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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
www.huawei.com
Internet Protocol
Rev 1.0
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Objectives
IP Address and subnet planning
IP Forwarding
InterVLAN Routing
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N3.H1
IP Forwarding (Routing)
N1.H1
N1.H2
N2.H1 N4
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IP Header Format
0 3 7 15 31
Version Message
length Service type Total length
Identification Flag Frag offset
Time to live Protocol Message header checksum
Source IP address
Destination IP address
IP options
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Type of Service
Page 5
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IP Addressing
32 Bits
Network Host
8 Bits
128 . 1 . 255 . 254
10000000 00000001 11111111 11111110
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
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Classification of IP Addresses
0
1 0
1 1 0
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
Network(8bit)
Network(16bit)
Network(24bit)
Multicast address
Reserved
Host(24bit)
Host(16bit)
Host(8bit)
Class A·
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
1.0.0.0~
126.255.255.255
128.0.0.0~
191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0~
223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0~
239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0~
255.255.255.255
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Address Mask
Distinguish network portion and host portion
●First series of ones following by series of zeros
32-bit string, can be represented in dotted-decimal format
as IP address or just count of ones (mask length):
●Mask for class A: 255.0.0.0 or /8 or :
11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000
●Mask for class B: 255.255.0.0 or /16:
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
●Mask for class C: 255.255.255.0 or /24 or:
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
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IP address and mask
Page 9
255 255 255 0
192 168 1 17
192 168 1 0
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
&
=
&
=
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IP address and mask
Page 10
255 255 255 248
192 168 1 17
192 168 1 16
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010000
&
=
&
=
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Subnets and Subnet Masks
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
192 168 1 17
Network Part Subnet Part
(n bits)
Host Part
(m bits)
IP Subnet: 192.168.1.16 255.255.255.248 or 192.168.1.16/28
Subnet numbers: 2n ( n=4, 24=16)
Host numbers: 2m-2 ( m=4, 24 – 2 = 14)
For 192.168.1.17/28:
● network address 192.168.1.16
● broadcast address 192.168.1.31
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Subnet Planning
192.168.1.0/24
(256 addresses)
192.168.1.0/25 (128 addresses)
192.168.1.128/25 (128)
192.168.1.128/27 (32)
192.168.1.160/27 (32)
192.168.1.192/26 (64)
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Network part Host part Address
type Use
Any Completely 0 Network
address
Representing a network
Segment
Any Completely 1 Broadcast
address
All the nodes of a Specially
designated network
segment
127 Any Loopback
address Loop test
Completely“0 All networks
Huawei Quidway router
used
Designate default routes
Completely“1 Broadcast
address
All nodes of
Local network segment
Special IP Addresses
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IP Address For Private Network
10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
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Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
192.168.1.32/27
192.168.1.64/27
192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.128/27
ISP
Announce
192.168.1.0/24
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Objectives
IP Address and subnet planning
IP Forwarding
InterVLAN Routing
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
MAC1 MAC2
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
MAC1 MAC2
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
MAC3 MAC4
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
MAC3 MAC4
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
MAC5 MAC6
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IP Forwarding Process 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
MAC5 MAC6
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IP Forwarding 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
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Mask matching
10.2.2.1 Dest./Mask
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0
00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
/24
00001010 0000001 00000001 00000000 10.1.1.0
&
=
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Mask matching
10.2.2.1 Dest./Mask
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0
00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
/24
00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000 10.2.2.0
&
=
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Mask matching
10.2.2.1 Dest./Mask
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0
00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
/24
10000001 0000110 00000001 00000000 129.6.1.0
&
=
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Mask matching
10.2.2.1 Dest./Mask
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0
00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 0000000 00000000 00000000
/0
00000000 0000000 00000000 00000000 0.0.0.0
&
=
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Mask matching
Dest./Mask
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0
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IP Forwarding 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1
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IP Forwarding 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1
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IP Forwarding 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1
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IP Forwarding 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24
Router A Router B
10.1.1.0/24
.1
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
.1 .2 .1 .2 .2 E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1 GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1
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LAN 1
IP Forwarding Process
WAN LAN 2
Router Router
IP
ETH PPP
E1/0 S2/0
IP
PPP ETH
S2/1 E0/1
decap
su
lati
on
en
cap
su
lati
on
Routing
(selecting path)
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Objectives
IP Address and subnet planning
IP Forwarding
InterVLAN Routing
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Layer 2 Switching Network-
Broadcast
Broadcast domain
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Insulating layer 2 broadcast domain
VLAN has insulated the layer 2 broadcast domain, thus
strictly insulating any flow between any two VLANs
VLAN 100 VLAN 200
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Inter-VLAN Communication
Flow between different VLANs cannot directly pass
VLAN boundaries, we should use routers to forward the
packets from one VLAN to another VLAN
VLAN 100 VLAN 200
VLAN 300
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Route Selection in Inter-VLAN Communication
VLAN 100
1.1.1.10/24
VLAN 200
2.2.2.20/24
Ping 2.2.2.20
Non-local user or gateway
Send it to default gateway
Ethernet 1 belongs to network 1.1.1.0/24
Ethernet 2 belongs to network 2.2.2.0/24
Ethernet 3 belongs to network 3.3.3.0/24
Ethernet 1 Ethernet 2
VLAN 300
3.3.3.30/24
Ethernet 3
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Integration of Switching and Routing
VLAN 100 VLAN 200
VLAN 300
VLAN 100 VLAN 200
VLAN 300
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