrographicOrganization(IHO)andadoptedbytheUnitedNations’InternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)tobethebasisofIMO’sCommonMaritimeDataStructure(CMDS)ofe-navigation.E-navigationcoversstrategiesaimedatimprovingthesharingofmarineinformationthroughtheuseofmoderntechnologyandincludesmarinedatasuchasElectronicNavigationChart(ENC)data,bathymetricdata,tidaldata,meteorologydata,radar-imagedata,andtheradio-basedAutomaticIdentificationSystem(AIS)data(Park&Park,2015).TheS-100standardisbasedontheISO19100seriesofgeographicinformationandisthus,similarlytotheOGCwebservices,ISO-approved(Park&Park,2015).

TheimportanceofinteroperabilitywithinEU,bothfromastrategicallyandtechnicallypointofview,alsorelatestoINSPIREurgingmemberstatestoshareenvironmentaldataandnowaspartoftheEUeGovernmentActionPlan2016-2020implementingametadatastandardizationforthewholeofEU(COM2016).

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4. SystemsDesignBasedontheexperiencesgainedfromearlierprojectsandtherequirementsfromaratherdiverseandtransnationalusercommunityasystemsarchitecturehasbeendefinedinordertodevelopthesystemsarchitectureandaprototypetobetestedduringtheproject.

4.1Userdemands–specifications

BasedontheresultsofsurveysamongplannersconductedintheBalticScopeINTERREGproject(www.balticscope.eu)aswellassupplementaryinterviewscarriedoutinBalticLINes,theneedsplannersdealingwithcross-borderissuesofMSParefacing,hasbeenspecified.Inbothprojects,therearefocusonawarenesscreationconcerningprocessesandchallengesreferringtotheBluegrowthstrategies,sustainabilityandtheecosystem-basedapproachaswellascollaborativeissuesfocussingonlearningfromeachotherandcollaborationacrossborders.ConcerningtheMSDI,thechallengeishowtosupportusabilityandaddresstheactualneedsconcerningdataandfunctionalityandhowtoactuallygetaccesstodata,thatfitsthepurpose.

IntheBalticLINesprojectthefocusisoncross-borderissuesonshippingandenergylines,leadingtoaspecificneedforinformationonrespectivelyconnectionsonbordersandconnectionsofstructures.Theimportanceofpayingattentiontootherimportantcross-borderissues,ispointedoutbytheplanners:

• theMSPprocesstimeframesbetweencountriesvaries;• militaryareasaredifficulttoincludeinplanning,becausedataisrestricted;• somenationalbordersatseaarenotdefined;• Natura2000networkandbluecorridorsarenotcoherent;• monitoringfisheriesisachallenge.

Overarchingneedsasdecisionsupportduetotheecosystemapproachandtheprovisionofstrategicenvironmentalassessments(SEA)arealsoemphasized.

Accordingtotheanswersfromtheplanners,mostusersofthedataandthesystemassuchareplanners(GISusersandothers)andresearchers.Furthermore,institutionsgivinglicenses(i.e.fishing),academics(researchinstitutions)aswellaseveryoneinvolvedinMSPareusingtheservices.Intable2theresponsesregardingrequirementsforadecisionsupporttoolprovidingaccesstodataandinformationaswellasfunctioningasaplatformforcollaborationislisted.

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Table.2.Requirementsfordecisionsupportandcollaboration.

Thecountriesaremostlycollaboratingdirectlyorviaprojects(e.g.TOPCONSintheGulfofFinlandbetweenFinlandandRussia),asregardsenergyforinstance,thereisacommongridbetweenLithuaniaandSweden,butitisemphasized,thattheserviceshouldalsoincludeaccesstofutureplans.Specificrequirementsforshippingandenergyplanningpurposesarelistedintable3.

Table.3.Requirementsforshippingandenergyplanningpurposes.

Dataandinformation Platformforcollaboration

Decisionsupport Accesstodataforstatisticsandmodels Cooperationwithnationalinstitutes

Accesstoallavailabledata(updated) Collaborationwithstakeholders

AccesstoGIStoolsfromotherprojects

AccesstoPolicydocuments

Mostoftheplannersanswered Otheranswers

Importantelementforshipping

up-to-datedata uploadyourownlayertothesystem

metadataviewer includeAISdata

open/removelayer select/filterthetypeofports

downloaddata

Importantelementsforenergy

Metadatasearch(sourceofdata,relevance,etc.)andviews

linkinshore/offshoregrid

Downloaddata Meteorologicalstations/data

Presentandfutureplansinborderingcountries

Safetyzoneofstructures

Gateways

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Backgrounddataisimportantconcerningotheraspects:MPAs,fisheries,hotspotsofecologicalfeatures(nurseryareas,etc.)andalsoconcerningaquacultureespeciallythepossibilitiesforco-location.Andbackgrounddatashouldalsoincludealsoallthemarineareas–notonlycoastalareabutalsooffshore.

Theinterviewsillustratebigdifferencesamongthecountriesconcerningtheplanningprocessaswellasconcerningdataavailability.Aspecificchallengeishowtodealwiththeissuesofharmonisation.Ingeneral,theapproachwillbepragmaticandaimingatsolutionsfitforthepurpose.Detaileddatasetsareneeded,whendoingcomplexanalysis,thoughalotofcross-borderplanningmatterscanbehandledbasedonsimpleharmonisedimages.Likewise,theplannershavepointedouttheimportanceoffocussingonsemanticsandtheattributesneeded.SomeplannersalsoemphasizedhowsharedGISexpertiseinordertoperformmorecomplexanalysiswouldsupporttheplanningprocedures.

4.2Conceptualmodel

ManycountriesarenowdevelopingnationalSpatialDataInfrastructuresformarineandmaritimeinformation–so-calledMSDIs.ThesenationalnodeswillserveasbasecomponentsinatransnationaldatainfrastructureinaccordancewiththeINSPIREprinciples(COM2007),that‘datashouldbecollectedonceandmaintainedatthelevelwherethiscanbedonemosteffectively’,andthat‘itshouldbepossibletocombineseamlesslyspatialinformationfromdifferentsourcesacrossEuropeandshareitbe-tweendifferentusers’.

DataaremostoftenstoredinspatialrelationaldatabaseslikeOracle,SQLServer,andPostGIS.TheISO19125standarddefinesadatamodelforsimplefeatures(2Dfeatures)withahierarchyofgeometryclassesfrompointsoverlinestopolygons.Besides,thedistributednationaldataservers,itismostoftennecessarytohaveadedicatedcentraldataservercontainingdata,whicharenotgeneralavailablefromtheofficialdataservers.Thesedatacompriseresearchdata,voluntarygeographicinformation,andothernon-operationaldatasets.

Thecentralnodeshouldinprincipleonlybeanaccesspoint(adataportal),wherethedifferentuserscan

1. searchfordatathroughaCatalogueandDiscoveryservice2. visualisethedatathroughaPortrayalservice,3. transformthedatathroughaProcessingservice4. getaccesstothedatathroughdownloadorviawebservices.

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4.2.1DataDiscovery

Acatalogueserviceenablesyoutosearchforgeographicaldatasetsandgeoservicesbasedonthecorrespondingmetadata.InEurope,INSPIREDirectivesetstherulesformetadatausedtodescribethespatialdatasetsandservicesaslistedinthedirective.TheMemberStateswithintheEUareobligedtodescribetheirdatabymetadataandsettinguplocalcatalogueservices.ThemetadataelementsfollowtheISO19115fordataandservices.TheMetadataXMLschemaimplementationisdefinedbyISO19139.

4.2.2DataVisualisation

ThePortrayalserviceallowsdatatobepresentedinteractivelythroughservicessuchasWMS(WebMapService)andusingastandardinterfaceovertheinternet.TheISO19117standarddefinesaschematocreategraphicoutputfordataprovidedthroughtheISO19110groupofstandards(REF).TheISO19117standarddoesnotcontainstandardisationofcartographicsymbols,whicharekeptseparatefromthedata.Thus,thecartographicrepresentationofanobjectisstoredinaportrayalcatalogue.

4.2.3DataProcessing

TheprocessingservicesallowsspatialdatatobeprocessedbyusingWebProcessingService(WPS),whichisanOGCimplementation(OGC,2007).WebCoordinateTransformationService(WCTS),RoutingServiceorAnalysisandTopologicOverlayServiceareotherexamplesonweb-basedprocessing.TheWPSstandarddefineshowarequestsendbytheclientcaninitiatedtheexecutionofaprocess,andhowtheoutputfromtheprocessisafterwardshandled.ThedatarequiredbytheWebProcessingServicecanbedeliveredacrossanetworkortheycanbeavailableattheserver.AWPSprocessisnormallyasingularfunctionthatperformsaspecificgeospatialoperation,butaWPSprocesscanbedesignedtocallasequenceofwebservicesincludingotherWPSprocesses,thusactingastheservicechainingengine(REF).

4.2.4DataAccess

Theseservicesareneededtoaccessrawgeo-spatialdata(notmapsincaseofWebservices)bydownloadingstaticdatafilesthroughFTPorviaWebServicesusingcommonfileformatssuchasXML,GML,NetCDF,GeoTIFF,andASCII.AccessthoughFTPmostoftenusesproprietaryfileformatslikeESRI’sShapefile,orMapInfo’sMIFfile.Recently,SQLite(REF)anditsspatialextensionSpatiaLitehavegainedincreasingpopularityinfilebasedaccess(downloading).

Figure2illustratesthedescribedarchitecture,whichwillprovidearobustplatformfordevelopingthenewdatainfrastructuressupportingmarinee-governanceintheBalticSeaRegion.Mostdataarestillcollected,storedandmaintainedbythenationalagencies,authorities,andotherdataproviders,butwillbedistributedbywebservicesbasedoninternationalstandards.

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Figure.3.ComponentsofaSystemsArchitectureforaTransnationalDataInfrastructureforMSP(Hansenetal2017)

Thestandardsreferredtointhetextandfigure2arelistedintable4.

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Table.4.Standardsformetadatasearchdataandservices

*ISOstandards(www.iso.org)

**OGCstandards(www.opengeospatial.org)

Standard Name

ISO19101 Geographicinformation–Referencemodel

ISO19107 Geographicinformation–Spatialschema

ISO19108 Geographicinformation–Temporalschema

ISO19109 Geographicinformation–Rulesforapplicationschema

ISO19110 Geographicinformation–Methodologyforfeaturecataloguing

ISO19111 Geographicinformation–Spatialreferencingbycoordinates

ISO19112 Geographicinformation–Spatialreferencingbygeographicidentifiers

ISO19115 Geographicinformation–Metadata

ISO19117 Geographicinformation-Portrayal

ISO19118 Geographicinformation–Encoding

ISO/TR19121 Geographicinformation–Imageryandgriddeddata

ISO19125 Geographicinformation–Simplefeatureaccess

ISO19128 Geographicinformation–Webmapserverinterface

ISO19136 Geographicinformation–GeographyMarkupLanguage(GML)

ISO/TS19139 Geographicinformation–Metadata–XMLschemaimplementation

ISO19142 Geographicinformation–WebFeatureService

OGCTCS ThematicCoreServices

OGCWPS WebProcessingService

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5. ImplementationBasedonthearchitecturedescribedabove,theprototypeforthenewBalticSeaMapService,BASEMAPS,willbedeveloped.Accesstodatavaries,butbasedontheavailabledataBASEMAPSwillprovideatestbedforanewdatainfrastructuresupportinggovernanceoftheBalticSeainatransnationalcontext.

Concerningtheservertechnology,HELCOM’sexistingsolutionisbasedonArcGISServer,whiletheprototypewillbebasedontheopensourceGeoServerplatform.Thisprovideagoodbasisfortestingthearchitectureaswellascomparingtheunderlyingsoftwaretechnologyforthesystem.Bothsoftwareplatformshaveitsadvantagesaswellasdisadvantages.

Theoverallarchitectureoftheprototypeiscompliantwiththemodeldescribedinfigure3,butseveralobstaclesneedtobeovercomeasdescribedinthefollowingparagraphs.

5.1Challenge1–dataavailability

Thefirstchallengerelatestolackofavailability.ThedatarequiredbythemaritimeauthoritiesarenotavailableundersimilarconditionsamongthecountriessurroundingtheBalticSea.SomecountrieslikeDenmarkandFinlandhasimplementedtheprincipleofOpenGovernmentData,whileothercountrieshavevariousdegreesofrestrictions.Datamayinprinciplebeopen,butyoumustpayforthedata,orthedatamaybeavailablefreeofchargebutconfidentialduetomilitaryorothersecurityreasons.

Luckily,severaldataareimposedbyregulationsaccordingtotheINSPIREDirective,andatleastavailableinsomedegree.Althoughsomedatastillhavelimitedaccessibility,thismaychangeinarathershortterm.Likewise,itcanbeexpected,thatevendatawhicharenotgeneralavailablewillbeaccessibleduringtheprojectperiod.

5.2Challenge2–datainteroperability

Secondlyabigchallengerelatestolackofinteroperability.Thedataareonlyavailableinformats,whicharenotinteroperableandcompliantwiththearchitectureoffig.2.Ifthedataisopenandfreelyavailable,theycaninmostcasesbedownloadedinshape-filesorGML-formats,whiletheaccessibilitytothedataviawebservicesarelessfrequent.ThisisparticularlythecaseforthehighlyvaluabledatainGML-formatprovidedthroughWFS(WebFeatureService).Forinstance,tryingtogetaccesstofreeDanishdatathroughwebfeatureservices,willrequireaspecialpermissionbythemappingauthority,andinthatcase,onlyforalimitedamountofdata.Thisisduetotheheavyprocessingpowerandnetworkbandwidthneededtoprocessandtransferthedata.

TheINSPIREDirectivedefinesthedataspecificationsforseveraldatasetsincludedinthedatarequirementslist(Seereport3.1),whichistheguidelinebehindtheimplementationofthe

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BASMAPSprototype.DataavailablethroughwebservicesareuseddirectlyinBASEMAPSdatainfrastructureandherebyfollowthemainroadinthedistributedsystemsarchitectureoffig.2.Datathatarenotavailablethroughwebservicesarestoredinacentraldatabase,untiltheyeventuallybecomeavailablebywebservices.Thus,thesystemsarchitectureintheprototypeisamixturebetweenapurecentralisedsolutionandadecentralisedsolution.Weusethetermhybridsystemsarchitectureforourprototype.Thisapproachgivestheadvantagethatdatasets,whichdonotsupportapuredecentralisedsolutionthroughwebservices,graduallycanbeadaptedinthesystemovertime,whenmoredatabecomesavailablethroughwebservices.

5.3Challenge3–shippingdata

MostofthedatareferredtoaboveisavailablethroughthepublicauthoritiesandarerequiredtofollowtheINSPIREDirective.Butinformationonshippingtrafficisprovidedthroughtheso-calledAIS-systemstandardisedbytheS-57andS-100.ThroughthenationalAIScentresyoucanbegrantedaccesstodatabya(lowcost)annualsubscription.

Thischallengeisnotarealissue,becauseHELCOMalreadyhaveaccesstoshippingtrafficandhavethepermissiontodelivergeneralisedhistoricaldataforshippingtraffictothemembersofHELCOM.

5.4Challenge4–languageissues

Thelastchallengeisrelatedtothefact,thateachoftheninecountriesaroundtheBalticSeahavetheirownlanguage,andthiscreatesdifficultiescombiningdatasetsfromdifferentcountries.

ThelanguageissueissolvedthroughatranslationtableforthelayernamesinthemapservicesfromthedifferentcountriesaroundtheBalticSea.ThelayernamesinoursystemareinEnglish,butbeforesendingarequestforadatalayer,thenameofthedatasetisconvertedtothelocalnameforthatdatalayer.This,principlecanlaterbeextendedsotheusersintheindividualcountriescanusetheirnativelanguageswhenrequestingdatafromtheneighbouringcountries.

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6. ConclusionThisreportdocumentsthefirststeptowardsdevelopingthesystemsarchitectureforthenewBalticSeaMapService,BASEMAPS,providingatransnationaldatainfrastructureforMSPintheBSR.

Themainchallengesrelatetodatanotbeingavailableandifavailablenotavailableinformats,thatareinteroperableandcompliantwiththesuggestedarchitecture.MostoftheinformationtobeincludedinBASEMAPSshouldinprinciplebeavailablethroughthepublicauthoritiesandrequiredtofollowtheINSPIREDirective.Though,informationonshippingtrafficisprovidedthroughtheAIS-systemstandardisedbytheS-57andS-100.Besidesthat,eachoftheninecountriesaroundtheBalticSeahavetheirownlanguage,whichcreatesdifficultiescombiningdatasetsfromdifferentcountries.ButseveraldataareimposedbyregulationsaccordingtotheINSPIREDirective,andatleastavailableinsomedegree.

Inordertodealwiththechallengesconcerningaccesstodecentraliseddata,thesystemsarchitectureintheBASEMAPSprototypeisahybridsystemsarchitecturebasedonamixturebetweenapurecentralisedsolutionandadecentralisedsolution,whichwillbeupdatedgraduallyovertime,whenmoredatawillbeavailablethroughwebservices.ThelanguageissuewillbesolvedthroughatranslationtableforthelayernamesinthemapservicesfromthedifferentcountriesaroundtheBalticSea.Thisprinciplecanlaterbeextendedsothattheusersintheindividualcountriescanusetheirnativelanguageswhenrequestingdatafromtheneighbouringcountries.

Theprototypewillbefurthertestedandadjustedduringtheproject,andthenextstepswillbetofurtherdeveloptheprototypewithdataharmonisationstools.

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